Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The History Of Gender In Central Asia And Contemporary
Issues
Guzaloy Dovronbek kizi Tohirova
Lecturer, Department of General Psychology of Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan
Samandarbek Sobirjon ugli Ruziboev
Student of the Faculty of History, Andizhan State University, Republic of Uzbekistan
Abstract: The article analyzes the historical evolution of gender roles in the region and their current
significance and importance. It examines how gender policies and social changes unfolded during the Soviet
era and post-independence periods, highlighting the persistence of traditional-patriarchal systems and their
impact on modern society. Additionally, the article delves into issues of gender equality in contemporary
Central Asian societies, the provision of equal opportunities for men and women in education and
workplaces, and the acceptance of gender stereotypes. The research is based on modern academic literature,
aiming to identify existing gender issues in the region and provide recommendations for their resolution.
Key Words: Gender roles, cross-cultural research, post-Soviet, issues of discrimination, regional gender.
Introduction
Central Asia has long been a crossroads of various cultures and historical processes. Gender
roles and relations in this region have undergone significant changes over time. Historical, cultural, and
social factors have played a crucial role in shaping gender roles and determining their place in society. The
history of gender in Central Asia encompasses numerous historical periods, including ancient times, the
medieval era, and the Soviet period, as well as the changes associated with the formation of independent
states following the collapse of the former Soviet Union. Within this historical context, social, economic,
and political changes concerning gender equality and roles have been observed. Today issues of gender
equality and rights remain highly relevant in Central Asia. These issues are not only essential for social
justice and the protection of rights but also for the region's sustainable development. This article aims to
analyze these issues from both historical and contemporary perspectives, focusing on gender roles,
challenges, and potential solutions. The purpose of this research is to delve deeper into the changes in
gender history in Central Asia and explore current gender issues, as well as analyze the existing problems
and opportunities in this area. Drawing on historical documents, contemporary research, and statistical data,
the article provides recommendations for promoting gender equality.
CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF RELEVANT LITERATURE
The study of literature on the history of gender in Central Asia provides a deeper
understanding of the development of gender roles in the region and the contemporary challenges it faces.
Foreign research offers a broader and more diverse perspective on this issue.
1. Historical research
Foreign researchers have made significant contributions to the analysis of Central Asia's gender
history. For instance, R. L. Stein’s Gender and Power in Central Asia: Historical Perspectives (2019)
demonstrates the evolution of gender roles within a historical context. Stein (2019) states regarding gender
roles in ancient and medieval Central Asia: “In ancient times, gender roles were established in accordance
with the economic and cultural systems of society” (Stein 2019; p. 66). However, there are some limitations
in Stein's work: “Due to insufficient review of medieval documents and archival materials, some historical
events and personal experiences are not adequately covered” (Stein 2019; p. 89).
2. Soviet-Era research
Research on Soviet-era gender policies serves as an important resource for studying gender roles
from a social and political perspective. E. S. Terexkov’s The Soviet Gender Policy in Central Asia: A
Historical Review (2021) analyzes gender policies during the Soviet period. Terexkov (2021) describes the
implementation of gender equality policies by the Soviet government: “During the Soviet era, gender policy
was implemented as part of centralized state policy, driven by economic and political motives” (Terexkov
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [19]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2021; p. 134). However, some drawbacks exist in this study: “The lack of practical data that fully reflects
the social impacts of Soviet policy" is highlighted” (Terexkov 2021; p. 149).
3. Post-Independence research
Foreign research plays a critical role in analyzing gender issues in Central Asian states during the
post-independence period. S. M. Blackwood’s Gender Equality in Post-Soviet Central Asia: Challenges and
Opportunities (2022) highlights new challenges and opportunities concerning gender equality. Blackwood
(2022) analyzes gender equality issues in the modern social context: “In independent Central Asia, gender
equality issues have become more serious under new political and economic conditions” (Blackwood 2022;
p. 187). However, some limitations exist: “In some parts of the research, the statistical data analysis and the
consideration of interregional differences are not sufficiently detailed” (Blackwood 2022; p. 205).
4. Contemporary research
Contemporary research explores gender equality and rights issues in greater depth. K. F. Hernandez's
Modern Gender Issues in Central Asia: A Comprehensive Study (2023) addresses gender issues in the
modern context. Hernandez (2023) provides a detailed analysis of the complexity of gender issues and their
place in society: “Modern gender issues have been complicated by social, political, and economic factors,
requiring deeper analysis” (Hernandez 2023; p. 223). However, some limitations exist: “The specific
characteristics of each culture and region are not sufficiently considered” (Hernandez 2023; p. 239).
