ST.
VINCENT PALLOTTI SCHOOL,INDORE
Assignment for Class 9
1. Introduction to Artificial Intelligence.
2. Explain the Concept of Robotics in detail .
3. Explain Microsoft Microbit ,its characteristics ,functions ,benefits, program (print name
program)
(with code )
4. Explain the concept of Pneumatics ,components, Project -Pneumatics air powered boat,
write its procedure.
5. Explain the concept of Electronics in Robotics ,components available in Electronics,
project street light with series(Procedure)
Explain Microsoft Microbit ,its characteristics ,functions ,benefits, program (print
name program)
(with code )
What is the Microsoft Micro:bit?
The Microsoft Micro:bit, also called the BBC micro:bit, is a small, programmable
microcontroller board designed to introduce children and beginners to programming,
electronics, and physical computing. It was originally developed by the BBC in collaboration
with Microsoft and other partners to inspire a new generation of coders and innovators.
Characteristics of the Micro:bit
1. Compact Size: The Micro:bit measures 4 cm x 5 cm, making it highly portable and easy
to integrate into projects.
2. Microcontroller: Equipped with an ARM Cortex-M4 processor, it is capable of
executing programs efficiently.
3. Connectivity:
o Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) for wireless communication.
o USB connection for programming and power.
4. LED Matrix Display:
o A 5x5 grid of LEDs that can display patterns, scrolling text, and animations.
5. Sensors:
o Accelerometer to detect motion and orientation.
o Magnetometer for compass functionality and detecting magnetic fields.
o Temperature sensor to measure ambient temperature.
6. Input and Output:
o Two programmable buttons for user input.
o Edge connectors and pins to connect external components (e.g., motors, LEDs,
sensors).
7. Audio: A speaker for sound output and a microphone to detect sound levels.
8. Power Supply:
o Can be powered via USB or a battery pack for portable projects.
9. Programming Environments:
o Supports multiple programming languages, including MakeCode, Python, and
JavaScript.
o User-friendly web-based and offline editors provided by Microsoft MakeCode and
MicroPython.
Functions of the Micro:bit
1. Education:
o Introduces students to programming and problem-solving through hands-on
projects.
o Teaches the basics of electronics and physical computing.
2. Prototyping:
o Allows users to create and test simple circuits and interactive devices.
3. Wireless Communication:
o Enables devices to communicate with each other via Bluetooth.
4. Data Logging:
o Collects and records sensor data for experiments or projects.
5. Interactive Applications:
o Serves as a controller for games, robots, and other interactive systems.
6. Creative Displays:
o The LED matrix can display text, numbers, and animations for feedback or design
purposes.
Benefits of the Micro:bit
1. Accessibility:
o Affordable and easy to use, making it suitable for schools and individuals.
2. Versatility:
o Supports a wide range of projects, from simple programs to advanced robotics.
3. Engaging Learning Experience:
o Encourages hands-on learning, creativity, and experimentation.
4. Multilingual Support:
o Offers programming environments in multiple languages, catering to learners of
different skill levels.
5. Open Ecosystem:
o Supports a growing community with extensive resources, tutorials, and project
ideas.
6. Portable and Durable:
o Its compact and sturdy design makes it easy to carry and use in different
environments.
7. Sustainability:
o Encourages reuse and modification, promoting an understanding of sustainable
technology.
Applications of the Micro:bit
1. STEM Education:
o Widely used in schools for teaching coding, electronics, and engineering concepts.
2. Robotics:
o Can control motors, servos, and sensors in robotics projects.
3. IoT (Internet of Things):
o Used in simple IoT applications, like home automation or environmental
monitoring.
4. Art and Design:
o Creates interactive artworks using LEDs, sound, and sensors.
5. Games:
o Functions as a game controller or interactive device for custom games.
Explain the concept of Pneumatics ,components, Project -Pneumatics air powered
boat, write its procedure.
Meaning
Pneumatics is a branch of Technology and physics .it is directly related with the air and wind
used to compressed air. For Example : - Bicycle Pumps, Air brakes on buses ,Drills.
There are some features of Pneumatics which we can feel in our daily life such as :
1.It stays safe and clean
2.Low cost Low Maintenance
3.Low operating cost
4.Longer working life
5. Can be operated in harsh environments
Basic Principles of Pneumatics
1. Compressed Air or Gas:
o Pneumatic systems use air (or an inert gas) compressed to higher-than-
atmospheric pressure to transmit power.
o Air is readily available, making it a cost-effective choice.
