FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF SOMALIA

SOMALIA NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REPORT

2019

September 2021
The information contained in this publication may be
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Suggested citation:
Somalia National Bureau of Statistics, Federal Government
of Somalia, Somali Labour Force Survey (LFS 2019)

Additional information about the survey can be

obtained from:
The Somalia National Bureau of Statistics.

[email protected]

www.nbs.gov.so

@NBS_Somalia

@nbssomalia

@nbs_somalia

This report was produced by the Somalia National Bureau

of Statistics, with support from the Ministry of Labour and
Social Affairs of the Federal Republic of Somalia and the
International Labour Organization .
NATIONAL BUREAU OF STATISTICS
SOMALIA

LABOUR FORCE SURVEY REPORT

LFS 2019

With Support From:

MoLSA
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Foreword
The National Bureau of Statistics (SNBS) has the pleasure in releasing the Somali Labour Force
Survey (LFS) which presents the findings of the LFS 2019 undertaken by SNBS in collaboration
with the Ministry of Labour and Social Services.

The main objective of the LFS is to collect basic statistics on the labour force situation in Somalia
and make labour statistics available to the federal government, the private sector and the general
public for making decisions that aim at improving the employment situation of Somalis. The
results of this survey, representing critical labour market statistics, will constitute as inputs
for development planning and guiding the labour policies. There has been scarcity of data on
employment in Somalia. The challenge has been the lack of non-representative of the whole
country and regularity of the survey. Hence, the LFS 2019 is an essential tool for filling the gap
of the needed labour market data allowing a better understanding of contemporary economic
challenges and opportunities in the country.

The survey was made possible following the support provided by various stakeholders. The National
Bureau of Statistics acknowledges with gratitude the many contributions that complemented the
efforts of the Service in the successful completion of the survey. The SNBS would like to thank
the selected households in particular for their cooperation, and for the time they devoted to
the interviews. Our appreciation also goes to the field personnel and data entry officers for the
meticulous manner in which they discharged their duties. We are also grateful to the Federal
Member states for the diverse ways in which they assisted our field teams to ensure the success
of this important national exercise.

The Bureau would like to acknowledge, with sincere thanks, the financial contribution and
support received from Development partners as well as the technical assistance and professional
advice provided by the International Labour Office (ILO), particularly Mr.Abdikadir Ali, Antonio
R. Discenza and Peradel Yves for coordination, finalizing the survey data, producing tabulation
and the statistical tables and contributing to this report.

Appreciations are particularly extended to the SNBS team specially, Mr. Ahmed Hassan, Mr.
Zahir Omar, Ms. Hamida Sheel, Mr. Mohamed Ibar, Mr.Abdirizak Karie, Mr. Mohamed Abdinur,
Mr. Hashim Abdinnor, Said Abdilahi Abdi and the Deputy Director General Mr. Abdirahman
Omar for their technical support and commitment which led to successful completion of the
survey and this report.

I also appreciate the active participation of a dedicated team from Ministry of Labour for their
commitment in all stages of this survey.

I hope the results contained in this report and the rich datasets upon which they are based will
be useful to policy makers, programme managers, researchers and other various data users.

Sharmarke Mohamed Farah

Director General
Somalia National Bureau of Statistics

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Table of Contents
Foreword i

Acronyms iv

Executive Summary 1

1. Introduction 3

Chapter 1: Main Labour Force Indicators 4

Chapter 2: Population, Labour Force and Subsistence Production 8

Chapter 3: Labour Force Participation 14

Chapter 4: Employment 18

Chapter 5: Unemployment and Labour Underutilization 24

Chapter 6: Persons outside the labour force 30

Chapter 7. Women, youth and equal opportunities 32

Chapter 8. Education and Participation in training programmes 36

Chapter 9. Labour migration and remittances 40

Chapter 10: Main indicators by area of residence 44

Annexes 46

List of Tables
Table 1.1: Key Labour force Indicators 5
Table 2.1: Population age groups by sex and area of residence 9
Table 2.2: Households by household size, sex of head of household and area of residence 10
Table 2.3: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status and age group 11
Table 2.4: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, sex, and age group 11
Table 2.5: Population 15 years old and over by participation in own-use producers 11
Table 2. 6: Participation in own-use producers by sex 12
Table 2. 7: Participation in own-use producers by area of residence 12
Table 3.1: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, sex, age group 15
Table 3.2: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, area of residence 17
Table 4.1: Employed population 15 years old and over by the employment to population ratio, sex and area of
residence. 19
Table 4.2: Employment to population ratio by age cohort, sex and area of residence 20
Table 4.3: Share of workforce by broad branch of economic activity 21
Table 4.4: Employed persons by branch of economic activity in main job 21
Table 4.5: Employed persons by occupation in main job 22
Table 4.6: Employed persons by occupation in main job and sex 23
Table 4.7: Formal and informal sector employment 23
Table 5.1: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, area of residence and age group 25
Table 5.2: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, sex and age group 26
Table 5.3: Unemployment rate across age cohorts by school attendance 26
Table 5.4: Population 15 years old and over, unemployment indicators by sex, LFS 2019 27

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Table 5.5: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status and, area of residence and age group 28
Table 5.6: Labour underutilisation by sex and area of residence
4
28
Table 6.1: Population 15 years old and over, labour force and outside of the labour force 31
Table 6.2: Population 15 years old and over, outside the labour force by sex, education attainment and age
group 31
Table 7.1: Key Labour Force Indicators by sex, LFS 2019 33
Table 7.2: NEET ratio for Somalia by age 33
Table 7.3: NEET ratio for Somalia by age and sex 34
Table 7.4: NEET ratio for Somalia by age and area of residence 34
Table 7.5: Youth aged 15 to 24 years, employment, education or training by sex 35
Table 8.1: Population 15 years old and over by education status, sex and area of residence 37
Table 8.2: Population 15 years old and over by sex, level of educational attainment and area of residence 37
Table 8.3: Population 15 years old and over in trade/attended or training courses by sex, duration of training,
and area of residence 38
Table 8.4: Population 15years old in attended trade and technical training by sex, technical skills, and area of
residence. 38
Table 8.5: Population 15 years old and over who received trade and technical training by sex, place of the
training, main sponsor and area of residence. 39
Table 8.6: Technical skills learned and current employment status, LFS 2019 39
Table 9.1: Annual Remittance (in US Dollar) by Area of Residence 41
Table 9.2: Households receiving remittance by area of residence and periodicity of remittance receipt 41
Table 9.3: Distribution of Households by persons sending the remittance and area of residence 41
Table 9.4: Population by area of residence and movement patterns of the working population age 42
Table 9.5: Population by area of residence and reasons for movement of the working population age 42
Table 9.6: Households receiving Cash from Transfer Scheme by area of residence and periodicity of
Transfer 42
Table 10.1: Population 15 years old and over by labour force participation, by area of residence 45
Table 10.2: Population 15 years old and over by unemployment rate, by area of residence 45
Table 10.3: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, by area of residence 45
Table 1.2 Inclusion criteria by targeted population group 51
Table 1: Distribution of the Households by Regions and Place of Residence 52
Table 2: Distribution of the Sample by Regions and Place of Residence 55
Table 3: Distribution of the Clusters by Regions and Place of Residence 56

List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Labour force participation rate by age and sex, LFS 2019 16
Figure: 3.2: Labour force participation rate by age and area of residence 17
Figure 4.1: Employment to population ratio by sex and area of residence 20
Figure 5.1: Population 15 Years old and over by unemployment rate, sex, and age group 26
Figure 5.2: Unemployment rate by level of educational attainment 27
Figure 5.3: Composite Labour underutilisation (LU4) 29
Figure 7. 1: Labour force participation rate by level of education for 15 to 24 years 34
Figure 7.2: Unemployment rate by level of education for 15 to 24-year olds 35
Figure 1: Organizational chart for the field work of the SMS 2018 58

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Acronyms

EA Enumeration Area

GDP Gross Domestic Product

HHs Households

ICLS International Conference of Labour Statisticians

ICSE International Classification of Status in Employment

IDPs Internal displacement persons

ILFS Integrated Labour Force Survey

ILO International Labour Organisation

IS Informal Sector

ISCO International Standard Classification of Occupations

ISIC International Standard Industrial Classfication

LFPR Labour force Participation Rates

LFS Labour Force Survey

LMI Labour Market Information

MoLE Ministry of Labour and Employment

NBS National Bureau of Statistics

NEET Not in Employment and Not in Education or Training

NEP National Employment Policy

PESS Population Estimation Surveys

SDG Sustainable Development Goal

SNA System of National Accounts

SPSS Statistical Packages for Social Sciences

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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Executive Summary
According to the population estimation survey 2014, Somalia had a population of 12,316,895. People in
accessible areas are based on a sample survey that only covered and represents the accessible areas
during the labor force survey in 2019 were about 7.3 million. Pastoralists and those in unliberated areas
could not be counted due to security reasons. Out of the 7.3 million, 51.7 percent or 3.7 million persons
were of working age i.e. 15 years and older. Among the working age group, about 32.4 percent (or 1.2
million persons) were in the labour force i.e. either employed or unemployed while the rest, about 67.6
percent or 2.5 million were outside the labour force. With respect to sex, four out of every five females
(79.7 percent) were outside the labour force relative to about 3 out of every five males (or 54.1 percent).

The unemployment rate was 21.4 percent with respective rates of 18.4 percent and 27.4 percent for
males and females. The unemployment rate was slightly higher in the urban areas (21.7 percent) than
in the rural areas (20.1 percent). The youth (aged 15 to 24 years) unemployment rate was 37.4 percent,
and is higher for female youth (40.8 percent) than the male youth (35.2 percent). The youth (aged 15
to 24) made up 17.8 percent of the labour force participation rate share. The employment to population
ratio for the Federal Republic of Somalia was 25.5 percent and was much larger for males (37.5 percent)
than females (14.7 percent).

With respect to broad branches of economic sector, services employment was the most frequent branch
of economic sector, comprising 59.9 percent of total employment. This was followed by industry at 18.0
percent and agriculture at 13.5 percent. In terms of Economic Activities, other Activities were the most
common at 17.8 percent, followed by agriculture, forestry and fishing at 13.5 percent and manufacturing
at 11.4 percent.

Other tasks not specified, was the occupation category with the highest occupational share (27.0
percent). It was followed by teaching professionals (7.6 percent), and third of the highest occupation
was Business and Administration professionals at 6.7 percent.

Even though a large proportion of individuals aged 15 years and over are currently studying (22.5
percent), the level of educational attainment is relatively low. Approximately sixty percent did not state
their qualifications while about 7.4 percent have a university education. Education seems to assuage
the unemployment rate and Individuals with vocational education had the lowest unemployment rate
while those with primary and other education had the highest unemployment rate. Moreover, relative
to individuals with secondary or university education, individuals with primary or lower education were
more likely to be outside the labour force.

An equivalent of 8 percent of the population aged 15 and over had acquired one form of technical
training or another. Most of the courses taken have been short term in nature and 41 percent took less
than 6 months. The most popular form of training was Tailoring, Beauty Salon accounting and Electrical
which accounted for 32 percent of all technical courses. Most trainees were self-sponsored, and the
government sponsors just about 1 in 10 individuals. The LFS questionnaire included questions on current
and past education/training status of eligible respondents. About 22.5 percent of the total population
aged 15 and over are currently studying. The proportion studying is higher for males ( 25.0 percent) than
females (20.3 percent) and also higher in urban areas (24.2 percent) than rural areas (14.1 percent).

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The labour market indicators of women, who account for 52.7 percent of the population of the
Federal Republic of Somalia, lag behind that of men for the most part. Women had a labour
force participation rate of 20.3 percent which was about half that of males. The employment
to population ratio for women was 14.7 percent relative to 37.5 percent for the men. A larger
share of women are neither at work nor school/training – as suggested by their higher NEET
rate of 50.2 percent relative to males of 37.7 percent for those aged 15 to 24 years.

The annual remittance received by all households in Somalia was estimated at 865 million US
Dollar. These remittances were received by nearly one third of all households (28.8 percent)
and most of the receipts (83.7 percent) were monthly. While 74.4 percent of households in
urban areas received remittances, the corresponding share for rural areas was 9.3 percent.

On average, 8.1 percent of the respondents had moved in the last 5 years. Natural disaster/
insecurity was by far the most prevalent reason for migration in Federal Republic of Somalia
– accounting for more than half of all migration. Residential areas of the urban area had the
largest share of respondents who reported moving at 8.9 percent. The rural population had
relatively static populations with only 4.1 percent.

As in the other indicators, there are relatively wide residential variations in labour force
participation rates which range from 31.2 percent for urban to 38.4 percent for rural. The
total unemployment rate for those aged 15 and over for Somalia was 21.4 percent. While
urban had an unemployment rate of 21.7 percent, and rural had an unemployment rate of
20.1 percent. Overall, Somali residents have relatively low employment to population ratios
that average 25.5 percent and a large share of the population was outside the labour force
across the area of residence.

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1. Introduction
This report highlights the results of the 2019 Labour 1.2 Target Population
Force Survey (LFS) undertaken between March and
The target population for the LFS is covered by the
December, 2019. It is the second which updates
sampling frame that was developed for the PESS
the 2014 Mogadishu Labour Force Survey (MLFS).
and which is maintained by the Ministry of Planning,
The survey was conducted by the National Bureau
Investment and Economic Development of Somalia.
of Statistics in collaboration with the Ministry of
The frame has been updated recently and should
Labour and Social Affairs. The LFS 2019 provides a
provide a representative sample of the population.
wide range of updated statistics and indicators on
The LFS 2019 survey covered the civilian population
the main characteristics of the labour force. This shall
of accessible areas.
support informed policy formulation, monitoring
and evaluation initiatives and also guide strategies
1.3 Study Area and Target Population
to enhance job creation at the national and Federal
state levels. Somalia has eighteen regions, each of these regions are
divided into area of residence. The target population
The Somalia National Employment Policy (NEP)
for the LFS is covered by the sampling frame that was
development process, guided by the Somalia National
developed for the PESS and which is maintained by
Development Plan (NDP) 2017-2019 is key to
the Ministry of National Planning and Development.
promoting an employment- focused growth model.
The employment strategy can only be achieved on the
1.4 Methodology
basis of quality labour market data. A comprehensive
source of this data is the LFS 2019 which updates Annex B provides more details of the sample processes
the 2014 Mogadishu Labour Force Survey (MLFS). including the sample design and coverage, sample
selection, estimation procedure, post-stratification
It is expected that the data will be used by the adjustment, estimation process, response rates and
government of Somalia and various international study limitations.
institutions for evaluation and planning of
employment programs of Somalia. At the global 1.5 Organization of the Report
level, the United Nations’ Sustainable Development
Goals (SDG) number 8 seeks to achieve full and After this introductory section, this report is
productive employment and decent work for all organized in 10 Chapters. The first Chapter presents
persons of working age by 2030. The goal also a panoramic view of the main labour force indicators.
targets higher productivity, protection of Labour Chapter 2 describes the population, labour force
rights and promotion of a safe and secure working and subsistence foodstuff producers. Chapter 3
environment for all workers. This shall require not examines the characteristics of the working age
only data but also the monitoring and evaluation of population. It also provides a brief overview of the
interventions on employment creation. The data and participation rates. Chapter 4 analyses employment
information shall in turn inform the development of in Federal Republic of Somalia while Chapter 5
the requisite institutional frameworks (including examines unemployment and other forms of labour
laws and regulations) for job creation. underutilization. Chapter 6 examines persons outside
the labour force. Chapter 7 focuses on special interest
1.1 Primary and Secondary Objectives groups of women and youth respectively. Education
and training and migration and remittances are
The aim of the LFS 2019 is to provide statistically analysed in chapters 8 and 9. A regional analysis
significant measurements of selected key indicators of the main labour market indicators is presented
of the Labour market and their disaggregation for in Chapter 10.
the Selected sample only in accessible areas, which
include rural and urban areas, while nomads are
excluded area of Somalia. The key indicators include:
Labour force participation rate; employment to
population ratio; and underemployment and Labour
underutilization.

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1
Chapter

Main Labour
Force Indicators

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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 1 Main Labour Force Indicators

The main labour force indicators resulting from About 67.6 of individuals aged 15 years and older
the survey conducted in 2019 are shown in Table were outside the labour force. The proportion of
1.1. Among The sample population of the Labour those outside the labour force was more of a female
Force Survey represents about 60% of the total PESS phenomenon with 79.7 of all females outside the
population. In addition, the LFS sample included labour force relative to 54.1 percent for the males.
almost the entire urban population of the PESS, The urban and rural rates of those outside the labour
but only about one third of the rural population and force were 68.8 and 61.6 percent respectively.
IDPs. The nomadic population was not included.
the 3.7 million persons 15 years and older living The labour force participation rate at 32.4 indicated
in regular households, about 32.4 percent (or 1.2 that one third of the working age population was either
million persons) were in the labour force i.e. either working or seeking and available for employment.
employed or unemployed. The male labour force participation rate was 45.9
percent and was higher than the female rate of
20.3 percent.

Table 1.1: Key Labour force Indicators

Total Male Female Urban Rural

Total Population (0 and over) from PESS 2014 12,316895 6,244,765 6,072,130 5,216,392 2,806,787

Total Population (0 and over) covered by the LFS sample 7,258464 3,626,663 3,631,801 5,921,180 1,337,284
2019
Population 15 years old and over 3,751,264 1,774,361 1,976,903 3,132,831 618,433

In Labour force 1,215,472 814,631 400,841 978,225 237,247

Employed 955,820 664,613 291,206 766,175 189,645

Time-related underemployed 46,711 35,707 11,004 30,088 16,623

Unemployed 259,652 150,017 109,635 212,050 47,602

- Youth (15 to 24 years) 1,438,376 689,759 748,617 1,241,318 197,058
- Adult (25 years and over) 2,312,888 1,084,602 1,228,286 1,891,513 421,375
Outside labour force 2,535,793 959,731 1,576,062 2,154,607 381,186
Potential labour force 250,000 128,416 121,584 208,993 41,007
- Seeking, not available 25,138 10,319 14,820 22,136 3,002
- Available, not seeking 224,861 118,097 106,764 186,857 38,004
LU2 level 306,363 185,725 120,639 242,138 64,225
LU3 level 509,652 278,433 231,219 421,043 88,609
LU4 level 556,363 314,141 242,223 451,131 105,232
NEET 636,008 260,098 375910 527,174 108,834

Proportion or percentage
Percent Male (%) Female (%) Urban (%) Rural (%)

Outside labour force (%) 67.6 54.1 79.7 68.8 61.6

Labour force participation rate 32.4 45.9 20.3 31.2 38.4

Employment-to-population ratio 25.5 37.5 14.7 24.5 30.7

Unemployment rate (15 and over) 21.4 18.4 27.4 21.7 20.1

- Youth (15 to 24 years) 37.4 35.2 40.8 38.4 33.4

- Adult (25 years and over) 17.9 15.2 23.7 18.1 17.1

LU2 rate 25.2 22.8 30.1 24.8 27.1

LU3 rate 34.8 29.5 44.3 35.5 31.8
LU4 rate 38.0 33.3 46.4 38.0 37.8
NEET rate 44.2 37.7 50.2 42.5 55.2

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The employment to population ratio, the proportion The unemployment rate i.e. the proportion of the
of individuals that are employed, was 25.5 percent labour force that did not have work – though available
and was larger for males (37.5 percent) than females to work and actively looking for work was 21.4 percent.
(14.7 percent). The relatively low ratio suggests The unemployment rates for males and females were
that a large share of the population is not involved 18.4 and 27.4 respectively. The youth unemployment
directly in labour market related activities either rate was 37.4 and is higher for females (40.8 percent)
because they are outside the labour force or they than males (35.2 percent). The problem of youth
are unemployed. It could also be suggestive of the unemployment manifests itself more in urban areas
stifled ability of the economy to create employment (38.4 percent) than in rural areas (33.4 percent).
for its working age population. The youth unemployment rate is larger than that of
the adults (or those aged 25 and over) on aggregate
and in rural and urban areas.

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2
Chapter

Population,
Labour Force
and Subsistence
Production
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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 2 Population, Labour Force and Subsistence Production

The population of a nation or region constitutes its human capital and defines its
potential labour supply. Individuals aged 15 and above, which is the working age
population in most countries, are considered a factor of production and their skill levels
contribute to the productivity of the national or regional economy.