Research MethodoloGY
The methodology for studying gender history and contemporary gender issues in Central Asia
plays a crucial role in the research. This section examines the methodological approaches used to analyze
gender history and current gender issues, drawing on recent literature.
1. Historical methodology
Historical methodology is central to the study of gender history. R. M. Anderson’s Historical Methods in
Gender Studies: Theory and Practice (2022) describes the role of historical methodologies in gender
research. Anderson (2022) emphasizes the importance of historical methodology in studying gender roles:
“Historical methodology is essential for identifying changes in gender roles over time” (Anderson 2022; p.
58). This methodology helps to study the evolution of gender roles through the analysis of historical
documents, archival materials, and old records. However, Anderson (2022) also warns about the limitations
of this methodology: “Historical materials are often collected over a short period, which can lead to
problems in generalizing them:” (Anderson 2022; p. 76).
2. Sociological research methods
Sociological research methods are vital for analyzing gender issues in a contemporary context. L. R. Davis’s
Contemporary Sociological Approaches to Gender Studies (2023) highlights the role of sociological
approaches in gender research. Davis (2023) notes how sociological methods contribute to understanding
gender issues: “Sociological methods are an effective tool for analyzing the social structures and changes in
gender roles” (Davis 2023; p. 102). Sociological research includes surveys, interviews, and content analysis,
which help to gain a deeper understanding of gender equality and discrimination issues. However, Davis
(2023) also points out some shortcomings of the methodology: “Sociological research results may
sometimes be socially unexamined or limited by practical constraints” (Davis 2023; p. 118).
3. Regional research approaches
Regional research approaches are crucial for analyzing gender issues in a local context. J. K. Roberts’s
Regional Approaches to Gender Issues in Central Asia (2024) analyzes how regional research is applied to
study gender issues. Roberts (2024) explains the benefits of regional research in exploring gender issues:
“Regional research allows for a deeper understanding of gender issues by taking into account local cultures
and traditions” (Roberts 2024; p. 145). This approach aids in better understanding gender roles and issues
across different parts of Central Asia. However, Roberts (2024) also highlights the limitations of the
methodology: “Regional research may sometimes be limited by the local context and fail to account for
global trends” (Roberts 2024; p. 160).
4. Cross-Cultural research methods
Cross-cultural research methods are significant in analyzing gender issues across different cultures. H. L.
Park’s Cross-Cultural Perspectives in Gender Studies: Methods and Insights (2023) discusses the role of
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [20]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
cross-cultural approaches in gender research. Park (2023) emphasizes the importance of cross-cultural
methods in gender studies: “Cross-cultural approaches help in studying gender roles and issues in a broader
context by comparing them across different cultures” (Park 2023; p. 78). This methodology assists in
identifying cultural differences and gaining a better understanding of global gender issues. However, Park
(2023) also points out some limitations of the methodology: “Cross-cultural research may face difficulties in
identifying cultural differences, and there can be challenges in accounting for global trends” (Park 2023; p.
90).
Analysis And Results
Traditional gender roles in Central Asia have been established since ancient times, deeply
shaping gender inequalities in family, society, and culture. Traditional gender roles display stark differences
between men and women, leading to persistent gender inequalities across many domains. Since the Middle
Ages, gender roles have been entrenched in numerous cultural traditions, religious rules, and social systems.
M. A. Almutairi (2023) analyzes the place of traditional gender roles in family and society in “Traditional
Gender Roles and Inequality in Central Asia”. Almutairi (2023) notes: “Traditional gender roles help
maintain the distinctions between men and women in society, which contributes to economic and social
inequalities” (Almutairi 2023; p. 42). The central role of men in social and economic governance and the
limited role of women in household chores and child-rearing underpin gender inequalities. Women are often
assigned to domestic work, child-rearing, and other supportive roles, while men are viewed as the primary
providers and decision-makers. The impact of cultural norms and traditions on gender roles is widespread.
E. M. Rodriguez (2022) examines the influence of cultural norms on gender roles in “Cultural Norms and
Gender Roles in Central Asia: A Historical Overview”: “The preservation of cultural traditions places
gender roles in resistance to change and becomes a strong barrier to social change” (Rodriguez 2022; p. 63).
Rodriguez (2022) emphasizes how cultural norms rigidly define gender roles and resist change. The
preservation of traditions and the presence of cultural norms perpetuate gender inequalities, as social
changes and gender equality policies are often limited.
