ANAPHY REVIEWER

DEFINITION OF TERMS

• Anatomy (ana = "up", tome to cut") anatomy means to dissect, or cut apart and separate, the
parts of the body for study
• Physiology (physio = "hature"; -logy "study"- Studies the "nature of the human body, the
science that deals with the functions of the body parts what they do and how they do it or
Physiology centers on the body's tendency toward homeostasis
WHY DO WE NEED TO STUDY HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
•understanding How human Body Function
•will give you an insight into the complex nature of the human body and the countless different
systems that make it up.
•through studying and working in the field, you'll be helping to improve other people's health and
wellbeing.
• knowing human anatomy and physiology also provides the basis for understanding disease or
even modified exercise.
IMPORTANCE STUDYING ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IN THE FIELD OF SPORTS AND
PHYSICAL EDUCATION
•Helps in physical Fitness-Studying anatomy and physiology helps sports person to
understand the structure and function of different parts of human body and to acquire a fit and
healthy body
•Provides Knowledge about body Structure it is importance to know about the strength and
weakness of the body it helps a player to choose any sport event as per his bodily capacity
• Helps in selection of their training and workout-basis knowledge of body structure, the
coach and the player can choose appropriate workout and training.
•Protects from sport injury-knowing function and their capacity or of their body can help to
prevent injury.
•Helps The process of rehabilitation- knowledge in different parts of the body can be use for
faster recovery and rehabilitation of their injury
•Helps in maintaining healthy body anatomy and physiology helps to provide detailed in
providing adequate information of sports nutrition
•Helps about Individual differences-there's a lot of differences between the body of male and
female, this information can help to determine the suitable training and determine their strength
and weakness of their body that can affect to their performance
•Helps To Improve Performance with the knowledge of anatomy and physiology, the sport
trainer can improve the performarice of his player by knowing the effects of exercises on the
various bodily parts of his player.
• Helps to evaluate the performance of his player if a sport trainer is doing not have
knowledge of anatomy and physiology, he cannot able to get best results out of his player
ANAPHY REVIEWER

INTRODUCTION
• The study of human body has a long story. Our ancestors, who relied on superstition and
notion about magic to help the sick, became so curious about how their bodies worked. Through
continuous practice and observation, they began to discover useful ways of treating the human
body.
•The medical provider and healer coined many new terms to name the body parts, describe
their location and to explain their function. These terms most of which originated from Greeks
and Latin words formed the basis for the language of anatomy and physiology which relate as
scientific names. (Biomechanics, 1990)
• Today, Even with the modem technology, scientific continues to conduct research to learn
more of the human body and how it works. The science of anatomy provided us with the
knowledge about the structure and function of the human body (Fitness, Theory and Practice
2002)
DEVELOPMENT OF ANATOMY
"Anatomy is the earliest science, but develop slowly"
Ancient Civilization:
• Knows the part of internal organ, but with superstitious beliefs.
• Importance of blood, heart beat, and breath.
GREEK ADVANCEMENT IN ANATOMY
• Alcmaeon, Acorn (400 BC), Pausaniasn, Philstion, Empedocles
• Categorized part based on dissection of animals
• Blood with innate heat, carries breath (with soul).
HIPPOCRATES KNOWN AS THE "FATHER OF MEDICINE"
Hippocratic Corpus- collection of medical works (book), development of medicine, through a
delicate blending of the art of healing and scientific observations.
became the foundation for which all future Western medical systems would be built.
ARISTOTLE: COMPARATIVE ANATOMY
• Heart as a seat of intelligence
• The first recorded school of anatomy was in Alexandria from about 300 to the 2nd century BC.
•Allowed dissection of human cadaver, bodies of condemned criminals.
GALEN (129 AD)
• Dissection of live and dead primates, the Roman Church prohibited dissection of human
cavader.
• Discovered that arteries and veins were separate vessels of functions.
LEONARDO DA VINCI (1452-1519)
•Age of Renaissance
• Comprehensive illustration of human anatomy.
•passionately studies the human body. Under cover of the night, he climbs cemetery walls,
steals bodies, and drags them into his studio. There, he dissects them and uses them as
models for his sculptures
ANAPHY REVIEWER

ANTONIE VAN LEEUWENHOEK (1632-1723)

