CH120 – Chemistry: Molecular
Science
CH130 – Chemistry: The World
of the Molecule
Dr. Stan Von Euw
School of Biological and Chemical Sciences
[email protected] Timetable
Syllabus
P. Flowers et al., Chemistry 2e, OpenStax , 2019
• Chapter 4: Stoichiometry of Chemical Reactions
Course Outline
Understanding Chemical Reactions in Aqueous Media:
Acids, Bases, Redox Systems, Precipitation, Solubility, and Quantitative Analysis
Lecture 1: Introduction
Lecture 2: Chemical Compounds I / Chemical Compounds Classified by their Nature
Lecture 3: Chemical Compounds II / Chemical Compounds Classified by their Functions
Lecture 4: Dissolution Reactions
Lecture 5: Precipitation Reactions
Lecture 6: Acid-Base Reactions
Lecture 7: Redox Reactions I
Lecture 8: Redox Reactions II
Lecture 9: Stoichiometry and Reacting Masses in Chemical Equations
Lecture 10: Limiting Reactants and their Impact on Chemical Reactions
Lecture 4
Dissolution Reactions
In dissolution reactions, the transformation of solid
matter into dissolved ions reveals the delicate balance
between molecular forces, unlocking the pathways for
chemical interactions that shape the behaviour of
substances in solution.
Types of Dissolution Processes Lecture 4
• General Definition:
Dissolution occurs when a solute dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution.
________________________________________
• Types of Dissolution Processes:
1. Ionic Compounds: Chemical process
o Dissolution of ionic compounds involves breaking the strong connections (ionic bonds) that hold
the ions together in a regular structure (called a lattice). This releases individual ions into the
solution, where they are surrounded by solvent molecules through solvation (e.g., hydration in
water).
solvent +
o General Formula: AB(s) A (aq) + B−(aq)
H2O
Example: Sodium chloride dissolving in water. NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
Partial positive charge (δ⁺)
on the hydrogen atoms
Partial negative charge (δ⁻)
on the oxygen atom
Types of Dissolution Processes Lecture 4
• General Definition:
Dissolution occurs when a solute dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution.
________________________________________
• Types of Dissolution Processes:
1. Ionic Compounds: Chemical process
o Dissolution of ionic compounds involves breaking the strong connections (ionic bonds) that hold
the ions together in a regular structure (called a lattice). This releases individual ions into the
solution, where they are surrounded by solvent molecules through solvation (e.g., hydration in
water).
o General Formula: AB(s) A+(aq) + B−(aq)
Example: Sodium chloride dissolving
Solvation glucoseNaCl(s)
ofina water. molecule Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
2. Molecular Compounds: Physical or Chemical Process
o Physical Process: For some molecular compounds, dissolution occurs when solute molecules
disperse in the solvent, maintaining their structure, and are surrounded by solvent molecules
through solvation.
Example: Sugar (C6H12O6) dissolving in water.
o Chemical Process: Some molecular compounds ionize in the solvent.
H 2O
Example: HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
Types of Dissolution Processes Lecture 4
• General Definition:
Dissolution occurs when a solute dissolves in a solvent to form a homogeneous solution.
________________________________________
• Types of Dissolution Processes:
1. Ionic Compounds: Chemical process
o Dissolution of ionic compounds involves breaking the strong connections (ionic bonds) that hold
the ions together in a regular structure (called a lattice). This releases individual ions into the
solution, where they are surrounded by solvent molecules through solvation (e.g., hydration in
water).
solvent +
o General Formula: AB(s) A (aq) + B−(aq)
H2O
Example: Sodium chloride dissolving in water. NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
2. Molecular Compounds: Physical or Chemical Process
o Physical Process: For some molecular compounds, dissolution occurs when solute molecules
disperse in the solvent, maintaining their structure, and are surrounded by solvent molecules
through solvation.
Example: Sugar (C6H12O6) dissolving in water.
o Chemical Process: Some molecular compounds ionize in the solvent.
H 2O
Example: HCl(g) H+(aq) + Cl−(aq)
Key Terminology Lecture 4
• Solute: Substance that dissolves.
• Solvent: Medium in which solute dissolves (e.g., water).
• Solution: Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
• Saturation: Maximum amount of solute dissolved at a given temperature.
• Saturated Solution: A solution that contains the maximum amount of solute that can
dissolve at a given temperature—no more solute can dissolve in it.
Live Demonstration: Dissolving Potassium Carbonate in Water Lecture 4
• Objective: Observe the dissolution of potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃) in pure water
at room temperature.
