Manav Sthali School

R-Block, New Rajindra Nagar, New Delhi- 110060

Anion Analysis
Radicals in dilute Sulphuric Acid Group:-n
Carbonate (CO32-) , Sulphide (S2-) , Sulphite (SO32- ) , Nitrite (NO2-)

EXPERIMENT 1

AIM : To determine the presence of anions in the given salt samples.

EXPERIMENT OBSERVATIONS INFERENCE

Indication Test of Carbonate ( CO32-)

Add 3-4 drops of dil. H2SO4 to the Brisk effervescence CO32- is
salt taken in test tube. indicated.
Confirmatory Test CO32- is
of carbonate (CO32-) Lime water turns milky confirmed.
Take salt in W tube. Pass the
evolved gas through lime water.
Indication test for Sulphide (S2-)
Add 3-4 drops of dil. H2SO4 to the salt
Colorless gas, smell like rotten S2- is
taken in test tube.
eggs indicated.
Confirmatory Test
For Sulphide(S2-)
(i) Sodium nitroprusside
test S2 - is
Take salt soln. in test tube. Purple or violet colour confirmed.
Add sodium nitroprusside
soln.
(ii) Lead Acetate test S2 - is
Take salt soln. in test tube. Black ppt. confirmed.
Add acetic acid and lead
acetate soln.
Indication test for Sulphite (SO32-)
Add 3-4 drops of dil. H2SO4 to the salt Colorless gas, smell like burning SO32- is
taken in test tube. sulphur indicated.

Confirmatory Test
For Sulphite (SO32-)
SO32- is
(i) Barium chloride test confirmed.
Take salt soln. in test tube. Add white ppt.
barium chloride soln.
To a portion of above white ppt. ppt.dissolves (evolution of SO2) SO32- is
add dil. HCl. confirmed.

(ii) Potassium dichromate test Green color SO32- is

Take salt soln in test tube. Add 2-3 confirmed.
drops dil. H2SO4. . Add potassium
dichromate sol.

(iii)Potassium permanganate test:- SO32- is

Take salt soln. in test tube. Add dil Pink color discharged. confirmed.
2-3 dropsH2SO4. Add KMnO4 soln.
Indication test for Nitrite (NO2-)
Add 3-4 drops of dil. H2SO4 to the Reddish brown gas, pungent smell NO-2 is
salt taken in test tube. indicated.

Confirmatory Test
of Nitrite (NO2-)
A dark brown or black colour is
(i) Ferrous Sulphate test obtained. NO2- is
Take salt soln in test tube. Add confirmed.
acetic acid. Add ferrous sulphate
sol.

(ii) Starch-iodide test A blue soln. is obtained

Take salt soln. in test tube. Add 3-4 NO2- is
drops of dil H2SO4 . Add KI soln. confirmed.
Add freshly prepared starch soln.

RESULT : The given salt samples contain carbonate (CO32-) , sulphide (S2-) , sulphite (SO32- ) and
nitrite (NO2-) as anions.
Chemical Reactions in Dil.H2SO4 ( Indication tests ) :
1. Carbonates. - On treating the solid carbonate, CO2 is given off in the cold with brisk
effervesces.
CaCO3+H2SO4 CaSO4 +H2O+CO2

2. Sulphides. – Sulphides on treated with dil.H2SO4give H2S gas.

ZnS+H2SO4 ZnSO4 +H2S

3. Sulphites. – Sulphites on treated with dil.H2SO4 give SO2

Na2SO3+H2SO4 Na2SO4 +SO2+H2O

4. Nitrites. – On treating the solid nitrate with dil. H2SO4, nitric oxide (NO) gas is evolved which
readily gives dense brown fumes of NO2.

KNO2+H2SO4 KHSO4 +HNO2] X3

3HNO2 HNO3 +H2O +2NO

3KNO2+ 3H2SO4 3KHSO4+HNO3+H2O+2NO

2NO+O2 2NO2 (BROWN FUMES)

Reactions for Confirmation of dil. H2SO4 group radicals

• Carbonates
1. Reaction with H2SO4

CaCO3 + H2SO4 CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O

Ca(OH)2 + CO2 CaCO3 + H2O

2. Magnesium Sulphate test

Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb PbS + 2CH3COONa

 • Sulphides(S2-)
1. Lead Acetate test

Na2S + (CH3COO)2Pb PbS + 2CH3COONa

2. Sodium Nitroprussside test

Na2S + Na2[Fe(CN)5NO] Na4[Fe(CN)5NOS] (violet colour)

