Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop

(R23) I–B.Tech, II Semester CSE

Academic Year 2024-25

Name of the Student:

H.T.No :

Academic Year: 2024-25

SRI VASAVI INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING & TECHNOLOGY

AN AUTONOMOUS INSTITUTE

(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Affiliated to JNTU Kakinada)

Accredited by NBA (ME, ECE, &CSE) &NAAC with ‘A’ Grade

Nandamuru, Pedana Mandal, Krishna Dist-521369
I
Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop (I–B.Tech, ECE I Semester (R23)

Index

S.NO DATE NAMEOF THEEXPERIMENT MARKS SIGNATURE

1 Verification of KCL and KVL

2 Verification of Super position theorem

3 Magnetization Characteristics of DC shunt

Generator
4 Measurement of Power and Power factor
using Single-phase wattmeter
5 Measurement of Earth Resistance using Megger

6 Calculation of Electrical Energy for Domestic

Premises
Activities: the surfaces to be joined and melting the
1. Familiarization of commonly used Electrical solder. The solder is then allowed to cool and
& Electronic Workshop Tools: Bread board, solidify, creating a strong and durable joint.
Solder, cables, relays, switches, connectors,
fuses, Cutter, plier, screwdriver set, wire
stripper, flux, knife/blade, soldering iron, de- Cables
soldering pump etc. A cable is a collection of wires covered by a
Bread board single sheath. Cables are used in many
What is a breadboard? different settings, including homes and the
telecom industry
Cables can be classified into various
categories, depending on their different uses
and structures. Some types are:

 Coaxial cables
 Shielded twisted pair (STP) cables
 Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables
 Fiber optic cables
 Patch cables

A breadboard is a rectangular plastic board  Power cables

with a bunch of tiny holes in it. These holes let
you easily insert electronic components Relays
to prototype (meaning to build and test an
early version of) an electronic circuit

Holes in the same row on a breadboard are

called socket strips and electricity can flow
through the row as these holes are connected to
each other with a conductive metal.
The vertical rails on the breadboard, called bus
strips, are also connected by a conductive
metal; they supply power to the circuit

Solder Relays are electrically operated switches that

open and close circuits by receiving electrical
signals from outside sources. They receive a
signal and send it to other equipment by
turning the switch on and off
Relays have a set of input terminals for a single
or multiple control signals, and a set of
Solder is a fusible metal alloy that joins metal operating contact terminals. The switch may
work pieces together permanently. It's used in have any number of contacts in multiple
the soldering process, which involves heating contact forms, such as make contacts, break
contacts, or combinations thereof. the circuit.
Relays are used for a wide range of
applications such as home automation, cars and Fuses
bikes (automobiles), industrial applications,
DIY Projects, test and measurement
equipment, and many more.

Switches

A switch is an electrical component that can

connect or disconnect the conducting path in
an electrical circuit. Switches respond to an
external force to mechanically change an
electric signal.

Connectors

Fuses are electrical safety devices that protect

electrical circuits from excess current. They
contain a piece of wire that melts when too
much current passes through it. This breaks the
circuit and minimizes the risk of fire and
electrocution

Electrical connectors are used to join different

components of an electrical circuit, such as
wires and cables. They create a continuous
path for the electrical current to flow through
Cutter
Flux

Plier knife/blade

soldering iron

screwdriver set

de-soldering pump

wire stripper
Familiarization of Measuring Instrument Power Supplies
Voltmeters

CRO

Ammeters

DSO
Multimeter

Function Generator

LCR-Q meter

Frequency counter
Familiarization/Identification of Inductors
components
Resistors

Diodes

Capacitors

Transistors
 EXPERIMENT NO. 1
Verification of KCL and KVL
AIM: To verify Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SI. NO NAME OF THE EQUIPMENT TYPE RANGE QUANTITY

1 Resistors 1KΩ 3
2 Ammeter MC (0-200)mA 3
3 Regulated Power Supply (RPS) DC (0-30)V 2
4 Connecting Wires Required

THEORY:
KCL: The algebraic sum of all the currents meeting at a node or junction is equal to zero or the
sum of currents flowing into that node is equal to the sum of currents flowing out of that node.

The current entering any junction is equal to the current leaving that junction, i2 + i3 = i1 + i4.
The law is based on the conservation of charge. The current law is applicable to any lumped
network irrespective of the nature of the network; whether unilateral or bilateral, active or passive,
linear or non-linear.
KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of EMF and voltage drops is zero.

The sum of all the voltages around a loop is equal to zero i.e. v1 + v2 + v3 +v4 = 0.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is Kirchhoff’s second law that deals with the conservationof
energy around a closed circuit path.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – KCL:
R1=1KΩ R2=1KΩ

R3=1KΩ

FORMULAE:
KCL: I 3= I 1 + I 2

THEORETICAL CALCULATIONS:

TABULAR COLUMN:KCL

CURRENT (mA)
SL. VOLTAGE I3 =
NO. (V) I1 I2 I3 I1 + I2
Va Vb Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical Practical
1
2
3
PROCEDURE – KCL:

1. Make circuit connections as shown in Fig.1.1

2. Switch ON RPS and vary the voltage such that Va=Vb=10V.
3. Note down the corresponding meter readings and tabulate.
4. Repeat the procedure for different voltages by varying RPS such that V = 20V, V=30V.
5. Bring back the RPS to zero position and switch OFF the RPS.
6. Remove all connections.

PROCEDURE – KVL:

1. Make circuit connections as shown in Fig.1.2.

2. Switch ON RPS and vary the voltage such that Va = 10V.
3. Note down the corresponding meter readings and tabulate.
4. Repeat the procedure for different voltages by varying RPS such that Va = 20V, 30V.
5. Bring back the RPS to zero position and switch OFF the RPS.
6. Remove all connections.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be done very carefully.
2. Switch-on the power only after thorough checking of all the connections.
3. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
4. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum rating
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – KVL:

R1=1KΩ

R2=1KΩ

FORMULA:
Va= V1 + V2

THERETICAL CALCULATIONS:

TABULAR COLUMN: KVL

SL. VOLTAGE (V)

Va=
NO.
Va V1 V2 V1 + V2
Theoretical Practical Theoretical Practical
1
2
3

Result
 EXPERIMENT NO. 2
VERIFICATION OF SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

AIM: To Verify Superposition, Theorem for given circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.NO NAMEOFTHEEQUIPMENT RANGE QUANTITY

1 Breadboard - 1 NO
3 Voltmeter (0-30)V 1 NO
4 Ammeter (0-200)mA 1 NO
5 RPS 0-30V 1 NO
1k Ω 3 NO
6 Resistors
7 Connecting Wires - As required

THEORY: SUPERPOSITIONTHEOREM:

Superposition theorem states that in a lumped ,linear, bilateral network consisting

more number of sources each branch current(voltage) is the algebraic sum all currents(
branch voltages), each of which is determined by considering one source at a time and

removing all other sources. In removing the sources, voltage and current sources are replaced
by internal resistances.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM – SUPERPOSITION THEOREM :

When V1 & V2 sources acting (To find IL):

 R1=1KΩ R2=1KΩ

R3=1KΩ

Fig(1)

When V1 sources acting (To find IIL):

Fig(2)

When V2 sources acting (To find IIIL):

Fig(3)
TABULATION FOR SUPERPOSITION THEOREM

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Initially keep the Function Generator output voltage knob in zero volt position.
2. Avoid loose connections.

3. Avoid short circuit of Function Generator output terminals.

RESULT:
Exp. No. 3

MAGNETISATION CHARACTERISTICS
OF A DC SHUNT GENERATOR
Aim:

To determine the Open circuit Characteristics of a DC Shunt Generator and from

that to find the critical field resistance and critical speed.