2.1 Population size and distribution

The number and distribution of the population in of the population was in urban areas with an urban
Somalia is presented in Tables 2.1 and 2.2. The population of 81.6 percent of the total population, a
total population of the Federal Republic of Somalia phenomenon that is uncharacteristic of a developing
was 7.3 million persons excluding population country or region (Table 2.1). This uncharacteristic
inaccessible areas. Out of this, 51.7 percent were settlement pattern could be associated with the
aged 15 years and over, which is the share of the area disruptive effects of instability that affected the region.
of residence working age population. A larger share

Table 2.1: Population age groups by sex and area of residence

Total Male Female Urban Rural Female share Urban share

(%) (%)
Population 7,258,464 3,626,663 3,631,801 5,921,180 1,337,284 50.0 81.6
0-4 1,091,664 563,987 527,677 849,013 242,650 48.3 77.8
5 to 9 1,231,051 666,181 564,870 978,157 252,893 45.9 79.5
10 to 14 1,184,4 86 622,135 562,351 961,178 223,308 47.5 81.1
15 to 19 853,254 420,950 432,304 736,286 116,967 50.7 86.3
20 to 24 585,123 268,809 316,314 505,032 80,091 54.1 86.3
25 to 29 457,662 179,424 278,238 376,856 80,806 60.8 82.3
30 to 34 415,294 199,844 215,450 332,196 83,099 51.9 80.0
35 to 39 345,324 148,388 196,936 283,885 61,438 57.0 82.2
40 to 44 311,341 149,590 161,751 247,624 63,717 52.0 79.5
45 to 49 201,694 105,842 95,852 170,594 31,100 47.5 84.6
50 to 54 187,054 97,301 89,753 152,561 34,493 48.0 81.6
55 to 59 104,722 56,826 47,896 86,800 17,922 45.7 82.9
60 to 64 107,770 64,597 43,173 91,356 16,414 40.1 84.8
65 + 182,028 82,791 99,237 149,641 32,387 54.5 82.2
15 to 24 1,438,377 689,759 748,618 1,241,318 197,058 52.0 86.3
Youth share 19.8 19.0 20.6 21.0 14.7
(%)

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

The proportion of females was equivalent to that strong likelihood of a youth bulge in the future as the
of males and was about 50 percent each of the total population share of children (0 to 14-year olds) is
population. Across the age cohorts, the population 48.3 percent of the total population and far exceeds
of females was higher than that of males except 30 percent – a threshold at which a youth bulge is
for those aged 0 through 14 years and 45 through likely to occur in future.2
64 years.
With respect to the number and size of households,
Individuals aged 15 to 29 (understood as youthful Federal Republic of Somalia had an estimated 1.2
in the local context) made up one quarter of the million households and most of the households
total population (or 26.1 percent). On the other (about 17.1 percent of all households) had 5 members
hand, the youth aged 15 to 24 years made up 19.8 followed by those with 6 members (14.9 percent
percent of the total population of Federal Republic of all households) (Table 2.2). nearly 1 million (or
of Somalia (Table 2.1).1 The youth (15 to 24 years) 79.5 percent) of these households were in urban
share of the population is at the threshold of having areas and just less quarter or 20.5 percent were in
a youth bulge – which is deemed to ensue when rural areas. Most households (61.6 percent) were
the population of those aged 15 to 24 years exceed headed by males with the rest (38.4 percent) were
20 percent of the population. Even so, there is a headed by females.

Table 2.2: Households by household size, sex of head of household and area of residence

Share of Head of household Area of residence

Household Total number
households Male Female Female Urban Rural Urban
size households
(%) of total share % share
All 1,172,188 100 722,572 449,616 38.4 932,376 239,812 79.5
1 7,495 0.6 2,592.47 4,903 65.4 5,844 1,652 78.0
2 52,168 4.5 26,260 25,908 49.7 39,940 12,228 76.6
3 111,683 9.5 58,377 53,307 47.7 89,639 22,044 80.3
4 158,402 13.5 84,588 73,814 46.6 120,413 37,990 76.0
5 200,125 17.1 124,120 76,005 38.0 159,839 40,286 79.9
6 175,139 14.9 114,095 61,044 34.9 127,446 47,692 72.8
7 145,049 12.4 89,311 55,739 38.4 114,495 30,554 78.9
8 111,209 9.5 76,708 34,501 31.0 95,450 15,759 85.8
9 77,940 6.6 54,963 22,977 29.5 61,520 16,420 78.9
10+ 132,977 11.3 91,559 41,418 31.1 117,790 15,187 88.6

2.2 Labour Force

The labour force encompasses the part of the and over, about 32.4 percent (or 1.2 million persons)
working age population who are currently employed were in the labour force as either employed (955,819
or unemployed. It thus represents the labour pool of persons) or unemployed (259,652 persons). The
a region or country. Table 2.3 represents the labour remaining 67.6 percent or over 2 million persons
force and its distribution for Federal Republic of were outside the labour force.
Somalia. Among the 3.7 million persons aged 15

1
This report generally adopts the United Nations definition of the youth (as persons aged 15 to 24 years) but also reports broader
findings for a definition of the youth that includes people between 15 to 29 years – which is based on concepts of the youth that
relate to the local context.
2
Lin, J. (2012). Youth bulge: A demographic dividend or a demographic bomb in developing countries? Source: http://blogs.worldbank.
org/developmenttalk/youth-bulge-a-demographic-dividend-or-a-demographic-bomb-in-developing-countries

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Table 2.3: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status and age group

Total population Labour force Employed Unemployed Outside labour force

15+ 3,751,264 1,215,472 955,820 259,652 2,535,793
Male 1,774,361 814,631 664,613 150,017 959,731
Female 1,976,903 400,841 291,206 109,635 1,576,062
Urban 3,132,830 978,225 766,175 212,050 2,154,607
Rural 618,433 237,247 189,645 47,602 381,186

The share of the labour force among the male population is higher (at 45.9 percent) than that of females
(20.3 percent). Conversely, a lager proportion of females were outside the labour force (Table 2.4).

Table 2.4: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, sex, and age group

Labour force share (%) Time related underemployed Potential labour force
Total population 15+ 32.4 46,711 250,000
Male 45.9 35,707 128,416
Female 20.3 11,004 121,584
Urban 31.2 30,088 208,993
Rural 38.4 16,623 41,007

2.3 Own-Use producers of goods

The number of participated in own-use producers of goods in the population 15 years and over is 231,182 or
6.2 percent share in subsistence production (Table 2.5)

Table 2.5: Population 15 years old and over by participation in own-use producers

Population Participated in subsistence food Share of subsitence producers in

stuff production total population
15+ 3,751,264 231,182 6.2
15 to 19 853,254 12,302 1.4
20 to 24 585,123 22,812 3.9
25 to 29 457,663 33,840 7.4
30 to 34 415,294 39,441 9.5
35 to 39 345,323 32,053 9.3
40 to 44 311,340 31,288 10.0
45 to 49 201,694 16,944 8.4
50 to 54 187,054 16,772 9.0
55 to 59 104,721 11,520 11.0
60 to 64 107,770 7,630 7.1
65 + 182,029 6,581 3.6

The total subsistence producers were estimated at 231,182 individuals. The male share of the total subsistence
food producers was about 69.2 percent (Table 2.6).

September 2021 11
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Table 2. 6: Participation in own-use producers by sex

Sex Own-use producers Share of own-use producers

Male 159,936 69.2
Female 71,246 30.8
Total 231,182 100.0

The share of rural area in own-use producers of goods is 51.2 percent relative to 48.8 percent for urban area.
Table (2.7)

Table 2. 7: Participation in own-use producers by area of residence

Area of residence Own-use producers Share of own-use producers

Urban 112,929.4 48.8
Rural 118,252.2 51.2
Total 231,181.6 100.0

12 September 2021
Labour Force Survey Report 2019

September 2021 13
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

3
Chapter

Labour Force
Participation

14 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 3 Labour Force Participation

The labour force participation rate is a measure of the proportion of a country’s

working age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working
(employed) or looking and available for work (unemployed). It provides an indication
of the size of the supply of labour available to engage in the production of goods
and services, relative to the population at working age. The indicator is useful in
understanding labour market behaviour of individuals and in making projections of the
future supply of labour.

3.1 Labour force participation rate

The labour force participation rate for Somalia was (aged 15 to 24) had lower labour force participation
32.4 percent. In line with findings from most countries rates than the rest of the population with rates of 8.8
or regions, the labour force participation rate of and 24.3 percent for those aged 15 to 19 and 20 to
males was higher than that of females – with male 24 years respectively – relative to rates exceeding
and female labour force participation rates of 45.9 30 percent for the other age cohorts (up to 64
percent and 20.3 percent respectively. The youth years) (Table 3.1).

Table 3.1: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, sex, age group
Labour force status Labour force
Total Outside labour participation
Labour force Employed Unemployed rate (%)
force
15+ 3,751,264 1,215,472 955,820 259,652 2,535,793 32.4
15 to 19 853,254 74,674 43,696 30,978 778,580 8.8
20 to 24 585,123 142,369 92,207 50,162 442,754 24.3
25 to 29 457,663 170,758 128,704 42,054 286,905 37.3
30 to 34 415,294 197,373 154,728 42,645 217,921 47.5
35 to 39 345,323 157,844 131,732 26,112 187,479 45.
40 to 44 311,340 158,850 134,614 24,236 152,490 51.0
45 to 49 201,694 111,481 92,769 18,712 90,214 55.3
50 to 54 187,054 89,465 78,967 10,498 97,589 47.8
55 to 59 104,721 42,683 34,496 8,187 62,038 40.8
60 to 64 107,770 42,778 38,360 4,418 64,992 39.7
65 + 182,029 27,198 25,547 1,651 154,831 14.9
Male Pop. 1,774,361 814,631 664,613 150,017 959,731 45.9
15+ yrs
15 to 19 420,949 44,237 25,455.70 18,781.50 376,712 10.5
20 to 24 268,810 87,700 60,086.70 27,612.90 181,110 32.6
25 to 29 179,424 109,367 86,272.50 23,094 70,057.60 61.0
30 to 34 199,844 135,362 112,097 23,265.30 64,481.80 67.7
35 to 39 148,388 108,707 95,921.60 12,785.60 39,680.50 73.3
40 to 44 149,590 104,688 91,074.30 13,613.20 44,902.80 70.0
45 to 49 105,842 77,825 65,684 12,140.50 28,017.50 73.5
50 to 54 97,301 61,443 54,449.10 6,993.79 35,858.40 63.1
55 to 59 56,825 29,485 21,919.70 7,565.09 27,340.70 51.9
60 to 64 64,597 34,985 31,344.30 3,640.44 29,611.80 54.2
65 + 82,791 20,833 20,308.40 524.9635 61,957.60 25.2

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Female Pop. 1,976,903 400,841 291,206 109,635 1,576,062 20.3

15+ yrs
15 to 19 432,304 30,437 18,239.80 12,196.70 401,867 7.0
20 to 24 316,314 54,669 32,120 22,548.90 261,645 17.3
25 to 29 278,238 61,391 42,431.10 18,959.60 216,847 22.1
30 to 34 215,450 62,011 42,631.20 19,380 153,439 28.8
35 to 39 196,936 49,137 35,810.50 13,326.40 147,799 25.0
40 to 44 161,751 54,163 43,540.20 10,622.80 107,588 33.5
45 to 49 95,852 33,656 27,084.90 6,571.11 62,196.00 35.1
50 to 54 89,753 28,022 24,517.80 3,503.99 61,730.80 31.2
55 to 59 47,896 13,199 12,576.70 621.8824 34,697.00 27.6
60 to 64 43,173 7,793 7,015.65 777.6608 35,379.70 18.1
65 + 99,237 6,364 5,238.34 1,125.86 92,873.00 6.4

As illustrated in Figure 3.1, the labour force participation for the youth are usually associated with schooling
rate for Somalia exhibited the inverted U-shaped activities while the lower rates for the older persons
structure suggesting higher participation rates in is associated with retirement. The male curve is
the middle of the age distribution. This inverted above the female curve suggesting a higher labour
U-shape structure is also similar to those found in force participation rate for males relative to females
most other regions or countries. The lower rates across the age cohorts.

Figure3.1:
Figure 3. Labour
1 force participation rate by age and sex, LFS 2019

With respect to area of residence, the labour force 52.5 percent respectively while the youth 15 to 19
participation rate was higher in rural than urban years and the elderly aged 65 years and above had
Fig 3.2
area with respective rates of 38.4 percent and 31.2 the lowest labour force participation rates of 16.9
percent (Table 3.2). The urban participation rate was and 11.8 percent respectively.
highest for age cohorts 45 to 49 and 40 to 44 years
with labour force participation rates of 54.1 and 51.0 The labour force participation rate seems to be
percent respectively. The least participation rates associated with the level of education attainment
were observed for the youth cohorts aged 15 to 19 as illustrated in Figure 3.2. University graduates
exhibited the highest labour force participation
years with labour force participation rates of 7.5.
rate of 63 percent while those with other had the
In rural areas, the cohorts 45 to 49 and 30 to 34 lowest labour force participation rate of 30 percent.
years had the highest participation rates of 61.7 and

16 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Table 3.2: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, area of residence

Labour force status Labour force

Total Outside labour participation
Labour force Employed Unemployed rate (%)
force
15+ 3,751,264 1,215,472 955,820 259,652 2,535,793 32.4
Urban Pop. 3,132,830 978,225 766,175 212,050 2,154,607 31.2
15+ yrs
15 to 19 736,286 54,929 30,743 24,186 681,357 7.5
20 to 24 505,032 119,326 76,647 42,679 385,706 23.6
25 to 29 376,856 136,637 100,853 35,784 240,219 36.3
30 to 34 332,195 153,780 118,514 35,266 178,415 46.3
35 to 39 283,885 128,914 105,952 22,962 154,971 45.4
40 to 44 247,624 126,237 108,690 17,547 121,387 51.0
45 to 49
Figure 3. 1 170,594 92,298 75,998 16,300 78,296 54.1
50 to 54 152,561 72,314 64,219 8,095 80,247 47.4
55 to 59 86,800 33,438 29,021 4,417 53,362 38.5
60 to 64 91,356 36,966 33,673 3,293 54,390 40.5
65 + 149,641 23,385 21,865 1,520 126,256 15.6
Male Pop. 618,433 237,247 189,645 47,602 381,186 38.4
15+ yrs
15 to 19 116,967 19,745 12,953 6,792 97,223 16.9
20 to 24 80,091 23,042 15,560 7,483 57,048 28.8
25 to 29 80,806 34,120 27,851 6,269 46,686 42.2
30 to 34 83,099 43,593 36,214 7,379 39,506 52.5
35 to 39 61,438 28,930 25,780 3,150 32,508 47.1
40 to 44 63,717 32,613 25,924 6,689 31,103 51.2
45 to 49 31,100 19,182 16,771 2,411 11,918 61.7
50 to 54 34,493 17,151 14,748 2,403 17,342 49.7
55 to 59 17,922 9,245 5,475 3,770 8,676 51.6
60 to 64 16,414 5,812 4,687 1,125 10,602 35.4
65+ 32,387 3,813 3,682 131 28,574 11.8

Fig 3.23.2: Labour force participation rate by age and area of residence
Figure:

September 2021 17
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

4
Chapter

Employment

18 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 4 Employment

The labour force participation rate is a measure of the proportion of a country’s

working age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working
(employed) or looking and available for work (unemployed). It provides an indication
of the size of the supply of labour available to engage in the production of goods
and services, relative to the population at working age. The indicator is useful in
understanding labour market behaviour of individuals and in making projections of the
future supply of labour.

4.1 Employed population and employment to

population ratio
The employment-to-population ratio is the proportion Out of the total population of 3.7 million individuals
of a country’s or regions working age population that aged 15 years and over in Federal Republic of Somalia,
is employed. It provides information on the ability of about 25.5 percent were employed. The share
an economy to create employment. A low ratio means of those employed varied by age cohort and the
that a large proportion of a country’s population is highest employment to population ratio was 46.0
not engaged in market related activities on account of percent for the 45 to 49 years age cohort. The lower
unemployment or inactivity while a high ratio means age cohorts including the youthful ages of 15 to 19
that a large share of the working age population and 20 to 24 had some the lowest employment to
is employed. In developing regions/countries, like population ratios (expressed as a percent) of 5.1
Somalia, a high employment to population ratio and 15.8 percent respectively. On aggregate, the
may not be indicative of better outcome as many employment to population ratio in urban areas was
employed persons may be working in informal jobs higher than the rural rate at 20.4 percent and 5.1
or low-quality jobs. percent respectively (Table 4.1).

Table 4.1: Employed population 15 years old and over by the employment to population ratio, sex and area of residence.

Total Employed Male Female Urban Rural Employment

population to population
ratio
15+ 3,751,264 955,820 664,613 291,206 766,175 189,645 25.5
15 to 19 853,253 43,696 25,456 18,240 30,743 12,953 5.1
20 to 24 585,124 92,207 60,087 32,120 76,647 15,560 15.8
25 to 29 457,662 128,704 86,273 42,431 100,853 27,851 28.1
30 to 34 415,294 154,728 112,097 42,631 118,514 36,214 37.3
35 to 39 345,324 131,732 95,922 35,811 105,952 25,780 38.1
40 to 44 311,341 134,614 91,074 43,540 108,690 25,924 43.2
45 to 49 201,694 92,769 65,684 27,085 75,998 16,771 46.0
50 to 54 187,054 78,967 54,449 24,518 64,219 14,748 42.2
55 to 59 104,721 34,496 21,920 12,577 29,021 5,475 32.9
60 to 64 107,770 38,360 31,344 7,016 33,673 4,687 35.6
65+ 182,028 25,547 20,308 5,238 21,865 3,682 14.0
Urban 3,132,830 20.4
Rural 618,433 5.1

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

The employment to population ratios for males and above, male and female youths in the age cohorts
females aged 15 years and over is represented in 15 to 24 have the lowest employment to population
Table 4.2 which indicates a higher employment to ratios. As would be expected, females of reproductive
population ratio for males at 37.5 percent relative age and especially those aged 15 through 39 years
to females at 14.7 percent. Across the age cohorts, had relatively lower employment to population ratio
with the exception of individuals aged 65 years and than other female and male age cohorts.

Table 4.2: Employment to population ratio by age cohort, sex and area of residence

Employment to population ratio (%)

Female (%) Male (%) Urban (%) Rural (%)
15+ 14.7 37.5 24.5 30.7
15 to 19 4.2 6.0 4.2 11.1
20 to 24 10.2 22.4 15.2 19.4
25 to 29 15.2 48.1 26.8 34.5
30 to 34 19.8 56.1 35.7 43.6
35 to 39 18.2 64.6 37.3 42.0
40 to 44 26.9 60.9 43.9 40.7
45 to 49 28.3 62.1 44.5 53.9
50 to 54 27.3 56.0 42.1 42.8
55 to 59 26.3 38.6 33.4 30.5
60 to 64 16.3 48.5 36.9 28.6
65+ 5.3 24.5 14.6 11.4

Figure 4.1: Employment to population ratio by sex and area of residence

Fig.4.1

Economic activity relates to those activities within branch of economic activity, comprising 59.9 percent
establishments in which an employed person worked. of total employment. This was followed by industry
Establishments include farms, factories, workshops, at 18 percent and agriculture was the least at 13.5
Fig office
an 5.1 or a store. Tables 4.3 and 4.4 presents percent. The lower than expected contribution of
the distribution of the employed population by agriculture could be attributed to the fact that many
their respective branches of economic activity in individuals engaged in agriculture are outside the
their main jobs. The data shows that employment labout force – such as those in subsistence farming.
in service activities was by far the most frequent

20 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Table 4.3: Share of workforce by broad branch of economic activity

Main economic sector Number Percent
Agriculture 128,941 13.5
Industry 171,965 18.0
Service 572,135 59.9
Not classified 82,779 8.7
Total 955,820 100

Table 4.4 presents the distribution of the employed all economic activities. The second activity followed
population by branch of economic activity in their by agriculture, forestry and fishing at 13.5 percent,
respective main jobs. Other Activities was the single also manufacturing was as well as the third most
most frequent activity contributing 17.8 percent to frequent activities at 11.4 percent.

Table 4.4: Employed persons by branch of economic activity in main job

Branch of economic activity Number Percent

Agriculture, forestry and fishing 128,941 13.5%
Mining and quarrying 20,421 2.1%
Manufacturing 108,679 11.4%
Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply 3,546 0.4%
Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities 9,420 1.0%
Construction 29,900 3.1%
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles 34,855 3.7%
Transportation and storage 19,915 2.1%
Accommodation and food service activities 37,775 4.0%
Information and communication 15,863 1.7%
Financial and insurance activities 7,528 0.8%
Real estate activities 7,486 0.8%
Professional, scientific and technical activities 15,678 1.6%
Administrative and support service activities 46,809 4.9%
Public administration and defence; compulsory social security 15,905 1.7%
Education 52,430 5.5%
Human health and social work activities 52,144 5.5%
Arts, entertainment and recreation 8,131 0.9%
Other service activities 169,773 17.8%
Activities of households as employers 28,716 3.0%
Activities of extraterritorial organization and bodies 59,126 6.2%
Not elsewhere classified 82,779 8.7%
Total 955,820 100

Besides these broad branches of economic activity, frequency were the other tasks not specified at 27.0
the labour force survey also collected information on percent. The occupation category with the second
occupation. Table 4.5 represents the distribution of the and thired with the highest frequency was teaching
employed population by occupation category in the professionals and Business and Administration
main job. The occupation category with the highest professionals 7.6 and 6.7 percent respectively.