• Sulphite (SO32-)
1. Barium Chloride test

Na2SO3+ BaCl2 BaSO3 +2NaCl

BaSO3 + 2HCl BaCl2 + H2O + SO2

2. Potassium Dichromate test

3Na2SO3 + K2Cr2O7 + 4H2SO4 3Na2SO4 + K2SO4 + Cr2(SO4)3 + 4H2O

( Orange colour) (green colour)

3. Potassium Permanganate test

2KMnO4 + 5Na2SO3 + 3 H2SO4 K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 5Na2SO4 + 3H2O

• Nitrite (NO2-)
1. Ferrous Sulphate test

KNO2 + CH3COOH CH3COOK + HNO2

3HNO2 HNO3 + 2NO + H2O

FeSO4 + NO FeSO4 . NO

2. Potasium Iodide test

KNO2 + CH3COOH CH3COOK + HNO2

2KI + 2H2SO4 + 2HNO2 2KHSO4 + I2 + 2NO + 2H2O

I2 turns starch paper blue due to formation of adsorption complex.

Conc. H2SO4 group
Chloride (Cl-) , Bromide (Br-) , Iodide (I-) , Nitrate (NO3-) , Oxalate (C2O42-) , Acetate (CH3COO-)

EXPERIMENT 2

AIM : To determine the presence of anions in the given salt samples.

Chloride (Cl-)
Indication test
Add 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4 to Colourless gas with pungent smell Cl- is indicated
the salt taken in test tube. White fumes Cl- is indicated
Bring a glass rod dipped in
ammonium hydroxide near the
mouth of test tube

Confirmatory test
(i) Silver nitrate test
Take salt soln. in test tube. Add 2-3 A white ppt. is formed which is Cl- is
drops of dil. HNO3. Boil and then soluble in NH4OH confirmed.
cool. Add AgNO3 soln.

(ii)Chromyl chloride test

Salt + K2Cr2O7 salt + conc. H2SO4 + Red vapours. Cl- is
heat confirmed.
Pass red vapours
Yellow soln.
through NaOH soln.
Yellow soln. + CH3COOH + Yellow ppt.
Lead acetate soln.
Bromide (Br-)
Indication test
Add 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4 to Reddish brown gas with pungent Br- is indicated
the salt taken in test tube. smell
Confirmatory test
(i) Take salt soln. in test tube. Add Light yellow ppt. which is partially
2-3 drops of dil. HNO3. Boil and soluble in NH4OH Br- is
then cool. Add AgNO3 soln. confirmed.

(ii) Take salt soln. in test tube. Add Orange colour in CS2 layer
2-3 drops of dil. HCl. Add CS2 soln. Br- is
and chlorine water. confirmed

Iodide(I-)
Indication test
Add 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4 to Deep violet vapours with pungent I- is indicated
the salt taken in test tube. smell .
Confirmatory test
(i) Take salt soln. in test tube. Add Yellow ppt. which is insoluble in I- is
2-3 drops of dil. HNO3. Boil and NH4OH confirmed.
then cool. Add AgNO3 soln.

(ii) Take salt soln. in test tube. Add Violet colour in CS2 layer I- is
2-3 drops of dil. HCl. Add CS2 soln. confirmed.
and chlorine water.

Nitrate (NO3-)
(i) Ring test
Add a small quantity of freshly A dark brown ring is formed at the NO3- is
prepared soln. of ferrous sulphate junction of layers of acid and soln. confirmed.
to salt soln. And then pour
concentrated sulphuric acid slowly
along sides of test tube.
 Acetate (CH3COO-)
Indication test
Add 3-4 drops of conc. H2SO4 to Colourless gas, vinegar smell, turns CH3COO- is
the salt taken in test tube. blue litmus red. indicated.
Confirmatory test

(i) Oxalic acid test

Take a small quantity of salt on Smell like that of vinegar. CH3COO- is
watch glass. Mix it with solid oxalic confirmed.
acid. Prepare paste of it with few
drops of water.Rub and smell.
(ii) Ferric chloride test Reddish coloured filtrate.
Take salt sol. Add ferric chloride
soln.Filter.
Divide filtrate into 2 parts. Reddish colour disappears. CH3COO- is
I. To one part, add dil. HCl. confirmed.
ii. To second part add water and Reddish brown ppt.
boil.