• Developed microscope
•Father of Microbiology
MODERN ANATOMY
• Microbiology
•Molecular Biology
•CT Scanner (Computerized
tomography)
• X-Ray machine
• Ultrasound machine
• Restriction on cadaver dissection
•Anatomical models
•Plastination
GENERAL APPROACHES IN ANATOMY
•Gross Anatomy-study of the larger structures of the body, typically with the unaided eye; also
referred to macroscopic anatomy
• Microscopic Anatomy-study of very small structures of the body using magnification
• Regional Anatomy-study of the structures that contribute to specific body regions
•Systemic Anatomy-study of the structures that contribute to specific body systems
STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF LIVING THINGS
THE HUMAN BODY
• The Body is the most amazing and miraculous living machine in the universe, capable of
growth, self repair and reproduction as a result of the monitoring power of the human brain. It is
made up of thousandsof parts of various sizes and shapes that work together in an organized
manner, each of which have specific functions working together to keep as alive. But the, big
question is "what is the human body really made of2"
1. CELL
Are the building blocks of the body, and the basic unit of life. They are the smallest structure of
the body that carries out complex processes. It varies is size, shape, color and other depending
upon its function.
2. TISSUES
• Are group of cells organized into layer or masses that have common function.
• Tissue is group of cell or fluid that work together to perform a specific job in the body like cells
in an organ.
FOUR MAJOR PART OF TISSUE
1. Epithelial Tissue - Covers the body surface and form the lining for most intemal cavities.
Epithelial cells reproduce readily, that is why it heals rapidly as new cells. The major function of
epithelial tissue:
a) Protection b) Secretion
c) Absorption d) Filtration
Ex. Skin is made up of epithelial tissue which protects the body from dirt, dust, bacteria and
other microbes may be pharmful.
ANAPHY REVIEWER

CONNECTIVE TISSUE
• Is the most abundant and most widely distributed of the tissues.
• Connective tissues perform a variety of function including Support and Protection.
Example of Connective tissue
1. Fat tissue 2. Dense fibrous tissue
4. Bone 3.Cartilage
5. Blood 6. Lymph
MUSCULAR TISSUE
• Three types of Muscular Tissue
1. Skeletal muscle- Is a voluntary type of muscle tissue that is used in the contraction of
skeletal part.
2. Smooth Muscle- Is a involuntary type of muscle tissue. It is found in the walls of internal
organs and blood vessels.
3. Cardiac muscle- Is a involuntary in nature. It is found only in the walls of the heart.
NERVOUS TISSUE
•Is composed of specialized cells which not only receive stimuli but also conduct impulses to
and from all parts of the body.
*Nerve cells or neurons are long and string like.
ORGANS
• Are group of different tissues that form a complex structure with specialized functions like the

1. Skin 2. skeleton 3. stomach

4.heart 5. kidneys 6. intestine
7. muscles 8. brain 9. blood
10. lungs 11. lymph node
SYSTEMS
• Are group of organ that work together to perform important jobs for the body. All body system
are necessary for life to be sustained
SYSTEM
1. Skeletal System-Function: Provides, supports,
and protection for other tissues, stores calcium and
minerals, forms blood cells.
Major organ: bones, cartilage and bone marrow.

Bone matrix acts as a reservoir for a number of

minerals important to the functioning of the body
(calcium and phosphorus which is responsible for
tissue and cell repair as well as filtering functions)
Bone marrow production (yellow marrow –
contains adipose tissue; the triglycerides stored in
the adipocytes of the tissue can serve as a source
of energy. Red marrow- where hematopoiesis-the
production of blood cells take place.
ANAPHY REVIEWER

DIVISION OF SKELETAL SYSTEM

AXIAL consists of bones that form the axis of the
body and support and protect the organs of the
head, neck and trunk
80 bones
skull protection and framework of the head
vertebral column protection of spinal cord
strenum protection of the heart, lungs and blood
vessel from physical damage
ribs protection, support and respiration
SKULL - cranium (8), face (14)
VERTEBRAL COLUMN - 26
THORAX - sternum (1) ribs (24)
HYOID - (1)
OSSICLES knows as ear bones (6)
TOTAL: 80

Cranial Bones
1. frontal (1) the anterior portion of the cranium and the root of the orbits (eye sockets.
mucous secretions of the frotnsl sinuses
within this bone help flusj the surface of
he nasal cavity
2. parietal (2) part of the superior and
lateral surface of the cranium
3. temporal (2) part of both the lateral
walls of the cranium and the zygomatic
arches. the articulation with the
mandible. surrounds and protect the
sense organs of the inner ear
4. occipital(1) base of the skull and
contains the foramen magnum, form as
much of the posteriro and inferior of the
cranium
5. sphenoid (1) part of the floor of the
cranium, unites the cranial and facial
bones, acts as a cross bases that
strengthens the sides of the skull
6. ethmoid (1) anteromedial floor of the cranium, the roof of the nasal cavity and part of the
nasal septum and medial orbital
ANAPHY REVIEWER