Name Plate Details:

S. no Parameter DC Motor DC Generator

1 Voltage
2 Current
3 Speed
4 Power Rating
7 Winding
Apparatus Required:

S. no Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity

1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Rheostat
4 Rheostat
5 Tachometer

Theory:

There are three most important characteristics or curves of a dc. Generator.

They are No – load saturation characteristic (E0/If), Internal or Total characteristic (E/Ia)
and External Characteristic (VL/IL). No – load saturation characteristic is also known as
Magnetic Characteristic or Open –Circuit Characteristic (O.C.C).It shows the relation
between the no – load generated e.m.f in armature, Eo and the field or exciting current If
at a given fixed speed. It shows the effect of excitation on generated EMF. Field poles
made up of Ferro-magnetic materials which exhibit the property of retaining magnetism
even after excitation is removed. If the excitation exceeds the critical value, the poles get
saturated and the generated e.m.f increases very little with field current.

Procedure: (For main circuit diagram)

1. Connections are made as per circuit diagram

2. The rheostat in the motor field is kept in the minimum position and rheostat

in the generator field in maximum position.

3. DPST switch is closed and the motor is started with the help of 3-point starter

and brought to rated speed by adjusting its field rheostat.

4 By decreasing the resistance of the generator field rheostat in steps,

corresponding values of Generated e.m.f(Eo) and field current (If) are noted down.

5. The above procedure is repeated in steps until the generated e.m.f reaches beyond

the rated voltage.

6. The graph is plotted between Eo and If.

7. The critical field resistance and critical speed are calculated from the graph.
Tabular Form: ( For main circuit diagram)

S. no If (A) Eo (V)

Precautions:

1. Loose connections are to be avoided.

2. At starting the field rheostat of motor is kept in minimum position and that of
generator is kept in maximum position.
3. While finding the value of shunt field resistance the rheostat in the field
circuit should be kept at maximum position.
4. Readings should be taken without any parallax error.

MODEL GRAPH

Rc
Eg(V)
A

B
Rsh

C If(A)

Result:
 Experiment -4

Measurement of Power and Power factor using Single-phase wattmeter

Aim: To measure the power and Power factor for a given load using Single-phase wattmeter

Apparatus Required:
S. no Name of the Apparatus Type Range Quantity
1 Ammeter
2 Voltmeter
3 Wattmeter
4 Load
5 Auto Transformer
Theory:
1. Power (P): In electrical circuits, power represents the rate at which energy is transferred
or converted. It's measured in watts (W). In AC circuits, power can be categorized into
active power (real power), reactive power, and apparent power.

2. Active Power (P): Active power is the actual power consumed by the circuit and is
responsible for performing useful work, such as producing light, heat, or mechanical
work. It's measured in watts (W).

3. Reactive Power (Q): Reactive power is the power required to establish and maintain the
magnetic or electric field in inductive or capacitive loads. It doesn't perform any useful
work but is necessary for the functioning of reactive components in the circuit. It's
measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR).

4. Apparent Power (S): Apparent power is the combination of active and reactive power and
represents the total power flowing in the circuit. It's the vector sum of active and reactive
power and is measured in volt-amperes (VA).

5. Power Factor (PF): Power factor is the ratio of active power to apparent power in the
circuit. It's a measure of how effectively electrical power is being converted into useful
work output. Power factor is a dimensionless quantity and ranges from 0 to 1.

Now, let's relate these concepts to the measurement using a single-phase wattmeter:

 Active Power Measurement: The single-phase wattmeter measures the active power
consumed by the load. It does so by utilizing the electromagnetic or electronic principles
to measure the product of voltage and current in the circuit.
  Power Factor Measurement: To measure the power factor using a single-phase wattmeter,
you need to measure both the active power (P) and the apparent power (S). Then, you can
calculate the power factor using the formula:
Power Factor (PF)=Active Power (P)/Apparent Power (S)

The wattmeter essentially provides a means to measure the active power, which is essential for
determining the power factor of the circuit. By measuring both active and apparent power, you
can assess how efficiently the electrical energy is being utilized in the circuit.

Procedure:
1. Connect the Circuit: First, connect the single-phase wattmeter to the circuit. The wattmeter has
two terminals: Line (L) and Load (Load). Connect the Line terminal in series with the live wire
(phase) of the circuit, and connect the Load terminal in parallel with the load you want to
measure.

2. Check Polarity: Make sure you observe the polarity while connecting the wattmeter. If the
polarity is reversed, the wattmeter will give a negative reading.

3. Turn On the Circuit: Turn on the AC power source.

4. Read the Wattmeter: The wattmeter will display the active power (in watts) consumed by the
load. This reading indicates the actual power being used in the circuit.

5. Measure Voltage and Current: To calculate power factor, you need to measure the voltage and
current in the circuit. You can use a voltmeter to measure the voltage across the load and an
ammeter to measure the current flowing through the load.

6. Calculate Power Factor: Once you have measured the voltage (V) and current (I), you can
calculate the power factor (PF) using the formula:
Power Factor (PF)=Active Power (W)/Apparent Power (VA)

7. Power Factor (PF)=Apparent Power (VA)Active Power (W)=VI/P

8. Interpret Results:

 If the power factor is close to 1 (ideally 1), it means the load is mostly resistive.

 If the power factor is less than 1, it indicates that the load has a reactive component,
either inductive or capacitive.
Tabular Form:
S.No Load Voltage V Line Current Power P(W) Power factor(Cosф=P/(V*I))
Current(A) (V) I(A)
1
2
3
4
5
6

Calculation of Power Factor:

Precautions:
1. Loose connections are to be avoided.
2. While starting the experiment see that dimmer stat is in minimum position
3. Readings should be taken without any parallax error.

Result:
 Basic Electrical Lab Manual

Experiment no-5
MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE

AIM: TO MEASURE THE EARTH RESISTIVITY

APPARATUS: EARTH TESTER-1 no

SPIKES-3 no
RODS, CONNECTING WIRES

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

THEORY:

Measurement of Earth Resistance: The provision of an electrode for an electrical system

is necessitated by the following reasons:
1.All the parts of electrical equipment like casings of machines,switches and circuit
breakers,tanks of transformers etc which have to be at earth potential must be connected to an
earth electrode.the purpose of this is to protect the various parts of the installation, as well as
the persons working against damage in case the insulation of a system fails at any point.By
connecting these parts to an earthed electrode a continuous low resistance path is available
for leakage currents to flow to earth .the current operates the protective devices and thus the
faulty circuit is isolated in case a fault occurs.

2.The earth electrode ensures that in the event of overvoltage on the system due to lighting
discharges or other system faults,those parts of equipment which are normally dead as far as
voltages are concerned do not attain dangerously high potentials

Atria IT,Bangalore Page 23

 Basic Electrical Lab Manual

3.In a three phase circuit the neutral of the system is earthed in order to stabilize the potential
of the circuit with respect to earth.
An earth electrode will only be effective so long it has a low resistance to the earthy and
can carry large currents without deteriorating. Since the amount of current which an earth
electrode will carry is difficult to measure.the resistance value of the earth electrode is taken
as sufficiently reliable indication of its effectiveness.the resistance of earth electrode should
be low to give good protection and it must be measured.

The main factors on which the resistance of any earthing system depends are:
1.shape and material of earth electrode or electrodes used.
2.Depth in the soil at which the electrodes are burried.
3.Specific resistance of soil surrounding and in the neighbourhood of electrodes.the specific
resistance of the soil is not constant but varies from one type of soil to another.the amount of
moisture present in the soil effects its specific resistance and hence the resistance of earth
electrode is not a constant factor but suffers seasonal variations.