• Materials:
o 50 mL of pure water
o Potassium carbonate (K₂CO₃)
o Stirring rod
• Expected Solubility:
o At room temperature (~25°C), the solubility of potassium carbonate in water is
around 112 g/L.
o This means that in 50 mL of water, approximately 5.6 grams of potassium
carbonate should dissolve.
• Procedure:
1. Add a small amount of potassium carbonate to the 50 mL of pure water.
2. Stir the solution and observe the rate of dissolution.
3. Keep adding small amounts of K₂CO₃ until no more dissolves, indicating the solution
has reached saturation.
Factors Affecting Dissolution of Solids Lecture 4
• Temperature
o Warmer temperatures increase the solubility of solids, allowing them to
dissolve faster.
• Stirring or Agitation
o Stirring increases interaction between solute and solvent, speeding up the
dissolution process.
• Surface Area of Solute
o Smaller particles dissolve more quickly due to the larger surface area exposed
to the solvent.
Factors Affecting Dissolution of Solids Lecture 4
• Temperature
o Warmer temperatures increase the solubility of solids, allowing them to
dissolve faster.
• Stirring or Agitation
o Stirring increases interaction between solute and solvent, speeding up the
dissolution process.
• Surface Area of Solute
o Smaller particles dissolve more quickly due to the larger surface area exposed
to the solvent.
Note: These factors influence the kinetics of dissolution, affecting how fast the
process occurs and to what extent it happens, but not whether it will occur at all.
Practice: Identifying Strong Electrolytes Lecture 4
Question 1. Which of the following compounds are strong electrolytes in water?
A: CH3OH
B: HCl
C: Na3PO4
D: Al2(SO4)3
Session ID 106-327-992
Predicting Solubility in Water Lecture 4
How Do We Know if a Compound Will Be Soluble in Water?
• Molecular Compounds
• A molecule must be polar to dissolve in water.
• Polarity occurs when there is an unequal sharing of electrons or an unequal
distribution of charge within the molecule (e.g., Ethanol CH3CH2OH).
• Ionic Compounds (Salts)
• Solubility can be predicted using solubility rules based on ion pairing, charge, size,
and other factors such as hydration energy and lattice energy.
Supernatant
Precipitate
Solubility Rules in Water Lecture 4
Salts of:
• Group I elements (Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Rb+) are soluble except for Li₃PO₄
• NH4+ are soluble.
• Nitrate ions (NO3-) are generally soluble.
• Cl-, Br- and I- are soluble. Exceptions: Ag+ and Pb2+
• Most sulphates (SO42-) are soluble. Exceptions: Ba2+, Ca2+, Pb2+ and Ag+
• Most hydroxide (OH-) salts are only slightly soluble. Exceptions: Li⁺, Na⁺& K⁺ and NH₄⁺
which are soluble.
• Most carbonates (CO32-) salts are insoluble. Exceptions: Group I and NH₄⁺
• Most phosphates (PO43-) salts are insoluble. Exceptions: Na⁺& K⁺ and NH₄⁺
Solubility Rules in Water Lecture 4
Soluble versus Insoluble Lecture 4
Practice: Identifying Strong Electrolytes Lecture 4
Question 2. What is the net ionic equation for the dissolution reaction of sodium carbonate
in water?
A/ Na2CO3(s) → 2Na+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
B/ Na2CO3(s) → Na2+(aq) + CO32-(aq)
B/ Na2CO3(s) → Na+(aq) + NaCO3-(aq)
D/ Na2CO3(s) → reaction does not occur
Session ID 106-327-992
Practice: Identifying Strong Electrolytes Lecture 4
Question 3. What is the net ionic equation for the dissolution reaction of Ammonium
phosphate in water?
A/ (NH4)3PO4(s) → 4NH3+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
B/ (NH4)3PO4(s) → 3NH4+(aq) + 4PO4-(aq)
C/ (NH4)3PO4(s) → reaction does not occur
D/ (NH4)3PO4(s) → 3NH4+(aq) + PO43-(aq)
Session ID 106-327-992
Practice: Identifying Strong Electrolytes Lecture 4
Question 4. What is the net ionic equation for the dissolution reaction of lead(II) sulphate in
water?
A/ PbSO4(s) → reaction does not occur
B/ PbSO4(s) → Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
C/ PbSO4(s) → Pb2+(aq) + 4SO42-(aq)
D/ PbSO4(s) → 2Pb2+(aq) + SO42-(aq)
Session ID 106-327-992