September 2021 21
 National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Table 4.5: Employed persons by occupation in main job

Main tasks or duties Number Percent

Chief executives, senior officials and 35,068.01 3.4
Administrative and commercial managers 43,654.71 4.2
Production and specialized services ma 26,327.64 2.6
Hospitality, retail and other service 7,677.62 0.8
Science and engineering professionals 2,158.12 0.2
Health professionals 48,433.61 4.7
Teaching professionals 77,836.35 7.6
Business and administration professio 69,256.41 6.7
Information and communications technol 7,746.48 0.8
Legal, social and cultural professiona 6,169.56 0.6
Science and engineering associate pro 5,155.97 0.5
Health associate professionals 5,711.70 0.6
Business and administration associate 13,870.87 1.4
Legal, social, cultural and related as 4,721.05 0.5
Information and communication technolo 3,422.62 0.3
General and keyboard clerks 1,869.50 0.2
Customer services clerks 7,317.72 0.7
Numerical and material recording clerk 5,179.29 0.5
Other clerical support workers 1,547.33 0.2
Personal service workers 12,409.41 1.2
Sales workers 35,404.37 3.4
Personal care workers 3,172.47 0.3
Protective services workers 5,151.30 0.5
Market-oriented skilled agricultural w 40,935.30 4.0
Market-oriented skilled forestry, fish 3,339.96 0.3
Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters 12,515.90 1.2
Building and related trades workers, e 22,071.25 2.2
Metal, machinery and related trades wo 13,596.70 1.3
Handicraft and printing workers 3,533.89 0.3
Electrical and electronic trades worke 9,723.80 1.0
Food processing, wood working, garment 19,326.62 1.9
Stationary plant and machine operators 2,389.44 0.2
Assemblers 8,573.18 0.8
Drivers and mobile plant operators 44,734.84 4.4
Cleaners and helpers 26,446.27 2.6
Agricultural, forestry and fishery lab 56,821.83 5.5
Labourers in mining, construction, man 6,365.27 0.6
Food preparation assistants 12,016.92 1.2
Street and related sales and service w 12,105.91 1.2
Refuse workers and other elementary wo 3,114.58 0.3
Armed forces occupations 23,866.01 2.3
Other (specify) 277,969.17 27.0
Total 1,028,709 100.0

22 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Table 4.6 lists the occupation categories across females are employed as managers and professionals.
the employed males and females. Comparatively, a It was also observed that there were a lower proportion
higher proportion of women than men are engaged in of females engaged in clerical support work workers
elementary activities. A slightly larger proportion of and as “plant and machine operators and assemblers.”

Table 4.6: Employed persons by occupation in main job and sex

Category Male Female
Number Percent Number Percent
Managers 79,592 11.2 33,136 10.4
Professionals 141,126 19.9 70,474 22.2
Technicians and assoc 20,254 2.8 12,628 4.0
Clerical support work 14,478 2.0 1,436 0.5
Service and sales wor 33,482 4.7 22,655 7.1
Skilled agriculture,f 39,044 5.5 17,747 5.6
Craft and related tra 61,325 8.6 6,928 2.2
Plant and machine ope 52,669 7.4 3,029 1.0
Elementary occupation 268,960 37.8 149,746 47.1
Total 710,930 100.0 317,779 100.0

4.3 Formal and informal sector employment

Employment in the informal sector was defined as The survey results show that there were about
all persons 15 years of age and over who were either 491,100 persons employed in the informal sector,
engaged in unregistered private business enterprises corresponding to about 51.4 percent of total
or engaged in establishments that did not keep written employment (excluding domestic workers engaged
records of accounts. Domestic workers engaged by in households).
households were excluded from the classification
of employment in the informal sector.

Table 4.7: Formal and informal sector employment

Informal / Formal Economy (Unit of production) Number Percent

Employment in Informal Sector 491,100 51.4
Employment in Formal Sector 410,723 43.0
Households 53,997 5.7
Total 955,820 100

To estimate informal employment, a job held by an Similarly, employers (with hired workers) operating
employee was considered informal, if the job: (i) an informal enterprise are classified as in informal
did not entail social security contribution by the employment. All contributing family workers are
employer, (ii) was not entitled to paid sick leave and classified as having informal employment, irrespective
(iii) not entitled to paid annual leave. Own-account of whether they work in formal or informal sector
workers (without hired workers) operating an informal enterprises.
enterprise were classified as in informal employment.

September 2021 23
 National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

5
Chapter

Unemployment
and Labour
Underutilization

24 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 5 Unemployment and Labour Underutilization

5.1 Total unemployment rate

Unemployment refers to all those persons of The total unemployment rate for those aged 15
working age who are without work, actively seeking and over for Somalia was 21.4 percent in 2019. The
work, and currently available for work. The overall urban rates were higher with respective rural and
unemployment rate is a widely used measure of urban unemployment rates of 21.7 percent and 20.1
the underutilization of labour. However, in poor percent. Generally, the youth tended to have higher
developing countries without well-developed social unemployment rates – with those aged 15 to 19 and
protection systems, unemployment rate can be quite 20 to 24 having unemployment rates of 41.5 and
low since many individuals cannot simply afford to 35.2 percent respectively (Table 5.1).
be unemployed.

Table 5.1: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, area of residence and age group

Unemployment rate (%)

Age group Total Employed Unemployed
Total Urban Rural
15+ 3,751,264 955,820 259,652 21.4 21.7 20.1
15 to 19 853,254 43,696 30,978 41.5 44.0 34.4
20 to 24 585,123 92,207 50,162 35.2 35.8 32.5
25 to 29 457,663 128,704 42,054 24.6 26.2 18.4
30 to 34 415,294 154,728 42,645 21.6 22.9 16.9
35 to 39 345,323 131,732 26,112 16.5 17.8 10.9
40 to 44 311,340 134,614 24,236 15.3 13.9 20.5
45 to 49 201,694 92,769 18,712 16.8 17.7 12.6
50 to 54 187,054 78,967 10,498 11.7 11.2 14.0
55 to 59 104,721 34,496 8,187 19.2 13.2 40.8
60 to 64 107,770 38,360 4,418 10.3 8.9 19.4
65+ 182,029 25,547 1,651 6.1 6.5 3.4

The unemployment rate of females was 27.4 percent and was higher than that of males at 18.4 percent. The
unemployment rates generally declined with age for both sexes (Table 5.2).

3
Resolution concerning statistics of work, employment and labour underutilization adopted in 2013 by the 19th International Conference
of Labour Statisticians (ICLS)

September 2021 25
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Table 5.2: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, sex and age group
Unemployment rate – male (%) Unemployment rate – female (%)
15 and above 18.4 27.4
15 to 19 42.5 40.1
20 to 24 31.5 41.2
25 to 29 21.1 30.9
30 to 34 17.2 31.3
35 to 39 11.8 27.1
40 to 44 13.0 19.6
45 to 49 15.6 19.5
50 to 54 11.4 12.5
55 to 59 25.7 4.7
60 to 64 10.4 10.0
65+ 2.5 17.7

Fig 5.1
Figure 5.1: Population 15 Years old and over by unemployment rate, sex, and age group

With respect to education, the overall observation is that unemployment was higher for the group that never
attended school relative to those who reported ever attending school (Table 5.3). for the youth aged 15 to 24
years, the total unemployment rate was 37.4 percent which was higher for those who never attended school
(38.3 percent) relative to a rate of 37.0 percent for those who ever attended school.

Table 5.3: Unemployment rate across age cohorts by school attendance

Unemployment rate
Ever attended school Never attended school Total
15 to 24 37.0 38.3 37.4
15 to 29 32.0 31.1 31.8
15 to 34 27.8 29.9 28.3

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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Further demarcation of unemployment by level the labour force (as shall be evident in subsequent
of educational attainment indicates that the sections). In most regions or countries, the relatively
unemployment rate was highest for those with other high unemployment rate for university graduates is
education (23.0 percent). The unemployment rate associated with lack of adequate decent jobs and
was lowest for vocational graduates (4.8 percent) the resulting queuing for better jobs in future. The
followed by secondary school graduates (16.5 percent) high rates of unemployment for those with other
relative to the university educational qualifications. education (and those with only primary education)
The low unemployment rate for those with vocational could be associated with lack of employable labour
education, is not necessarily a virtuous outcome as a market skills.
large share of these indivudals were actually outside

Figure 5.2: Unemployment rate by level of educational attainment

Fig 5.2

5.1 Youth unemployment rate

Fig 5.3
Youth unemployment rate is an important indicator Based on the United Nations definition of the youth,
for most countries at least owing to the relatively the youth unemployment rate was 37.4 percent. On
high population of this demographic group in most the other hand, the youth aged 15 to 29 years had an
regions. Even so, the definition of the youth varies unemployment rate of 31.8 percent. The female youth
across jurisdictions and for this subsection we report (15 to 24 years) unemployment rates were higher
unemployment rates for both the United Nations than that of the males with respective rates of 40.8
definition of the youth (15 to 24 years) and the percent and 35.2 percent respectively (Table 5.4).
meaning most commonly attached to the term youth
is Somalia (15 to under 30 years) or 15 to 29 years.

Table 5.4: Population 15 years old and over, unemployment indicators by sex, LFS 2019

Unemployment rate (%)

Age cohort Male Female Total
15+ 18.4 27.4 21.4
15 to 24 35.2 40.8 37.4
15 to 29 28.8 36.7 31.8
25+ 15.2 23.7 17.9
30+ 14.0 22.0 16.5
Ratio of youth to adult unemployment rate 2.3 1.7 2.1

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

The youth unemployment rate (35.2 percent) A related indicator to examine the relative
was higher than that of adults i.e. those aged 25 disadvantage of the youth is the youth share in
years and above (15.2 percent). The ratio of youth total unemployment. Although the youth (aged 15
unemployment rate to that of adults was 2.3 with to 24) made up 17.9 percent of the labour force of
respective ratios of 1.7 and 2.1 for the male and Somalia, this demographic group’s share in total
female groups. A ratio larger than 1 suggests that unemployment was 31.2 percent (Table 5.5).
the unemployment problem is weighing more heavily
on the young population. This is usually explained
by a number of factors such as a higher proportion
of incidents of movements between employment
among younger people.

Table 5.5: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status and, area of residence and age group

Cohort Share Unemployment rate (%)

of unemployed
Unemployment Labour force
to total Urban Rural Total
unemployed
15+ 259,652 1,215,472 100.0 21.7 20.1 21.4
15-24 81,140 217,042 31.2 38.4 33.4 37.4
15-29 123,194 387,800 47.4 33.0 26.7 31.8
25+ 178,512 998,429 68.8 18.1 17.1 17.9
30+ 136,458 827,671 52.6 16.4 16.9 16.5

5.2 Other forms of Labour Underutilization

Unemployment is a particular form of labour combined rate of unemployment and time related
underutilization. Other forms of labour underutilization underemployment represented a slight increase
include time related underemployment and the from the unemployment rate (Table 5.6). The total
potential labour force. Time related underemployment unemployment rate was 21.4 percent whilst the
was measured as all persons in employment whose unemployment and time related underemployment
usual hours of work were less than 30 hours during was 25.2 percent. For the potential labour force
the reference period. In addition, they were available (LU3) was 34.8 per cent while combined labour
to work additional hours. underutilisation was 38.0 per cent.
There were relatively only modest reported cases of
time related underemployment. For this reason, the

Table 5.6: Labour underutilisation 4by sex and area of residence

Sex Area of Residence

Labour underutilisation Total
Male Female Urban Rural
Unemployment rate (LU1) 18.4 27.4 21.7 20.1 21.4
Combined rate of unemployment and time- 22.8 30.1 24.8 27.1 25.2
related underemployment (LU2)
Combined rate of unemployment and 29.5 44.3 35.5 31.8 34.8
potential labour force (LU3)
Composite Labour underutilisation (LU4) 33.3 46.4 38.0 37.8 38.0

4
Refers to mismatches between labour supply and demand, which translate into an unmet need for employment among the population.
Based on The 19th International Conference of Labour Statisticians.

28 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Fig 5.35.3: Composite Labour underutilisation (LU4)

Figure

September 2021 29
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

6
Chapter

Persons outside
the labour force

30 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 6 Persons outside the labour force

The population outside the labour force is quite substantial in Federal Republic of
Somalia. On aggregate nearly 68 percent of all the individuals aged 15 and over were
outside the labour force. The proportions were higher for the youth aged 15 through 24
as well as those aged 65 years and over (Table 6.1).
Table 6.1: Population 15 years old and over, labour force and outside of the labour force

Outside the Outside the

Age cohort Population Labour force
Labour force labour force (%)
15+ 3,751,264 1,215,472 2,535,793 67.6
15 to 19 853,254 74,674 778,580 91.2
20 to 24 585,123 142,369 442,754 75.7
25 to 29 457,663 170,758 286,905 62.7
30 to 34 415,294 197,373 217,921 52.5
35 to 39 345,323 157,844 187,479 54.3
40 to 44 311,340 158,850 152,490 49.0
45 to 49 201,694 111,481 90,214 44.7
50 to 54 187,054 89,465 97,589 52.2
55 to 59 104,721 42,683 62,038 59.2
60 to 64 107,770 42,778 64,992 60.3
65+ 182,029 27,198 154,831 85.1

With respect to their demographic characteristics, seems to reduce the proportion of individuals outside
a larger proportion of females (79.7 percent) were the labour force. A relatively large proportion of
outside the labour force – relative to 54.1 percent of individuals with no education (54.0 percent) were
the males. Relative to primary or lower education, outside the labour force (Table 6.2).
having a secondary or vocational education attainment

Table 6.2: Population 15 years old and over, outside the labour force by sex, education attainment and age group

Population Outside labour force Outside the labour Force (%)

15+ years 3,751,264 2,535,793 67.6
Male 1,774,361 959,731 54.1
Female 1,976,903 1,576,062 79.7
Age group
15 to 24 1,438,376 1,221,334 84.9
25 to 34 872,957 504,826 57.8
35 to 54 656,664 339,969 51.8
55 to 64 388,748 187,803 48.3
65+ 212,491 127,030 59.8
Education
None 232,471 125,625 54.0
Lower primary (1 – 4) 437,800 262,987 60.1
Upper primary (5 – 8) 502,354 275,231 54.8
Secondary 28,335 13,957 49.3
Vocational 276,441 102,514 37.1
University 19,897 13,890 69.8
Other 232,471 125,625 54.0

September 2021 31
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

7
Chapter

Women, youth
and equal
opportunities

32 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 7 Women, youth and equal opportunities

In this chapter we examine the link between education and selected labour market
indicators for women and the youth. The education of all groups including women and
the youth is important to the improvement of lives. Access to quality education has
been identified as a priority in the development goals including the fourth Sustainable
Development Goal.

7.1 Women and equal opportunities

Women account for 50.0 percent of the population 20.3 percent. The rate was less than half that of
of Federal Republic of Somalia. Among the 3.7 million males of 45.9 percent (see Table 1.1). More females
persons aged 15 years and over, it was estimated that were outside the the labour force at 79.7 percent
52.7 percent were women. Despite their significant compared to the male counterparty which was at
share of the population, the labour force indicators 54.1 percent. The employment to population ratio,
of women lag behind that of men. the proportion of individuals that is employed, was
25.5 percent and was lower for females at 14.7
The labour force participation rate was about 32.4 percent relative to 37.5 percent for males (Table 7.1).
percent which is largely brought down by the much
lower labour force participation rate of women of

Table 7.1: Key Labour Force Indicators by sex, LFS 2019

Female share Total (%) Female Share Urban (%) Female Share Rural(%)
Total population 50.0 41.1 9.0
Population 15 years old and over 52.7 44.3 8.4
Population 15 to 24 years 52.0 44.7 7.3
In Labour force (15+) 33.0 26.2 6.8
Employed (15+) 30.5 24.0 6.5
Unemployed (15+) 42.2 34.4 7.8
Outside labour force (15+) 62.2 53.0 9.2

The relatively low ratios for women suggest that a One of the areas of intervention to enhance women’s
large share of the female population is not involved participation is in the broad area of education and
directly in labour market related activities either training. Table 7.2 indicates that a larger share of
because they are outside the labour force or they young persons were neither at work nor school.
are unemployed. There may be need to enhance the
opportunity basket for women in Federal Republic
of Somalia.

Table 7.2: NEET ratio for Somalia by age

Age group NEET Not NEET Population Neet Share

15-24 636,008 802,368 1,438,376 44.2%
15-29 923,276 972,762 1,896,038 48.7%
15-34 1,159,830 1,151,502 2,311,333 50.2%

September 2021 33
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Although the NEET ratio is generally high for the young people, it is particularly high for young women – and
half (or 50.2 percent) of all females aged 15 to 24 years were neither at work nor school/training (Table
7.2). The NEET ratio for those aged 15 to 29 years was 57.3 percent for females relative to 38.5 percent for
the males (Table 7.3).

Table 7.3: NEET ratio for Somalia by age and sex

NEET Number Population Neet share (%)

Age group
Male Female Male Female Male Female
15-24 260,098 375,910 689,759 748,617 37.7 50.2
15-29 334,755 588,521 869,183 1,026,855 38.5 57.3
15-34 413,224 746,606 1,069,027 1,242,305 38.7 60.1

Table 7.4: NEET ratio for Somalia by age and area of residence

NEET Number Population Neet share (%)

Age group
Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural
15-24 527,174 108,834 1,241,319 197,058 42.5% 55.2%
15-29 765,405 157,871 1,618,174 277,864 47.3% 56.8%
15-34 959,883 199,948 1,950,370 360,963 49.2% 55.4%

7.2 Youth labour force participation, unemployment

and education
The labour force participation rate of the youth lowest for those with secondary and vocational. It
(15 to 24 years) for Somalia is about 17.8 percent. is highest for those with lower primary (57 percent)
The rate seems to decrease with education and is and university education (41 percent) (Figure 7.1).

Figure 7. 1: Labour force participation rate by level of education for 15 to 24 years

7.1

7.2
34 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

The unemployment rate seems to decline as educational attainment increases. Lower primary education
unemployement rate is at 17 percent while those with vocational and university are at 24 and 28 percent
respectively (Figure 7.2).

Figure 7.2: Unemployment rate by level of education for 15 to 24-year olds

7.2

7.3. Youth neither in employment nor in education

or training (NEET)
The NEET provides a measure of the youth who Federal Republic of Somalia had an estimated youth
are outside the educational system and not in (15 to 24) population of nearly 1.4 million out of
employment. A high NEET rate implies a relatively which 44.2 percent or about 0.6 million were not in
precarious situation as these young people besides employment nor education/training (Table 7.3). The
being unemployed shall lack the skills to improve their NEET rate is higher among the female youth (50.2
situation and thus risk becoming socially excluded. percent) than among the male youth (37.7 percent).

Table 7.5: Youth aged 15 to 24 years, employment, education or training by sex

Total Male Female

Total youth population (15 to 24) 1,438,377 689,759 748,618
Not in employment nor education/training (NEET) 15
636,008 260,098 375,910
to 24 years
Percentage NEET 44.2 37.7 50.2

September 2021 35
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

8
Chapter

Education and
Participation
in training
programmes
36 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 8 Education and Participation in training programmes

The LFS questionnaire included questions on current and past education/training

status of eligible respondents. About 22.5 percent of the total population aged 15 and
over are currently studying. The proportion studying is higher for males (25.0 percent)
than females (20.3 percent) and also higher in urban areas (24.2 percent) than rural
areas (14.1 percent) (Table 8.1).

Table 8.1: Population 15 years old and over by education status, sex and area of residence

Sex Area of Residence

Currentaly studying Total
Male Female Urban Rural
Total 3,751,264 1,774,361 1,976,902 3,132,831 618,433
Currentaly studying 845,643 443,806 401,836 758,545 87,098
percent Current studying 22.5% 25.0% 20.3% 24.2% 14.1%
Not Currently studying 2,905,621 1,330,555 1,575,066 2,374,286 531,335

The level of education attainment is represented in of universal access as envisaged by the sustainable
Table 8.2. Over half (or 60.1 percent) of those aged development goals. In addition, only about 13.4
15 and above have not stated their qualification. percent have attained secondary education and
The level of education attainment is clearly short another 7.4 percent have university education.

Table 8.2: Population 15 years old and over by sex, level of educational attainment and area of residence

Sex Area of Residence

Total Share
Male Female Urban Rural
Total 3,751,264 100.0% 866,043 631,254 1,316,363 180,934
Lower Primary (1-4) 232,471 6.2% 112,493 119,977 174,243 58,227
Upper Primary (5-8) 437,798 11.7% 216,394 221,405 374,376 63,422
Secondary 502,354 13.4% 312,408 189,945 457,793 44,560
Vocational 28,335 0.8% 16,784 11,551 24,908 3,427
University 276,440 7.4% 199,035 77,405 267,153 9,287
Other 19,899 0.5% 8,929 10,970 17,889 2,011
Not Stated 2,253,967 60.1%

Note: Totals do not tally with those in Table 8.1 due to non applicability to some respondents (e.g. children and item non-response)

Besides formal academic education, the survey courses taken are/were short term in nature and
also collected information on trade and technical 33.3percent took less than 6 months. The most
vocational courses completed or currently being prevalent courses were those taking between 3 to
pursued. Out of the 3.7 million individuals aged 15 6 months – which accounted for 22.1 percent of all
and over in Somalia, about 8 percent or 13,410 were the training (Table 8.3).
participating in some training course. Most of the

September 2021 37
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Table 8.3: Population 15 years old and over in trade/attended or training courses by sex, duration of training, and area of residence

Sex Area of Residence

Total Share
Male Female Urban Rural
Total 175,453 100.0% 114,371 61,082 149,929 25,524
Ongoing 13,410 7.6% 7,896 5,514 12,935 476
Less 3 months 19,533 11.1% 7,278 12,255 15,958 3,575
3-6 months 38,989 22.2% 25,910 13,079 32,144 6,845
6 months to 1 year 38,753 22.1% 22,988 15,765 35,039 3,714
1 -3 years 26,551 15.1% 17,661 8,890 23,964 2,587
3 or more years 38,216 21.8% 32,637 5,579 29,889 8,327

Table 8.4 gives the distribution of training courses the more popular courses were electrical, carpentry
attended/attending in Federal Republic of Somalia. and other Among females the Tailoring, beauty salon
Some of the most common training courses were and others were the most popular (Table 8.4).
Tailoring,carpentry and other, and. Among the males,

Table 8.4: Population 15years old in attended trade and technical training by sex, technical skills, and area of residence.