The specific resistance of soils varies between wide limits and is very much dependent upon
its moisture content.Approximate figures for specific resisttance of soil are 80 X 103Ωm for
moist clay to 80 X 106Ωm for sand of normal moisture content. A decrease of moisture
content of 30% is capable of producing an increase of 300 to 400% in specific resistance.thus
it is necessary to make regular checks for earth resistance during the year round.

PROCEDURE:
➢ Put the two spikes acting as current and potential electrode in to the ground at a
distance of 25m and 12.5m from earth electrode under test.
➢ Connect the two spikes to E2 and P2 terminals respectively.
➢ Short the P1 and E1 terminals of motor and connect it to the earth electrode under
test.
➢ Place the megger on horizontal firm stud.
➢ Take down the 3 to 4 readings by keeping the distance same and placing the
electrodes at the other positions.
➢ Take the average of these readings which is equal to earth resistance
➢ ᶘ =2πLR

Tabular column:

Condition of soil L=Length R=Resistance ᶘ = 2πLR

DRY
WET
SALTY

RESULT: The earth resistance of a soil with different conditions is measured

experimentally.

Atria IT,Bangalore Page 24

 Experiment -6

Calculation of Electrical Energy for Domestic Premises

Aim: To calculate Electrical Energy consumption for our domestic premises.

Theory:
1. Power (P): Power is the rate at which energy is transferred or converted. In electrical
systems, power is measured in watts (W) and represents the amount of electrical energy
consumed per unit of time. Mathematically, power is given by the formula: P=VI

where:

 P is the power in watts (W),

 V is the voltage in volts (V), and

 I is the current in amperes (A).

2. Energy (E): Energy is the ability to do work and is measured in joules (J) or watt-hours
(Wh). Electrical energy, in particular, is measured in watt-hours or kilowatt-hours (kWh).
It represents the total amount of power consumed over a specific period of time. The
relationship between power and energy is given by the formula: E=P×t where:

 E is the energy in watt-hours (Wh) or kilowatt-hours (kWh),

 P is the power in watts (W), and

 t is the time in hours (h) over which the power is consumed.

Procedure:
1. Identify Electrical Appliances: Make a list of all electrical appliances in the premises
that consume electricity. This may include lights, refrigerators, air conditioners, heaters,
TVs, computers, washing machines, etc.

2. Determine Power Ratings: Find the power ratings (in watts or kilowatts) of each
electrical appliance. You can usually find this information on the appliance itself or in the
user manual. If the rating is given in amps (A), you can calculate power (in watts) using
the formula: Power (W) = Voltage (V) × Current (A).

3. Estimate Daily Usage: Estimate the average daily usage time for each appliance. This
can vary depending on usage patterns and household routines. For example, a refrigerator
may run continuously, while a TV may only be used for a few hours per day.
4. Calculate Daily Energy Consumption: Multiply the power rating of each appliance by
its daily usage time to calculate the energy consumption per day for each appliance. This
gives you the energy consumption in watt-hours (Wh) or kilowatt-hours (kWh). To
convert watts to kilowatts, divide by 1000.

5. Sum Up Total Daily Consumption: Add up the daily energy consumption for all
appliances to get the total daily energy consumption for the premises.

6. Calculate Monthly or Annual Consumption: Multiply the daily energy consumption

by the number of days in a month or year to estimate the monthly or annual energy
consumption for the premises.

7. Consider Seasonal Variations: Keep in mind that energy consumption may vary
seasonally due to factors such as heating or cooling requirements. Adjust your
calculations accordingly if necessary.

8. Compare with Utility Bills: Compare your calculated energy consumption with the
actual energy usage indicated on utility bills to validate your estimates and identify any
discrepancies.

Sample Power Ratings of different appliances:

1. Light Bulbs:
 Incandescent bulb: 40-100 watts
 LED bulb: 4-15 watts
 CFL bulb: 9-52 watts
2. Refrigerator:
 Standard refrigerator: 100-800 watts
 Energy-efficient refrigerator: 50-400 watts
3. Television:
 LED/LCD TV (32"): 30-100 watts
 LED/LCD TV (55"): 50-150 watts
 Plasma TV (55"): 300-600 watts
4. Washing Machine:
 Front-loading washing machine: 300-500 watts
 Top-loading washing machine: 400-700 watts
5. Air Conditioner:
 Window unit (5,000-10,000 BTU): 500-1500 watts
 Split system (12,000-24,000 BTU): 1000-2500 watts
6. Computer:
 Desktop computer: 50-250 watts
 Laptop: 20-100 watts
7. Electric Oven:
  Standard electric oven: 1000-5000 watts
 Convection oven: 1000-2500 watts
8. Microwave Oven:
 Countertop microwave: 600-1500 watts
 Over-the-range microwave: 800-1800 watts
These power ratings are approximate and can vary based on the model, size, and energy
efficiency of the appliance. Always refer to the appliance's label or user manual for
precise power ratings.
Tabular Form:
S.No Appliance Power Rating Daily Usage Energy Monthly Consumption
(W)) (hours)) Consumption (kWh)
per Day
(kWh)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Total

To fill in the table:

1. Appliance: List all the electrical appliances present in the premises.

2. Power Rating (W): Enter the power rating of each appliance in watts.

3. Daily Usage (hours): Estimate the average daily usage time for each appliance in hours.

4. Energy Consumption per Day (kWh): Calculate the energy consumption per day for each
appliance in kilowatt-hours (kWh) using the formula: Energy (kWh) = (Power Rating
(W) × Daily Usage (hours)) / 1000.
 5. Monthly Consumption (kWh): Once you have calculated the daily consumption for each
appliance, multiply it by the number of days in the month to find the monthly
consumption.

After filling in the table, sum up the monthly consumption values to find the total monthly
energy consumption for the premises. This will give you an estimate of the electrical energy
usage for that month.

Sample Calculations:

Precautions:
1. Ensure correct power rating of appliances
.

Result:
 Electrical & Electronics Engineering Workshop LAB PART-B
I – B. Tech., ECE I Semester (R23)
Index

S. No. Name of the Experiment Date Marks Signature

1
Plot V-I characteristics of PN Junction diode A)
Forward bias B) Reverse bias.

2 Plot V – I characteristics of Zener Diode and its

application as voltage Regulator.

3 Implementation of half wave and full wave rectifiers

Plot Input & Output characteristics of BJT in CE and

4
CB configurations

5 Frequency response of CE amplifier.

6 Verification of Truth Table of AND, OR, NOT,

NAND, NOR, Ex-OR, Ex-NOR gates using ICs.
 EEWS LAB 2

1. PN JUNCTION DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: To Plot the Volt - Ampere characteristics of Silicon Diode under forward bias
condition.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
.
1. Silicon Diode (Si)-1N 4007 : 1 No.
2. Carbon film Resistor (0.25 W) 1 kΩ : 1 No.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
1. Ammeter 0-10/20 mA DC : 1 No.
2. Ammeter 0-500/100 µA DC : 1 No.
3. Voltmeter 0-1 V DC. : 1 No.
4. Voltmeter 0-15/30 V DC : 1 No.

MISCELLANEOUS:
1. Bread Board : 1 No.
2. 0-30 V Regulated Power Supply : 1 No.
3. Connecting wires : 1 lot

THEORY:
A diode conducts in forward bias (when anode is positive with respect to cathode). It does
not conduct in reverse bias. When diode is forward biased the barrier potential at the
junction reduces. The majority carriers then diffuse across the junction. This causes the
current to flow through the diode. In reverse bias, the barrier potential increases, and
almost no current flow through the diode.