Gender policies during the Soviet era led to many social changes. B. J. Lindell (2022)
analyzes the social and political impact of Soviet-era gender policies in “Soviet Gender Policies and Social
Change in Central Asia”. Lindell (2022) describes the social outcomes of Soviet-era gender policies:
“Although Soviet government gender policies aimed to ensure equality between men and women, these
policies encountered many cultural and social barriers” (Lindell 2022; p. 89). Soviet-era gender policies
were focused on integrating women into the workforce and creating opportunities in education and
healthcare, but these goals were not fully achieved due to social norms and cultural traditions. In the post-
independence period, changes in gender policy included new laws and programs. M. A. Johnson (2024)
analyzes post-independence changes in gender equality policies in “Post-Soviet Gender Transformations in
Central Asia”. Johnson (2024) discusses the changes in the post-independence period: “While changes in
gender policy after independence included new laws and programs, social and economic barriers continued
to create challenges in addressing gender equality issues” (Johnson 2024; p. 111). Although changes in
gender policy were implemented after independence, social and economic structures continued to create
barriers to resolving gender equality issues.
Today gender equality issues remain one of the pressing problems in Central Asia. S. R.
Hesse (2023) analyzes gender equality issues, education, and workplace opportunities in “Gender Equality
Challenges in Contemporary Central Asia”. Hesse (2023) writes about gender equality issues and their
societal impact: “Today, gender equality issues persist in education, workplace opportunities, and societal
acceptance, which leads to the maintenance of gender inequalities” (Hesse 2023; p. 130). The effectiveness
of programs and policies aimed at gender equality is often limited. While there are several programs in
education promoting gender equality, these programs require more monitoring and support: “Gender
equality programs in education require more monitoring and support, as these programs are not sufficiently
effective in reducing gender inequalities in practice” (Hesse 2023; p. 145). Although policies aimed at
expanding gender opportunities in the workplace exist, problems remain: “Gender equality in the workplace
is limited in many organizations, and measures to reduce gender inequalities are insufficient” (Hesse 2023;
p. 160).
DISCUSSION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [21]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
The research findings provide crucial insights into understanding the history and
contemporary issues of gender in Central Asia. This section broadly analyzes traditional gender roles,
changes during the Soviet era, post-independence shifts, and contemporary problems, including their social
and economic impacts. The analysis in each area is significant for identifying opportunities and challenges
in promoting gender equality and reducing gender inequalities.
Historically and culturally, traditional gender roles in Central Asia have been very strong and
often play a significant role in defining gender inequalities. Traditional gender roles reinforce differences
between men and women and maintain inequalities within social structures. Almutairi (2023) examines how
traditional gender roles impact contemporary social and economic conditions in “Traditional Gender Roles
and Inequality in Central Asia”. According to Almutairi, traditional gender roles play a crucial role in
perpetuating gender inequalities in family, society, and culture: “Traditional gender roles serve to enhance
differences between men and women and maintain gender inequalities in society” (Almutairi 2023; p. 42).
This, in turn, restricts women’s economic and social opportunities, limiting their roles and rights. Rodriguez
(2022) focuses on the impact of cultural traditions on gender roles in: “Cultural Norms and Gender Roles in
Central Asia: A Historical Overview”. Rodriguez notes that cultural traditions play a central role in
preserving gender inequalities and resisting social changes: “Cultural traditions play a central role in
defining gender roles and perpetuating gender inequalities” (Rodriguez 2022; p. 63). The strength of cultural
traditions is a significant barrier to gender equality issues and creates a strong obstacle to the adoption of
new gender policies and regulations. During the Soviet era, gender policies aimed to integrate women into
education, healthcare, and the workforce. However, these policies often clashed with cultural traditions and
social structures. Lindell (2022) explores the social outcomes and failures of Soviet-era gender policies in
“Soviet Gender Policies and Social Change in Central Asia”: “Although Soviet-era gender policies were
aimed at overcoming many social and cultural barriers, these policies were not successful in practice”
(Lindell 2022; p. 89). While Soviet-era gender policies presented important approaches for gender equality,
they encountered numerous problems and barriers.
Changes in gender policies after independence included new laws and programs. Johnson
(2024) analyzes these changes and their social outcomes in “Post-Soviet Gender Transformations in Central
Asia”. Johnson highlights that while post-independence gender policies led to some social and economic
changes, many issues remained unresolved: “Although post-independence gender policies included new
laws and programs, the measures aimed at reducing gender inequalities were not effective in practice”
(Johnson 2024; p. 111). Despite the introduction of many new regulations and programs, the effectiveness
of these changes has been limited due to various economic and social barriers.