Sex Area of Residence

Technical Skills Learned Total
Male Female Urban Rural
Total 175,453 114,371 61,082 149,929 25,524
Electrical 16,747 15,300 1,447 15,455 1,291
Plumbing 4,680 4,122 558 4,138 542
Carpentry 20,350 19,947 403 8,948 11,402
Auto Mechanic 14,011 14,011 0 11,440 2,570
Agricultural 7,940 6,491 1,448 5,386 2,554
Computer 13,989 10,960 3,029 13,301 689
Secretarial 2,512 1,406 1,106 2,384 128
Bookkeeping 1,675 1,449 225 1,675 0
Teacher training 5,044 3,776 1,268 4,791 253
Nursing 13,450 7,075 6,375 12,796 654
Tailoring 20,459 7,101 13,358 18,723 1,737
Pastry 3,952 0 3,952 3,877 75
Beauty Salon 18,964 712 18,253 18,362 602
Masonry 5,902 5,253 650 4,838 1,064
Other 25,778 16,769 9,010 23,815 1,963

Table 8.5 gives the distribution of training courses (27.8 percent). Most trainees (47.3 percent) were
attended/attending in Somalia by place of training on self-sponsorship rather than sponsorship from
and main sponsor. The most common training school international NGOs (15.7 percent) or the government
attended were the vocational/technical schools (12.7 percent) (Table 8.5).

38 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Table 8.5: Population 15 years old and over who received trade and technical training by sex, place of the training, main sponsor
and area of residence.

Place of Technical Sex Area of Residence

Total Share
Skills Male Female Urban Rural
Total 175,453 100.0 114,371 61,082 149,929 25,524
College/Institute 37,761 21.5 26,264 11,497 33,819 3,943
Vocational/Technical
48,690 27.8 28,128 20,562 44,148 4,543
School
Employer org 23,953 13.7 14,766 9,187 19,711 4,243
Private training
38,607 22.0 23,496 15,110 36,179 2,428
institute
Other 26,441 15.1 21,716 4,725 16,074 10,367
Main trade and 6 mo sponsor
Gov't 22,265 12.7 15,422 6,843 18,070 4,196
INGO 27,526 15.7 13,950 13,576 23,537 3,989
LNGO 11,417 6.5 6,028 5,389 9,509 1,908
UN 5,029 2.9 2,596 2,433 4,828 201
Islamic Foundation 9,952 5.7 5,372 4,579 9,120 832
Self 83,054 47.3 58,915 24,139 71,155 11,899
Diaspora 6,716 3.8 5,681 1,034 6,645 70
Other 9,495 5.4 6,406 3,089 7,066 2,429

An estimated over 50,545 individuals completed a graduated with skills in bookkeeping, nursing, and
vocational training in the past (Table 8.6). The table Plumbing were the least likely to report that they
also summarizes the proportion that is currently were currently working and only 0.6 percent, 1.6
working among the past graduates. Other was the percent and 1.6 percent were currently working
course with the highest share of former graduates respectively.
currently working. On the other hand, individuals

Table 8.6: Technical skills learned and current employment status, LFS 2019

Type of Technical Complete Vocational training Currently Working

skills learned Number of persons Percentage Number of persons Percentage
Electrical 4,510 8.9 1,525 7.0
Plumbing 951 1.9 357 1.6
Carpentry 3,853 7.6 2,948 13.5
Auto Mechanic 3,201 6.3 968 4.4
Agricultural 3,072 6.1 1,644 7.5
Computer 3,820 7.6 2,072 9.5
Secretarial 1,441 2.9 949 4.3
Bookkeeping 131 0.3 131 0.6
Teacher training 1,242 2.5 955 4.4
Nursing 2,475 4.9 343 1.6
Tailoring 7,039 13.9 1,275 5.8
Pastry 1,531 3.0 1,531 7.0
Beauty Salon 3,727 7.4 507 2.3
Masonry 1,680 3.3 1,093 5.0
Other 11,871 23.5 5,553 25.4
Total 50,545 100.0 21,853 100.0

September 2021 39
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

9
Chapter

Labour migration
and remittances

40 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 9 Labour migration and remittances

The annual remittance received by all households in Somalia was estimated at 865
million US Dollar. The highest proportion of this receipts were for urban with 93.3
percent of the total receipts. While rural received 6.7 percent of the total remittances.

Table 9.1: Annual Remittance (in US Dollar) by Area of Residence

Area of Residence No Households Annual Remittance Percentage Share

Total 1,287,604 864,699,312 100.0
Urban 1,052,942 806,628,031 93.3
Rural 234,662 58,071,281 6.7

Out of the 1.3 million households in Somalia, 28.82 residence. This was replicated across the two area
percent received remittances and most of the receipts of residence – with most receipts received monthly
(83.7 percent) were monthly. There seems to be rather than quarterly or annually (Table 9.2).
wide variations in the receipts among the area of

Table 9.2: Households receiving remittance by area of residence and periodicity of remittance receipt

Number of
Area of Number of households
Percenage Monthly Quarterly Yearly Occasionally
Residence households receiving
remittance
Total 1,287,604 371,106 28.82 83.7 7.3 1.7 7.3
Urban 1,052,942 331,998 31.53 74.4 6.8 1.3 6.9
Rural 234,662 39,108 16.67 9.3 0.5 0.5 0.3

Overall, most of the remittances were received from frequent source of remittances (at 23.0 percent)
a brother (23.0 percent), followed by other Relative while in rural were the most frequent sources is
(21.8 percent), sister (12.6 percent), and son (11.7 brother – at 26.1 percent. (Table 9.3).
percent). In urban other relative were the most

Table 9.3: Distribution of Households by persons sending the remittance and area of residence

Distribution of those sending remittance (%)

Area of Number of
Residence households Daugh- Other Not
Head Spouse Son Brother Sister Parent
ter Relative Related
Total 371,108 9.3 3.8 11.7 5.9 23.0 12.6 11.2 21.8 0.7
Urban 331,999 9.4 3.9 11.1 6.1 22.6 12.2 10.9 23.0 0.7
Rural 39,109 8.0 2.4 17.0 4.1 26.1 16.4 13.4 12.3 0.3

September 2021 41
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Respondents were asked if they have moved from who reported moving at 8.9 percent. The rural area
one area of residence to another in the last 5 years. had realtively static population with only 4.1 percent
On average 8.1 percent of the respondents had reporting moving (Table 9.4).
moved. urban has the largest share of respondents

Table 9.4: Population by area of residence and movement patterns of the working population age

Area of Residence Total Moved Not moved percentage that move

Total 4,165,272 339,291 3,825,981 8.1
Urban 3,539,808 313,799 3,226,009 8.9
Rural 625,464 25,492 599,972 4.1

Natural disaster/insecurity was by far the most prevalent reason for migration in urban area accounting for
more than half (or 56.1 percent) of its migration. This suggests that natutal disaster/insecurity was a major
disruptive phenomenon in the area of residence (Table 9.5).

Table 9.5: Population by area of residence and reasons for movement of the working population age

Percentage of Residence and reasons for movement of the working population age
Looking
Join Death
Total Job transfer/
for better
Business Looking for spouse/ Attending
Natural
related/
agriculture disaster/ Others
arranged job opportunity paid work marriage school illness
land/grazing insecurity
/family rellated
land

Total 339285 1.7 1.5 2.7 7.4 10.3 2.9 60.6 4.7 8.2
Urban 313,795 1.4 1.4 2.6 7.2 9.5 2.3 56.1 4.2 7.9
Rural 25,490 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.8 0.6 4.5 0.5 0.3

The households receiving cash transfers schemes by area of residence and periodicity and represented in
Table 9.6. in Somalia 7.7 percent of household reported receiving cash from the transfer scheme. The area
of residence differences were not very large and ranged from 6.6 percent for urban to 12.6 percent for rural.

Table 9.6: Households receiving Cash from Transfer Scheme by area of residence and periodicity of Transfer

Percentage Percentage of households receiving cash transfer by duration

No of of
households households
No of
receiving cash receiving Semi-
household Monthly Bi-Monthly Quarterly Annually
from transfer cash from Annually
scheme transfer
scheme
Total 1,287,604 99,030 7.7 74.1 4.7 9.3 3.3 8.7
Urban 1,052,942 69,448 6.6 50.3 4.2 7.1 2.6 5.8
Rural 234,662 29,582 12.6 23.7 0.4% 2.2 0.7 2.9

42 September 2021
Labour Force Survey Report 2019

September 2021 43
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

10
Chapter

Main indicators
by area of
residence

44 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Chapter 10 Main indicators by area of residence

10.1. Labour force participation by area of residence

The area of residence of labour force indicators force. There are relatively variations between the
resulting from the survey conducted in 2019 are urban and rural in labour force participation rates
shown in Table 10.1. Among the 3.7 million persons which range from 31.2 percent for urban to 35.5
15 years and older living in regular households, 32.4 percent for rural 38.4 (Table 10.1).
percent (or 1215472 persons) were in the labour

Table 10.1: Population 15 years old and over by labour force participation, by area of residence

Area of Residence Total Labour force Labour force participation rate

Urban 3,132,830 978,225 31.2
Rural 618,433 237,247 38.4
Total 3,751,264 1,215,472 32.4

10.2. Unemployment by area of residence

The survey found that the total unemployment rate underutilization. As examples of the wide area of
for those aged 15 and over for Somalia was 21.4 residence differences, urban had an unemployment
percent. Even so, the overall rate hides the wide rate of 21.7 percent while rural had an unemployment
area of residence differences in the extent of labour rate of 20.1 percent (Table 10.2).

Table 10.2: Population 15 years old and over by unemployment rate, by area of residence

Area of residence Total Labour force unemployed unemployment rate

Urban 3,132,831 978,225 212,050 21.7
Rural 618,434 237,247 47,602 20.1
Total 3,751,265 1,215,472 259,652 21.4

Overall, Somalia and its area of residence have area of residence. Urban has 31.2 percent outside
relatively low employment to population ratios the labour force while rural of had 38.4 percent
that average 25.5 percent. A large share of the (Table 10.3).
population is outside the labour force across the

Table 10.3: Population 15 years old and over by labour force status, by area of residence

Employment Unemployment Outside of Labour

Area of residence Total Labour force
Population ratio rate force
Urban 3,132,830 978,225 20.4 21.7 31.2
Rural 618,433 237,247 5.1 20.1 38.4
Total 3,751,264 1,215,472 25.5 21.4 32.4

September 2021 45
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Annexes

46 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Annex A Main Concepts and Definitions

This section presents concepts and definitions to be used for LFS 2019

Total Population: Is the total number of all persons of both sexes aged 0 years or older in a given
territory at a specified point in time.

Working-Age Population: Refers to all persons aged 15 years or older.

Labour Force: Refers to all persons aged 15 years or older who are either employed or unemployed
at the time of the survey. The Labour Force is also referred to as the ‘economically active population’.

Labour Force Participation Rate: Is the ratio of the Labour Force to the overall size of the working-
age population. It measures the country’s working-age population that engages actively in the
labour market, either by working or looking for work relative to the population of the working-age.

Employed Population: Is the total number of persons who have a paid job in cash or in kind, are
in self-employment or are in contributing family work. All persons who have a paid job and are
on leave, as well as those in self-employment but are absent from work due to various reasons
such as inadequate raw materials, labour dispute, absence of business opportunities, etc, are all
considered employed.

In addition, employed population includes persons engaged in market economic activities such
as selling of goods, production of goods and services and some non-market economic activities
such as production of goods and services for own consumption performed for at least one hour.
For example, collecting firewood, growing of crops for household consumption only, fishing for
household consumption, etc. This is in conformity with the principles outlined in the 2008 System
4 of National Accounts (SNA). According to the SNA 2008, the relevant production of goods and
services includes all production of goods, the production of market and non-market services, and
the production of own final consumption of household services by employing paid domestic staff.

Formal Sector: Refers to all production units that are registered with a tax and/or a licensing authority.

Informal Sector: Refers to all production units that are not registered with a tax or a licensing
authority.

Formal Employment: Is the type of employment in which employees are entitled to social security
coverage and contract in addition to annual paid leave, or any such entitlement.

Informal Employment: Is the type of employment characterized by lack of an entitlement to annual

paid leave and absence of social security. This type of employment could be found in both the formal
sector and informal sector production units.

Formal Sector Employment: Is the employment, whether formal or informal, in a registered

production unit.

Industry: Refers to an economic activity that takes place at the employed person’s place of work.

International Standard for Industrial Classification (ISIC): It is a United Nations classification

system used to classify statistical units, such as establishments or enterprises, according to the
economic activity in which they mainly engage.

Occupation: Is defined as the set of jobs whose main tasks and duties are characterized by high
degree of similarity.

September 2021 47
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

International Standard Classification of Occupation (ISCO): ISCO is a tool for organizing jobs into a
clearly defined set of groups according to the tasks and duties undertaken in the job. The groups are based
on their similarity in terms of the skill level and skill specialization required for the jobs.

Unemployed Population: Refers to all persons in the labour force who are completely jobless and are
available and actively looking for work during a given reference period. Included also are those not working,
not looking for work but are available for work.

Unemployment Rate: Is the ratio of the unemployed population to the total population in the labour force
expressed as a percentage.

Labour Underutilisation (LU): refers to mismatches between labour supply and demand i.e. unmet need
for employment.

The combined rate of time-related underemployment and unemployment (LU2): represents the share
of the labour force that are either in unemployment or time-related underemployment.

The combined rate of unemployment and potential labour force (LU3): represents the share of the
extended labour force that are in unemployment or the potential labour force.

The composite measure of labour underutilization (LU4): represents the share of the extended labour
force that are in unemployment, time-related underemployment or the potential labour force.

Skill: A skill is the learned ability to carry out pre-determined results often with the minimum outlay of
time, energy, or both.

Status in Employment: Refers to whether an employed person is either a paid employee, an employer,
self-employed or unpaid family worker.

Inactivity Rate: The inactivity rate is defined as the ratio of the economically inactive population to the
working-age population during the same reference period expressed as percentage.

Youth: According to the UN, a youth is a person aged 15 to 24 years. However, most African countries
defines a youth as a person aged 15 to 35 years.

Youth Unemployment: Refers to share of the labour force aged 15 to 35 years without work but available
for and seeking employment.

Youth Unemployment Rate: Is the number of unemployed youth aged 15 to 35 years expressed as a
percentage of the youth labour force.

Time-related Underemployment: Is defined as a situation in which the number of working hours for the
employed person is insufficient in relation to an alternative employment situation where the affected
persons are available and willing to work for more hours.

Time-related Underemployment Rate: Is the ratio of the underemployed population to the total employed
population expressed as a percentage.

Hours of Work: Refers to any period of time spent on activities which contribute to the production of
goods and services.

Part-Time work: It is defined as the total working hours less than “full time”, where full time is regarded as
sufficient number of hours in a week. In part time work, it is the workers’ choice to work for fewer hours.

Labour force classification: The labour market status (employed, unemployed and not in the labour
force) is assigned to each respondent aged 15 years and over, according to their responses to a number
of questions during the interview.

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Notes on the calculation of some key labour market indicators

Note: All concepts and indicators are usually based on persons aged 15 and over, though data may be collected
for a wider age group. The indicators are calculated in relation to current activity (i.e. a short reference period).

Concept/indicator Definition Notes

Eligible population (E+U+N), Some persons in the household may be ineligible It is important to ensure that ineligible
where for the survey. For example, the survey may people are not counted in the
E = Employed, exclude very young people, and also visitors. calculations below.
U = Unemployed,
and N=Inactive
Labour force (E+U) Persons who contribute, or are available to Labour force = E+U, i.e. it includes both
contribute, to the production of goods and employed and unemployed persons.
services. Often referred to as the economically
active population.
Labour force participation rate Labour force as a percentage of eligible population LFPR = {(E+U)/(E+U+N)}*100
Employed (E) Persons who spent at least one-hour last week, Those who engaged only in activities
paid or unpaid, on any market economic activity for home consumption should be
reported on separately.
Employment to population Employed persons, as a percentage of the total Emp to pop = {(E)/(E+U+N)}*100
ratio eligible population
Unemployed (U) Persons who did no work last week but were This is the ILO ‘relaxed’ definition
available to work. of unemployment, since it does not
require that they seek work.
Unemployment rate The unemployed as a percentage of the labour Unemp rate = {U/(E+U)}*100
force
Inactive population (N) Persons who were neither employed nor Those engaged only in non-economic
unemployed last week (i.e. they were not included activities are counted as inactive
in the labour force)
Inactivity rate The inactive as a percentage of the eligible Inactivity rate = {N/(E+U+N)}*100
population
Those in vulnerable Persons who report that their status in This is one of the employment target
employment employment is either own account worker (OAW) indicators for MDG 1
or contributing family worker (CFW)
Vulnerable employment rate Persons in vulnerable employment as percentage = {(OAW+CFW)/E}*100
of total employment
Those employed in the Exclude: A threshold on the size of the
Informal sector (a) Persons working in the agricultural sector establishment (say 10 or over) may
(b) Persons producing goods or services for also be added. If so, workers in
the household’s own use these larger establishments would
Include automatically be counted as being in
(a) Own account workers (OAW) not the formal sector
registered
(b) Employers and employees not registered
(c) Members of cooperatives not registered
(d) All contributing family workers.
Informal sector employment Persons employed in the informal sector, Those in the agricultural sector, and
rate as defined above, as a percentage of total those persons producing goods and
employment services for the household’s own use,
would be completely excluded from
the calculation
Informal employment All persons in employment except the following: It is recommended to cover all sectors
of the economy when measuring
(i) Persons working in establishments registered informal employment. In some
with countries the agricultural sector is
the appropriate ministry/ies (may be Commerce) excluded.
(ii) Persons working in establishments above a
certain size
(iii) Persons receiving benefits from employer (e.g.
pension contribution, paid leave, medical benefits)

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 National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Concept/indicator Definition Notes

Informal employment rate Persons in informal employment, as defined above, = (Informal emp/E)*100
as a percentage of total employment
Time-related Persons whose current total weekly hours are less Also, useful to estimate the number
underemployment than some threshold (taken maybe as 40 hours) wanting to work more hours,
and who want to work more hours irrespective of the threshold.
Underemployment rate Shown as percentage of either LF or eligible
population
Usually active population Includes all persons whose main activity Unlike the current activity
status, in terms of number of half-months classification, persons are first
over a 12-month period (or some other similar classified as usually active or usually
method), was ‘employed’ or ‘unemployed’. For inactive, and only then classified
details of the method used, see Hussmanns as usually employed or usually
et al. (1990), Surveys of economically active unemployed
population, employment, unemployment and
underemployment, page 62
Occupational injuries: (a) Number of cases of occupational injury in the = (total cases/total hours)*1,000,000
(a) Frequency rate last 12 months, divided by the total number of
hours worked by workers in the reference group
during the 12 months, and multiplied by 1,000,000

Occupational injuries: (b) Number of cases of occupational injury in the = (total cases/total workers)*1,000
(b) Incidence rate last 12 months, divided by the total number of
workers in the reference group in the 12 months,
and multiplied by 1,000
Occupational injuries: (c) Number of days lost as a result of occupational = (total days lost/total time worked)
(c) Severity rate injury in the last 12 months, divided by the total *1,000,000
amount of time worked by workers in the reference
group during the 12 months, and multiplied by
1,000,000
Occupational injuries: (d) Mean number of days lost for each case of = (total days lost/number of cases)
(d) Days lost occupational injury in the 12 months