From the forward characteristics at a given operating point we can determine the static
resistance Rd and dynamic resistance rd of the diode. The static resistance is defined as
ratio of the dc voltage to dc current. It is given by

The dynamic resistance is the ratio of a small change in voltage to the corresponding
change in current. It is given by

Dept. of ECE
MODEL GRAPH:

Dept. of ECE
 EEWS LAB 4

PROCEDURE: Part – A
DIODE FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the regulated Power supply and slowly increase the source voltage and
note the down the voltage across the PN Junction diode insteps of 0.1 Volt and note
down the corresponding diode current under forward bias condition as per table
given.
3. Plot the graph versus on the graph Sheet to the scale.
4. From the graph find out the dynamic forward bias resistance of the diode

5. Observe and note down the cut in Voltage of the diode.

FORWARD BIAS (Si) REVERSE BIAS (Si)

Bias Bias
RPS Volta Current RPS Current
S. Voltage
S. Volta ge Ifin Voltag IR in
No (VR) in
No. ge (Vf) e (µA)
(mA) . Volts
in
Volts

1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.

6. 6.

7. 7.

8. 8.

9. 9.
10
10. .
11
11. .
12
12. .
13
13. .
14
14. .
15
15. .
16
16. .
17
17. .
18
18. .

Dept. of ECE
DIODE REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the regulated Power supply and slowly increase the source voltage and
note the down the voltage across the PN Junction diode insteps of 0.1 Volt and note
down the corresponding diode current under reverse bias condition as per table
given.
3. Plot the graph Vr versus I r on the graph Sheet to the scale.
4. From the graph find out the dynamic forward bias resistance of the diode

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be done very carefully.
2. Switch-on the power only after thorough checking of all the connections.
3. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
4. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum rating of the diode.

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. Define Cut-in voltage of PN junction diode.
2. List the applications of PN junction diode.
3. Give typical values of cut-in voltage for both Germanium and Silicon diodes.

RESULT:

Dept. of ECE
EEWS LAB 6

2. ZENER DIODE CHARACTERISTICS

AIM: 1. To obtain the Forward Bias and reverse bias V-I characteristics of a Zener diode
and find out the Zener Break down Voltage from the Characteristics.
2. To obtain the voltage regulator characteristics of Zener diode (Zener diode as
voltage regulator)

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. Zener Diode (Silicon) 5Z1 V : 1 No.
2. Carbon film Resistor (0.25 W) 1 kΩ : 1 No.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
1. DC Ammeter 0-10/20 mA : 1 No.
2. DC Voltmeter 0-1 V : 1 No.
3. DC Voltmeter 0-15/30 V : 1 No.

MISCELLANEOUS:
1. 0-30 V D.C Regulated Power Supply : 1 No.
2. Bread Board : 1 No.
3. Connecting wires

THEORY:

A PN junction diode does not conduct when reverse biased. But if reverse voltage is
increased, at a particular voltage it starts conducting heavily. This voltage is called break
down voltage. High current through the diode can permanently damage it. But the Zener
diode in reverse bias maintains almost constant voltage across its terminals whatever may
be the input voltage and current through it. So a Zener diode is a PN-junction diode
specially made to work in break down region. It is used in voltage regulators.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Dept. of ECE
MODEL GRAPH:

Zener Diode as Load Regulator

PROCEDURE:
FORWARD BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the D.C regulated power supply and slowly increase the source voltage
and note the voltage across the Zener diode in steps of 0.1 V and note the
corresponding diode current under forward bias condition as per the tabular form
given.
3. Draw graph between voltage across the diode (Vf) and current (If) through the diode
on graph sheet for both Zener diodes.

REVERSE BIAS CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Switch the DC Regulated power supply and slowly increase the source Voltage and
note down the Voltage across Zener diode insteps of the 1 Volt and note the
corresponding diode current as per table given.
3. Draw the graph between voltage across the Zener diode (V R) and current (I R)
through the diode on graph sheet for the both Zener Diodes.
FORWARD BIAS REVERSE BIAS

5.1 V 5.1 V
S. RPS S. RPS Bias
No Voltage Bias No Voltage Current
Current If Voltage
. in V Voltage . in V IR in
in (mA) (VR) in
(Vf) in V Volts (mA)
1. 1.
2. 2.
3. 3.
4. 4.
5. 5.
6. 6.
7. 7.
8. 8.
9. 9.

Dept. of ECE
EEWS LAB 8

10. 10.
11. 11.
12. 12.
13. 13.

ZENER DIODE AS LINE REGULATOR ZENER DIODE AS LOAD REGULATOR

5.1 V
RPS 5.1 V
S. Bias S.
Voltage Current
No. Voltage No Load Bias
in V IR in (mA) Current
(V R) in V . resistance Voltage
IR in (mA)
RL (V R) in V
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
7.
7.
8.
8.
9.
9.
10.
10.
11.
11.
12.
12.

ZENER DIODE AS VOLTAGE REGULATOR

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. Switch the DC Regulated power supply and slowly increase the source Voltage and
note down the Voltage across Zener diode insteps of the 1 Volt and note the
corresponding diode current as per table given.
3. Draw the graph between voltage across the Zener diode (V R) and current (I R)
through the diode on graph sheet for the both Zener Diodes.

ZENER BREAK DOWN VOLTAGE: Draw the tangent on the reverse bias characteristics of
the Zener Diode starting from the Knee and touching most of the points of the Curve. The
point where the tangent intersects the X-axis is the Zener Break down Voltage.

CALCULATIONS

Zener Breakdown Vlotage (VBR) =

Dept. of ECE
PRECAUTIONS:

1. Connections must be given very carefully.

2. Switch-on the power only after thorough checking of all the connections.
3. Readings should be noted without any parallax error.
4. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum ratings of the Zener
diode.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Define Reverse Break down voltage.

2. List the applications of Zener diode.

RESULT:

Dept. of ECE
 EEWS LAB 10

3 (A). HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT AND WITH C-FILTER

AIM: To rectify the signal and then to find ripple factor and percentage of regulation in
half wave without and with C-filter.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Step down Transformer
230 V/12 V – 0 – 12 V : 1 No.
2. Diodes Silicon (Si) 1N4007 : 2 Nos.
3. Decade Resistance Box : 1 No.
4. Capacitor 470 µF : 1 No.

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
1. Multimeter : 1 No.
2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO : 1 No.
MISCELLANEOUS:
1. CRO Probes : 2 No.
2. Connecting wires
THEORY:
Electrical power is available to domestic, Industrial consumers as a 440 V/3 phase /4
wire /50 Hz supply. The 3 wire of the supply are known as Red, Yellow, and Blue phase
wires. The fourth wire is known as the neutral wire. The voltage between any two phase
wires is 440 V and voltage between any phase wire and neutral is 230 V. The power that
is made available to all low power equipment is 230 V, single phase, two wire 50 Hz. One
of the two wires is known as phase and the other neutral wire. The neutral wire is
generally earthed at the substation and at consumer premises. However, 230 volts circuit
has two wires carrying power to various load points in a building. But most of the
electronic devices operate at low voltage dc supplies; then it becomes necessary to step-
down the 230 V voltage by means of transformer. Later, by using rectifiers
‘alternating current’ is converted to unidirectional current. By means of filters, nearly
constant D.C can be obtained. In order to keep the output DC Voltage constant at a
specified value, irrespective of line voltage and load changes one can use a voltage
regulator circuit. Almost all electronic circuits require a DC source of power. For portable
low power systems batteries may be used more frequently. However, electronic equipment
is energized by a power supply, a piece of equipment which converts the alternative
waveform from the power lines into an essentially direct voltage, the study of ac to dc
conversion is initiated in this section. The effective unilateral conditions of semiconductor
diodes can be utilized in converting the ac voltage into a pulsating unidirectional voltage
in different configurations are possible, while using diodes and transformers. They are
rectifiers.
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: A device such as the semi conductor diode, which is capable of
converting a wave form with a non zero average component is called a rectifier. The basic
circuit for half wave rectification is shown. Since in a rectifier circuit the input
has a peak value which is very large compared with the cut in volt of
diode. We assume in the following discussion that V Y = 0 with the diode idealized to
resistance in the ON state and an open circuit in the OFF state. Current ‘i’ in the diode or
load RL given by

