Peng Kiong Chou The Billionaire Mindset The Rich Investor LTD 2013
Peng Kiong Chou The Billionaire Mindset The Rich Investor LTD 2013
ISBN 978-0-9576448-1-6
A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The right of Peng Kiong Chou to be identified as the author of this work has
been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act
1988.
This book is available online and at all good book stores globally.
I urge you to put into practice what you learn here even if you do not aspire
to be a billionaire. By doing so, I can guarantee you will have an even more
successful and fulfilled life. It is also important, though, that you maintain a
balanced wheel of life. So please don’t neglect your family during your
quest or on your journey to being fabulously successful.
This book reveals the multitude of factors that contribute to their ultimate
success. They are at the pinnacle of their success because they are
determined to be there, no matter what it takes nor how long it takes. They
are inspired by a legacy, something greater than themselves, be it to make a
difference to society or to innovate for the greater good of humanity. You
have probably already known or come across some of the factors I will be
revealing here. However, have you already mastered and implemented
them? Billionaires master them to perfection.
Success is in your mindset. You will be who you want to be when you want
it badly enough and are willing to sacrifice enough to get there.
I hope you enjoy reading this book. To show my gratitude for your
purchase, I have a gift for you at the end of the book.
To my nieces and nephews (current and future), your Uncle loves you all.
Study hard and grow up to be beautiful, handsome and successful. This
book will guide you through your life’s journey now and in future.
A sincere thank you to my royalty friends, VVIP and VIP friends, business
partners, business associates, uncles and aunts, relatives, neighbours, close
friends and true friends (past, present and future) for the mentoring,
guidance, advice, business partnerships, companionship and friendship.
Thank you for your love and words of wisdom during your living years. I
treasure them. I miss you. Rest in peace and may our Lord bless your soul.
Delete all that negative baggage and open your mind again. Face every
situation and opportunity with a fresh clean slate, free from any negative
pollution, prejudgement or preconception.
Begin your journey by reading this book and develop your billionaire
mindset by committing to this first important step.
As you are reading through this book I would urge you to immediately put
into practice every secret I reveal. If you can commit to this, by the end of
this book you will have experienced a real change and a shift in your life.
Once you have analysed an opportunity and you believe it has potential,
follow it through with tenacity. Don’t quit too easily at the first stumbling
block – or at any subsequent hurdles.
You need to embrace failure as part of the journey to success. The more you
fail, the closer you are to achievement, as you will by that time have learned
from your mistakes and will know how to manoeuvre your way towards the
gateway to success.
I personally have had my own fair share of failures. Did I give up? No, I
didn’t. Did I ever cry when I suffered a significant failure? I did cry but I
moved on with a stronger will and the zeal to succeed after I had wiped
away my tears. Successful people know that you learn more from mistakes
than from achievements.
Surround yourself with positive, supportive people who are also open-
minded and who will help you. Avoid people who want to keep you where
you are by constantly putting you down and dampening your enthusiasm
with negative comments.
Billionaires are generally confident people, who use their positive energy to
create wealth. Negative energy, in the shape of anger, resentment or hate
against people who have hurt you in the past, will cloud your judgement
and pollute your thinking, and this will ensure your unhappiness. The
exercise in section 1.1.1 above is to help you to eliminate this negative
energy. Along your journey as a nonconformist, however, do forgive, forget
and ignore any gossip or jealousy from others. Don’t take it personally.
Billionaires stay positive; they are motivated by a higher goal and do not let
anyone cloud their thoughts with negative emotions. The only way in which
you can set yourself free from these feelings, which may be holding you
back from realising your full potential, is by not holding a grudge against
anyone, and by releasing any anger you feel against someone and deciding
to forgive that person.
Make peace with the people in your life. When you are at peace with your
past and the people who have influenced you over the years, only then can
you create a clearing in your mind where your energy and ambitions can
flourish and you can become the person you never realised you could be.
The past has brought you to where you are now. The way you see yourself
has an impact on how you perform today. Learn from the past but plan for
the future by focusing solely on the present. Don’t keep looking back at the
past. You can’t change it nor can you teleport yourself back to the past –
yet.
To realise your full potential, you need to look for not only different
answers but different questions as well. You need to imagine the possibility
of being, having or doing whatever it is you want to be, have or do and truly
believe and act as if you will get whatever it is you would like. You need to
tell yourself you can achieve whatever you want and get close to people
who believe you can achieve anything you want to. Have a positive mindset
and be optimistic. Changing your mindset can make a huge difference to
your life.
We attract into our lives people and things depending on our thinking and
mindset. This law is illustrated in the following way: if you focus on
noticing pink cars, then that is what you will see everywhere. Our brain gets
us to focus on certain external things that reflect our thoughts, and ‘deletes’
the non-relevant things from our focus. If you don’t think about ‘billion-
pound’ ideas, you will never come up with any. We attract the things we
resonate with, so change your vibration or resonance to change your
situation.
If you are satisfied with only a little money, you will not get any more. The
way to bring the right vibration into your life is to feel the experience of
getting that particular thing in your mind’s eye. If at all possible make
yourself feel as if you are already worth a billion dollars by occasionally
going to the best hotel in town, flying on a private jet, or visiting the
mansion you’d like to buy and then visualise, feel and experience how
happy you would be to own that mansion.
Don’t think about the things you don’t want or don’t wish to experience.
Don’t moan, complain or gossip like the majority of people. Refuse to be
friends with anyone who spreads gossip about other people. This is merely
a sign of their insecurity and emotional instability.
Think positive thoughts and you will attract the positive into your life. If
you decide to change your perception of the world, by single-mindedly
focusing on the things you want, rather than the things you don’t, you can
get better results on your path to success than if you were not to do that.
You have the ability to cultivate your willpower so that you cannot be
distracted from what you need to do by people, situations, and events. Your
ability to interpret certain things by using your intuition can also help
towards guiding your subconscious to create the life you want. Developing
your reason could be a great step towards improving your life. You need to
decide to eliminate all the rubbish that has been cluttering your life: in other
words your negativity. Thinking negative thoughts is like planting rubbish
and expecting to reap beautiful trees. Your body expresses what is
happening on the inside. There is a direct correlation between feelings
caused by your subconscious and the actions you take. If you want to get
better results, you need to change your behaviour. You can change your
behaviour when you change the thoughts you have in your conscious mind,
which in turn dictate how you feel, and therefore how you act.