Data Management and Analysis was done while the interviewers were still ongoing.
This enabled verification with the interviewers in
The information collected was entered into CSPro
cases where there were issues that were not clear.
by the interviewers during the interview. Due to
poor internet connectivity in some areas, data Dummy tables for the report were developed earlier
uploads were done routinely. Also, data collection followed by the development of the syntax for the
was monitored on an on-going basis, and no data generation of the tables and other results required.
entry was required after the field work. Tables and other results for writing the report were
generated immediately the data collection was
Data Analysis completed. Analysis and writing the report was
Prior to analyzing the data collected by the LFS 2019, then carried out.
a data analysis plan was developed and shared with
all key stakeholders for review and input. The data Regional Level Analysis
analysis plan detailed the analytics methods that In addition to analyzing the survey results for the
was used to estimate labour market indicators. Most eighteen geographic strata (Awdal, Bakool, Banadir,
data analysis was done using SPSS version 25 and Bari, Bay, Galgaduud, Gedo, Hiraan, Lower, Jubba
STATA version 15 with the complex survey module. Middle, Shabelle, Mudug, Nugaal, Sanaag , Sool,
Togdheer, Waqooyi Galbeed), sub-group analysis
Data was captured directly and sent to the server
was used to analyze the results separately for
immediately after checks and editing by the field
Somalia’s area of residences (i.e.Urban and Rural).
supervisors. The data sent to the server was
The division of area of residence into two strata
downloaded daily and thoroughly checked for any
increased the state-level precision among the 16
errors. The downloaded data was exported to SPSS
accessible regions.
data format for further cleaning and validation. This

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Annex B Sample Design and Methodology

Sample selection was carried out independently the IDP population, lists of the settlements with the
in each of the identified strata. The LFS 2019 was IDP population were provided and they formed the
a national cross-sectional survey using eighteen basis for the selection of the sample. The information
independent strata, which were the 18 regions compiled during the PESS mapping provided a suitable
namely Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed and Togdheer; Sool, sampling frame for the LFS. However, updated lists
Sanaag and Bari and; Nugaal, Mudug, Galgaduud, of IDP camps which were available from the United
Hiraan, Middle Shabelle, Banaadir, Lower Shabelle, Nations High Commissioner for Refugees provided
Bay, Bakool, Gedo, Middle Juba and Lower Juba. The an updated and reliable sampling frame for the IDP
eighteen strata had a total of 300 clusters, and each population.
cluster consisted of 15 households thus resulting
in a total of 4,500 households. In the settled strata All the eighteen (18) strata had a total of 300 clusters,
and each cluster had 15 households resulting in 4,500
(i.e. strata 1-5), systematic random sampling with
households in total (see sample size calculations
probability proportional to size was used based on
below). Non-response was already accounted for
PESS sampling frame.
in the sample size calculations, replacement of
The sedentary population was drawn independently non-responding households was done after the
from the sampling frame. The sampling method third unsuccessful recall is made. In addition, the
employed the 2014 Population Estimation Survey for clusters in each stratum were drawn after excluding
Somalia (PESS) was followed, and data from these areas that are identified to pose insecurity. Cluster
surveys was useful for carrying out the sampling selection was done a couple of weeks prior to the
process. During the 2014 mapping for the PESS urban survey field work to enable the survey teams to
areas were mapped into blocks with approximately familiarize themselves with them so as to enhance
100 households which formed Enumeration Areas accessibility during fieldwork.
(EAs) which were the primary sampling units and
formed the basis for designing the sample survey in 5.1 Study Participants
the urban areas. Similarly, settlements in the rural
The study participants or respondents were drawn
areas were delineated into segments with sizes in the
from the eighteen strata with the households selected
ranges of 100 households, which again yielded EAs
from primary sampling units as described below. In
that enabled the selection of samples from the rural
Table 1 the inclusion criteria for enrolment into the
sedentary population. In the case of the Nomadic
survey, disaggregated by target population group is
population, lists of water points were generated
provided. There was no specific exclusion criteria
in each of the strata and this formed the primary
other than the negation of the inclusion criteria.
sampling units of the nomadic population. In case of

Table 1.2 Inclusion criteria by targeted population group

Target population Inclusion criteria

Households • Household head or spouse or other adult household member gives signed or thumb printed or
oral consent for survey data collection
• Members currently reside in one of the 18 strata included in the sampling universe

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Sampling Approach and Sample Size Determination

Introduction The Sampling Frame and Sample Design

Somalia is sub divided into eighteen pre-war regions The sample design for the LFS is a two Stage Stratified
totalling 18; Awdal, Woqooyi Galbeed and Togdheer; Cluster sample where the regions are the strata
Sool, Sanaag and Bari and; Nugaal, Mudug, Galgaduud, and the place of residence the sub strata. In Table
Hiraan, Middle Shabelle, Banaadir, Lower Shabelle, 1, the distribution of the households based on the
Bay, Bakool, Gedo, Middle Juba and Lower Juba. updated sampling frame of the PESS is provided. The
Also, in each of the administrative locations there is distribution is across all the regions and the places
the sedentary population resident in the urban and of residence. Areas that potentially pose security
rural areas, while the nomadic population mostly risks were all excluded from the sampling frame.
move around in search of pasture for their animals The total number of households in the sampling
and can be easily found in locations with water frame Somalia is 7,258,464. The breakdown into
points. There is also a sizable number of Internally the places of residence shows that the proportion
Displaced Population (IDP), largely in Mogadishu. In of the households of 1,337,284 (18.4%) are in the
designing the sample for the 2019 Somalia Labour rural areas followed by the urban and IDP areas with
Force Survey for Somalia (LFS), it is important to take 5,921,180 (81.6%) households.
cognizance of these administrative arrangements
and characteristics of the population as they form
domains for estimation to provide various indicators.

Table 1: Distribution of the Households by Regions and Place of Residence

Region Name Rural Urban + IDP Total Population

Awdal 143,743 295,811 439,554
Wogooyi Galbeed 138,912 847,331 986,243
Togdheer 57,356 509,483 566,839
Sool 13,983 125,812 139,795
Sanaag 30,803 160,627 191,430
Bari 65,483 520,796 586,279
Nugaal 31,046 148,425 179,471
Mudug 79,751 452,376 532,127
Galgaduud 52,089 303,320 355,409
Hiraan 135,537 132,540 268,077
Middle Shabelle 249,327 166,307 415,634
Banadir - 1,650,228 1,650,228
Lower Shabelle
Bay - 132,866 132,866
Bakool - 85,928 85,928
Gedo 177,742 185,869 363,611
Middle Juba
Lower Juba 161,512 203,461 364,973
Total 1,337,284 5,921,180 7,258,464

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The Sampling Approach Nomadic Population

Sample selection was carried out for the sedentary The selection of the sample for the nomadic population
and the nomadic populations independently. This is was carried out in two stages. The first stage of the
due to the differences in their characteristics. While selection was the water points while the second
the sedentary population is settled in permanent stage involved households.
homes, the nomadic population is a mobile population
in search of pasture and water for their livestock. The water points approach for sampling the nomadic
Hence the sampling approaches were different in population is considered to be the most appropriate
the two cases. In addition, the IDP population was for the Somali nomads. The basic assumptions
also treated separately in the sample selection. The which underlie this approach are that; 1) each of the
proposed approach for each of the three populations nomadic households has a herd of animals which they
is provided below. tend, 2) most of the herds consist of camel, cattle,
goats and sheep, 3) the average duration taken to
The implementation of the sample selection was water the animals is two days for cattle, four days
implemented through the Complex Analysis module for goats and sheep and eight days for camels, 4)
of the SPSS package at all the levels. The sampling the frequency of watering the animals depends on
frame data was converted to the SPSS Sav format the animals with a shorter period for watering. The
to enable the application of the sample selection animal whose length of time to watering is shortest is
module. referred to as the predominating animal. The primary
sampling units for the nomadic population in this
The Sedentary Population case are the water points. The list of the water points
for each of the stratum was obtained to facilitate the
The sample design for the LFSS was a multi-stage
selection of the sample. The selection of the sample
stratified cluster sample. From each region, the
for the nomadic households can be done using either
allocated number of EAs was selected, forming the
the Equal Probability of Selection Method (EPSEM)
first stage of the sample selection. The second stage
or the NON-EPSEM design. The EPSEM design is
of the sample selection involved the households
fairly involved in implementation as it requires the
within the EAs. The interviews in the households
interviewer to perform many tasks which in most
were carried out with the target population groups.
cases require well trained interviewers. Due to its
However, all information related to the households,
great involvement, it also results in lower interviewing
including general information on the members of the
performance by the interviewers. The NON-EPSEM
household, was provided by the head of the household
approach has fewer requirements and is easier to
or the most senior member of the household present
apply. Consequently, the NON-EPSEM design was
at the time of the interview.
used in the selection of the nomads into the sample.
Selection of the EAs
Selection of the Water Points
Selection of the sample EAs was carried out using
As indicated above, the sample selection can be
the Systematic Population Proportional to Size (PPS)
done using the EPSEM or NON-EPSEM sampling
method. The Measure of Size (MoS) for the selection
approach. Due to the flexibility of the NON-EPSEM
was based on the number of households in the EA.
approach in the implementation of the selection,
The data of the sampling frame which was initially
it is recommended that the approach be used.
organized in an Excel spreadsheet was exported to
Consequently, the sample for the nomads was a
the SPSS data file for implementing the selection as
stratified random sample with the region being
indicated earlier. The sample selected for the four
the stratum. An up-to-date list of water points was
sub strata is provided in the Annex 3.
available for each region. Assuming that the number
of water points in a given region is N and the allocated
Selection of the Households
sample for the region is n, then an equal probability
The number of households allocated for interview in sample of n water points was selected randomly
each of the EAs was selected using the systematic within the region. The probability for selection
sampling method. Systematic sampling has been within the region was n/N. For each water point a
proved theoretically to provide a sample that is fixed interview period of length D was identified for
identical to a simple random sample. each selected water point. See Annex 3.

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Selection of the Households of the estimates through reduced sample size. This
was agreed on with the client.
Consequently, interviews were carried out with all
the households that came to the water points during Taking the values provided above and substituting
the interviewing period regardless of the type of into the equation for sample size estimation we
animals brought for watering. Sampling information obtain 768 households. Since estimates are expected
regarding; the type of animals that were brought to be accurate enough at disaggregated levels of
for watering, the length in days of the last interval the administrative locations, urban, rural, nomadic,
between watering for each kind of livestock in the IDP and the main regions, the sample needs to
household, how the household is split (if at all the take into account the disaggregation categories to
house is currently split). keep to minimum standard errors. Consequently,
considering three (3) administrative locations and
IDP the four (4) areas of residence we estimate 4,500
The IDP settlements were clearly demarcated so households. However, this is adjustable to fit the
that there is no overlap with the non-IDP population. available resources.
The allocated number of households were selected
randomly from each IDP site (Annex 3). Sample Allocation
The sample was allocated to the various domains
Sample Size Estimation of estimation as specified in the terms of reference.
The sample size n for the survey has been estimated The allocation was made proportionately to the sizes
using the following formula; of the various domains. It is also noted that due to
varying sizes of the domains of estimation with some
having smaller sizes than others, if sample size is
allocated proportionate to the sizes of the domains,
the sample size is heavily skewed towards the
domains with larger population sizes. To mitigate this
constraint, the allocation was done proportionately
The value t is the abscissa of the normal distribution to the square root transformation of the population
curve which is 1.96 for the 95 percent confidence sizes of the respective domains. Following this
level while p is the proportion of the population approach, the following is the formulation for the
with the characteristic of the key variable for the allocation stated above.
survey. In absence of an estimate for p from previous
surveys, p is estimated with 0.5 to provide the largest Assume that there are H domains of estimation
possible sample size. We shall adopt this value for and the total population size is N and the sizes for
LFSS. The value deff is the design effect adjustment the H domains are N1, N2, Nh … NH with N= N1
which is necessitated by the sample design being +N2 +Nh … +NH. Corresponding to each of these
the stratified cluster sample. Due to the clustering domains assume that the allocation of the sample
effect, the precision of the estimates is reduced. In yields n1, n2, nh … nH, such that n=n1+n2,+nh + …
the absence of an estimate from a previous survey, +nH . The allocation of the sample to the hth domain
it is traditional to use an assumed design effect of was made using the following result;
2, which we shall adopt in this survey.

The ε is the margin of error which we shall tolerate

in our estimates of the population parameters. The
margin of error has a great influence on the size of This allocation is preferred as the standard errors of
the sample size. The smaller the margin of error, the the estimates are lower compared to equal allocation
larger the sample size. In our case, we shall adopt of the sample.
a margin of error of 5percent.
Using the data in Table 1, the sample of 4,500
It is important in most cases, to make an adjustment households was allocated to the regions and the
to the estimated sample size for possible non- four places of residence. Due to very large numbers
response, to guard against vitiating the precision of households in some regions and very small

54 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

numbers in others, the square root transformation was as the resultant standard errors of the population
applied in the allocation of the sample. The square parameter estimates. Consequently, the sample take
root transformation enables the evening out of the per cluster was kept relatively modest to mitigate
allocations so that regions with small population both cost and variances. In cluster (EA) a total of
numbers do not receive very small allocations while 15 households were interviewed. This resulted in a
at the same time regions with smaller numbers of total of 300 clusters in the entire country. However,
households receive smaller allocations of the sample. there was an expected variation in the case of the
Thus in Table 2, the distribution of the households nomads.
allocated proportionately to the regions and the
places of residence are provided. The distribution of the sample (households and
clusters) are displayed in Tables 2 and 3 across all
the domains of estimation which include; regions,
Cluster Size
urban, rural, IDP and nomadic categories.
The number of interviews covered in each cluster
has implications on the cost of the survey as well

Table 2: Distribution of the Sample by Regions and Place of Residence

REGION IDP NOMADIC URBAN RURAL TOTAL

Banadir 135 0 150 0 285
Awdal 15 105 75 75 270
Bakol 30 0 30 105 165
Bari 60 75 135 90 360
Bay 75 0 45 195 315
Galgaduud 30 0 60 105 195
Gedo 75 0 60 105 240
Hiraan 45 0 30 105 180
Lower Jubba 45 0 75 60 180
Lower Shabele 45 0 30 75 150
Middle Juba 0 0 15 60 75
Middle Shabelle 30 0 30 105 165
Mudug 60 90 105 105 360
Nugaal 30 60 60 30 180
Sanaag 15 120 75 105 315
Sool 60 105 60 60 285
Togdheer 45 120 105 90 360
Woqooyi Galbeed 45 135 150 90 420
Total 840 810 1290 1560 4,500

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Table 3: Distribution of the Clusters by Regions and Place of Residence

REGION IDP NOMADIC URBAN RURAL TOTAL

Banadir 9 0 10 0 19
Awdal 1 7 5 5 18
Bakol 2 0 2 7 11
Bari 4 5 9 6 24
Bay 5 0 3 13 21
Galgaduud 2 0 4 7 13
Gedo 5 0 4 7 16
Hiraan 3 0 2 7 12
Lower Jubba 3 0 5 4 12
Lower Shabele 3 0 2 5 10
Middle Juba 0 0 1 4 5
Middle Shabelle 2 0 2 7 11
Mudug 4 6 7 7 24
Nugaal 2 4 4 2 12
Sanaag 1 8 5 7 21
Sool 4 7 4 4 19
Togdheer 3 8 7 6 24
Woqooyi Galbeed 3 9 10 6 28
Total 56 54 86 104 300

Weighting
type of localities. A total of 304 EAs were selected
The selection probabilities of all the sample elements for the sample and 15 households were targeted in
were computed for all the stages of sample selection. each EA, for a total of 4560 Households.
The inverse of the probabilities of selection yielded the
weights. The weights included base, post stratification The number of Regions used for the stratification
and non-response adjustment weights as appropriate. were 18 pre-war regions. However, 2 of the regions
were completely inaccessible therefore were not
The LFS sample has been selected from PESS frame covered by the sample.
of “Accessible” households, stratified by region and

To calculate the weights, the following steps were followed:

1. Starting from the selection probabilities of the EAs and of the Households – based on the table
of the ACCESSIBLE households - It has calculated the design weights, called WEIGHT_DESIGN.

2. Then it has adjusted the weights benchmarking the accessible households by strata (Regions
and Area of residence), and adjusting for the non-response at the level of each EAs, obtaining

3. The benchmark of the weights should have been done with reference to the households and
individuals from the PESS 2014, I have adjusted the households weights to the 1,287,604
households from the PESS (of the areas covered by the LFS sample), obtaining

4. In order to benchmark the weights to the population by sex, the household weight were attached
to the individual dataset. Therefore, a new adjustment has been done to account for the 7,258,464
individuals from the PESS (of the areas covered by the LFS sample), post-stratified by Region18,
URBAN/RURAL, and SEX, obtaining the final weight

5. It is important to note that it was not possible to add also the benchmark by age-groups because
of the total population and not to the 7,258,464 living in the areas covered by the LFS sample.

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Estimation of the Population Parameters Confidentiality of information from the respondents

was upheld with utmost care through the data
The estimates for given population parameters were
collection, processing and analysis process.
made using the estimated sample weights.
Identification records, in both electronic and paper
Computation of Standard Errors formats, were stored under lock and key (or password)
at all times and access granted only to specifically
The standard errors facilitate the assessment of identified survey personnel. Specific identification
the reliability of the estimates from the sample. It information were stripped from all electronic
is important that standard errors are computed for databases used by the survey management team
some key results from the sample. In this survey for data analysis. One copy of the complete data with
standard errors were computed for selected variables. identification information was kept as a password-
In addition, design effects were included in the locked file on a single computer under control of a
computations. The computations of the standard ILO-appointed person, with one back-up copy to be
errors were done using either Stata or any other maintained by PTR&C, similarly kept as a password-
available software for computing variances such locked version on a secured partition of the server.
as the Sudaan software. No access shall be granted to anyone outside the
survey management team to this database, and
Ethical considerations and consent procedures survey management team members used it only
In order to ensure that the survey follows ethical to identify survey participants for whom re-visits
principles to protect respondents and prevent are necessary to clarify ambiguous data or perform
unnecessary risk to survey respondents, ethical data quality control checks.
approval for the study was obtained from the National
Further, field workers engaged in the survey shall all
Bureau of Statistics and Federal Ministry of Labour
have household level survey background, i.e. research
and Social Affairs - Research Unit. If required, ethical
assistants who have carried out household level data
approval or governmental authorizations were
collection. To the very least, the field staff who were
sought from the Ministries of Labour and Social
directly involved in collecting data from household
Affairs in the federal of member. Further approvals
members, had a minimum qualification of a diploma
were obtained from the Ministries of Planning of
in a related field and at least 3 years’ experience in
the respective states.
data collection. All other data collection personnel,
Prior to inclusion in the survey, informed written had prior experience in collecting data for the last 3
or oral consent for interviews was sought from the years in household level related studies. Screening
head of each household (or spouse or other adult was carried out to ensure that the individuals selected
household member in case of absence) on behalf meet these criteria. Selection of field workers was
of the household. If the household head was unable done in coordination with the respective Ministries
to read and write, the consent form was read out of Labour and Social Affairs.
to them and a thumb or fingerprint was taken as
Once ethical approval has been granted, the survey
consent in lieu of a signature.
was be registered with the Open Science Framework
Additionally, oral/verbal informed consent was study registry5.
obtained from other members of the household
participating in the LFS 2019. Prior to any consent, Data collection and Field work
either written or oral, a description of the survey’s This chapter provides a description of the approach
purpose was given. Risks, if any, were described in taken to collect data in the field and includes
full. The respondents were informed that they are operational details about how the LFS 2019 was
free to withdraw from participation in the survey fielded.
at any time, even after oral or written consent has
been given.

5
https://osf.io

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Survey team composition Three field supervisors were constantly in the field
throughout field work. They doubled up as the sample
The LFS 2019 was executed by approximately 12-15
coordinators and had prior experience in similar
teams, with 2-3 teams assigned to each stratum
studies. One field supervisor was responsible for
on average; the same team may work in several
about five teams each and the teams were allocated
strata, depending on the spatial distribution of
according to spatial distribution in order to ease travel
the PSU’s once selected. Each team is expected
from one team to another. Besides overall overview
to complete approximately 8-9 PSUs during their
and quality control, the field supervisors also played
mandate. However, adjustments to the number of
an instrumental role in planning team progress and
PSUs assigned to each team was made after PSU
providing them with the most accurate security
selection to account for hard-to-reach PSUs that
briefs possible. In addition, each region provided
required more time for transportation and logistical
one (1) national coordinator (3 in total) and three
arrangements.
(3) third-party monitors (9 in total) to oversee the
Each LFS 2019 field team was made up of the following planning and implementation of the survey.
personnel, also shown in Figure 1:
Throughout field work, three members of the research
• One Team Leader team conducted field revisits to provide an additional
• Four Interviewers layer of supervision. Further, if a need arose, they were
roped in as problem solvers within their teams. Field
• One Driver
accompaniments were executed in the initial days
Additionally, 2 local guides were recruited to help of data collection to assess the quality of interviews
conduct the household listing exercise (see chapter 0) as well as field revisits. Telephone back checks were
made to confirm if the households interviewed were
Additionally, 2 police officers complemented the visited on the dates mentioned; GPS coordinates
team for security reasons were used to monitor team movements.