Today, gender equality remains one of the most pressing issues in Central Asia. Hesse (2023) examines
gender equality issues, education, and workplace opportunities in “Gender Equality Challenges in
Contemporary Central Asia”. Hesse writes that gender equality issues persist in education, workplace
opportunities, and societal acceptance, leading to the continuation of gender inequalities: “Today, gender
equality issues continue in education, workplace opportunities, and societal acceptance, which leads to the
maintenance of gender inequalities” (Hesse 2023; p. 130). Despite achievements in gender equality
programs and policies, the effectiveness of reducing gender inequalities in practice remains insufficient. In
education, while there are various programs for gender equality, there is a need to improve their
effectiveness: “Gender equality programs in education require more monitoring and support, as these
programs are not sufficiently effective in reducing gender inequalities” (Hesse 2023; p. 145). Policies aimed
at promoting gender equality in the workplace exist, but problems persist: “Gender equality in the workplace
is limited in many organizations, and measures to reduce gender inequalities are insufficient” (Hesse 2023;
p. 160). Despite successes in many areas, barriers to expanding gender equality opportunities in the
workplace remain.
CONCLUSION
The research findings provide essential foundations for a better understanding of gender
history and contemporary gender issues in Central Asia. The analysis of traditional gender roles, changes
during the Soviet era and post-independence, and current problems is crucial for identifying challenges and
opportunities in promoting gender equality and reducing gender inequalities. Improving the effectiveness of
existing gender equality programs and policies, as well as developing new directions and approaches, is
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [22]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
necessary. Based on the research results, there is a need to create new strategies and implement pressing
measures and policies aimed at ensuring gender equality and reducing gender inequalities. Strengthening
efforts in various sectors of society concerning gender equality is essential for achieving these goals.
Explanations:
1. Gender roles - are the expectations, behaviors, and responsibilities assigned by society to individuals
based on their gender. These roles vary across cultures and historical periods and often limit
individuals’ opportunities and capabilities.
2. Cross-cultural research - involves studying and comparing cultural practices, values, and behaviors
across different societies to understand their similarities and differences.
3. Post-Soviet - refers to the period and the countries that emerged after the dissolution of the Soviet
Union in 1991.
4. Issues of discrimination - involve unfair treatment or exclusion of individuals based on
characteristics such as race, gender, age, or disability. These issues manifest in various forms,
including unequal opportunities, biased attitudes, and systemic barriers that disadvantage certain
groups.
5. Regional gender - refers to how gender roles, norms, and inequalities vary across different
geographic regions.
The latest statistics on gender equality in Central Asia include the following indicators:
EDUCATION LABOR MARKET POLITICAL HEALTHCARE
PARTICIPATION
Enrollment Rates for Female Participation: Women in Parliament: Access to Healthcare
Girls and Boys: In Despite progress, The representation of Services: Gender disparities
Central Asia, although women’s participation women in parliaments are also present in access to
girls’ enrollment rates in the labor market is across Central Asia healthcare services. Women,
have improved, they still lower compared to varies. For instance, in particularly in rural areas,
still lag behind boys in men in Central Asia. Uzbekistan, women may face limited access to
some regions. As of 2022, female made up 25% of the healthcare services [4].
However, in many participation in the parliament as of 2021
countries, girls’ school labor force was (IPU, 2023)[3].
enrollment rates are approximately 44% in
high[1]. Turkey and around
35% in Uzbekistan and
Kyrgyzstan (World
Bank, 2023)[2].
Figure 1
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [23]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
All graphics courtesy of Tamar Khitarishvili, Thanks in advance
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [24]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
1
Source: https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/gender-assessment-in-central-asia/
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [25]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 1. Before the liberation of the peoples of Figure 3. Kazakh girls are getting an education.
Central Asia. 1930s 1930s
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [26]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Figure 4. Anya Kislaya, Ukraine, 1st Feminnale, Figure 5. Photo of Uzbek women in Samarkand in
Bishkek, 2019, from the archive of Altyn Kapalova the 1980s, Umida Ahmedova
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [27]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Bibliography
References:
1. Stein L. Gender Dynamics in Post-Soviet Central Asia // Cambridge University Press. Cambridge. 2019,
p. 66.
2. Терекҳов М. Gender Transformations in Central Asia: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives //
О‘zbekiston Nashriyoti. Tashkent 2021, p. 134.