Dept. of ECE
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

+
MODEL GRAPH:

Dept. of ECE
 EEWS LAB 12

TABULAR FORM:

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

Ripple Factor (Γ) % of Regulation

Load Vdc no load  Vdcfull load
S. 100
Resistance
No. Theoretical Practical Vdcfull load
in Ohms

1 100
2 300
3 500
4 700
5 900
6 1K
7 3k
8 5k
9 10 k
10 100 k

HALFWAVE RECTIFIER WITH C- FILTER

Load Ripple Factor % of Regulation

S. γ Vdc no load  Vdcfull load
Resistance 100
No.
in Ohms Theoretical Practical Vdcfull load
1 100
2 300
3 500
4 700
5 900
6 1K
7 3k
8 5k
9 10 k
10 100 k

Dept. of ECE
 i  I m Sin t ; i=Im when t=0< ω Π

where
A dc ammeter is connected so that the needle deflection indicates the average value of the
current passing through it. By deflection, the average value of periodic junction is given by
the area of one cycle of curve divided by a base expressed below
1 2 
I 
dc
2  0 Im Sin tdt

For the half wave circuit under consideration, it follows


1
2  0
Idc  Im Sin wt dt

Note that the upper unit of the integral has been changed from 2 to since the
instantaneous ‘i’ in the internal from to 2 = 0 and so contributes nothing to the
integral.
The diode voltage: The dc output voltage is clearly given as
I m RL
Vdc  Idc RL 

Capacitor filter:
It consists of a capacitor ‘C’, placed across the rectifier output, i.e., load RL. As the
direction of voltage of the rectifier increases, it charges the capacitors and also supplies
current to the load. At the end of quarter cycle the capacitor is charged to peak value Vm
of the rectifier. Now the rectifier output starts to decrease as the capacitor discharges
through the load and voltage across it i.e., across parallel combination of RL decreases.
The voltage across the load will decrease only slightly because immediately the next
voltage peak comes and recharge the capacitor. This is repeated again and again and the
output of rectifier waveform becomes straight. It is commonly used in transistor radio –
battery eliminators.

Theoretical calculations: γ  1

 2 3 fc R L

PROCEDURE:

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WIOTHOUT C-FILTER:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 230 V, 50 Hz.
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 100 Ω.
4. Connect the multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 100 Ω to 2 kΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form.
5. Disconnect load resistance (DRB) and note down No load voltage Vdc.

Dept. of ECE
 EEWS LAB 14

6. Connect load resistance at 100 kΩ and connect Channel-1 of Dual Trace CRO at
Secondary (Input) terminals, Channel-2 of dual Trace CRO at output terminals and
observe and note down the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.

Calculate Ripple Factor

Vdc no load  Vdcfull load

Calculate percentage of regulation = 100
Vdcfull load

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH C- FILTER:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e. 230 V, 50 Hz.
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 100 Ω.
4. Connect the multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 100 Ω to 2 kΩ and note down the Vac and Vdc as per given tabular form.
5. Disconnect load resistance (DRB) and note down No load voltage Vdc.
6. Connect load resistance at 100 kΩ and connect Channel-1 of Dual Trace CRO at
Secondary (Input) terminals, Channel-2 of dual Trace CRO at output terminals and
observe and note down the Input and Output Wave form on Graph Sheet.

PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be given very carefully.
2. Switch-on the power only after thorough checking of all the connections.
3. Readings should be taken without any parallax error.
4. The applied voltage and current should not exceed the max. ratings of the diode.

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Give theoretical values for ripple factor and efficiency.

2. What is the need of a Filter circuit?
3. What are the PIVs of diodes used in half-wave rectifier?

Dept. of ECE
 3 (B). FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT AND WITH C-FILTER

AIM: To rectify the signal and then to find ripple factor and percentage of regulation in
full wave without and with C-filter.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Step down Transformer
230V/12 V – 0 – 12 V : 1 No.
2. Diodes Silicon (Si) 1N4007 : 2 Nos.
3. Decade Resistance Box : 1 No.
MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
1. Multimeter : 1 No.
2. 20 MHz Dual Trace CRO : 1 No.

MISCELLANEOUS:
1. Bread Board : 1 No.
2. CRO Probes : 2 No.
3. Connecting wires

THEORY:
Electrical power is available to domestic, Industrial consumers as a 440 V/3 phase /4
wire /50 Hz supply. The 3 wire of the supply are known as Red, Yellow, and Blue phase
wires. The fourth wire is known as the neutral wire. The voltage between any two phase
wires is 440 V and voltage between any phase wire and neutral is 230 V. The power that
is made available to all low power equipment is 230 V, single phase, two wire 50 Hz. One
of the two wires is known as phase and the other neutral wire. The neutral wire is
generally earthed at the substation and at consumer premises. However, 230 volts circuit
has two wires carrying power to various load points in a building. But most of the
electronic devices operate at low voltage dc supplies; then it becomes necessary to step-
down the 230 V voltage by means of transformer. Later, by using rectifiers
‘alternating current’ is converted to unidirectional current. By means of filters, nearly
constant D.C can be obtained. In order to keep the output DC Voltage constant at a
specified value, irrespective of line voltage and load changes one can use a voltage
regulator circuit. Almost all electronic circuits require a DC source of power. For portable
low power systems batteries may be used more frequently. However, electronic equipment
is energized by a power supply, a piece of equipment which converts the alternative
waveform from the power lines into an essentially direct voltage, the study of ac to dc
conversion is initiated in this section. The effective unilateral conditions of semiconductor
diodes can be utilized in converting the ac voltage into a pulsating unidirectional voltage
in different configurations are possible, while using diodes and transformers. They are
rectifiers.
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: A device such as the semi conductor diode, which is capable of
converting a wave form with a non zero average component is called a rectifier. The basic
circuit for half wave rectification is shown. Since in a rectifier circuit the input
has a peak value which is very large compared with the cut in volt of
diode. We assume in the following discussion that = 0 with the diode idealized to

Dept. of ECE
 Electronics Engineering LAB 20

resistance in the ON state and an open circuit in the OFF state. Current ‘i’ in the diode
or load RL given by

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODEL GRAPH:

Prepared by D.Sridhar ,Associate Professor Dept. of ECE

 21

TABULAR FORM:

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER without C-FILTER

Ripple Factor (Γ) % of Regulation

Load Vdc no load  Vdcfull load
S. 100
Resistance
No. Theoretical Practical Vdcfull load
in Ohms

1 100
2 300
3 500
4 700
5 900
6 1K
7 3k
8 5k
9 10 k
10 100 k

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER with C-FILTER

Load Ripple Factor % of Regulation

S. γ Vdc no load  Vdcfull load
Resistance 100
No.
in Ohms Theoretical Practical Vdcfull load
1 100
2 300
3 500
4 700
5 900
6 1K
7 3k
8 5k
9 10 k
10 100 k