Billionaires understand that anything they desire will require effort. Every
single thing you do needs time to come to fruition. What you need to realise
is that you must decide what you want, then identify the sacrifices you are
willing to pay for it, and then proceed to do the hard work. The law of
sowing and reaping and the law of cause and effect (Newton’s Third Law)
say that if you plant positive thoughts into your mind along with thoughts of
prosperity you will reap wealth. If you plant negative thoughts of poverty,
then that is what you will reap.
1.2 Have faith in yourself
You are worth infinitely more than you believe you are. If there are people
around you who have succeeded more than you, it is their self-image that
has determined their goals, which in turn has determined their lifestyle.
You need to be open-minded and accept that your past conditioning limits
your growth as an individual. You need to accept that you are not your past,
and that your future is limited only by your imagination. The present
represents the results of the past. The future, however, is not your past,
although a lot of the time you assume it is. Just because you have never met
a billionaire or do not come from a rich background, this doesn’t mean you
cannot become as rich as you want to be, as long as you follow the rules of
wealth and success as explained in this book. Do not sabotage yourself with
self-doubt.
The perception that you are excellent makes the difference between
successful people and those who aren’t successful. A positive expectation
about results increases the chance of you becoming successful. Have
confidence in yourself. You have got to believe in yourself and love
yourself. Believe that you can be successful.
Whatever you believe with great self-conviction will become your reality.
The more you believe in yourself, the more you are turning your beliefs into
reality. This can work both ways, though. If you believe that you are really
bad at something, by saying it to yourself you are reinforcing the belief and
making it real for yourself.
Believe that you can be a billionaire. If you don’t, you are effectively
putting up blocks in your own mind and you will not achieve your goal and
dream. I believe I will be a billionaire by the age of 60, if not earlier, and I
am currently working towards this goal and dream. Believe you are a loser
and you will be a loser. Billionaires believe in themselves and their abilities.
If you plan and prepare and have a strong will, your chances of succeeding
will be high.
Low vitality breeds low motivation. This can create its own vicious circle.
All it takes is a tiny spark to reignite your dormant energy. The amount of
energy you use up while doing activities you enjoy is considerably smaller
than the amount you use while doing activities you hate. This is why it is so
important to be passionate about what you do. If your work is your passion,
it will inspire you and give you more energy, rather than dragging you
down.
You need to be able to find opportunities where others find only difficulties
in order to succeed. Billionaires do so all the time and they also trust their
gut feeling when making their decision.
Malaysian billionaire Tan Sri Sir Tiong Hiew King ventured into Papua
New Guinea in the early 1980s when other people were afraid to do so
because of the country’s cannibal tribes. Tan Sri Sir Tiong became one of
the world’s top 500 richest billionaires through this venture and his other
activities globally.
Always be optimistic and listen to your instincts (no matter how hard things
get at times).
Conflicting beliefs will stop you. If you think that being rich would be
great, but you also think that being rich would mean having to work all
hours of the day to achieve it, or that you would have to sacrifice time with
your family for it, then these conflicting beliefs will act as hurdles and
blockades on your path to success.
The motivation you have about making money and the ability to feel
worthy of receiving it are critical on your journey to become a billionaire.
Billionaires don’t spend money before they have got it. The downside of
spending more than you earn is that future earnings may not materialise or
may be less than you expected. If you are always spending more than you
earn, the chances are that you will get caught out somewhere, at some stage.
1.3 Be passionate about what you do
Your work can involve long hours, so you mustn’t feel you are just putting
in the hours without results. It has to be a passion for you. Passion gives
results. Billionaires might initially dislike what they do but they grow into
loving what they do.
Discover what you love and make it your vocation. Donald Trump
emphasised how important it is to love what you do, and to continually get
better at what you do. Devote your energy to your calling. The joy and
fulfilment you get from devoting yourself passionately to what you are
doing will generate even more energy. You need to work very, very hard.
Work as if you didn’t need the money. If people know you work because
you need the money, they have power over you, and that makes you
vulnerable and insecure, whereas if you work as if you don’t need the
money, they have no power and you have it instead.
If the work doesn’t feel like work, but like a passion, then the hours you are
putting in will no longer matter. Wealth is a by-product of following your
passion. When we work because that is our passion, we are working at the
highest level of service for ourselves, those around us, and the planet Earth.
Luck may have a role to play, but that is because luck occurs when
preparation meets opportunity. Also, the ones who keep an open mind are
more likely to notice opportunities, so they are more likely to be ‘luckier’.
Donald Trump said that it is important to have a fun job or business in order
to be successful. Steve Jobs emphasised the importance of every single day
in your life.
“For the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked
myself: if today was the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am
about to do today? And whenever the answer has been ‘no’ for too many
days in a row, I know I need to change something.” (Steve Jobs, address at
Stanford University, 2005)
I fully agree with what Steve Jobs says and I have been practising it.
Moreover he started practising it when I was born 33 years ago. Whenever
my answer has been ‘no’ for too many days in a row, I plan my gigantic
action and get outside my comfort zone (see sections 1.4 and 1.5). You
need to play and align to your strengths (see section 3.2).
What can you do best? What is the one thing that comes easily to you but is
hard for others? Are you gifted with any particular skill that people are
dying to pay money to learn?
Billionaires are also visionaries. They have such confidence in their vision
that they manipulate the universe around them to help them achieve that
vision. Steve Jobs had such confidence in his vision that he was able to
overcome any objections and bring the products he envisioned into the
future. He was dedicated to achieving that, almost as if it was a religion. He
was a creator of the future and problems ceased to exist around him. He was
the ultimate solution finder, and he was an amazing leader, being able to
transform people and products through his passion. He was an avid
consumer of the products he created himself, and for that reason he was
able to revolutionise the world with innovation.
You must articulate your own vision of the future. Make it powerful enough
to inspire people. The vision must always be just beyond reach but not an
impossible dream. You must communicate the vision in a way that it
generates enthusiasm. Use vision to drive change.
Most billionaires copy other people’s ideas, but they know how to make
money out of them. They take other people’s ideas and deliver them in a
much better way than any other person. Exceed people’s expectations.
The wonderful thing about learning how to make money is that once you
know how to make money, you can always make money. Nobody can take
that away from you. Once you acquire the billionaire mindset, you will
never be hungry ever again.