2. Pascal’s Law:
o The pressure applied to a confined fluid (including gas) is transmitted equally in
all directions. This principle forms the basis for transmitting force in pneumatic
systems.
3. Energy Conversion:
o Compressed air stores potential energy, which is converted into kinetic energy
(motion) when the air is released and expands.
Working of a Pneumatic System
1. Compression: Air is drawn into the compressor and compressed to the desired pressure.
2. Storage: The compressed air is stored in the air receiver.
3. Distribution: Through valves and pipelines, the air is directed to the desired location.
4. Actuation: The compressed air is directed to actuators, which perform the required
mechanical work.
5. Exhaust: After performing work, air is released into the atmosphere or recycled.
Pneumatics: A Detailed Explanation
Pneumatics refers to the branch of engineering that uses compressed air or gas to perform
mechanical work. It is a subset of fluid power systems and is widely used in various industrial
applications due to its simplicity, safety, and efficiency.
Basic Principles of Pneumatics
1. Compressed Air or Gas:
o Pneumatic systems use air (or an inert gas) compressed to higher-than-
atmospheric pressure to transmit power.
o Air is readily available, making it a cost-effective choice.
2. Pascal’s Law:
o The pressure applied to a confined fluid (including gas) is transmitted equally in
all directions. This principle forms the basis for transmitting force in pneumatic
systems.
3. Energy Conversion:
Compressed air stores potential energy, which is converted into kinetic energy (motion)
when the air is released and expands.
Components of a Pneumatic System
1. Compressor:
o Generates compressed air by reducing its volume.
o Types: Reciprocating, rotary screw, and vane compressors.
2. Air Receiver:
o Stores compressed air for steady supply and smooth operation.
3. Control Valves:
o Direct the flow of air in the system.
o Types: Directional control valves, pressure relief valves, and flow control valves.
4. Actuators:
o Convert compressed air into mechanical motion.
o Types:
Linear Actuators (Cylinders): Provide straight-line motion.
Rotary Actuators: Provide rotational motion.
5. Pipes and Tubes:
o Transport compressed air to various components.
6. Filters, Regulators, and Lubricators (FRL Unit):
o Filters: Remove impurities from air.
o Regulators: Maintain consistent pressure.
o Lubricators: Add oil mist to air for smooth operation of moving parts.
Advantages of Pneumatics
1. Safety:
o Air is non-flammable and safe for hazardous environments.
2. Availability:
o Air is abundant and inexpensive.
3. Simplicity:
o Systems are easy to design, install, and maintain.
4. Speed and Force:
o Pneumatics provide quick and powerful motion.
5. Environmentally Friendly:
o Air can be released back into the atmosphere without pollution.
Disadvantages of Pneumatics
1. Limited Force:
o Pneumatic systems are less powerful compared to hydraulics.
2. Noise:
o Compressors and air exhaust can be noisy.
1. Energy Efficiency:
o Energy losses can occur due to air leaks and compression.
Applications of Pneumatics
1. Industrial Automation:
o Packaging machines, conveyors, and assembly lines.
2. Transportation:
o Braking systems in buses and trains (air brakes).
3. Healthcare:
o Dental drills and medical devices.
4. Construction:
o Pneumatic drills, hammers, and wrenches.
5. Robotics:
o Lightweight robotic arms and grippers.
Pneumatics include the following components
1. EVA Propeller
2. 4.5V Battery Holder
3. Motor with wire connector
4. Blower
5. Blower Pipe
6. Air Intake Cover for the blower
Project Pneumatics air powered boat
Required Components
1. 2 Small plastic bottles
2. Double Tape
3. Eva Propeller
4. Motor with Wire Connector
5. 4.5V Battery Holder with three fully charged batteries
6. Base Grid
Step 1. First of all apply double tape on both the plastic bottles
Step 2. After that stick those two bottles on top of the base grid
Step 3. In the next step join the Eva Propeller to the Motor with Wire Connector
Step 4. After joining, place the motor and EVA propeller on top of the base grid
Step 5. Then place the 4.5V battery holder on the top of the base grid.
Step 6. At last try driving the boat in a tray of water
Explain the concept of Electronics in Robotics ,components available in Electronics,
project street light with series(Procedure)
Electronics in Robotics: A Detailed Explanation
Electronics in robotics involves the integration of electronic components and systems that
enable robots to sense, process information, and perform actions. Electronics serve as the
"nervous system" of a robot, allowing it to perceive its environment, make decisions, and
execute tasks with precision.