Dept. of ECE
 22

i  Im Sin t ; i=

where
A dc ammeter is connected so that the needle deflection indicates the average value of the
current passing through it. By deflection, the average value of periodic junction is given by
the area of one cycle of curve divided by a base expressed below
1 2 
I 

2  0 Im Sin tdt
dc

For the half wave circuit under consideration, it follows


1
2  0
Idc  Im Sin wt dt = Im / π

Note that the upper unit of the integral has been changed from 2π to π since the
instantaneous ‘i’ in the internal from π to 2π = 0 and so contributes nothing to the
integral.
The diode voltage: The dc output voltage is clearly given as

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: The circuit of a full wave rectifier is shown. This circuit seems
to comprise two half wave circuits so connected that conditions takes place through diode
during one half of the power cycle and through the other diode during the second half of
the cycle. The current to the load, which is sum of these two currents, has the form
shown in figure. The dc and rms values of the load ‘i’ and voltages in such system are
readily found to be
1 2 
I 

2  0 Im Sinωindt = 2Im / π
dc

where Im is max. current and V m is the peak transformer secondary voltage from one end
to the center tap

PROCEDURE:
FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e., 230 V, 50 Hz
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 500 Ω.
4. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 500 Ω to 5 kΩ and note down the , as per given tabular form
5. Disconnect load resistance (DRB) and note down No load voltage .
6. Connect load resistance at 5 kΩ and connect Channel – II of CRO at output
terminals and CH – I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and draw the
Input and Output Wave forms on graph Sheet.

Dept. of ECE
 23

Calculate Ripple Factor

Vdc no load  Vdcfull load

Calculate percentage of regulation = 100
Vdcfull load

FULLWAVE RECTIFIER WITH C-FILTER:

1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the primary of the transformer to main supply i.e., 230 V, 50 Hz
3. Connect the decade resistance box and set the RL value to 500 Ω.
4. Connect the Multimeter at output terminals and vary the load resistance (DRB)
from 500 Ω to 5 kΩ and note down the , as per given tabular form
5. Disconnect load resistance (DRB) and note down No load voltage .
6. Connect load resistance at 5 kΩ and connect Channel – II of CRO at output
terminals and CH – I of CRO at Secondary Input terminals observe and draw the
Input and Output Wave forms on graph Sheet.

Ripple Factor
1
γ 
4 3 fc R L

VIVA QUESTIONS:

1. Give theoretical values for ripple factor and efficiency.

2. What is the need of a Filter circuit?
3. What are the PIVs of diodes used in half-wave and full-wave rectifiers?
4. Compare capacitor filter with an inductor filter.

RESULTS:

Dept. of ECE
 24

4 BJT CHARACTERISTICS (CE CONFIGURATION)

AIM: To Plot the Family of input and output Characteristics of a Transistor connected in
Common Emitter Configuration.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Transistor BC 107 (Si, NPN) : 1 No.
2. Carbon film Resistor (0.25W) 100 kΩ, 1kΩ : 1 No. each

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
1. DC Ammeter 0-10/20 mA : 1 No.
2. DC Ammeter 0-500/1000 µA : 1 No.
3. Multimeter : 1 No.
4. Voltmeter (0-1V),(15/30V) : 1 No. each

MISCELLANEOUS:
1. Bread Board : 1 No.
2. 0-30 V, 1 A Dual Channel power supply : 1 No.
3. Connecting Wires

THEORY:
In common emitter configuration the emitter is common to both input and output. For
normal operation the Base-Emitter junction is forward biased and base-collector junction
is reveres biased .The input characteristics are plotted between IB and V BE keeping the
voltage VCE constant. This characteristic is very similar to that of a forward biased diode.
The input dynamic resistance is calculated using

ri = Δ VBE / Δ IB at constant V CE.

The output characteristics are plotted between IC and V CE keeping IB constant. These
curves are almost horizontal. The output dynamic resistance is given by,

ro = ΔVCE / Δ IC at constant IB.

At a given operating point, we define DC and AC current gains (beta) as follows

Current gain β = Δ IC/ Δ IB at constant V CE.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Dept. of ECE
 25

MODEL GRAPHS:

Input Characteristics Output Characteristics

PROCEDURE:

INPUT CHARACTERISTICS
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram.
2. For plotting the input characteristics the output voltage VCE is kept constant at 1V
and for different values of VBE . Note down the values of IC
3. Repeat the above step by keeping VCE at 2V and 4V.
4. Tabulate all the readings.
5. plot the graph between VBE and IB for constant VCE

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Connect the circuit as per the circuit diagram
2. For plotting the output characteristics the input current IB is kept constant at
10μA and for different values of V CE note down the values of IC
3. Repeat the above step by keeping IB at 50 Μa, 75 μA 100 μA
4. Tabulate the all the readings
5. Plot the graph between VCE and IC for constant IB
TABULAR FORM:
INPUT CHARACTERISTICS:
VCE = 0 V VCE= 1 V VCE= 2 V
S. RPS
No. Voltage VBE IB VBE IB VBE IB
(V) (µA) (V) (µA) (V) (µA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Dept. of ECE
 26

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

OUTPUT CHARACTERISTICS:

IB = 10 µA IB = 20 µA IB = 30 µA
S. RPS
No. Voltage VCE IC VCE IC VCE IC
(V) (mA) (V) (mA) (V) (mA)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

GRAPH:

1. Plot the input characteristics by taking IB on Y-Axis and VBE on X-Axis.

2. Plot the output characteristics by taking IC on the Y-Axis and VCE on X-Axis.

CALCULATIONS:
a) Input characteristics:
Input resistance ri = Δ VBE / Δ IB at VCE constant
=
b) Output characteristics:
Output dynamic resistance ro = ΔVCE / Δ IC at IB constant
=

Dept. of ECE
 27

Current gain β = Δ IC / Δ IB at VCE constant

=
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Connections must be given very carefully.
2. Switch-on the power only after thorough checking of all the connections.
3. Readings should be noted without parallax error.
4. The applied voltage, current should not exceed the maximum rating of the given
transistor.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. List various operating regions of transistor.
2. List various biasing circuits.
3. Give transistor current equation in CE configuration.

Dept. of ECE
 28

5. BJT COMMON EMITTER AMPLIFIER

AIM: To measure the voltage gain and plot the frequency response of CE amplifier.

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
1. Transistor (NPN, Si) BC 107 : 1 No.
2. Electrolytic Capacitor 10 µF / 25 V : 3 Nos.
3. Carbon film Resistors 33 kΩ, 2.4 kΩ,
8.2 kΩ, 1k Ω, 4.7 k Ω : 1 No. each

MEASURING INSTRUMENTS:
1. 20 MHz Dual trace CRO.
2. CRO Probes

MISCELLANEOUS:
1. 1 MHz Function Generator : 1 No.
2. BreadBoard : 1 No.
3. 0-30 V 1 A DC power supply : 1 No.
4. Connecting wires

THEORY:

Common Emitter amplifier has the emitter terminal as the common terminal between
input and output. The emitter base junction is forward biased and collector base junction
is reverse biased, so that transistor remains in active region throughout the operation.
When a sinusoidal AC signal is applied at input terminals of circuit during positive half
cycle the forward bias of base emitter junction V BE is increased resulting in an increase in
IB, The collector current IC is increased by β times the increase in IB, V CE is
correspondingly decreased. i.e., output voltage gets decreased. Thus in a CE amplifier a
positive going signal is converted into a negative going output signal i.e., 180 o phase shift
is introduced between output and input signal and it is an amplified version of input
signal.