However, you can be the wealthiest person in the world and still not have
integrity. People want to do business with people of integrity, and they want
to have friends with integrity.
Aim beyond what you think you are capable of. Get out of your comfort
zone and try something you think you cannot do. You must develop a
complete disregard for where your abilities end. Try to do the things that
you think you are incapable of.
If you think you are unable to work for the best company in its field, make
it your target to work there. If you think you are incapable of running a
company, make that your aim. If you think you are unable to be on the
cover of Times Magazine, make it your aim to be there. Create a vision of
what it is you want to turn into a reality. Nothing is impossible. The biggest
pleasure in life is doing what people say you can’t do.
Start taking actions and implement what you are learning in this book as
you read through it. By the end of this book, you will have taken a gigantic
step and your life will be on course for a permanent change for the good,
forever. Your initial steps do not have to be perfect. You can always refine
them later on. Everything starts from that commitment to making the first
step. Don’t wait for the ideal time to do something. This is probably just
your excuse for not doing it now.
Take the first step now towards complete change and transformation before
it is all too late. It is all too late when you die.
Don’t be afraid of your ambitions. If you feel that other people can hold you
back then this means you don’t want your ambition badly enough. Other
people can’t stop you from dreaming. You are stopping yourself. You get in
your own way because you are afraid of what you might become, even if
that something is a wonderful thing.
If you have been doing the same thing for years and it has not been
working, then change your course of action. Get out of the routine. Even a
small change can lead to a spectacular result given time. Take time out to
figure out exactly what is not working, and then take a gigantic action. If
you feel scared about taking a big leap to change your situation, then take a
smaller step. You will be amazed at the power of taking just a little step.
1.5 Take that gigantic action
Billionaires take decisions based on the limited information they have about
a project. They know hesitation is the killer of enthusiasm and wastes more
time and money than anything else. They are not deterred by their
inexperience. They know ‘the expert in anything was once a beginner’. The
pace at which you do things can be critical to your business success. Take a
gigantic action now for great changes in your life.
You may have all the best intentions, ideas and thoughts in the world, but if
they don’t get translated into actions, you will be in the same spot as you
were in yesterday. It is action that separates successful people from the
unsuccessful. So don’t procrastinate. Do it now. Timing is crucial.
Brian Tracy, the US motivational speaker and author, talks about the law of
incremental change, which refers to the role even a small continuous
change can have in altering your destiny. You will be surprised that even a
small action can lead to huge results. Billionaires do what they need to do,
whether they feel like it or not. Donald Trump has said how important it
was for him to respect his commitments and do what he needed to do,
regardless of the fact that he didn’t feel like it. Billionaires are so successful
because of their continuous actions. They are willing to work harder than
anyone else. They add value to their customers more quickly, in a better
way, more cheaply. They add huge value to the quality of life or work of
their customers, and that is why they accumulate wealth.
Billionaires are go-getters. What one action could you do to change
something in your business or your life today?
Billionaires are hard-working. They sacrifice the time spent with their
family and friends and they often sacrifice their hobbies, and their time off.
They spend their time nurturing their business and they are highly driven.
Now you know why I am heavier (I’ve put on 10 kilos over the past five
years). I sacrificed my Aikido and Jitsu training to nurture and grow my
company.
Highly successful people learn what they need to know to do their job in an
excellent fashion. Olympic athletes are role models of enormous self-
discipline. Every day is the same for them. They practise repeatedly for
years, every single day, until they become as good as they can possibly be.
They ignore pain and distractions, and they single-mindedly focus on the
task in hand, to be even better than they were the day before.
So don’t let any pain or failure stop you from being who you can be.
Success comes once you manage to master self-control, and with maturity. I
am not saying you will only suffer sacrifice and have no fun. Billionaires
work hard, and they play hard. Remember US billionaire Mark Cuban
mentions the importance of having fun, too.
Successful people work very hard, and persevere in times of struggle. They
have a higher motivation than the end task, generally something beyond
themselves. And they do reward themselves hugely. Because they feel they
deserve it and also because rewards are so much sweeter when they follow
huge struggle, obstacles or hard work.
Billionaires are not afraid to fail and make mistakes. They feel the
discomfort and the fear, the pressure of not succeeding, yet they take the
risk. Temporary failure is part of making it big. The person who doesn’t
make mistakes is unlikely to make anything. Mistakes generally come from
a failure to plan, a failure to listen, or a failure to follow the correct process.
Failure and false starts are a precondition of success.
1.6 Just do it
Billionaires achieve things better and more quickly than anybody else. They
are quick thinkers and do not hesitate when it comes to implementation. No
ideas are of any value if they are not implemented. Unsuccessful people
hesitate for long periods of time, procrastinate and become perfectionists.
They want to try to figure everything out before they start. You may not
always find clear answers to every situation nor have at your command all
the data to make the perfect decision. If you wait for all the data, you may
be too late to act. Procrastination in the name of reducing risk is actually
increasing risk. You will have to learn to take each situation on a case-to-
case basis, make a judgement on the available facts and move forward.
Unsuccessful people may eventually lose their initial enthusiasm and
momentum because of waiting too long. Billionaires build on their
momentum by taking immediate little steps towards the goal. They get the
ball rolling quickly.
The more successful you become, the more effective and wealthier you
become. Billionaires can afford to delegate what needs to be done to those
who are the best in their field, so they can save their time and energy for
decision making and seizing opportunities for investing. Billionaires are
business owners (see section 2.2).
Grab opportunities. The only bad decision you can make is hesitating.
Either take the opportunity or leave it. Don’t dwell on it for too long.
Taking a small step now in the right direction is generally better than doing
nothing.
Billionaire Carlos Slim, the Mexican business magnate, and the richest man
in the world, remembered his father’s advice, of always keeping money on
the side to seize the right business opportunities. In 1990, he became head
of a telecommunications monopoly. He called his business empire Telmex.
He created a ‘Gillette Plan’ – the need for a service where there seemed to
be no demand, by marketing mobile phones for free. The profit then came
from the prepaid phone cards.
Indecision is a huge factor in not doing anything or not fully putting one’s
heart into it. Look for possibilities where others see only difficulties or
impossibilities. Look for the opportunity in every adversity.
If you believe that you are always learning something every time you get
into a difficult situation, you will make rapid progress on your journey to
success.
It is important that you prepare yourself as best you can for what you are
going to do, but then – just begin it. Just do it. You can always refine the
process later. Be clear about what exactly you want money for. That will
determine the direction you take in your life.