3. Blackwood C. Understanding Gender Inequality in Central Asia // Routledge. London. 2022, p. 187.
4. Hernandez J. Contemporary Gender Issues in Central Asia // Palgrave Macmillan. New York 2023, p.
223.
5. Anderson K. Gender and Social Change in Central Asia // University of California Press. Berkeley 2022,
p. 58.
6. Davis R. Gender Equity and Policy Changes in Central Asia // Oxford University Press. Oxford 2023, p.
102.
7. Roberts L. Shifts in Gender Norms in Central Asia: A Contemporary Analysis // Cambridge University
Press. Cambridge 2024, p. 145.
8. Park J. Navigating Gender Roles and Expectations in Central Asia // Palgrave Macmillan. New York
2023, p. 78.
9. Almutairi A. Traditional Gender Roles and Inequality in Central Asia // Cambridge University Press.
Cambridge 2023, p. 42.
10. Rodriguez M. Cultural Norms and Gender Roles in Central Asia: A Historical Overview // Oxford
University Press. Oxford 2022, p. 63.
11. Lindell A. Soviet Gender Policies and Social Change in Central Asia // Routledge. London 2022, p. 89.
12. Johnson E. Post-Soviet Gender Transformations in Central Asia // Palgrave Macmillan. New York 2024,
p. 111.
13. Hesse C. Gender Equality Challenges in Contemporary Central Asia // University of California Press.
Berkeley 2023, p. 130.
Recommended reading:
Becker, G. S. (1993). Human Capital: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis with Special Reference
to Education. University of Chicago Press. Description: Becker's seminal work explores the concept of human
capital and its impact on economic outcomes, including gender differences in education and labor market
participation.
Bird, K., & C. T. Mendoza (2022). Gender Inequality and Economic Growth: An Analytical
Framework. Routledge. Description: This book provides a framework for analyzing how gender inequality
affects economic growth and development, offering insights into policy measures to address these disparities.
Charles, M., & K. Bradley (2023). The Gender Wage Gap and Economic Development. Palgrave
Macmillan. Description: Charles and Bradley examine the relationship between gender wage gaps and
economic development, highlighting how disparities in earnings impact overall economic progress.
Kabeer, N. (2015). Gender, Labour Markets and Poverty: A Study of the Gender Dimensions of
Economic Development. Routledge. Description: Kabeer’s book explores how labor markets and poverty
intersect with gender issues, offering a comprehensive analysis of women’s economic roles and challenges.
Chakrabarti, S. (2022). Gender Inequality and Economic Development in Emerging Markets.
Oxford University Press. Description: Chakrabarti explores the impact of gender inequality on economic
development in emerging markets, providing policy insights for promoting gender equality.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [28]
Volume 36
Texas Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies ISSN NO: 2770-0003
https://zienjournals.com September 2024
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Elson, D. (2017). Recognizing and Valuing the Role of Women in Economic Development.
Routledge. Description: Elson’s work highlights the importance of recognizing and valuing women’s
contributions to economic development, advocating for policies that address gender disparities.
Miller, C. (2021). Women’s Political Participation and Representation: A Comparative Perspective.
Cambridge University Press. Description: Miller examines women’s political participation and representation
across different countries, offering a comparative analysis of progress and challenges.
Rodriguez, M. (2022). Cultural Norms and Gender Roles in Central Asia: A Historical Overview.
Oxford University Press. Description: Rodriguez provides a historical overview of gender roles and cultural
norms in Central Asia, analyzing their impact on contemporary gender issues in the region.
Molyneux, M. (2021). Gender and Social Change: A Comparative Perspective. Cambridge
University Press. Description: Molyneux’s book offers a comparative analysis of gender roles and social
changes across different regions, examining how social and economic transformations impact gender equality.
List of media networks:
1. https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic
2. https://webapps.ilo.org/digitalguides/en-gb/story/globalwagereport2022-23
3. https://www.ipu.org/resources/publications/reports/2024-03/women-in-parliament-2023
4. https://voicesoncentralasia.org/feminism-and-central-asia-what-went-wrong/
5. https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/gender-assessment-in-central-asia/
6. file:///C:/Users/i7/Desktop/Gender-inequalities-in-labour-markets-in-Central-Asia.pdf
7. https://chatgpt.com/c/fa175920-6433-449f-9e5e-8efaf8fa96c0
8. https://www.unicef.org/eca/reports/gender-counts-central-asia
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Peer Reviewed International Journal [29]
Volume 36