Oxalate( C2O42-)
Potassium permanganate test
Take a pinch of salt in test tube The pink colour of KMnO4 sol. Is
and add dil. sulphuric acid. Warm decolorized with evolution of CO2 C2O42- is
to 60-700C and add 2 drops of gas. confirmed.
KMnO4.
RESULT : The given salt samples contain Chloride (Cl-) , Bromide (Br-) , Iodide (I-) , Nitrate (NO3-) , Oxalate
(C2O42-) , Acetate (CH3COO-) as anions.

Chemical reactions of Conc. H2SO4 group radicals:

1. Chlorides NaCl + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HCl

2. Bromides NaBr + H2SO4 NaHSO4 + HBr

H2SO4 + 2HBr SO2 + Br2 + 2H2O

3. Iodides KI + H2SO4 KHSO4 + HI

 H2SO4 + 2HI SO2 + I2 + 2H2O

4. Nitrates KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 +HNO3

4HNO3 + C(paper pellet) 4NO2 + CO2 + 2H2O

5. Acetates- CH3COONa+H2SO4 CH3COOH + NaHSO4

6. Oxalates COONa+ H2SO4 Na2SO4 + CO2+ CO+ H20

COONa

Chemical reactions (Confirmatory tests) :

CHLORIDES (Cl-)

1. Silver nitrate test: NaCl + AgNO3 AgCl+NaNO3

AgCl + 2NH4OH [Ag (NH3)2] Cl + 2H2O

(Soluble complex)

2. Chromyl chloride test:

4NaCl+ K2Cr2O7+3H2SO4 2Na2SO4+K2SO4+ 2CrO2Cl2 + 3H2O

CrO2Cl2 + 4NaOH Na2CrO4 + 2H2O+ 2NaCl

Na2CrO4 + (CH3COO)2Pb PbCrO4+2CH3COONa

BROMIDE (Br-)

1. Silver nitrate test:

KBr+AgNO3 KNO3 + AgBr

2. Chlorine water test

 2KBr + Cl2 2KCl + Br2

Bromine being soluble in CCl4 imparts an orange colour to the CCl4 layer.

IODIDE (I-)

1. Silver nitrate test:

KI+AgNO3 KNO3+AgI

2. Chlorine water test

2 KI + Cl2 2KCl + I2
Iodine being soluble in CCl4 imparts a violet colour to the CCl4 layer.

NITRATE (NO3-)

Ring test: KNO3 + H2SO4 KHSO4 + 2HNO3

6FeSO4+3H2SO4 +2HNO3 3Fe2(SO4)3+4H2O+2NO

FeSO4 + NO + 5H2O [Fe(NO)(H2O)5]SO4

ACETATE (CH3COO-)

1. Oxalic acid test

COOH +2 CH3COONa COONa + 2CH3COOH

COOH COONa Acetic acid (vinegar smell)

2. Ferric chloride test: 3CH3COONa + FeCl3 (CH3COO)3Fe + 3 NaCl

(CH3COO)3 Fe +2H2O (CH3COO)(OH)2Fe + 2CH3COOH

( reddish brown ppt.)

OXALATE (C2O42-)

1. Potassium permanganate test

 2. KMnO4+ 3H2SO4 + 5COOH K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 10CO2 + 8H2O

COOH

Independent radicals - Sulphate (SO42-) , Phosphate(PO43-)

AIM : To determine the presence of anions in the given salt samples.

Sulphate (SO42-)
(i) Barium chloride test
Take salt soln. in test tube. Add dil A white ppt. is formed which SO42- is
HCl . Add barium chloride sol. insoluble in dil. HCl confirmed.

10. Phosphate(PO43-)
(i) Ammonium molybdate test
PO43- is
Take salt soln. in test tube. Add 4-5 A deep yellow ppt. or coloration is confirmed
drops of conc. HNO3 . Boil and obtained.
cool. Add ammonium molybdate
soln in excess.Boil.
RESULT : The given salt samples contain sulphate (SO42-) and phosphate(PO43-)

as anions.

SULPHATE (SO42-)

1. Barium chloride test

Na2SO4 +BaCl2 BaSO4 + 2NaCl

PHOSPHATE (PO43-)

1. Ammonium molybdate test

K3PO4+ 3(NH4)2MoO4 2(NH4)3PO4 +3K2MoO4

(ammonium molybdate) ) (pot molybdate )

K2MoO4 + 2HNO3 H2MoO4 +2 KNO3

( molybdic acid)

H2MoO4 MoO3 + H2O

(NH4)3PO4 + 12MoO3 + 6H2O (NH4)3PO4. 12MoO3. 6H2O

Ammonium phosphate molybdate

(yellow ppt)

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