Billionaires set clear targets and clear deadlines for the completion of goals.
This moves them forward more quickly towards actually achieving them.
Turn your desires into intentions. Then take the first step towards turning
your intentions into reality. Determine exactly the level you are at and
where you want to be.
Visualise your success. You will then have a unique view of what success
means to you. Goals are always established in connection with your self-
image. When you change your self-image, goals change as well, and that
creates a whole new life. All successful billionaires pictured themselves as
successful before achieving their goals. Affirmations have to be brief and
positive, and there needs to be a strong emotion tied to the money that is
wanted. In some cases contradictions may be created in your mind because
of the difference between the real situation and the desired situation. Work
out a map of how you are going to do it and how you will measure the
success of your plan of action. Take the first step towards it. A huge
difference can be made with a tiny change. As the Chinese proverb says ‘a
journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step’.
You need to know exactly what you want. Billionaires always know exactly
what they want. You will then be on your way to success far more than
other people. There are several techniques you can use to bring what you
want closer to you. One of the techniques is to vividly visualise your
desired goals. First, you need to know exactly what you want. Imagine
exactly what you want and then go for it.
Don’t fiddle with money. Give it time to mature. Create short, medium and
long-term investments, but keep things in perspective. Make decisions
based on a long-term perspective.
Read, at the very least, one book a week on business or ways to make
money to keep you miles ahead of the competition. Discipline yourself
always to improve in the areas that are holding you back or that are an
obstacle to you. If you can’t, find someone to complement your skills.
Do what you need to do to be the best in your field. Being a reader and a
dreamer will never be enough to help you become a billionaire. You need to
become a doer in order to work physically as well as mentally.
2.1.1 Be an entrepreneur
The only way to be a billionaire is by becoming an entrepreneur. An
entrepreneur is a person who solves problems for people at a profit. What
matters is not what you do for a living, but how much money you make and
how much you spend that makes the difference between billionaires and
people who do not manage to go beyond their monthly salary.
To grow your business towards your becoming a business owner and not a
business operator, you will need to understand the life cycle of business and
the different challenges along the cycle. Dr Ichak Adizes, one of the world’s
leading experts in improving business performance, explains the life stages
of a business. There are 10 stages in any business life cycle: courtship,
infancy, go-go, adolescence, prime, stability, aristocracy, early bureaucracy,
bureaucracy, death. More of this will be explained in section 2.2.
Never give voting shares away to anyone. Only take money into your
business from people who have experience of your business and understand
its ebbs and flows.
2.1.2 Be on top of your game
Billionaires thrive under pressure. You have to have the ability to handle
pressure well and to thrive under it. Billionaires are open to change and
capitalise on the law of momentum. That is how they are successful.
Billionaires refuse to let themselves get stuck with how things used to be or
were in the past. They are drivers of change and they love the thrill of
growing through change.
Don’t make decisions on any other basis than their financial aspect. If you
are going to get financial advice, pay for it. Bear profit in mind when you
manage your business. Billionaire Sir Richard Branson points out that
turnover can be huge, but it is the profit margin that matters.
This section will touch on the research and findings of the world-renowned
business expert and ‘guru’, Dr Ichak Adizes. Due to copyright, I can’t go
into details of Dr Ichak’s findings. I do, however, encourage you to read his
books and the results of his research.
At the end of this section, I will explain at which stage of the business life
cycle you will graduate from being a business operator to being a business
owner. Also which stage is the best time to sell your company or to acquire
a company.
Stage 1 Courtship
Before a child is conceived, everything begins with a courtship. Either you
are courting a lady or a man is courting you. The two of you soon decide to
be together and a relationship is born. With the relationship blossoming, in
time a baby is conceived.
Business is the same. A business is started the moment you take on the
significant personal risk to create it.
 Stage 2 Infancy
Now a baby is born. Some 95% of businesses collapse within the first five
years of existence. So at this stage your business is entering a race to
survive. Your goal is to survive and grow.
 Stage 3 Go-Go
At this stage, your business starts to walk (initially unsteadily) and talk
(initially mumbling and speaking a few words) on its own. Just like a
toddler.
And as a toddler is curious and will walk everywhere and touch and grab
everything along his or her path, at this stage of your business you will have
others who can make decisions and create problems.
Stage 4 Adolescence
Your child is now a teenager. Teenagers are often over-confident and take
crazy risks at times, such as swimming in rivers, riding motorbikes illegally,
driving cars illegally, smoking and excessive underage drinking. Death is a
word unknown to them.
Funnily enough, your business will behave the same way at this stage.
Stage 5 Prime
At this stage, your business is like a young adult just graduated from
university. This young adult is beginning to anticipate the future and make
more educated and committed choices. S/he begins to settle down and get
serious.
With the above explanation, I hope you can now visualise and have a better
understanding of business. Do further develop and widen your knowledge
and understanding about the business life cycle beyond the explanation
above which only scratches the surface.
From the above explanation, you can see that your business starts to age
after ‘Stage 6 Stable’. Should you be thinking of acquiring a business, the
best time to do so is at ‘Stage 7 Aristocracy’. You can negotiate a better
acquisition price at that stage. If you are thinking of selling a business, the
best time to dispose of it is at either ‘Stage 5 Prime’ or at ‘Stage 6 Stable’.
You will be able to sell at the highest value at either of these two stages. So
do you now know when you graduate from being a business operator to
being a business owner? Have a guess!
The only way you are going to be worth more than anyone else in a
business that doesn’t belong to you is by bringing cash flow into the
company, i.e. helping that business to generate more revenue. You will then
get back what you have put in, so if you want quality, give quality. If you
want a good payment for a job, do a good job equal to that payment. You
need to be unselfish and sacrifice your time and energy toward this.
Sir Richard Branson recommends that you should stand up for your values.
Billionaires understand that it is important to have good values, such as
leadership, keeping commitments, doing what you believe to be right in
life. You may be committed to doing something but you need to listen to
your gut feeling as well. It is very important to stay true to your integrity
and honesty in business in order to be successful.