Characteristics of CE amplifier

1. Large current gain (A I)

2. Large voltage gain (AV)
3. Large power gain(A P=AI.AV)
4. Phase shift of 180o
5. Moderate input & output impedances.

The voltage gain of the amplifier is given calculate the gain in by

Gain =

Where, Vo is the output voltage. V S is input voltage of applied AC signal.

Dept. of ECE
 29

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

MODEL GRAPH:

Maximum gain ( ) =
Lower cut-off frequency ( ) =
Upper cut-off frequency ( ) =
Band width (B.W) = ( ) =
Gain bandwidth product = (B.W) =

Dept. of ECE
 30

TABULAR FORM:

Input
Output voltage Gain Gain in dB
S. No. frequency
(V)
(Hz)
1 100
2 200
3 300
4 400
5 500
6 600
7 700
8 800
9 900
10 1k
11 2k
12 3k
13 4k
14 5k
15 6k
16 7k
17 8k
18 9k
19 10 k
20 20 k
21 30 k
22 40 k
23 50 k
24 100 k
25 200 k
26 300 k
27 400 k
28 500 k

OBSERVATIONS:
Maximum gain ( ) =
Lower cut-off frequency ( ) =
Upper cut-off frequency ( ) =
Band width (B.W) = ( ) =
Gain bandwidth product = (B.W) =

Dept. of ECE
 31

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the signal generator output to input terminals of the circuit and channel –
1 of dual trace CRO.
3. Connect the output terminal of the circuit to channel – 2 of the dual trace CRO.
4. Set the signal generator output at 20 mV sine wave at 100 Hz. constant and
fed it to the circuit.
5. Vary the signal generator frequency from 100 Hz to 500 kHz as per the table
given and note the corresponding output voltage.
6. Calculate the gain

GRAPH: Plot the graph frequency verses gain (dB) on a semi log graph sheet.

RESULT:

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1. What are the characteristics of CE amplifier?
2. What is the main application of CE amplifier?
3. What is meant by Bandwidth of an amplifier?
4. Find the phase relation between input and output.

Dept. of ECE
 32

6.Verification of Truth Tables of Logic Gates using IC

Aim:-
Introduction to digital electronics lab- nomenclature of digital ICs, specifications, study of the
data sheet, concept of Vcc and ground, verification of the truth tables of logic gates using TTL
ICs.

Apparatus Required:-
Digital lab kit, single strand wires, breadboard, TTL IC’s

Gates IC NO.

AND 7408

OR 7432

NAND 7400

NOR 7402

NOT 7404

XOR 74136

Theory:-
Logic gates are idealized or physical devices implementing a Boolean function, which it performs
a logical operation on one or more logical inputs and produce a single output. Depending on the
context, the term may refer to an ideal logic gate, one that has for instance zero rise time
and unlimited fan out or it may refer to a non-ideal physical device.

The main hierarchy is as follows:-

1. Basic Gates

2. Universal Gates

3. Advanced Gates

Dept. of ECE
 33

Basic Gates
1. AND gate: - Function of AND gate is to give the output true when both the
inputsare true. In all the other remaining cases output becomes false. Following
table justifies the statement:-

Input A Input B Output

1 1 1

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 0

IC 7408

2. OR gate: - Function of OR gate is to give output true when one of the either
inputs are true .In the remaining case output becomes false. Following table
justify the statement:-

Input A Input B Output

0 0 0
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 1

Dept. of ECE
 34

IC 7432

3. NOT gate: - Function of NOR gate is to reverse the nature of the input .It
converts true input to false and vice versa. Following table justifies the
statement :-

Input Output

1 0

0 1

IC 7404

Dept. of ECE
 35

Universal Gates
1. NAND gate: - Function of NAND gate is to give true output when one of the
two provided input are false. In the remaining output is true case. Following
tablejustifies the statement :-

Input A Input B Output

1 1 0

1 0 1

0 1 1

0 0 1

IC 7400

2. NOR gate: - NOR gate gives the output true when both the two provided
input are false. In all the other cases output remains false. Following table
justifies the statement:-

Input A Input B Output

1 1 0

1 0 0

0 1 0

0 0 1

Dept. of ECE
 36

IC 7402

Advanced Gates
1. XOR gate: - The function of XOR gate is to give output true only when both
theinputs are true. Following table explains this:-

Input A Input B Output

1 1 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
0 0 0

IC 74136

Dept. of ECE
 37

Procedure:-
• Place the breadboard gently on the observation table.
• Fix the IC which is under observation between the half shadow
line ofbreadboard, so there is no shortage of voltage.
• Connect the wire to the main voltage source (Vcc) whose other end is
connectedto last pin of the IC (14 place from the notch).
• Connect the ground of IC (7th place from the notch) to the ground
terminalprovided on the digital lab kit.
• Give the input at any one of the gate of the ICs i.e. 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th gate by
usingconnecting wires.(In accordance to IC provided).
• Connect output pins to the led on digital lab kit.
• Switch on the power supply.
• If led glows red then output is true, if it glows green output is false, which
is numerically denoted as 1 and 0 respectively. The Color can change based
on the IC manufacturer it’s just verification of the Truth Table not the color
change.

Result:-

RESULTS (HARDWARE IN FPGA):

AND GATE OR GATE

INPUTS OUTPUT
INPUTS OUTPUT
A B
LED A B
0 0 OFF LED
0 0 OFF
0 1 OFF
0 1 ON
1 0 OFF 1 0 ON
1 1 ON 1 1 ON
NAND GATE NOR GATE

INPUTS OUTPUT INPUTS OUTPUT

A B A B
LED LED
0 0 ON 0 0 ON
0 1 ON 0 1 OFF
1 0 ON 1 0 OFF
1 1 OFF 1 1 OFF

Dept. of ECE
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORK SHOP- PART_B
Experiment No: 1) B) Date:
Name of the Experiment: Roll No:

Circuit diagrams:
Forward bias: Reverse bias:

U1 U1
R1 + - R1 + -
1 3 1 3
0.029 A 3.553u A
2 1k 2 1k
DC 1e-009 DC 1e-009
V1 D1 + U2 V1 D1 + U2
30 V 1N4007GP 0.668 V DC 10k 30 V 1N4007GP 29.994 V DC 10M
- -

0
0

Procedure

1. Double click on Multisim8 icon

2. Select Source icon in component toolbar and place all sources such as DC Power,Ground in
the grid.
3. Select Place Basic icon in component toolbar and place Resistor.
4. Select indicators icon and place Ammeter-H and Voltmeter-V.
5. Select Diode and place a 1N4007GP in the grid.
6. Connect all the components and Save the circuit.
7. Select Simulate icon and click on Run options
8. Measure the Voltages and currents across the diode of the circuit in forward and
reverse bias Conditions by varying DC Power source.
9. Note down the Values and plot the graphs in forward and reverse biases.
RESULTS:
TABULAR FORM:
Forward bias:

Forward
Forward Current Forward Characteristics of PN diode
SI. RPS voltage(Vf) (If) in
No Voltage(Vin) in Volts mA 35
1 0 0 0 30
2 0.2 0.187 0.013 25
3 0.5 0.341 0.159 20
Forward Current
4 1 0.422 0.578 15
(If) in mA
5 5 0.549 4.451 10
6 12 0.608 11 5
7 20 0.642 19 0
8 30 0.668 29 -5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8

Reverse bias:

Reverse
Reverse Current Reverse Charecteristics of PN diode
SI. RPS voltage(Vr) (Ir) in
4
No Voltage(Vin) in Volts µA
3.5
1 0 0 0
3
2 2 1.99 0.666
2.5
3 4 3.99 0.888
2 Reverse Current
4 15 14.99 1.776 (Ir) in µA
1.5
5 30 29.99 3.553
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40