Figure 1: Organizational chart for the field work of the SMS 2018

Research Team

Field Coordinator 1 Field Coordinator 2 Field Coordinator 3

Team 1 Team 2 Team 3 Team 7 Team 8 Team 9

1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader
2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants
3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver
4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides
5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel

Team 4 Team 5 Team 6

1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader 1. 1 Team Leader
2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants 2. 4 Research Assistants
3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver 3. 1 driver
4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides 4. 2 local guides
5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel 5. 2 security personnel

58 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

The teams moved from one PSU to another in two Prior to the training of the field workers, the research
vehicles (or other suitable means of transportation) team conducted a training of trainers in Mogadishu
with suitable space for all members. Field supervisors and Hargeisa, where the field supervisors participated.
traveled jointly with the field teams during data The training consisted of classroom instruction and
collection. However, each security personnel used practice (role play) of all steps. Participants were
their own designated vehicle. taught on trainer techniques for later replication of
training with the field teams. At this stage, no field
The team leader was responsible for supervising
testing was done.
the field work of his or her team and for solving
any problems that may arise. He or she was also Subsequently, the survey training for all field staff
took the lead in communicating to local leaders and was conducted in two locations; Mogadishu and
compiling paper-based instruments (household lists, Hargeisa. In this training, all staff were trained in
cluster control forms, completed consent forms). The these two locations, which enabled the research
team leader also helped out conducting interviews team to directly observe the comprehension and
if time allowed. abilities of the field workers. Following classroom
training and role plays, each team visited two practice
Each team had four interviewers operating clusters in Mogadishu and Hargeisa respectively and
independently, and data collection for each household conducted all survey steps. This practice cluster was
took, on average, about 1 hour 30 minutes. Thus, not included in the LFS 2019 sample.
each team was able to complete data collection in
all households in a cluster in 1 day. A team could Overall, training of field staff included discussion of
complete as many as six clusters per week. As a each question, practice reading, role playing, and on
result, allowing for some time required for travel, a how to use the interview device (tablet computer).
team could collect all the data in its assigned 8-9 Since the questionnaire was part of the training,
clusters in 10-15 days. interviewers assisted in field testing and final revision
of questionnaire questions in order to ensure their
The local guides were not part of the core team clarity and cultural appropriateness. Interviewers also
but they were nonetheless an important part of the conducted mock interviews in the local languages and
survey team. They assisted the teams in conducting provided input on the translation of the questions into
the household listing exercises and were managed different languages to ensure the correctness of the
by the team leader. In some regions, it was better translated questions with the questions originally-
to use the same two local guides throughout the formulated in English. For large parts of the training,
survey, whereas in other regions, changes worked the interviewers underwent separate training from
well to account for cultural/ethnic barriers or the that of the field coordinators and supervisors. The
importance of intimately knowing a given cluster.
latter were trained on supervision techniques and
Lastly, the police officers accompanied the teams
underwent rigorous standardization.
to provide a layer of security.
For the training, 15 percent more survey workers
Instrument Pre-Testing, Training and Field Testing than required were recruited and at the end of the
training, a post-test was administered to assess their
Prior to providing full training to the team members, all
understanding of field procedures. This, along with
questionnaires and survey instruments were translated
observations from the trainers and the results of the
into Somali. Back translation of questionnaires was
pilot testing, was used to select the best performing
done to ensure that all questions were correctly
team members and appoint a team leader for each
translated. The questionnaires and survey instruments
team. Those members not included in the field work
were pre-tested by the survey management team;
were released but kept on retainer in case other
this relates in particular to the questionnaires to
team members drop out.
check the flow and the different response options,
as well as the quality of translation. Pretesting of The purpose of the field testing was to give the
questionnaires was conducted directly by the survey teams a chance to practice all survey procedures
management team, and with selected individuals in in a cluster under very close supervision. For this,
Somaliland during planning missions. survey teams practiced all data collection steps in
households selected from communities in the vicinity

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

of the training site but not included in the survey conduct interviews in a cluster without too much
sample. These communities were selected to have waiting time for the interviewers.
comparable characteristics to the finally selected
communities (e.g. urban versus rural, spread-out Labelling of questionnaires
versus dense communities, etc.).
A unique identification number was assigned to each
Prior to the start of the field work, two clusters in household and respondent. Because the survey mainly
each state were selected for the field testing. The uses electronic data capturing, redundancy was
teams conducted the community sensitization, built into the identification system so as to minimize
household listing and selection, interviewing potential for errors. This was a combination of pre-
household members, and practice data transfer to printed labels and repeat entries into the electronic
the server. The team leaders also coordinated the data collection platform, as described below.
activities and reviewed all completed interviews
Sequential numbering and identification redundancy
before remitting to the server.
was utilized throughout the survey implementation
to reduce coding errors. For Household labels, the
Household Listing and Random Selection of Settled
prefix “H” preceded the sequential numbers.
Households
Because the most recent population estimates dates Collection of Household Data
back to 2014, the household list in each selected
For data collection at this stage, tablet computers with
PSU may need to be updated; during this exercise,
GPS capability were used for direct data entry during
information about the head of the household (name,
field data collection (see section Error! Reference
phone number if available) along with information
source not found.). besides the questionnaires, a
helping to re-identify the household was collected
series of supporting paper-based instruments were
at each household currently residing in the selected
used facilitate field work and ensure high quality of
census unit. This household listing was conducted by
the field work. Skip patterns were built in to speed up
the field workers just prior to beginning survey data
the interviewing process by automatically skipping
collection and was recorded on paper to facilitate
over irrelevant questions.
random selection of households. To assist in the
exercise, the local guides were trained by the teams For settled households, all selected households in
to lead in this activity. It is intended that this survey each cluster were visited on the first day in order
shall utilize the individuals who participated in the to ensure that household members are available
PESS as well as those who were engaged by UNDP for data collection. If necessary, appointments for
during the population mapping of 2012/2013. data collection were made for the same day or the
following 2 days. As part of the initial visit, the teams
The household listing exercise consists of delimiting
requested the availability of the household in the
the PSU and to draw sketch maps for each of the
coming 1-2 days to schedule a visit. Although the
selected PSUs, which was cross-checked against
timing of interviews and other operational details
satellite images to check for accuracy. Subsequently,
may need to be determined in the field, it may be
with the use of sketch maps, each household within
most effective to primarily interview respondents
the boundaries was visited and listed on a separate
at convenient times in order to reduce absenteeism.
line in the household listing form.
For the household questionnaire, any adult household
Once completed, the team leader selected the
member served as a potential respondent for this
required number of households at random using
interview, although preference was given to the
random number tables. After selection, the different
household member with the greatest knowledge
households were assigned to the interviewers and
of household affairs. Written informed consent
if phone numbers and network coverage were
was sought from the head of the household. This
available, the interviewers or team leader visited
interview collected data on:
in person or called the heads of the household to
schedule an interview. If phone calls cannot be done, • Household geo-location;
actual household visits need to be made to schedule • A household roster listing all household members
interviews. This step is important to efficiently and gathering basic demographic information,

60 September 2021
 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

such as age and sex, relation to household head, household as non-responsive. In addition, if no one is
and linkage between mother and child; at home at the selected dwelling, information on the
• Additional information about all household household members’ whereabouts was requested
members, such as educational level and current from neighbors or civic authorities to determine
employment status; whether household members may be available
later while the survey team is still in that PSU. If
• All other information as outlined in the Labour
the survey team cannot collect data on a selected
Force survey questionnaire
household, the reason for this non-response will
The full questionnaire is provided in the appendix, be recorded on the cluster control form in order
chapter Error! Reference source not found. Note that to judge the extent of non-response bias later
because it is destined for programming on CSPro during data analysis. Substitution of non-responding
the format is a bit different from typical paper-based households was done; the sample size calculations
questionnaire formats. have already accounted for a certain proportion of
selected households being unavailable or refusing
All reasonable attempts were made to recruit participation.
selected households into data collection. At least
three repeat visits were made before dismissing a

Collection of Individual Data at the Household

Prior to starting an interview in a household, informed written or thumb print consent
was sought from the household head. For individual participants, oral informed consent
was sought from the household head or from the caregiver of the child. The following
data was collected for each member of the household;

• Household Roster, Demographic Information, Education and Migration

o Name of the household member
o Relationship to the household head
o Sex
o Age
o Marital Status
o Literacy (read and write)
o School attendance and grade attained or currently attending
o Attendance to vocational training, subjects received in recent training, duration
the training took, year the training was received, type of institution which offered
the training, funding agency
o Current and original nationality
o Current status – domicile, migrated, displaced, refugee, returnee or diaspora
o Disability status, type of disability, cause of the disability
• Remittance and family daily bread
o Receipt of remittance, periodicity, country where remittance is received from,
relationship to the household of the person who remits the money, amount
received
• Usual number of meals per day
• Current economic activities
o Engagement in economic activities in the last week – business, salary/wage,
domestic work for a wage or pay, volunteer, family related/herding

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

• Main economic activities

o Legal ownership of the enterprise or organization for those employed or
engaging in employment activities, registration status of the enterprise, type of
work engaged in, type of activities carried out at the place of work, number of
employees in the enterprise, employment status in the work, earning, specific
location where the work was undertaken, total number of hours of work in the
subject economic activity,
o Decency of the work – entitlement to leave, medical benefits, tax, employment
on basis of a written contract or oral agreement, employment status (Permanent
& pensionable or contract), if contract, duration of the contract, pension or
retirement contribution by self an employer, terms of payment (time or piece
rate basis), duration worked in the last recent time worked, amount of wages
earned, approximate number of hours worked during the period for wage
employees
• Working time arrangements for the employed
o Preferred time of working, usual time of work, working on national holidays,
entitlement to maternity/paternity/family/leave benefits, duration of the
leave days, distance from the work station to residence, duration (hours and
minutes) taken one way to reach at work station, membership to a trade union
or employee organization, contribution to any pension fund/scheme, employer
membership to any employer organization, e.g. Chamber of commerce, etc.
o Workplace relations and work motivation – relationship with co-workers,
supervisors, experienced any form of discrimination at work, harassment,
communication of job requirement and its impact on performance, feedback from
supervisor on performance, appreciation by the organization, job satisfaction
• Second economic activity
o Existence of a second activity in the past one week, type of work done, employment
status, activities carried out at this place of work etc.
• Current activities for those not currently working
• Under-employment by those who work but their work situation is not good enough
due to the reasons
• Inadequate work situations – victim of work related injuries, form of injury sustained,
payment for the injuries sustained, safety of work environment,
• Unemployment or inactivity
• Usual activities
• Past employment
• Current and other activities

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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Data Quality Assurance

Complete and accurate collection of all data was maximized by the following steps:

• Thorough training, including practice both in the classroom and in the field, was
provided to all team members for all skills required during data collection.
• About 15 percent more personnel were recruited for training than was needed for
data collection. Those personnel with substandard performance during training
and field testing were not invited to participate in data collection. This selection
was made based on performance during training exercises and observation
during the training.
• A member from the survey management team conducted daily consistency checks
of the data uploaded from the field. Frequency distributions for all variables were
done daily to highlight any outlying or illogical values. The appropriate team leader
was then notified of any questionable values. In case of questionnaire data that
indicate a misunderstanding or ambiguity in the question, all team leaders were
contacted to clarify and harmonize the questions.

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64
Annex C Labour Force Survey Questionnaire

Annex C: Labour Force Survey Questionnaire

Introduction to the survey

This LFS survey is being done jointly by the Federal Republic of Somalia and ILO. The goal of this survey is to gather labour market information in Somalia. The information gathered will help the Government to develop new policies and
2019
programs supported by the better understanding of trends and partners of employment status Labour force survey
and economic in Somalia
sector growth. The results from this labour force survey will be used to identify areas of support to strengthen the labour market
SECTION
statistics. The information obtained here will be A. GENERAL
held in strict INFORMATION
confidentiality. Neither your name nor the name of your business will be used in any document based on this survey.
Introduction to the household head to be interviewed
Greetings! My
INTERVIEW name
DATE is ……………………
: D D / M M / Y Y Y YI am an enumerator working for the Federal Republic of Somalia. Your household is one of those randomly selected to participate in this important survey. Kindly note that the information provided
by your household will be treated in strict confidence. I therefore would like to ask you some questions as a responsible member of this household. I would also need you to assist me obtain information from other members of your
PRIMARY These questions
household.SAMPLING UNIT:will take some time to complete and therefore I will appreciate your patience. Do you have any questions you would like me to respond to before we proceed with the interview?

September 2021
HOUSEHOLD NUMBER:

A1 Name of Enumerator Code of Enumerator

A2 Name of Supervisor Code of Supervisor

A3 Name of the Head of Household Contacts (Telephone)

National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

A4 Region Name Region Code

A5 District Name District Code
A6 Type of dwelling or housing structure 1. Formal separate house 2.Semi-detached houses 3.Block of flats 4.Compound houses Write the appropriate code
5.Traditional huts 6.Informal shack or shanty 7.Tent (nomadic structure) 8.Others inside the following box

A7 Is the Household in Urban, Rural or Nomadic s ettin g Urban Rural Nomadic

A8 Name of Sub-district
A9 Name of Division
A10 Name of Section
A11 Name of the Settlement
A12 Name of the water point or grazing area
A13 Time Time Started: Time Ended: _Total Time_

A14. QUESTIONNAIRE STATUS

A. Completed with selected households
B. b) Entire household absent for extended period (informed by a neighbour)
C. No household member at home or competent to respond
D. Non-contact (reason unknown)
E. Refused
F. Vacant dwelling
G. Destroyed dwelling Write the appropriate code inside the
H Others following box
Note: please make sure you read and understand Each Section’s Title and then proceed with caution when asking The Questions

2
 SECTION B: Household Roster, Demographic Information, Education and Migration: [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD]

The following information must be obtained for every person who usually lives and eats together with this household.
If there are more than 18 persons in the household, use a second questionnaire, and renumber the persons 19, 20, 21, etc on the second questionnaire
PNO B01. Please provide B02. What is the B03. Is B04a. What was the B04b. What is B05. What is B06. Can B07. Did B08. What B09. What is B10. If (NAME) has never attended B11. Did
the NAMES of all relationship of (NAME) (NAME)’s Date of (NAME)’s Age (NAME)’s Marital (NAME) read (NAME) ever grade is (NAME)’s school, provide a reason(s) (NAME) do
persons who are (NAME) to head of Male or birth? in completed Status? and write a Attended or (NAME) is highest grade MULTIPLE RESPONSE POSSIBLE or currently
usual members of household? Female? years? simple completed or currently completed? doing any
(Write the appropriate Select and write the (Select and write the appropriate code in the
this household date as DD/MM/YYYY in appropriate code in the
sentence in any currently attending attending? corresponding rows separated by a comma in the
formal
Select and write the Select and (Write the Select and write the
appropriate code in the the corresponding row) appropriate age in corresponding row) language? school? appropriate code in corresponding row) vocational
write the Select and write the
(Write the appropriate corresponding row) appropriate the corresponding the corresponding training?
appropriate code in the
NAME in separate row) code in the row: record as 00 1. NEVER Select and write Select and write the row) 1 Too young
corresponding row)
1. HEAD correspondin if less than 01) MARRIED the appropriate appropriate code in the 2 Disabled/illness Select and write the
g row) code in the corresponding row) 1 LOWER 3 No school/school too far appropriate code in
2. SPOUSE 2 MARRIED 1 LOWER
corresponding PRIMARY (1-4) 4 Cannot afford to school the corresponding
3. SON 3 DIVORCED PRIMARY (1-4)
row) 1.Attending B8 row)
4.DAUGHTER 1. MALE 2 UPPER PRIMARY 2 UPPER 5 Family did not allow schooling
4 ABANDONED 2.Completed B9
5. BROTHER 2. FEMAL (5-8) PRIMARY (5-8) 6 Education not valuable
5 WIDOWED 1 YES 3. Not attended B10 1 Yes, currently
6. SISTER E 3 SECONDARY 3 SECONDARY 7 School not safe
attending
7. PARENT 2 NO 4 VOCATIONAL 4 VOCATIONAL 8 To learn a job
2. Yes,
8.OTHER 5 UNIVERSITY 5 UNIVERSITY 9 To work for pay
completed
RELATIVE 6
6 OTHERS (SPECIFY) OTHERS 10 To work as an unpaid worker in family
3. No → B17
9.NOT (SPECIFY) business/ farm/herding
RELATED 11 Help at home with the household chore
For all B11
12 Other reason (specify)
01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

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Labour Force Survey Report 2019

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SECTION B: Household Roster, Demographic Information, Education and Migration (Conti.): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD]
B0 B12. In what subject did (NAME) B13. How long did that B14. In which B15. Where did (NAME) get the B16. What was the B17. What is (NAME)’s B18. What is (NAME)’s B19a. What is B19b. Has
receives the most recent training? training last? year did training? name of funding Country of birth? country of citizenship? (NAME)’s (NAME) moved
(SR
(NAME) institution for that status of from one region,
NO.) 1Electrical 1. Ongoing receive the 1.College/Institute training? 1. Somalia 1. Somalia residence? district or country
2 Plumbing 2. <3 moths training? 2.Vocational/technical school 2. Ethiopian 2. Ethiopian
3 Carpentry 3. 3 moths < 6 moths 3. Employer org 3. Djibouti 3. Djibouti
to another in the
1. Gov’t 1. Domicile
4 Auto mechanic 4. 6 moths < 1 1. 2019 4. Private training institute 2. INGO 4. Other parts of Africa 4. Other parts of Africa last 5 years?
2. Displaced
5 Agricultural year 2. 2018 5. other[specify] 3. LNGO 5. Asia 5. Asia 4. Refugee
6 Computer 5. 1year < 3 years 6. Western Countries 6. Western 1. YES
3. 2017 4. UN 5. Returnee
7Secretarial (Select and write the appropriate code in the 98. Other Countries 2. NO
6. 3 years or more 4. 2016 5. Islamic foundation 6. Other
corresponding row)
8 Bookkeeping 5.Before 2015 6. Self (Specify) 98. Other (Specify)
(Select and write the appropriate code (Select and write the
9 Teacher training 7. Diaspora (Specify) appropriate code in the
in the corresponding row) (Select and write the appropriate
10 Nursing (Select and write the 8. Other [Specify] (Select and write the corresponding row)
code in the corresponding row) (Select and write the appropriate appropriate code in
11 Tailoring appropriate code in the

September 2021
code in the corresponding row) the corresponding
12 Pastry corresponding row) (Select and write the appropriate row)
13. Beauty saloon code in the corresponding row)
14 Masonry
98 Other(SPECIFY)

(Select and write the appropriate code in the

corresponding row)
01
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

4
 SECTION B: Household Roster, Demographic Information, Education and Migration (Conti.) [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS A MEMBER OF THE HOUSEHOLD]
B0 B19c. Where was B19d: What was the main B20. Does (NAME) has B21. Does (NAME) has B22. Does (NAME) has B23. Does (NAME) has B24. Does (NAME) has B25. Using (NAME)’s usual
reason why (NAME) moved difficulty seeing, even if difficulty hearing, even if difficulty walking or climbing difficulty remembering difficulty (with self-care as) native language, does (NAME)
(SR (NAME) living before here?
(before the most recent wearing glasses? using hearing aid? steps? or concentrating? washing all over or dressing? has difficulty communicating,
NO.) move)? …….. 1. Job transfer/arranged job for example, understanding or
2. Looking for better 1. No – no difficulty 1. No – no difficulty 1. No – no difficulty 1. No – no difficulty 1. No – no difficulty being understood?
(Provide Region for Internal agriculture land /grazing land 2. Yes – some 2. Yes – some 2. Yes – some difficulty 2. Yes – some 2. Yes – some difficulty
migration or Country for 3. Business opportunity difficulty difficulty 3. Yes – a lot of difficulty difficulty 3. Yes – a lot of 1. No – no difficulty
International migration) 4. Looking for paid work 3. Yes – a lot of 3. Yes – a lot of 4. Cannot do at all 3. Yes – a lot of difficulty 2. Yes – some difficulty
5. Join spouse/marriage/family difficulty difficulty difficulty 4. Cannot do at all 3. Yes – a lot of difficulty
6. Attending school 4. Cannot do at all 4. Cannot do at all (Select and write the appropriate code 4. Cannot do at all 4. Cannot do at all
in the corresponding row) (Select and write the appropriate code
7. Natural disaster/Insecurity (Select and write the appropriate code in the
(Select and write the appropriate code (Select and write the appropriate (Select and write the appropriate in the corresponding row) corresponding row)
8. Death related/ illness related in the corresponding row) code in the corresponding row) code in the corresponding row)
9. Others (specify)
(Select and write the appropriate code in the
corresponding row)

01 1. Work
2. School/
02 training
03 3. Water
4. Pasture
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18

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SECTION C: EMPLOYED AT WORK AND TEMPORARY ABSENCE: [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]
EMPLOYED AT WORK
C01. Last week, up to yesterday, did (NAME) do any work for wage, C02. Last week, did (NAME) run or do any kind of business, farming or C03. Last week, did (NAME) help with paid job or business of a household or
salary or any other pay, even if only for one hour? other activity to generate income, even if only for one hour? family member, even if only for one hour?
READ IF NEEDED:
1. Yes SKIP TO E01 For example: [making things for sale, growing produce for sale, buying and reselling things, 1. Yes SKIP TO D02
2. No provided services for pay, raising animals or catching fish for sale] 2. No
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)
1. Yes SKIP TO D02
2. No
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)