2.4 Build a good reputation
If you want your business to be highly profitable, your customers must trust
you. The first step to profitability is an evaluation of the current state of
your business. You need to determine your current reputation and your
quality ranking today. Once you have established that, analyse what your
ideal future state would be. If your business were to be profitable how
would you achieve that? What would you need to do differently to get to
that level? The perception of the customer and how the customer perceives
you is influenced by the way you see yourself. Focus on your customers;
they must always come first. By increasing the value you are offering to
your customers, money is going to be attracted to you like a magnet. Listen
attentively to your customers. Listen carefully to what people want and
need.
2.5 Build a brand
Your brand awareness happens and is achieved when people start to become
aware of your existence as a company or person. After people are aware of
your brand, you then progress to be a preferred brand and subsequently an
insisted brand. Examples of insisted brands are Gucci and Louis Vuitton.
Insisted brand status is achieved when your brand is perceived as
exceptional in the market place and this leads to incredible levels of loyalty.
Beyond insisted brand is when your customers are so passionate about your
product that they are starting to share their experience of using your product
with their family and friends. They are now your free advocates, becoming
your ‘salary-less’ sales people and are big fans of your product. You are
now gaining free advertising and publicity from them. This level of brand
credibility can’t be bought and their friends and family are now your pre-
sold prospective customers. Your profits will increase exponentially at this
level.
2.5.2 Image
Billionaires know their image represents power. So they go about creating a
certain image that is consistent with their brand. They tend to stick to this
image, even though they may often re-invent themselves.
2.5.3 Reputation
Billionaires fiercely defend their good reputation. Be careful of your
reputation and the image you are portraying to other people.
Your brand’s reputation affects the way customers perceive your business
and in turn the overall success of your business. You need to create a brand
based on good values such as credibility, integrity and trust and one which
offers something that adds value to the customer.
Sir Richard Branson’s motto is never to do anything that keeps you from
sleeping at night. By that he means never do anything illegal, no matter how
good it sounds. He also recommends getting your contracts watertight from
the beginning and always being prepared to defend your company and its
reputation. When drawing up a contract, always think about the worst case
scenario. The secret of success in any sector that is new to you is to be
watchful and usually to be watchful for many years.
You should master the art of selling yourself – your skills, your brand and
your ideas. Selling skill is vital for success. Promote yourself and your
values. Billionaires are not afraid to promote themselves on a big scale;
they take huge risks by making themselves vulnerable in the marketplace.
2.6 Use leverage
2.6.1 Leverage
Billionaires understand and use leverage better than anyone else.
The factors to consider in the marketplace are supply, demand, quantity and
quality. Become a resource for other people. The bigger the problem you
can solve for other people, the bigger will be the returns. The greater the
value you add to other people, the higher the fee you can command for your
services.
You need to start thinking about how you can help millions of people. Then
you will become a billionaire. You will get the satisfaction of having helped
those millions of people and the financial rewards that come with it.
Thinking small and taking small actions will just keep you where you are
now. Leverage the strengths you have by increasing the value you are
offering to people, at a higher scale. What kinds of problems could you
solve for people? Is there anything you haven’t yet considered?
Billionaires think big. They use their financial capital, expertise and
strength in the market to buy underperforming companies at a low
acquisition cost, turning these companies around and then selling them off.
This is what venture capital billionaires are typically doing. Always think of
adding value to your customer and you will win in business.
Warren Buffett uses the strategy of monopolies of scale to buy large enough
shares to influence a business and then make a huge profit. You should
know the difference between price and value (something is only worth what
others are willing to pay for it).
Everyone knows that speed is the new ‘want’ of life. So the more resources
you use, the easier and faster things are done. Masters of leverage use other
people’s money, experience, ideas, time and work.
Billionaires think big and have high levels of ambition. If you want to reach
a high level of wealth, be ambitious and apply leverage. But don’t sacrifice
either your health or your marriage for money. Start by thinking big.
Billionaire Sir Richard Branson says we should think big but build small. If
you have a fantastic idea but the market isn’t ideal, then don’t kill your idea
or enthusiasm. Start small and your idea will grow over time.
2.7 Grow your company
Billionaires are highly efficient. They know that 20% of effort generates
80% of the profits. Therefore focusing on the core tasks of your business
and on the customers that are providing the most value to your company
will increase the efficiency and profitability of your business. Billionaires
also put a high value on their time. Nothing is more valuable than time –
not even money.
Value your time. If you don’t, who will? Become excellent at time
management. In the world of today, it is impossible to be very successful
unless you are on top of everything that happens to you. The speed of
implementing your tasks is a way of wowing customers about your
business’s effectiveness. Get someone else to do the menial tasks anyone
can do, and keep your precious time for high value tasks that only you can
do. Billionaires are able to set priorities and respect them.
Never put a cap on your own earnings. Be paid according to results, not the
hours you work. Billionaires choose to take risks by preferring to be paid
according to results rather than time. That may mean choosing stock
options or profit sharing instead of a salary. Your time is limited, therefore
by getting paid according to the time you put in, you limit your chances of
making more money.
Billionaires delegate effectively. They realise that they cannot do everything
and they cannot find solutions for everybody because of lack of time. So
they train and empower their management to think on its own without
needing to keep consulting them.
Sir Richard Branson says that attention to detail defines great business
delivery. Billionaires know how to manage their egos. Ego is the single
worst enemy of any person who wants to become a billionaire. Donald
Trump suggests that it is generally better to stick to what you know.
Have high expectations of yourself and do your best. Successful people use
a synergy of energies in order to achieve success. These energies come from
their faith, energy, passion and focus.
Aim to be better and to improve every single day. The only person you
should try to be better than is the person you were yesterday.
Your health, wealth, weight and other factors are the results of certain
causes. In order to achieve better results, you need to change the root causes
– in this instance your mindset. Your outer world is a reflection of your
inner world. Reading this book and taking the suggested actions in it is your
first step to re-programming your mindset into that of a billionaire.
3.1.2 Be authentic
Billionaires know exactly what they are good at, their strengths and
weaknesses. You can always improve yourself. That is part of your
greatness as a human.
You need to use your unique selling point so as to succeed in your business.
This means using exactly what you are offering to the market that is
different or better or unique in comparison to what is already in the market.
This will offer you a competitive advantage over other people or businesses.
Be authentic and be yourself.
Pretentiousness isn’t going to help you in any way. Sir Richard Branson
thinks it is important to get the brand right from the start, by being honest
with yourself about what it is you are offering. He says that a brand always
means something and you can control the meaning of your brand only
through what you deliver to your customer. Whatever your brand stands for,
you have to deliver on the promise.