Key Concepts of Electronics in Robotics
1. Power Supply:
o Robots require a consistent and reliable power source.
o Power sources can be:
Batteries (e.g., lithium-ion, lead-acid).
Direct power supply (for stationary robots).
Renewable energy (e.g., solar panels for outdoor robots).
2. Sensors:
o Sensors allow robots to gather information about their environment.
o Types of sensors:
Proximity Sensors: Detect nearby objects (e.g., infrared, ultrasonic).
Vision Sensors: Cameras for image and video capture.
Touch Sensors: Detect physical contact or pressure.
Temperature Sensors: Measure heat or cold.
Gyroscopes and Accelerometers: Measure orientation and movement.
Microphones: For sound detection.
3. Actuators:
o Actuators are components that convert electrical signals into mechanical motion.
o Common actuators include:
Motors: DC, stepper, and servo motors.
Hydraulic Actuators: Use fluid pressure for heavy-duty applications.
Pneumatic Actuators: Use compressed air for motion.
4. Microcontrollers and Processors:
o Microcontrollers act as the "brain" of the robot, processing inputs from sensors
and sending signals to actuators.
o Examples: Arduino, Raspberry Pi, STM32.
o Features:
Input/Output (I/O) Pins: Interface with sensors and actuators.
Programmability: Execute pre-written code or algorithms.
Real-Time Processing: Respond quickly to sensor inputs.
5. Communication Systems:
o Robots use communication modules for data exchange and control.
o Types:
Wired Communication: USB, Ethernet.
Wireless Communication: Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, Zigbee, and RF modules.
Protocols: I2C, SPI, and UART for internal component communication.
6. Control Systems:
o Control systems manage how the robot reacts to its environment.
o Types:
Open-Loop Control: No feedback; relies solely on predefined inputs.
Closed-Loop Control: Uses feedback from sensors for precision.
Example: A self-balancing robot adjusts its motors based on gyroscope
readings.
7. Power Electronics:
o Converts and manages power within the robot.
o Includes:
Voltage Regulators: Ensure consistent voltage levels.
H-Bridges: Control motor direction.
Switching Circuits: Turn components on/off efficiently.
Integration of Electronics in Robotics
1. Sensing:
o Sensors collect data about the environment, such as distance, light, sound, and
temperature.
o Example: A line-following robot uses infrared sensors to detect lines.
2. Processing:
o Microcontrollers process the data collected by sensors.
o Advanced robots may use AI algorithms on microprocessors for tasks like object
recognition or path planning.
3. Decision Making:
o Based on processed data, the robot decides its actions (e.g., move forward, turn, or
stop).
4. Actuation:
o Signals are sent to actuators, which perform the required mechanical task.
o Example: Rotating wheels, picking up objects, or moving arms.
5. Feedback Loop:
o Continuous feedback ensures precise and adaptive functioning.
o Example: A robotic arm uses encoders to adjust its position dynamically.
Applications of Electronics in Robotics
1. Industrial Robots:
o Used in manufacturing for tasks like welding, painting, and assembly.
o Example: Robotic arms with precise motor controls.
1. Autonomous Vehicles:
o Self-driving cars use sensors (LiDAR, cameras) and processors to navigate.
2. Medical Robots:
o Assist in surgeries, rehabilitation, or diagnostics.
o Example: Robotic surgical systems.
3. Consumer Robotics:
o Includes home assistants and robotic vacuum cleaners.
o Example: Amazon Alexa with integrated microphones and processors.
4. Military Robots:
o Used for reconnaissance, bomb disposal, and combat support.
5. Exploration Robots:
o Designed for space and deep-sea exploration.
o Example: NASA’s Mars rovers.
Challenges in Electronics for Robotics
1. Power Consumption:
o Balancing performance and battery life is critical, especially for mobile robots.
2. Signal Noise:
o Electrical interference can affect the accuracy of sensors and communication.
3. Integration:
o Ensuring seamless interaction between components like sensors, processors, and
actuators.
4. Cost:
o High-quality components can increase the overall cost of the robot.
Future of Electronics in Robotics
1. Miniaturization:
o Development of smaller, more efficient electronic components.
2. Artificial Intelligence (AI):
o Integration of AI chips for advanced decision-making and learning.
3. Energy Efficiency:
o Focus on low-power electronics and renewable energy sources.
4. Flexible Electronics:
o Use of soft and flexible circuits for adaptable robot designs.
5. Quantum Electronics:
o Potential use in high-speed and complex robotic computations.