01

September 2021
02

03

04

05
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

6
 SECTION C: EMPLOYED AT WORK AND TEMPORARY ABSENCE (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]

TEMPORARY ABSENCE
C04. Even though (NAME) did not C05. What was the main reason that (NAME) was absent from his C06. During the low/off- C07. Including the time that (NAME) C08. Did (NAME) continue to receive an income
work, last week did (NAME) has a paid /her job or business last week? season, does (NAME) has been absent, will (NAME) return from his/her job or business during this absence (or
job or a business? continue to do some work for to that same job or business in 3 while not at work)?
1. WAITING TO START NEW JOB OR BUSINESS → D01 that job or business? months or less?
Note: The off‐season for agricultural activities, or waiting
for a new job to start, do not count as temporary absences
2. LOW OR OFF-SEASON 1. YES → D02
3. SHIFT WORK, FLEXITIME, NATURE OF WORK →D02 1. YES → D02 1. YES → D02 2. NO → D01
1. Yes 4. VACATION, HOLIDAYS → D02 2. NO → D01 2. NO 3. DON’T KNOW → D01
5. SICKNESS, ILLNESS, ACCIDENT → D02 3. DON’T KNOW
2. No → D01
6. MATERNITY/PATERNITY LEAVE → D02 Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code in the
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding 7. EDUCATION LEAVE OR TRAINING → C07 Select and write the appropriate code in the
corresponding row)
row) 8 . OTHER PERSONAL LEAVE (CARE FOR FAMILY, CIVIC
corresponding row)
DUTIES…) → C07
9. TEMPORARY LAYOFF, NO CLIENTS OR MATERIALS,
WORK BREAK → C07
10. BAD WEATHER, NATURAL DISASTER → C07
12. STRIKE OR LABOUR DISPUTE → C07
13. LONG TERM DISABILITY → C07
14. OTHER (SPECIFY) → C07

Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)

01

02

03

04

05

06

07

08

09

10

11

12

13

14
15

16

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18

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Labour Force Survey Report 2019

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SECTION D: AGRICULTURAL WORK AND MARKET ORIENTATION [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]

D01. Last D02. Was this D03. Thinking about the D04. In general, in the D05. Was D06. What are the main products from D07. What are the main tasks that D08. Last D09. How
week did work that products from farming [or past have these products (NAME) farming or fishing that (NAME) was (NAME) perform in this activity? week, on how many hours
(NAME) do (NAME) fishing] that (NAME) been mainly sold or hired by working on? many days did per day did
any work in mentioned in…? worked on, are they mainly kept for family someone else (NAME) do (NAME) spend
use? to do this For example: [corn, sorghum, beans, rice, vegetables, (e.g. breed, raise and sell cattle, patrol the this work? doing this last
farming, intended……?
READ ALL CATEGORIES work? sesame, cowpea freshwater fish, cattle] streets, plan and prepare meals, teach children week?
rearing
AND MARK ALL THAT READ CATEGORIES & MARK ONE
1. ONLY SOLD → E01 how to read and write)
animals,
(Write the appropriate product in the corresponding (Write the NUMBER (Write the HOURS
fishing or fish APPLY 2. MAINLY SOLD → E01 1. YES → E01
1. row. Also, write the ISIC code associated with the (Write the appropriate product in the corresponding
farming?
ONLY FOR SALE→ E01 3. MAINLY KEPT FOR 2. NO OF DAYS in the PER DAY in the
2. MOSTLY FOR SALE→ product) row. Also, write the ISCO code associated with the
1. Farming or rearing FAMILY USE corresponding row) corresponding row)
1. YES →D03 E01 Select and write the product)
farm animals 4. ONLY KEPT FOR
appropriate code in
2. NO →H01 2. Fishing or fish 3. MAINLY FOR FAMILY FAMILY USE →GOTO H01.
the corresponding
farming USE → D05 row)

September 2021
Select and write the 4. ONLY FOR FAMILY USE Select and write the appropriate
appropriate code in the
3. Another type of job
corresponding row) or business→ E01 → D05 code in the corresponding row)
5. CANNOT SAY
Select and write the appropriate Select and write the appropriate code in MAIN GOODS ISIC CODE MAIN TASKS ISCO CODE
code in the corresponding row) the corresponding row)
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 SECTION E. CHARACTERISTICS OF MAIN JOB: [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]
Now I would like to ask you about your main economic activity in the last 7 days - that is, the work that you usually spend most of your time on, even if you were absent from it last week.

E01. Last week E02. E03a. In (NAME)’s main E03b. E04. Does the business E05. What is the E06a. What E06b. What are E07. In (NAME)’s main job, does
did (NAME) INTERVIEW job, what kind of work does What are the main tasks or duties or place where name of the is the main goods/services (NAME) work…?
have more than ER TO (NAME) usually do? (NAME) usually does? (NAME) works have a Establishment or activity of produced/offered by a
one job or name? Business unit? the business 1. As an employee for someone
READ: (e.g. Cattle farmer; business/place of work?
business? (e.g. breed, raise and sell cattle, patrol or place else → E11a
Policeman; Cook; Primary the streets, plan and prepare meals, 1. YES 2. In (NAME)’s own business
I am now where (e.g. public safety; preparing
school teacher) teach children how to read and write) 2. BUSINESS (Write appropriate
1. ONE going to ask (NAME) and serving meals; long- activity → E09
NAME OF
WITHOUT A NAME → ESTABLISHMENT 3. Without pay in a household or
JOB/BUSINES you some (Write appropriate main job title or work(s)? distance transport of goods,
description in the corresponding E06a BUSINESS UNIT in the family business
S → E03a questions row) (Write the appropriate task in the corresponding corresponding row) livestock, hides, fish, charcoal,
3. PRIVATE 4. As an apprentice, intern →
2. MORE about row. Also, write the ISCO code associated with (e.g.: Police; bananas) E11a
HOUSEHOLD AS A
THAN ONE (NAME’s) the product) Restaurant; 5. Helping a family member who
DOMESTIC WORKER
JOB main job or Transport (Write the appropriate product works for someone else →
→ E07
business. company) in the corresponding row. Also, E11a
Select and write the Select and write the write the ISIC code associated
appropriate code in the Select and write the appropriate code in the
appropriate code in the The main job (Write with the product)
corresponding row) corresponding row)
corresponding row) is the one appropriate main
where activity in the
(NAME) corresponding
usually row)

work(s) the
JOB TITLE OR MAIN TASKS AND ISCO CODE MAIN ACTIVITY GOODS OR ISIC
highest
DESCRIPTION DUTIES SERVICE CODE
number of
01 hours even if
02 (NAME) was
temporarily
03 absent last
04 week.
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SECTION E. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN JOB (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]

Question for self-identified Question for those identified as self-employed For employees, apprentices or assisting family members
contributing
E08. Who usually workers
familymakes E09. Did E10a. Can E10b. Why can (NAME) not set the price? It E11a. Is (NAME) employed by … E11b1. Who pays for E11b2. Which of the following types of
decisions about the running of (NAME) has (NAME) set the is because … READ (NAME)’s work? Is payment does (NAME) receive for this
the business? price of the READ 1. The government or state-owned it…? work?
any paid
products or 1. Another enterprise or agent sets the price → enterprise READ READ AND MARK ALL THAT APPLY
READ employees last
services that E12a 2. A farm
1. (NAME) week? 3. A private business (non-farm) 1. The business, 1. A wage or salary
(NAME) offers 2. Prices are set by the customer(s) → E12a
2. (NAME) together with others 4. A household(s) as a domestic organisation or 2. Payment for a piece of work completed
himself/herself? 3. The government defines the price by
another family member (s) only 1. YES→ E12a law/regulation → E12a worker household where 3. Commissions
→ E11b2 4. Prices are negotiated with the customer → 5. An NGO, non-profit institution, (NAME) does the work 4. Tips
2. NO 1. YES
3. Other (non-related) person(s) E12a church or 5. Fees for services provided
2. NO
only → E11b2 5. It is the going rate on the market → E12a 6. An international organisation or a 2. A different organisation, 6. Payment with meals or accommodation
Select and write the Select and write the 6. Other (specify) → E12a foreign embassy business or household? 7. Payment in kind
appropriate code in appropriate code in the Select and write the appropriate
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row) Select and write the appropriate code in the 8. OTHER CASH PAYMENT (Specify)
the corresponding Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row) code in the corresponding row)

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corresponding row) row) corresponding row) 9. I AM NOT PAID → F01

Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding

rows in the corresponding row)
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 SECTION E. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN JOB (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]
E11b3. How much E11b4. Which E11b5. How E11c. Does (NAME) have a E11d. Does the contract E11e. What are E11f. Which of the following E11g. How long in total is E11h. Is (NAME) agreement for a
did (NAME) reference period did much is (NAME) written contract or oral or agreement specify a (NAME)’s best describes (NAME)’s (NAME)’s current limited period because …?
receive the last the last pay cover? typically paid per agreement for the work he/she minimum amount of agreed or contract or agreement. Is it agreement? 1. It is a period of training (apprentice,
time he/she was week? does hours or work that contractual …? trainee, research assistant, etc→ E11j
paid? 1. Hourly (NAME) is supposed to working hours READ 1. Daily contract/agreement 2. It is required before a permanent
do? 2. Less than one month contract is granted→ E11j
2. Daily Write the amount 1. YES, WRITTEN per week? 1. For a specified period
1. Yes. It specifies a minimum 3. 1 to less than 3 months 3. It is seasonal work → E11j
Write the amount in 3. Weekly in Somali Shilling CONTRACT 2. Permanent or until 4. 3 to less than 6 months 4. It is part of an employment creation
amount of work Write the number of
Somali Shilling 4. Monthly 2. YES, ORAL AGREEMENT retired→ E11j 5. 6 to less than 12 months program→ E11j
2. Yes, it specifies tasks or HOURS per week
5. Once off 3. DON’T KNOW → E11i works to be completed → 3. Not permanent but without 6. 12 to less than 24 months 5. It is substitute work
6. Others E11f ENTER 998 FOR DON’T a specified end date→ E11j 7. 2 years or more 6. It terminates once a specific task is
7. Unknown Select and write the appropriate code in 3. No, (0-HOUR CONTRACT or KNOW 4. For the completion of tasks 8. No specified duration → E11i completed→ E11j
the corresponding row) CONTACTED WHEN NEEDED) 7. Other reasons → E11j
Select and write the appropriate code in
→ E11f the corresponding row)
Select and write the Select and write the appropriate code in Select and write the appropriate code in the
Select and write the appropriate code in
appropriate code in the the corresponding row) the corresponding row) corresponding row)
corresponding row)
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SECTION E. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN JOB (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]

E11i. Is (NAME) work E11j. Is (NAME)’s employer E11k. Does (NAME)’s E11l. Does (NAME) get paid E11m. Would (NAME) get E11n. What is E11o. What is (NAME)’s main method
seasonal? responsible for deducting any taxes on employer pay contributions to annual leave? paid sick leave in case of the distance (in of travel to and from work?
(NAME)’s income or is that a [pension illness or injury? KM) to 1. WALK
1. YES (NAME)’s responsibility? fund/health/Unemployment (NAME)’s 2. BICYCLE
1. YES workplace? 3. MATATU
2. NO Insurance] for (/NAME)? 1. YES
1. Employer is responsible 4. BUS
2. NO 2. NO
2. (NAME) is responsible (Write the number of 5. PRIVATE VEHICLE EMPLOYER-
Select and write the appropriate code in 1. YES 97. DON’T KNOW 97. DON’T KNOW the distance in km) PROVIDED
the corresponding row) Select and write the appropriate code in the 2. NO 6. COMMUTER TRAIN
corresponding row) 97. DON’T KNOW Select and write the appropriate code in the Select and write the appropriate code 7. OTHER (specify)
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row ) in the corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding
corresponding row) row)

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 SECTION E. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN JOB (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]
For all respondents in employment
E12a. In what kind of place do (NAME) E12b. How many persons E12c. Is the business (NAME) work for E12d. Is the business where (NAME) E12e. Does the business where E13. Which year did E14. And which month
typically work? including (NAME) work at a limited company, trading partnership, work registered in the National (NAME) works in keep a (NAME) begin work in 1. JANUARY
1. At own home (NAME) place of work? or limited partnership? Business register of the company? complete set of accounts this business or for this 2. FEBRUARY
2. At the client’s or employer’s home including assets, income and employer? 3. MARCH
3. At a farm, factory, fixed premise or cite 1. 1 1. YES → E13 1. YES → E13 expenditures, (that is a 4. APRIL
4. At a business, office, factory, fixed 2. 2-4 2. NO 2. NO complete balance sheet)? 5. MAY
premise or site 3. 5-9 97. DON’T KNOW 97. DON’T KNOW 6. JUNE
5. On the street or another public space 4. 10-19 1. YES 7. JULY
6. On a vehicle (without daily base) YYYY 8. AUGUST
5. 20-49 Select and write the appropriate code in the Select and write the appropriate code in the 2. NO
7. Door-to-door 6. 50+ corresponding row) corresponding row) 97. DON’T KNOW 9. SEPTEMBER
For those who do not know → G01 10. OCTOBER
8. Other
9. Cannot say Select and write the appropriate code in Select and write the appropriate code in the
11. NOVEMBER
the corresponding row) corresponding row)
ENTER 9998 FOR DON’T 12. DECEMBER
Select and write the appropriate code in the KNOW IF DON’T KNOW→ 97. DON’T KNOW
corresponding row) F01
Select and write the appropriate
code in the corresponding row)

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SECTION E. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAIN JOB [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT AND HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB, OTHERWISE, SKIP to H01]

E15a. Which is E15b. When does E16. Is (NAME) E17 Does (NAME) E18 Does (NAME) receive E19. If yes, how E20. E21. For how E22. Are (NAME) E23. Is (NAME)’s
(NAME)’s preferred time (NAME) usually work? currently work on national maternity/paternity/family leave long is Approximately, long does currently covered employer a member of
of work? working as per holidays? benefits (NAME)’s how far is (NAME) by any trade any employer
1. DURING DAYTIME AT his/her leave days (NAME)’s commute to union/employee organization? e.g.
1. DURING DAYTIME AT WEEKENDS preference? 1. YES, WHEN I 1 YES working station work? organization? chamber of commerce
WEEKENDS 2. DURING DAY TIME AT CHOOSE TO 2 NO (Indicate number of from his/her 1. YES
2. DURING DAY TIME AT WEEKDAYS 1 YES 2. YES, BUT I days) residence? (indicate number in 2. NO
1. YES
WEEKDAYS 1. AT NIGHT OVER THE 2 NO DON’T CHOOSE TO Select and write the appropriate code in the hours/ minutes)
2. NO 3. DON’T KNOW
3.NOT AT ALL corresponding row)
1. AT NIGHT OVER THE WEEKENDS (Indicate number in Kms)
WEEKENDS 3 DURING DAY TIME Select and write the Select and write the
Select and write the
3 DURING DAY TIME WEEKDAYS appropriate code in the appropriate code in the
appropriate code in the
WEEKDAYS corresponding row)
corresponding row) corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)

September 2021
in the corresponding row)

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 SECTION F. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECOND JOB: (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT AND HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB, OTHERWISE, SKIP to H01]

F01. Did F02a. In the F02b. What are the main tasks or duties F03a. What is the F03b. What are goods/services F04. In (NAME)’s F05. Did F06. Can F07. Why can (NAME) not set
(NAME) SECOND JOB (NAME) usually does in the SECOND activity of the produced/offered by the SECOND JOB, does (NAME) (NAME) set the price in the SECOND
have a or business that JOB? business or place business/place of work in the (NAME) work …? have any the price of the JOB? It is because …
second job where (NAME) READ paid products or READ
(NAME) had SECOND JOB?
or (e.g. breed, raise and sell cattle, patrol the 1. As an employee for employees services that 1. ANOTHER ENTERPRISE
last week, what works in the
business streets, plan and prepare meals, teach someone else → last week in he/she offers OR AGENT SETS THE
SECOND JOB? (e.g. public safety; preparing and serving
last week? kind of work children how to read and write) F08 the himself/herself PRICE
meals long-distance transport of goods, 2. PRICES ARE SET BY THE
1. Yes does (NAME) 2. In (NAME’s) own SECOND in the
([e.g., Police livestock, hides, fish, charcoal, bananas) CUSTOMER(S)
2. No → business activity JOB? SECOND
do? (Write the appropriate task in the corresponding row. Department – public 3. Without pay in a 3. GOVERNMENT DEFINES
G01 safety; Restaurant – JOB? THE PRICE BY
(e.g. Cattle Also, write the ISCO code associated with the product) household or family 1. YES
preparing and (Write the appropriate product in the business → F08 LAW/REGULATION
Select and write the farmer; →G01 3. YES →G01
serving meals; 4. As an apprentice, 4. PRICES ARE
appropriate code in Policeman; Cook; corresponding row. Als, write the ISIC 2. NO 4. NO
the corresponding Transport company – intern → F08 NEGOTIATED WITH THE
Primary school code associated with the product)
row) long-distance 5. Helping a family Select and write the Select and write the
CUSTOMER
teacher)
member who works appropriate code in the appropriate code in the 5. IT is THE GOING RATE
transport of goods])
(Write appropriate main for someone else → corresponding row) corresponding row) ON THE MARKET
job title or description in F08 6. OTHER (SPECIFY)
the corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code
in the corresponding row) Select and write the appropriate code in the
corresponding row)

→G01 for ANY OF THE

JOB TITLE OR MAIN TASKS AND DUTIES ISCO MAIN ACTIVITY GOODS OR ISIC CODE ABOVE
DESCRIPTION CODE SERVICES
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SECTION F. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SECOND JOB (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT AND HAS MORE THAN ONE JOB, OTHERWISE, SKIP to G01]

F08. Which of the following types of pay does (NAME) F09. Is (NAME)’s employer responsible for deducting any taxes on (NAME) income or is that
receive for this work? (NAME) responsibility?
READ AND MARK ALL THAT APPLY
1. Employer is responsible → G01
2. NAME is responsible → G01
1. A wage or salary
2. Payment for a piece of work completed Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)
3. Commissions
4. Tips
5. Fees for services provided
6. Payment with meals or accommodation
7. Payment in products
8. OTHER CASH PAYMENT (Specify)
9. I AM NOT PAID → G01

September 2021
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)

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 SECTION G1. WORKING TIME IN EMPLOYMENT: [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]

G01 How many G02. How G03. And G04. During the last 7 G05. During G06. G07. How many IF RESPONDENT G09. Last week, G10. How many G11. How many G12. Last week, G13a. How
hours does many days how many days, did (NAME) the last 7 For hours did DOES NOT is that the hours did hours does is that the many hours did
(NAME) usually per week hours per day have any absences or days, were the (NAME) work in HAVE the number of hours (NAME) work (NAME) usually number of hours (NAME) work
work per week in does does (NAME) take time off from there any entire total in his/her SECOND JOB (NAME) worked last week in work per week in (NAME) worked last week in
his/her main job? (NAME) usually work SKIP TO G14
his/her main job for days when week, main job last in his/her second his/her second his/her other in his/her other his/her other
usually in his/her any reason, for (name) how week? job? job? job(s)? job(s)? job(s)?
work in main job? G08. How many
Note: enter 997 for do not example, holidays, worked extra many
know his/her main Write the number of HOURS hours does Write the number of HOURS Write the number of HOURS Write the number of HOURS
Write HOURS PER DAY illness, family hours in extra
job? (NAME) usually 1. Yes→G14
IF DON’T ENTER 998 FOR reasons? his/her main hours ENTER 998 FOR DON’T 1. Yes→G11 ENTER 998 FOR DON’T ENTER 998 FOR DON’T ENTER 998 FOR DON’T
DON’T KNOW KNOW work per week in KNOW KNOW KNOW
KNOW→G02 Write the number job, paid or was 2. No
of days)
his/her second 2. No
Hours per week→G04 unpaid? this?
job?
1. Yes Select and write the
Write the Select and write the appropriate code in the
2. No number of Write the number of HOURS appropriate code in the corresponding row)
1. Yes HOURS corresponding row)
ENTER 998 FOR DON’T
2. No→G07 ENTER KNOW
Select and write the
998 FOR IF F01=2 or
appropriate code in the
Select and write DON’T
corresponding row) KNOW E01=1 →G07
the appropriate
code in the
corresponding
row)
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SECTION G1, WORKING TIME IN EMPLOYMENT (UNDEREMPLOYMENT): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]

G13b Interviewer: Check total hours G14. During the last G15 Would (NAME) G16 Could (NAME) G17 How many additional G18 Does (NAME) G19 What is the
of work During last week, what was four weeks, did want to work more hours start working more hours per week could want to change main reason why
(NAME)’s total hours of work in (NAME) look for per week than usually hours within the next (NAME) work? his/her current (NAME) want(s) to
his/her PRIMARY (OR MAIN) and additional or other paid worked, provided the two weeks? employment change his/her
SECOND Jobs? work? extra hours are paid? Write the number of HOURS situation? employment
G13b1. Total hours G13b2. Total 1. YES ENTER 998 FOR DON’T KNOW
1. YES 1. YES 2. NO →G18 situation?
usually worked in hours actually 01. Present job(s) is/are temporary
1. YES
all jobs worked in all 2. NO 2. NO →G18 02. To have a better-paid job
Select and write the appropriate code 2. NO
jobs 03. To have more clients/business
Select and write the appropriate code Select and write the appropriate code in in the corresponding row)
Select and write the 04. To work more hours
Compute the total number of in the corresponding row) the corresponding row)
appropriate code in the 05. To work fewer hours
hours and confirm with the Compute the total number of corresponding row) 06. To better match skills
respondent hours and confirm with the 07. To work closer to home