Don’t promise what you can’t deliver, and deliver everything you promise.
If you don’t define what your brand is, your competitor will. Sir Richard
Branson says the thing that gets him up in the morning is the challenge and
the brand.
3.1.3 Know your strengths
Do you like to create or do you like to manage and lead? To perform at your
highest potential, you do need to know who you really are deep inside
yourself. You can be both a good creator and a good manager but deep
inside you, you are stronger at being one of them. Only one.
To reach your highest potential, you need to fully align with your real
strengths and be either a creator or a manager but not, I’m afraid, both.
A creator is someone who is very artistic, creative and likes to create and
invent. For example, an inventor, a fashion designer, painter, barrister, artist
or engineer.
A lot of people have amazing ideas but what is stopping them is that they
are happy with being good enough rather than being brilliant. Billionaires
are motivated by the ideal of offering value to customers. In the case of Sir
Richard Branson, it’s finding new ways to give people a good time.
Billionaires understand that when they are in business, whatever it is they
are selling, what matters most is not the product but the needs of the user.
The essential thing you must remember is that you don’t have to have an
original idea. Choose what works and do it better. Work smarter and harder
than everyone else and be willing to never give up in the face of adversity.
Multi-task and be the best that you can possibly be. Challenge the limits of
your comfort zone and go beyond what you think you can do. It is essential
that you focus. Don’t try to be a jack of all trades and master of none.
Specialise in something and commit to being excellent in that area. Be
extremely specific in your specialisation and brand yourself as such. There
is no point in spreading your energy too thinly in too many directions. That
leads to confusing messages about who you really are. People like to hire
experts to solve their problems. Your credibility is based on your
competence, integrity, trust, mastery of a particular field and your ability to
deliver more than people expect of you.
3.2.2 Master of self-discipline
Gain control of your habits. Be a master of self-discipline. Decide what
exactly you would like to change and then find people who can help you,
including people who are not in your existing clique or peer group. Take
their advice and structure strategies to discipline yourself. You can even
start creating new good habits. Apparently a new good habit can be created
if you practise and stick to it for 21 days in succession. Let’s start the fun
and create new good habits in your life every 21 days! Take this challenge.
When a farmer plants seeds, some seeds die and some others will grow.
And those seeds that are growing, need to be watered, tended and pruned
before the plants will start to bear fruit. The same applies to you.
Effectively not all your efforts will succeed and those that do succeed need
time to come to fruition. You need to put in a lot of energy, time, and effort
to turn your goals and dreams into reality but you also need to allow them
time to grow and you need to nurture them before you can reap the rewards.
You need to start your dream by taking action, then put in a lot of energy,
passion and effort and then give it time before you can reap the rewards.
The only way something will grow is if you plant it with energy. If you give
up too quickly you will fail. You need to understand that you must pay the
price in advance for what you want, and results will come with time.
Billionaires are highly organised and master every detail. They tend to set
up certain parts of their life so that they are almost automatic. The god,
again, is in the detail, and billionaires take responsibility for every aspect of
their business. Sir Richard Branson advocates a culture of discipline.
Mentors are everywhere. Each person you meet can ‘accidentally’ teach
you something to help advance your cause. It is important to learn to listen.
I learnt a lot by listening. Mentors don’t need to be people. Anything that
causes you to change the course of your life – a life-threatening disease,
losing a job, reading a book, or an encounter with an animal can serve as a
mentor.
3.3.2 Employ and surround yourself with people smarter than you are
Billionaires are comfortable about hiring people who are smarter, more
talented and better than they are in their areas of weakness. They hire for
attitude and train for skills. Billionaire Donald Trump recommends hiring
the best people and trusting them with their given roles though you still
need to be watchful of everyone you hire.
Leave your ego aside and you will advance higher and faster with the help
of your employees. Surround yourself with people who are smarter than
you are. If you are the smartest person in the room, you are in the wrong
room. If you want to be successful, you need to have an eye for details but
also be great at seeing the big picture. If you have a weakness in any area,
have the best people to compensate for it. Learn something from every
person you meet. Associate with people who are better than you are.
SECRET 4 UNDERSTANDING
          CASH
“Rule number 1: Never lose money! Rule number 2: Never forget Rule
number 1.”
(Warren Buffett)
4.1 Play the cash game to win
Playing to win is one of the finest things you can do. Playing to win will
stretch you and everyone around you. It gives you a new sense of direction
and energy. Ultimately, your only competitor is yourself. Playing to win,
however, does not mean playing dirty. If you cut corners along the way, you
will miss out on the personal satisfaction of winning because winning
means reaching the extent of your own potential and using it to the fullest.
Playing to win today means becoming better than you were yesterday.
Billionaire Mark Cuban says you should act as if you are competing with
the very best. If you are ready to compete with the best, you are ready to
compete with anyone else.
There are powerful online and offline ways in which you can make money.
The goal is always to be thinking about multiple sources of income. If you
do this, then when one source dries up you still have other sources of
income to fall back on. Remember during your journey to be a billionaire,
you will encounter failure; I don’t want you to be wiped out completely and
unable to make a comeback at that point.
They know that their personal growth will reflect their money growth. The
stronger you become as a person, the bigger problems you are able to solve,
the more money you will make. Brian Tracy talks about the law of
correspondence which means that you are ‘all around yourself’ – your
environment is an expression of your thinking. The bigger the problems you
can handle, the greater the monetary satisfaction and the greater your
growth as a person.
Billionaires use the yin and yang principles. They know that there are two
sides to every challenge – a positive side and a negative side. Persevere
until you find opportunity in every situation. Every huge problem has a
positive side to it and potentially a hidden opportunity. Billionaires are great
at solving other people’s problems. The bigger and the more specific a
problem is, the more you can charge for it. Try to get used to finding
solutions to problems.
4.2 Rule cash, don’t let cash rule you
Passive income is one of your fall-back positions if the core business you
create suffers failure or is in such severe difficulty that you are unable to
derive income from it. In addition to passive income, I also strongly advise
you to build up a professional skill at the beginning of your journey to
become a billionaire. Two good examples are Malaysian billionaires Tan Sri
A. P. Arumugam and Tan Sri Tony Fernandes CBE. Tan Sri Arumugam is a
Chartered Engineer with a long list of letters after his name. Tan Sri Tony
Fernandes is a Chartered Accountant.