Facial Bones
1. mandible (1) lower haw and the only movable
joints in the head that provide chewing
2. maxilla (2) helps to form the upper jaw, and
sides of the nasal cavity. reduces the heaviness
of the skull, support back teeth and help to allow
both cr resonate
3. palatine (2) paired of L-shaped bones that form
part of the nasal cavity and hard palate. located
between maxilla snd sphenoid bone
4. zygomatic (2) cheek bones. called malar bone
that are responsible for the prominences of the
cheeks below and to the sides of the eye
5. lacrimal (2) most fragile bone of the face and
one of the smallest bones in the body
● nasal surface faces the nose
● orbital surface faces the eye socket
6. nasal (2) 2 small oblong bones. sit midline to
each other to form the bridge of the nose
7. vomer (1) parts of the nasal septum (divider between nostrils)
8. inferior concha (2) make-up the side wall of the nasal cavity. one of the turbinates in the
nose. extend horizontally along the lateral wall of the nasal cavity and consist of lamina
spongy bone, curled upon itself like a scroll

Sternum
● known as the breast bone. long, narrow flat bone that serves as the key store of the
rib-cage and stabilized the thoracic skeleton
● several muscle they move arms, head, and neck have their origins on the sternum
● located along yhe body's midline in the anterior thoracic region just deep to the skin, a
flat bine about 6 inches length and around an inch wide
ANAPHY REVIEWER

APPENDICULAR
126 bones
upper extremities/limb
lower extremities/limb
SHOULDER GIDLE - clavicle (2) scapula (2)
UPPER EXTREMITIES - humerus (2), ulna (2), radius (2), carpals (16), meta carpals (10),
phalanges (28),
LOWER EXTREMITIES - femur (2), patella (2), fibula (2), tibia (2), tarsal (14), meta tarsals (10),
phalanges (28)
PELVIC GIRDLE - hip, pelvic (2)
EAR - malleus, incus, stapes
ANAPHY REVIEWER

RIBS AND STERNUM

● true ribs
● false ribs
● xiphoid process
● manubrium
● jugular notch
● floating vertebrae

UPPER EXTREMITIES
● humerus
● elbow joint
● radius
● ulna
● carpal
● meta carpal
● phalanges
● scapula
● clavicle

CARPAL BONES
ANAPHY REVIEWER

LOWER EXTREMITIES
● femur
● patella
● tibia
● fibula
● tarsal
● meta tarsal
● phalanges
● calcaneous

TARSAL BONES

TYPES OF BONES
long bones
● greater length and width
● slight curve for strength
● femur, tibia, fibula, humerus, ulna,
radius, phalanges
● long and slender
ANAPHY REVIEWER

short bones
● cubed-shape, equal length and width
● carpal, tarsals

flat
● thin, 2 parallel plates of compact bone tissue
and a middled spongy bone tissue
● considerable protection and areas for muscle attachment
● cranial bones, sternum and ribs, scapulae

irregular
● complex, irregular shapes
● vertebrae, hip bones, facial bones, calcaneus

sesamoid bones
● develops in tendons where there is significant friction,
tension, physical stress
● protects tendons dorm excessive wear and tear.
change direction of pull of tendon, improving
mechanical advantage
● patella
● small, flat and somewhat shape like a sesame seed

sutural bones
● small, flat, irregularlybdhaoe bones between flat bones
of the skull
● borders are like pieces of jigsaw puzzle and they
arrange in size from a grain sand to ss wide as quarter
ANAPHY REVIEWER