Signature of Faculty
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORK SHOP- PART_B
Experiment No: 2) B) Date:
Name of the Experiment: Roll No:
Circuit diagrams:

Forward bias: Reverse bias:

U1 U1
R1 + - + -
1 3 R1 1 3
0.024 A A
0.020
2 1k 2 1k
DC 1e-009 DC 1e-009
V1 D1 + U2 V1 D1 + U2
25 V 1N4733A 0.577 V DC 10M 25 V 1N4733A 5.077 V DC 10M
- -

0 0

Line Regulation:

R1 3

1 560 R2

V1 Key = A + U1
10 V D1 50% 5.034 V DC 10M
1k
1N4733A -

Procedure:

1. Double click on Multisim8 icon

2. Select Source icon in component toolbar and place all sources such as DC Power,Ground in
the grid.
3. Select Place Basic icon in component toolbar and place Resistor.
4. Select indicators icon and place Ammeter-H and Voltmeter-V.
5. Select Zener and place a 1N4733A in the grid.
6. Connect all the components and Save the circuit.
7. Select Simulate icon and click on Run options
8. Measure the Voltages and currents across the diode of the circuit in forward, reverse bias and
Regulation Conditions by varying DC Power source.
9. Note down the Values and plot the graphs.
 RESULTS:
TABULAR FORMS:
Forward bias: Reverse Bias:

Reverse Reverse
Forward Forward
RPS voltage Current
RPS voltage Current
SI. Voltage (Vr) in (Ir) in
SI. Voltage (Vf) in (If) in
No (Vin) Volts mA
No (Vin) Volts mA
1 0 0 0
1 0 0 0
2 2 2 0
2 0.2 0.2 0.00005
3 3 2.99 0
3 0.5 0.427 0.073
4 4 3.99 0.0004
4 1 0.477 0.523
5 5 4.93 0.69
5 5 0.533 4.467
6 6 4.99 1
6 12 0.557 11
7 10 5 4.959
7 20 0.57 19
8 20 5 15
8 30 0.58 29
9 25 5 20
Line regulation:

SI. Vin RL1=1K RL2=2K

No (V) V0(V) V0(V)
1 0 0 0
2 1 0.64 0.78
3 3 1.92 2.34
4 5 3.2 3.9
5 7 4.4 5
6 9 5.01 5.03
7 11 5.04 5.05
8 13 5.05 5.06
9 15 5.06 5.07
10 20 5.07 5.08

Characteristics:
Forward bias:

Forward Characteristics of Zener diode

35
30
25
20
Forward Current (If) in
15
mA
10
5
0
-5 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Reverse bias:

Reverse characteristics of Zener diode

25

20

15
Reverse Current (Ir) in
10
mA
5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
-5

Line regulation:

Line regulation Characteristics

6

3
RL1=1K V0(V)
2

0
0 5 10 15 20 25

Signature of Faculty
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORK SHOP- PART_B
Experiment No: 3) B) Date:
Name of the Experiment: Roll No:
Circuit diagrams:

Half wave rectifier Without Filter:

XSC1
G

A B

V1 1
T1 D1
3
4
230 V 1N4007GP R1
50 Hz 1k
0Deg TS_POWER_VIRTUAL
2
0

Half wave rectifier With Capacitor Filter:

XSC1
G

A B

V1 1
T1 D1
3
4
230 V 1N4007GP R1
50 Hz 1k C1
0Deg TS_POWER_VIRTUAL 47uF
2

Full wave rectifier Without Filter:

XSC1
G

A B

V1 1
T1 D1
3
4
230 V 1N4007GP R1
50 Hz 5 D2 1k
0Deg TS_POWER_VIRTUAL
2
1N4007GP 0
 Full wave rectifier With capacitor Filter:
XSC1
G

A B

V1 1
T1 D1
3 4

230 V 1N4007GP R1
50 Hz 5 D2 1k C1
0Deg TS_POWER_VIRTUAL 47uF
2
1N4007GP
0

Procedure

1. Double click on Multisim8 icon

2. Select Source icon in component toolbar and place all sources such as Ground and
Sinusoidal signal in the grid.
3. Select Place Basic icon in component toolbar and place Resistors, Capacitors and
in the grid
4. Select Place Basic icon in component toolbar and place a TS_Power Transformer in the grid.
5. Connect all the components and Save the circuit.
6. Select Simulate icon and click on Run options.
7. Measure the output of the circuit by connecting Oscilloscope fromMeasurement toolbar.
 RESULTS

Half wave rectifier:

Waveforms without filter:

Waveforms with a Capacitor filter:

Full Wave Rectifier:
Waveforms without filter:

Waveforms with a Capacitor filter:

Signature of Faculty
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORK SHOP- PART_B
Experiment No: 4) B) Date:
Name of the Experiment: Roll No:

Circuit diagram:
VCC
XSC1
12V
G

VCC
T

R2 R5
A B
47k 4.7k
C1
4 6

Q1 10uF
R1 C3
1 2
V1
2.2k
10uF
3 BC107BP
20mV
5
1kHz
0Deg
R3 R4 C2
4.7k 1k 10uF

Procedure

1. Double click on Multisim8 icon

2. Select Source icon in component toolbar and place all sources such as Vcc, DC voltage,
Ground and Sinusoidal signal in the grid.
3. Select Place Basic icon in component toolbar and place Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors in the grid
4. Select Transistor icon and place a BJT in the grid.
5. Connect all the components and Save the circuit.
6. Select Simulate icon and click on Run options
7. Measure the output of the circuit by connecting Multi-meter and Oscilloscope from
Measurement toolbar.
8. Go to Simulate then Analysis and select AC analysis
9. Set the frequency range and output node to find the frequency response of the circuit
10. Measure the Gain and BW of the circuit from frequency response curve
 RESULTS

Waveforms:

Bandwidth :

Signature of Faculty
 DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS WORK SHOP- PART_B
Experiment No: 5 Date:
Name of the Experiment: Roll No:

Circuit diagram:
VCC XSC1
12V
G

T
VCC

R2 R5 A B

47k 4.7k R7 R10

C1 47k 4.7k
5 C4
11 12

Q1 10uF 9
R1 C3 Q2 1uF
1 2
V1
2.2k
10uF
3 BC107BP
1mV BC107BP
1kHz 4
10
0Deg
R3 R4 C2
4.7k 1k 10uF R8 R9 C5
4.7k 1k 10uF

Procedure:

1. Double click on Multisim8 icon

2. Select Source icon in component toolbar and place all sources such as Vcc, DC voltage,
Ground and Sinusoidal signal in the grid.
3. Select Place Basic icon in component toolbar and place Resistors, Capacitors and
Inductors in the grid
4. Select Transistor icon and place a BJT in the grid.
5. Connect all the components and Save the circuit.
6. Select Simulate icon and click on Run options
7. Measure the output of the circuit by connecting Multi-meter and Oscilloscope from
Measurement toolbar.
8. Go to Simulate then Analysis and select AC analysis
9. Set the frequency range and output node to find the frequency response of the circuit
10. Measure the Gain and BW of the circuit from frequency response curve
RESULTS:

TABULAR FORM:
S.No Frequency Gain
(Hz) (dB)
1 10 1.762004
2 25.11886 4.688166
3 50.11872 14.43753
4 100 48.79148
5 5011872 48.19766
6 6309573 34.40102
7 7943282 23.87603
8 10000000 16.15867
9 12589254 10.70933
10 15848932 6.983339
11 19952623 4.498897

Output Waveforms:
Bandwidth:

Signature of Faculty