Imagine your worst scenario, where your whole core business has
collapsed. Disaster. But with your professional skill, all your business
contacts that you have acquired and your business experience, you have
attractive capabilities and are well-qualified to join someone else’s
company as a Director or a Business Development Director. With this new
job and your passive income behind you, any impact, on you and your
family, from the failure of your core business will be limited. While you are
in this new job, you can carry out a post-mortem and analyse the reasons for
the failure of your business and then plan to make a comeback, restarting a
new company a year or so later.
Thinking about passive income, you should understand how money is
invested or delegate that to someone trustworthy who does understand it.
Take steps to improve your financial education and your understanding of
investment. Learn how to invest in land, property, shares, etc. You need to
understand your relationship with money and where your money comes
from. Nothing will change unless you do. You should spend less than what
you earn, but also reward yourself with whatever makes you happy from
time to time. Don’t borrow money unless you really, really have to.
Understand the difference between good and bad debts. Pay off your debts
and loans as a priority.
You need to understand about your return on investment, equity and energy,
your net and gross margins. Your return on investment refers to the money
you will make from your investment. The return on equity is the money you
will make from your business when you put in your personal money. You
need to remember that whenever you put in your own money and time, you
must keep track of the time you spend on it, because your time has a value.
The way to measure this value is to think that, if you were not putting your
time into this business of yours, you could be using this time doing
something else, or being employed by somebody else and so making a
certain amount of money. Your return on energy refers to the personal
energy you put into your business. That is very important, because all the
money in the world cannot buy satisfaction and happiness.
At this point let me move away slightly from the subject of passive income
to emphasise the importance of having balance in your life in order to be
happy. It is essential to have work/life balance to become fully functional.
Taking time out for your family and friends, and to relax, is highly
important to maximise your output in business. Our world of 24-hour non-
stop communication nowadays can become a barrier to spending quality
time with your family. All the money in the world isn’t going to make you
happy unless your home is safe, loving and free from abuse. Feel good
about yourself at home. You need to have good relationships with people if
you wish to be a billionaire; there’s no point in being a lonely billionaire.
You need to be respectful to everybody, from your home help or cleaner, to
wealthy and powerful CEOs. You never know when you will need these
people. Also, if you treat everyone well, people will feel inspired by you
and they will be more likely to help you.
If I know who the members of your ‘clique’ are, I can make a good guess at
how much you are earning. You’re probably earning approximately the
average of your clique’s combined salaries. Make a plan to meet wealthy
and successful people. Join exclusive members’ clubs, such as The Rich
Investor Club and hang out with the wealthy people you meet through these
networks. If you can’t afford to do that, then hang out occasionally at the
best hotel or the best restaurant in town and get comfortable with that
atmosphere. You could one day be earning the kind of money to afford
eating there all the time. How do you feel thinking about that?
You need a mastermind group to realise your dreams because two minds
always work better than one. You must look for the hidden talents within
your mastermind group because it’s the little things that will make a
difference. The more talent you can find, the less you will have to do alone.
Make sure you establish the values of your mastermind group at the outset.
These values will help to guide you in times of crisis or when there are
conflicting opinions. Determine the strengths and weaknesses of your
mastermind group. Ensure you have the right person filling the right role.
Always be on the lookout for a new member who may be a better match for
your dream and vision of an ideal mastermind group. Ensure you set team
goals and know where every member stands with regard to the goals that
are set.
Be clear about the skills, contacts, resources, advice and talent you need and
be methodical about finding these. Your network can help you here.
Arrange meetings with these people and make it happen. You can do that
through such things as attending their seminars, contacting them directly, or
supporting their charities.
Create a list of people you want to engage with and make efforts to meet
them and tap into their wealth of experience. You could, potentially, learn
more in a year from them and their experiences than it would take you a
lifetime to learn by yourself.
Billionaires are extremely busy people but some could be willing to share
their experiences. If you never ask you will never know. Prepare thoroughly
before meeting them. Billionaires like to do business with people they like
and admire so convince them that you are a billionaire in the making.
Don’t marry for money; marry for true love. Money will not make you
happy. It is merely a tool for success.
Billionaires are well aware of the law of attraction: you attract the things
and people you need to succeed if you are focused on something specific.
You get more of what you are focusing on. You can turn your current
financial situation into one of prosperity by focusing on being grateful for
certain things you can be thankful for in your life, such as being healthy.
Your focus needs to be directed to the success you want to experience, the
places you would like to go to, the things you would like to buy, the house
you would like to live in and the money you would like to give to others.
Once you start focusing on prosperity rather than the lack of it, you will
begin to change from the inside out, and then the favourable opportunities,
people and circumstances will begin to flow into your life. That will enable
you to create in reality the life that you are dreaming of. You will also
attract a group of positive people into your circle.
Dale Carnegie, the US author of How to win friends and influence people,
gives some insights into the qualities of a good leader. Leaders can change
people through simple techniques such as starting a conversation with
honest praise and appreciation, mentioning people’s mistakes indirectly or
talking about your own mistakes before criticising the other person. They
ask questions rather than giving orders, give continuous praise for the
slightest improvement, encourage other people to be happy about doing the
things they’ve suggested and give the person something inspirational to live
up to. Good leaders have a good memory and great attention to detail. They
are great role models of balance in mind, body and spirit.
Leaders know that they need to praise people and treat them well in order to
empower them. Be their cheer leader. Use humour in order to inspire people
to work for you. Encourage people around you to fulfil their potential and
they will help you in your vision.
Billionaires know how to connect easily with people. They can create
lasting relationships through the power of their attitude. They know how to
become good conversationalists. Dale Carnegie suggests some techniques
for creating a great bond with people by being a good listener, by
encouraging other people to talk about themselves in relation to their
interests, and making the other person feel important in a sincere way.
Sir Richard Branson emphasises the need to get managers who are able to
liaise with everyone in a friendly manner. The culture of his company is a
fun one where people feel inspired to work, where a manager is basically a
considerate person who is as interested in the switchboard operator and the
person who cleans the lavatories as he or she is in his/her fellow managers.
It is important to treat people well as there is no point in having people
working under unmanageable stress.
When speaking to someone, give that person your full attention. You really
have to make an effort to be there – and really be there, heart and soul. Our
world of instant communication puts pressure on all of us to respond within
seconds of receiving an email or text message. Don’t let these distract you
from focusing on your conversation with someone at that moment in time.