pneumatic bones
● bones that contain an air filled cavity within them. seen in relation to the nasal cavity,
they enclose the paranasal cavity
OSTEOBLAST cell that secretes the matrix for bone formation
OSTEOCLAST large multinucleate bone cell which absorbs bone tissue during growth and
healing
OSTEOPOROSIS condition of the bone where its density and quality is reduced
SCOLIOSIS sideways curvature of the spine that occurs most often furing the growth spurt just
before puberty
2. Muscular System-Function: provides movement, providesprotection for other tissues,
generates heat that maintain body temperature.
Major Organ: Skeletal muscle and tendons
3. Respiratory System-Function: Deliver air to alveoli (sites in lungs where gas exchange
occurs), Provides oxygen to blood stream, removes carbondioxide in to the bloodstream,
produces sounds for communication.
Major organ: Nasal cavities, sinuses, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs and alveoli
4. Cardio Vascular System- Function: Distributes blood from cells, water and dissolved
materials including nutrients, waste products, oxygen and carbondioxide
Major organ: Heart, Blood, Blood vessels (Diagram)
5. Digestive system-Function: Process and digest foods, absorbs and conserves water,
absorbs nutrients, stores energy reserves
major organ: Teeth, Tounge, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large intestine,
Liver, gallbladders, and pancreas
6. Integumentary System- Function: Protects against environmental hazards, Helps regulate
body temperature, provides sensory information
Major organ: Skin, Hair, Sweat glands, Nails: Dонат)
7. Urinary System-Function: Excretes waste products from the blood, Controls water balance
by regulating volume of urine produced, stores urine prior to voluntary elimination. Regulates
blood ion concentration and pH
Major organs: Kidney, Ureters, Urinary bladder, urethra
8. Reproductive System-function Male: Produces male sex cells (Sperm), Suspending fluids
and hormones, sexual intercourse
Function female: Produces females sex cells (pocytes) and hormone
Major organ male: testes, epididymides, ductus deferentia, seminal vesicles, prostate glands,
penis, scrotum
Female:Ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris, mammary glands.
9. Nervous System-Function: Directs immediate responses to stimuli, coordinate or moderates
activities
Major organ: Brain, Spinal cord, Peripheral views, sense organs (Diagram)
10.Lymphatic System-Function: Defends against infection and disease, return tissue fluids to
the blood stream.
Major organ: Spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils
ANAPHY REVIEWER

11. Endocrine System-Function: direct long term changes in the activities, adjust metabolic
activity and energy use by the body, controls many structural and functional changes during
development
Major organ: Pituitary glands, Thyroid glands, Pancreas, Adrenal Glands, Gonads, Endocrine
tissues in other system.

ANATOMICAL POSITION
● body standing upright
● feet at shoulder with and parallel
● toes forward
● upper limbs are held to side
● palms of the hands face forward
● eyes looking straight

TERMINOLOGIES
PRONE face down orientation
SUPINE face up orientation
ANTERIOR/VENTRAL front or direction toward the front of the body
POSTERIOR/DORSAL back or direction toward the back of the body
SUPERIOR/CRANIAL position above or higher than another part of the body proper
INFERIOR/CAUDAL position below or lower than another part of the body proper
LATERAL side or direction toward the side of the body
MEDIAL towards the midline of the body. For example, the middle toe is medial.
PROXIMAL closer to the point of attachment or the trunk of the body.
DISTAL position in a limb that is farther from the point of attachment or the trunk of the body
SUPERFICIAL position closer to the surface of the body. the skin is superficial to the bones
DEEP position farther from the surface of the body. the brain is deep to the skull

BODY PLANES
SAGITTAL PLANE THAT DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN
VERTICALLY INTO RIGHT AND LEFT SIDES
FRONTAL PLANE THAT DIVIDES THE BODY OR AN ORGAN
INTO AN ANTERIOR (FRONT) PORTION AND A POSTERIOR
(REAR) PORTION.
TRANSVERSE PLANE THAT DIVIDES THE BODY OR ORGAN
HORIZONTALLY INTO UPPER AND LOWER PORTIONS
ANAPHY REVIEWER

BODY CAVITIES
● DORSAL
● VENTRAL
● CRANIAL
● SPINAL
● THORACIC
● ABDOMINOPELVIC

MEMBRANES OF THE ANTERIOR BODY CAVITY

SEROUS MEMBRANE IS ONE OF THE THIN
MEMBRANES THAT COVER THE WALLS AND ORGANS
IN THE THORACIC AND ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITIES
PARIETAL LAYERS line the walls of the body cavity (pariet-
refers to a cavity wall)
VISCERAL LAYERS covers the organs (the viscera)

SEROUS CAVITIES AND THEIR ASSOCIATED MEMBRANES

PLEURA - SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS THE LUNGS IN THE PLEURAL
CAVITY
PERICARDIUM - SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS THE HEART IN THE
PERICARDIAL CAVITY
PERITONEUM - SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT SURROUNDS SEVERAL ORGANS IN THE
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

BODY SYSTEMS
● INTEGUMENTARY
ANAPHY REVIEWER

● MUSCULAR
● SKELETAL
● CIRCULATORY
● NERVOUS
● LYMPHATIC
● RESPIRATORY
● ENDOCRINE
● DIGESTIVE
● URINARY
● REPRODUCTIVE