September 2021
respondent 08. To improve other working
conditions
96. Other
specify___________
Select and write the
appropriate code in the
corresponding row)

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 SECTION G1, WORKING TIME IN EMPLOYMENT (UNDEREMPLOYMENT) (Continued): [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]

G20. Did (NAME) G21. How many G22. In the last 30 days, did (NAME) take any steps to try to G23. How soon could G24. Did (NAME) wish to G25. What is the main
want to increase additional hours would find additional or new work? (NAME) have started work, change jobs or to have reason why (NAME) wanted
his/her total time (NAME) have liked to 1. Applied to current employers if (NAME) had found an another job in addition to to change jobs or get an
spent on all work work during last week? 2. Applied to other employers alternative or additional (NAME)’s present one(s) for additional one?
activities last week? 3. Checked at current work sites work? any reason other than to 1. INSUFFICIENT USE OF
Write the number of HOURS 4. Answered newspaper advertisements 1. AT ONCE increase work time? SKILLS
1. YES ENTER 998 FOR DON’T 5. Sought assistance of friends or relatives 2. WITHIN A MONTH 1 YES 2. INADEQUATE INCOME
KNOW
2. NO 6. Looked for land, building, machinery or equipment to establish or 3. LATER THAN A 2 NO 3. TO DECREASE
improve his/her enterprise MONTH WORK TIME (EVEN
Select and write the appropriate 7. Arranged for initial or additional financial resources 4. DON’T KNOW Select and write the appropriate code in IF IT MEANT LOSS
code in the corresponding row) the corresponding row)
8. Other (SPECIFY) OF INCOME)
9. No steps are taken to find additional or new work Select and write the appropriate code
4. OTHER (SPECIFY)
in the corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)
Select and write the appropriate code in
the corresponding row)
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SECTION G2, Own use production of foodstuff among employed persons: [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS IN EMPLOYMENT]

G26. In addition to what (NAME) has already told me, last G27. What are the main food products that (NAME) was working on G28. Last week, on how G29. How many hours
week, did (NAME) do any of the following activities to mainly for consumption by his or her household or family? many days did (NAME) do per day did (NAME)
produce food mainly for consumption by his or her household this work? spend doing this last
(for example chicken, cassava, rice, wild mushrooms, citrus fruits, vegetables, freshwater fish,
or family? cattle…) week?
Write the number of days
1. Plant, maintain or harvest any crops, vegetables or fruits (Write the appropriate product in the corresponding row. Also, write the ISIC code associated with Write the number of HOURS per day
2. Raise or tend farm animals such as (sheep, goats, chicken…) the product) ENTER 98 FOR DON’T KNOW
3. Go fishing or collect shellfish ALL GO TO → I01

Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row)

MAIN GOODS ISIC CODE
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 SECTION H. JOB SEARCH AND AVAILABILITY (UNEMPLOYMENT OR INACTIVITY) [ASK ALL PERSONS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE NOT IN EMPLOYMENT]

H01. Did H02. Alternatively, did H03. What did (NAME) mainly do in the last four H04. In addition to reading H05. What else did (NAME) do? H06. For how long
(NAME) do (NAME) try to start a weeks to (find a job/start a business)? job advertisements, did 1. Apply to a prospective employer(s) have (NAME)
anything to find a business? 1. Apply to a prospective employer(s) →H06 (NAME) do anything else 2. Place or answer job advertisements been without work
paid job during 1 YES 2. Place or answer job advertisements→H06 in the last four weeks to 3. Study or read job advertisements and available for
the last 4 weeks? 2 NO →H07 3. Study or read job advertisements →H04 find a paid job/start a 4. Post/update resume on professional /social work?
4. Post/update resume on professional /social business? networking sites
Select and write the appropriate
1 YES →H03 code in the corresponding row) networking sites→H06 5. Register with public employment service 1. Less than 1
2 NO 5. Register with public employment service→H06 6. Register with a private employment month→H09
6. Register with a private employment Centre/Agency 2. 1 month to less than
1. YES
Select and write the Centre/Agency→H06 7. Take a test or interview 3 months →H09
2. NO →H06 3. 3 months to less
appropriate code in the 7. Take a test or interview →H06 8. Seek help from relatives, friends, others
than 6 months→H09
corresponding row) 8. Seek help from relatives, friends, others→H06 Select and write the appropriate code in 9. Check at factories, work sites 4. 6 months to less
9. Check at factories, work sites→H06 10. Wait on the street to be recruited than 1 year→H09
the corresponding row)
10. Wait on the street to be recruited →H06 11. Seek financial help to start a business 5. 1 year to less than 2
11. Seek financial help to start a business→H06 12. Look for land, building, equipment, years→H09
12. Look for land, building, equipment, materials to materials to start a business 6. 2 years or
more→H09
start a business→H06 13. Apply for a permit or license to start a
13. Apply for a permit or license to start a business Select and write the
business→H06 Other (SPECIFY) appropriate code in the
corresponding row)
14. Other (SPECIFY) →H06 Select and write the appropriate code in the
corresponding row) SKIP TO H09 FOR
Select and write the appropriate code in the corresponding row) ALL
IF 3 CONTINUE TO H04, OTHERWISE SKIP TO H06

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SECTION H. JOB SEARCH AND AVAILABILITY (UNEMPLOYMENT OR INACTIVITY) [ASK ALL PERSONS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE NOT IN EMPLOYMENT]

H07. At H08. At H09. What is the main reason why H10. How soon H11. If it H12.Alternatively, H13. Why is that? H14. Which of the
any time present does (NAME) did not try to find a paid job (do/ does) depended on could (NAME) 1. Waiting for results of a previous following best describes
or start a business in the last four (NAME) expect (NAME), could start working search→I01 what (NAME) (are/is)
in the last (NAME) 2. Awaiting recall from a previous
12 want to weeks? to start working he have started within the next job→I01 mainly doing at present?
months, work? 1. Waiting for results of a previous in this new job working last two weeks? 3. Waiting for the season to start →I01
search→H11 or business? week? 4. waiting to start new job or 1. Studying or training →I01
did 2. Awaiting recall from a previous job→H11 business→I01 2. Engaged in household or
(NAME) 1. Yes 3. Waiting for the season to start →H11 5. Tired of looking for jobs, no jobs in
1. One month 1. Yes→I01 1. Yes→I01 family responsibilities
look for a 2. No→H14 4. waiting to start new job or business area→I01
5. Tired of looking for jobs, no jobs in the or less 2. No 2. No →I01
paid job 6. No job matching skills, lack
area→H11 2. More than one experience→I01 3. Farming or fishing to
or try to Select and write the 6. No job matching skill lack (Write the
month and up (Write the appropriate) 7. Considered too young/old by employers produce food for the
start a appropriate code in experience→H11 appropriate) →I01
the corresponding 7. Considered too young/old by employers to three months 8. In studies, training →I01 family→I01
business?
→H11 3. More than 9. Family/household responsibilities →I01 4. Retired or pensioner→I01
row)

September 2021
8. In studies, training →H11 three 10. In agriculture/fishing for family 5. With a long-term illness,
1. Yes 9. Family/household responsibilities →H11
months use→I01 injury or disability →I01
2. No 10. In agriculture/fishing for family use→H11 11. Own disability, injury, illness →I01
11. Own disability, injury, illness →H11 6. Doing volunteering,
Select and write the
12. Retired, pensioner, other sources of
12. Retired, pensioner, other sources of income→I01 community or charity work
Select and write appropriate code in the
income→H11 13. OTHER reasons (specify) →I01 →I01
the appropriate corresponding row)
13. Other reasons (SPECIFY) →H11 ) 7. Engaged in cultural or
code in the
Select and write the appropriate code in the leisure activities →I01
corresponding
corresponding row)
National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

ALL GO TO →I01
row)
IF 4 CONTINUE TO H10, OTHERWISE SKIP
TO H11
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 SECTION I: UNPAID HOUSEHOLD WORK: [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]

READ I01: Last week, up to yesterday, did (NAME) spend any time…
These a. Cooking, serving daily meals or b. Preparing other food or c. Making goods for use by the d. Washing, drying, ironing or e. Cleaning the house, yard or f. Paying household bills or
last washing dishes drinks to preserve them, household, such as [furniture, fixing clothes garden arranging services to fix the
questions such as [making flour, pottery, baskets, clothing, mats] house or car
alcohol, dried fish/meat]
are about
activities
people If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes,
1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes
do No days Number of 2.No→I01c No days Number of 2.No→I01d No days Number of 2.No→I01e No days Number of 2.No→I01f No days Number of 2.No→I01g No days Number of
2.No→I01b
without Hours per day Hours per day Hours per day Hours per Hours per Hours per
any pay day day day
for their
01
househol
02 d...

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SECTION I: UNPAID HOUSEHOLD WORK: (Continued) [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]

READ I10: Last week, up to yesterday, did (NAME) spend any time…
These g. Shopping for the household h. Maintaining or doing repairs i. Doing construction work j. Fetching water from natural or k. Collecting firewood [or other
last to the dwelling or car such as him/herself to renovate, extend public sources natural products] to use as fuel
questions [painting, decorating, or build the household’s
installing fixtures or fittings] dwelling, fence
are about
activities
people If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes, If Yes,
1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes 1.Yes
do 2.No→I01h No days Number of No Number of 2.No→I01j No days Number of 2.No→I01k No days Number of 2.No→I02a No days Number of
2.No→I0
without Hours per day days Hours per day Hours per day Hours per day Hours per
1i
any pay day
for their
01 househol

September 2021
02 d...

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

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 SECTION I: UNPAID HOUSEHOLD WORK: (Continued) [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]

I02a Last week, did (NAME) spend I02b On how many days did I02c How many I03a Did (NAME) spend any time I03b On how many days I03c How many hours per
any time providing care, help or (NAME) do these activities, last hours per day did looking after family children aged did (NAME) do these day did (NAME) spend on
assistance to family members aged 18 week? (NAME) spend on 17 years or younger? activities, last week? these activities?
years or older because of a disability, these activities?
illness, or problems related to old Select and write the appropriate code in the READ Select and write the appropriate Select and write the appropriate
code in the corresponding row)
age? corresponding row) Select and write the For example: code in the corresponding row)
appropriate code in the
Bathing, playing with children, taking
corresponding row)
READ children to school, sports or other
For example: activities, instructing, tutoring or helping
Administering medication, feeding, children with homework, advising or
helping them with bathing, and personal talking with teens about their problems,
hygiene, etc. etc.

1. Yes 1. Yes
2. No→I03a 2. No→J01

Select and write the appropriate code in the Select and write the appropriate code in the
corresponding row)
corresponding row)

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SECTION J. PAST EMPLOYMENT [ASK EVERYONE WHO IS 15 YEARS AND ABOVE]

J01 Have (NAME) ever worked for pay or J02 How long ago was it that J03 And for how long did (NAME) J04 What sort of work did J05 What was (NAME)’s employment status in J06 What kind of activity was carried
profit or helped unpaid in a household (NAME) last worked? do that work? (NAME) do and what were that work? out at the place where (NAME)
business or farm? (NAME)’s main duties? 1. Paid employee worked? And what products are
1. Less than 2 yrs ago 1. Less than 1 year 2. Employer produced or what services are
1 Yes 2. 2 yrs < 5 yrs ago 2. 1 yr < 2 yrs CODES (for office and petty 3. Own account worker provided?
2 No →K01 3. 5 yrs or more ago 3. 2 yrs < 5 yrs traders – Annex 1) 4. Member of producers cooperative
4. 5 years or more 5. Contributing family worker CODES (for office and petty traders
6. Other (SPECIFY) – Annex 2)

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 SECTION K: Remittance and Family Daily Bread: ASK THE MAIN RESPONDENT REPRESENTING THE HOUSEHOLD
K01. Does your family receive remittance? 1 Yes 2 No K7 K02. If yes, since when(year)
K03. How often they receive the remittance? (Periodicity) 1. Monthly 2. Quarterly 3. Yearly 4. Occasionally
K04. Which country the remittance is sent from?
K05. Who remits the remittance in money? (Use relationship to the household in B2)
K06 How much amount of remittance received as per periodicity indicated in K3? USD…………. Euro ……………………….. UK Pounds ………………..
K07 How many meals do you usual have in a day? No meal 0 One meal 1 Two meals 2 Three meals 3 Other (specify)

K08. Does your family receive money from any cash transfer schemes? 1 Yes 2 No K7

K09. If yes in K8, since when (the year)?

K10. IF YES IN K8, How much money is received from the scheme?
K11. How frequent is the amount received from the scheme? 1. Monthly 2. bi-monthly 3. Quarterly 4. Semi-annually 5. Annually
K12. Country where remittance is sent from
K13. Who remits the money (Relationship to the household) use B2 codes
K14 Amount of remittance received according to periodicity indicated in K3 USD…………. Euro ……………………….. UK Pounds ………………..
K15. Could you please tell me the name of the Scheme(s)/institution(s) where the cash transfer
is received from?

END OF THE INTERVIEW

Verified by: Name Signature Date

September 2021
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 National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Annex 1
A
1 Managers
11 Chief executives, senior officials and legislators
12 Administrative and commercial managers
13 Production and specialized services managers
14 Hospitality, retail and other service managers

2 Professionals
21 Science and engineering professionals
22 Health professionals
23 Teaching professionals
24 Business and administration professionals
25 Information and communications technology professionals
26 Legal, social and cultural professionals

3 Technicians and associate professionals

31 Science and engineering associate professionals
32 Health associate professionals
33 Business and administration associate professionals
34 Legal, social, cultural and related associate professionals
35 Information and communication technology associate professionals

4 Clerical support workers

41 General and keyboard clerks
42 Customer services clerks
43 Numerical and material recording clerks
44 Other clerical support workers

5 Service and sales workers

51 Personal service workers
52 Sales workers
53 Personal care workers
54 Protective services workers

6 Skilled agricultural, forestry and fishery workers

61 Market-oriented skilled agricultural workers
62 Market-oriented skilled forestry, fishery and hunting workers
63 Subsistence farmers, fishers, hunters and gatherers

7 Craft and related trades workers

71 Building and related trades workers, excluding electricians
72 Metal, machinery and related trades workers
73 Handicraft and printing workers
74 Electrical and electronic trades workers
75 Food processing, wood working, garment and other craft and related trades workers

8 Plant and machine operators, and assemblers

81 Stationary plant and machine operators
82 Assemblers
83 Drivers and mobile plant operators

9 Elementary occupations
91 Cleaners and helpers
92 Agricultural, forestry and fishery labourers
93 Labourers in mining, construction, manufacturing and transport
94 Food preparation assistants
95 Street and related sales and service workers
96 Refuse workers and other elementary workers
00 Armed forces occupations
98 Other (specify)

28
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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Annex 2

Section Description Division Description

A Agriculture, 01 Crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities
forestry and fishing
A Agriculture, forestry 02 Forestry and logging
and fishing
A Agriculture, forestry 03 Fishing and aquaculture
and fishing
A Agriculture, forestry 04
and fishing

B Mining and 05 Mining of coal and lignite

quarrying
B Mining and quarrying 06 Extraction of crude petroleum and natural gas
B Mining and quarrying 07 Mining of metal ores
B Mining and quarrying 08 Other mining and quarrying
B Mining and quarrying 09 Mining support service activities

C Manufacturing 10 Manufacture of food products

C Manufacturing 11 Manufacture of beverages
C Manufacturing 12 Manufacture of tobacco products
C Manufacturing 13 Manufacture of textiles
C Manufacturing 14 Manufacture of wearing apparel
C Manufacturing 15 Manufacture of leather and related products
C Manufacturing 16 Manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, except
furniture;
manufacture of articles of straw and plaiting materials
C Manufacturing 17 Manufacture of paper and paper products
C Manufacturing 18 Printing and reproduction of recorded media
C Manufacturing 19 Manufacture of coke and refined petroleum products
C Manufacturing 20 Manufacture of chemicals and chemical products
C Manufacturing 21 Manufacture of pharmaceuticals, medicinal chemical and botanical
products
C Manufacturing 22 Manufacture of rubber and plastics products
C Manufacturing 23 Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
C Manufacturing 24 Manufacture of basic metals
C Manufacturing 25 Manufacture of fabricated metal products, except machinery and
equipment
C Manufacturing 26 Manufacture of computer, electronic and optical products
C Manufacturing 27 Manufacture of electrical equipment
C Manufacturing 28 Manufacture of machinery and equipment n.e.c.
C Manufacturing 29 Manufacture of motor vehicles, trailers and semi-trailers
C Manufacturing 30 Manufacture of other transport equipment
C Manufacturing 31 Manufacture of furniture
C Manufacturing 32 Other manufacturing
C Manufacturing 33 Repair and installation of machinery and equipment

D Electricity, gas, 35 Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply

steam and air
conditioning supply

E Water supply; 36 Water collection, treatment and supply

sewerage, waste
management and
remediation
activities
E Water supply; 37 Sewerage
sewerage, waste
management and

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Section Description Division Description

remediation activities
E Water supply; 38 Waste collection, treatment and disposal activities; materials
sewerage, waste recovery
management and
remediation activities
E Water supply; 39 Remediation activities and other waste management services
sewerage, waste
management and
remediation activities
F Construction 41 Construction of buildings
F Construction 42 Civil engineering
F Construction 43 Specialized construction activities

G Wholesale and retail 45 Wholesale and retail trade and repair of motor vehicles and
trade; repair of motorcycles
motor vehicles and
motorcycles
G Wholesale and retail 46 Wholesale trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
trade; repair of motor
vehicles and
motorcycles
G Wholesale and retail 47 Retail trade, except of motor vehicles and motorcycles
trade; repair of motor
vehicles and
motorcycles

H Transportation and 49 Land transport and transport via pipelines

storage
H Transportation and 50 Water transport
storage
H Transportation and 51 Air transport
storage
H Transportation and 52 Warehousing and support activities for transportation
storage
H Transportation and 53 Postal and courier activities
storage

I Accommodation and 55 Accommodation

food service activities
I Accommodation and 56 Food and beverage service activities
food service activities

J Information and 58 Publishing activities

communication
J Information and 59 Motion picture, video and television programme production, sound
communication recording and music publishing activities
J Information and 60 Programming and broadcasting activities
communication
J Information and 61 Telecommunications
communication
J Information and 62 Computer programming, consultancy and related activities
communication
J Information and 63 Information service activities
communication

K Financial and 64 Financial service activities, except insurance and pension funding
insurance activities
K Financial and 65 Insurance, reinsurance and pension funding, except compulsory
insurance activities social security
K Financial and 66 Activities auxiliary to financial service and insurance activities
insurance activities

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 Labour Force Survey Report 2019

Section Description Division Description

L Real estate activities 68 Real estate activities

M Professional, 69 Legal and accounting activities

scientific and
technical activities
M Professional, 70 Activities of head offices; management consultancy activities
scientific and
technical activities
M Professional, 71 Architectural and engineering activities; technical testing and
scientific and analysis
technical activities
M Professional, 72 Scientific research and development
scientific and
technical activities
M Professional, 73 Advertising and market research
scientific and
technical activities
M Professional, 74 Other professional, scientific and technical activities
scientific and
technical activities
M Professional, 75 Veterinary activities
scientific and
technical activities

N Rental and leasing 77 Rental and leasing activities

activities
N Rental and leasing 78 Employment activities
activities
N Rental and leasing 79 Travel agency, tour operator, reservation service and related
activities activities
N Rental and leasing 80 Security and investigation activities
activities
N Rental and leasing 81 Services to buildings and landscape activities
activities
N Rental and leasing 82 Office administrative, office support and other business support
activities activities

O Public 84 Public administration and defence; compulsory social security

administration and
defence;
compulsory social
security

P Education 85 Education

Q Human health and 86 Human health activities

social work
activities
Q Human health and 87 Residential care activities
social work activities
Q Human health and 88 Social work activities without accommodation
social work activities

R Arts, entertainment 90 Creative, arts and entertainment activities

and recreation
R Arts, entertainment 91 Libraries, archives, museums and other cultural activities
and recreation
R Arts, entertainment 92 Gambling and betting activities
and recreation
R Arts, entertainment 93 Sports activities and amusement and recreation activities
and recreation
S Other service 94 Activities of membership organizations

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National Bureau of Statistics-Somalia

Section Description Division Description

activities
S Other service 95 Repair of computers and personal and household goods
activities
S Other service 96 Other personal service activities
activities

T Activities of 97 Activities of households as employers of domestic personnel

households as
employers;
undifferentiated
goods- and services-
producing activities
of households for
own use
T Activities of 98 Undifferentiated goods- and services-producing activities of
households as private households
employers; for own use
undifferentiated
goods- and services-
producing activities
of households for
own use

U Activities of 99 Activities of extraterritorial organizations and bodies

extraterritorial
organizations and
bodies

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94 September 2021
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