To be a good deal-maker, you need to learn never to say you have nothing
to trade; you need to be open to opportunities, agile and flexible, have a
goal and work diligently; create a large network of contacts and be good at
promoting yourself.
SECRET 7 IT IS ABOUT THE END,
    NOT THE BEGINNING
“It is not about how you start. It is about how you end.”
(Nick Vujicic)
7.1 Persevere and be persistent
There is a big difference between talent and skill. Everyone has talent but
not everybody has skill. Skill requires endless hours of hard work, practice
and immense self-discipline. One main cause of failure for most people is
that they give up too quickly in the face of problems.
Fear may stop you from even trying. It is generally embedded within you
because of your past failures or a lack of confidence bred unknowingly by
your parents which is then enforced by society’s negative attitude. Fear of
failure keeps you from failing but it also stops you from succeeding.
Success only comes as a result of solid action to move forward with a
positive mindset. Billionaires keep going until they succeed.
Don’t be afraid to ask for what you want. Is there something you are afraid
to ask for that would make a difference to your life? The anxiety in your
mind always makes things seem bigger and more frightening than they
really are.
Nick Vujicic, touched my heart. He is a young man who was born without
arms or legs but with one foot. Yet he managed to graduate from university
by using his foot to write and type. He is nowadays a globally-known
motivational speaker and is a role model for anyone who thinks he or she
isn’t good enough in any respect. He is great proof of man’s ability to fight
back under severe circumstances.
You have arms and legs, unlike Nick. You, therefore, should be much better
than him. So never give up, and be persistent. Persistence is a refusal to
quit. It is looking into the face of adversity and saying “I like my odds”. It
is an unwillingness to move aside. It is believing in a cause and being
distracted by nothing.
7.2.2 Handle rejection well
Billionaires realise that rejection is part of business. It is essential for you to
keep going until you succeed as you may already be very close to success.
If you quit or back down, you will forever be a loser and a failure. The
bigger the rejection you are facing, the greater is your opportunity for
personal growth. Billionaire Google founders, Sergey Brin and Larry Page,
approached Yahoo asking them for a merger. Yahoo refused and within five
years, Google had a market capitalisation of an estimated 20 billion US
dollars.
No money in the world can make you happy if you are not healthy and are
depressed or addicted to drugs.
You need be in good health to radiate enthusiasm for your business in order
to get other people to believe in it as well.
SECRET 8 PHILANTHROPY
8.1 Karma
In the UK, there are 170,000 charities registered with the Charity
Commission. In addition there are between 600,000 and 800,000 non-
registered charities. One of the non-registered charities is The Chou
Foundation.
During the depth of the recession in 2009, when I was also severely affected
financially, for my 30th birthday, I set up The Chou Foundation for my
charitable work and it will be one of my life’s legacies. I believe in karma
and the power of giving when I was also feeling the pinch and feeling
inadequate. You feel more joy and satisfaction when you give than when
you receive.
You can do the same. You can either give time or money or both depending
on what you can afford. If you lack money, just give your time. If you are
extremely busy, just donate some money.
Help your community. Giving back to the world brings with it the
satisfaction of helping other people or causes that you believe in. Sir
Richard Branson emphasises the importance of being ethical in business, by
demonstrating corporate social responsibility and helping communities.
Helping other people will create good positive energy for your own
business and family, and is a creator of more wealth, not a way of wasting
it.
Billionaires share their wealth because they are inspired by their mission to
make a huge difference to the world. Billionaires also like leaving a legacy.
They would like to be remembered as a charitable and great person who has
made a difference to the world. Remember Alfred Nobel (1833-1896) the
founder of the Nobel Prize. He founded the Nobel Prize as he didn’t want to
be remembered just as the inventor of dynamite.
You need to know how to choose charities and good causes. Be a good role
model by setting a good example. If you want to change people’s attitude
towards poverty and giving to charities, be the role model and do the things
you expect other people to do. Act now instead of waiting until you become
a billionaire.
Eliminate any pre-conceived prejudices you may have and start to think
globally. Remember to be open-minded. Getting involved in charity
overseas can be a good way of achieving this.
Cultivate humility. Don’t think you are always right or you can treat people
differently because of the wealth you have. Treat everyone well and be kind
as you never know when you will need them. You won’t always be strong
during your life. You, too, will have weak moments. Being involved in
charity will give you humility as you serve and help the poor and
underprivileged.
Have integrity. Establishing yourself as a person with integrity can do more
for your business than many other qualities. People like to do business with
people they trust, and respect, and whom they believe can deliver what they
need. Having credibility in business is essential for the success of your
business. It is vital that you build trust and goodwill with people. Working
for charity will again draw out good values from inside yourself – including
your integrity.
8.2 Your life’s legacy
If the answer is no, what is the gigantic action you need to take now? What
is stopping you?
Remember, it is not about how you start but about how you end. It is too
late when you are dead.
                         CONCLUSION
Congratulations on finishing this book. I hope you have put into practice the
secrets and guidance as you were reading through. You now have the key to
the secret of how billionaires are so massively successful. Master that
secret.
It is now easier than ever before to become a billionaire, due to the power
of technology and the internet, and the easy access to the global market.
Young entrepreneurs are revolutionising the world through innovative ideas
and businesses, with speed of implementation, and the power of leverage.
I don’t want our journey together to end here. As a thank you for
purchasing and reading this book, I have a gift for you. I would like to offer
you a one-year complimentary Tier 1 Standard Membership of The Rich
Investor Club valued at £1000. To redeem, please email:
[email protected] for an application form. The Rich Investor
Club organises quarterly power networking in London for Tier 1 members.
Have you always dreamed of having your own book published? The Rich
Investor Ltd publishing company can make your dream into a reality for
just £9,999. Please contact:
[email protected].
This book has eight chapters instead of the normal ten chapters because I
am a nonconformist and number eight represents prosperity in Chinese. In
addition this book is 168 pages thick because 168 means ‘prosperity all the
way’ in Chinese.
I wish you prosperity, success and good health. Let’s keep in touch and God
bless.
I started doing working with charities at the age of 16 through Leos Club
(Lions’ youth). Tomorrow’s People focuses on building the confidence and
motivation of unemployed 16- to 24- year-olds and preparing them for work
or training.
                ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Peng Kiong Chou
FRSA FRGS MInstLM MCIPR MCIHT MIoD MIET MSc