Chapter

10
The aerospace subject is very large and diverse. As seen in previous chapters, there are many
subject areas. So far you have learned about history, weather, space and aerodynamics. Now you will
learn more about specific functions of aircraft, organizations, training and careers.Together these all
makeup the aerospace community. Only when all subject areas discussed in this book are working
together do we see the whole picture. Each part may stand alone, but doesn’t tell the whole story.
Each plays a vital role in the aerospace community, but without them altogether, there would not
be a synergistic effect. The loss or slowdown of progress in one area would have negative impacts
across the entire community. A recent economic boom has invigorated the aerospace community.
Commercial aviation is expanding at record paces.Technology has played a key role in this boom.
This boom has brought many challenges and benefits that will continue into the future.This will
help to ensure the aerospace community will be more and more a part of everyone's life.

The All-new, World-class Denver International Airport

bjectives
Identify the different parts of a typical airport and describe their functions.
Describe how runways are numbered.
Know the difference between a controlled and uncontrolled airport.
Describe the different lights and their meanings on an airport.
Describe three concerns and challenges to a typical airport.

269
 The Airport

Airports come in all sizes and shapes. Some airports are grass fields located on farms, while others
are downtown in major cities encompassing tens of square miles. Airports can be civilian, military
or a combination of both. They can be for public, private or military use. They can also be for large
commercial air carrier operations or for the smaller general aviation aircraft. Regardless of size and
function, they all exist for the basic purpose of launching and recovering aircraft. They are madeup of
several parts, each providing an essential service to accomplish the basic functions of the airport.

Runway
The most important part of the airport is the runway. With the exception of helicopters, the runway
is needed for all aircraft to takeoff and land. The runway can be made of grass, gravel, concrete, or
asphalt. All runways are identified by a number. The number is the first 2 digits of a compass direction
rounded to the nearest 10 degrees. For example, if a runway faces west or 265 to 274 degrees, it is
numbered 27. When going the opposite direction on the runway, it changes its number to the reciprocal
compass heading. In this example, it would be 09 because 180 degrees from 270 is 090 degrees. Some
airports have several runways with the same direction. These runways are given a letter to tell them
apart from the other ones, such as 23L for left, or 23R for right. Runways also have other markings
on them. A dashed, white line down the center identifies the centerline and a solid white line on each
side marks the edge. Special markings identify the runway for use in bad weather. These markings
are usually large white blocks that start at the approach end and stop several thousand feet down the
runway. All of these different markings tell the pilot something about the runway, just as markings on
a road tell drivers about the road.
At night, runways have steady white lights on the edges and sometimes down the middle. At the
end of the runway are red lights and at the beginning are green lights. Larger runways can also have
approach lighting. These are lights before the actual runway. Usually they are on poles that slope
downward towards the threshold or beginning of the runway. They are used by the pilot to line up
the airplane with the runway and, in bad weather, help the pilot to find the runway. The approach
lights usually flash in sequence so a pilot can more easily see which direction the runway is pointing.
Some lighting is pilot-controlled and is available at some smaller airports. Pilots tune in a specific
radio frequency and key their microphone. The number of times the microphone is keyed determines
the intensity of the lighting. To conserve electricity, the lights shut off automatically after about 15
minutes.

Taxiways
Taxiways are the roads that aircraft use to get to the runway. Pilots taxi their aircraft from one spot
on the airport to another by using these taxiways. Each airport has its own pattern of taxiways. The
most common taxiway is called the parallel taxiway. It gets its name because it parallels the runway.
Taxiways are usually narrower than runways and have different markings and names so pilots do not

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Chapter 10 - The Airport Environment

Aerial View of an Airport Showing Runways, Taxiways and the Ramp Area

confuse them with runways. Letters instead of numbers name taxiways. An example of this would be
taxiway “C.” The centerline is a solid yellow line instead of a dashed white line and solid yellow lines
sometimes mark the sides.

Ramp and Hangars

The ramp and hangars are the parking spots for aircraft. The ramp is a large paved area for park-
ing airplanes. Most large aircraft are parked outside on the ramp because of the large open space and
expense of a hangar. Most smaller aircraft are placed in hangars. A hangar is nothing more than a
garage for airplanes. It provides a protected place for the aircraft from weather damage.
It also is handy for aircraft maintenance. Aircraft parked on the ramp are usually tied down. This
is true only for light aircraft because strong winds can easily lift a small airplane and damage it. The
ramp is where loading and unloading of airplanes takes place. There are many vehicles on the ramp to
perform services for the aircraft. They can bring fuel, baggage, passengers and maintenance person-
nel to the aircraft. It is a very dangerous place to be. A person on the ramp must constantly watch
for aircraft taxiing or starting their engines. Vehicles driving on the ramp also pose a threat to people
working on the ramp.

271
Control Tower

The control tower is often the first thing noticed at an airport. It is usually the highest structure on
the airfield. The height is necessary so the tower controllers can see all the movement on the airport.
This helps them to reduce congestion between aircraft and vehicles moving about the airfield. The tower
has many functions. Its primary function is to control the runway. It does this by giving permission
to aircraft for takeoff or landing. Permission is also given to vehicles for maintenance on the runway.
This could be to fix holes, remove snow or repair lights. The goal is to restrict all traffic on the runway
to only those approved by the tower. The tower also controls the movement of aircraft on the ground.
They watch all aircraft and give permission for them to move. They are like traffic police that direct
the flow of aircraft to avoid collisions.
The tower is also the source of the Automated Terminal Information System (ATIS). ATIS is a
voice recording of a tower controller. The recording tells pilots about the wind, clouds, visibility and
any restrictions that the runways may have. It is updated at least every hour. During changing weather
conditions, it is changed much more frequently. ATIS allows the tower controllers to direct their attention
to controlling traffic rather than to discussing the weather and restrictions with aircraft. To perform all
these functions, they use different radio frequencies. This ensures separation of the functions because
different permission or information is given on different frequencies.
Some airports do not have control towers.
There are many more airports without towers than
with towers. These airports are called uncontrolled
airports. At these airports, pilots must use common
procedures to reduce the chances of collisions on
the ground and in the air. Most of the uncontrolled
airports are not very large and most small airplanes
fly in and out of these airfields. Larger commercial
airliners almost always land and takeoff at controlled
airports. Some airports have towers, but may not
operate 24 hours a day. During times when they are
not operating, the airport changes from a controlled
airport to an uncontrolled airport.
FBO is a term that many pilots and ground
support use in daily conversations; however, few
outside the aviation world know what it means.
An FBO is a Fixed-base Operation. The FBO is
basically a service station for airplanes. The FBO is
where most of the activity occurs at smaller airports
and it can be a small office or a large building
complete with several hangars. The purpose of
the FBO is to provide some essential services to
pilots. They provide pilot training and instruction,
Control Tower fuel, maintenance, rental aircraft, aircraft sales and

272
Chapter 10 - The Airport Environment

charter flights. Not all FBOs offer all of these services, but most provide at least a few.

Passenger Terminal

The passenger terminal is found at larger airports. At smaller airports, passengers are usually found
at the FBO. Terminals are designed to handle people, baggage and cargo. Most have large waiting
rooms for passengers to relax while waiting to board their aircraft. They have places to eat, purchase
tickets and rent cars. Some large passenger terminals have jetways. These are long, square tubes that
reach out to the aircraft and allow
passengers to walk to the aircraft
and board without stepping outside.
Underneath the terminal are places
for transferring baggage and cargo
from one aircraft to another or to the
baggage claim area. Aircraft park
on the ramp next to the terminal at
places called gates. Gates are places
where passengers wait to board their
airplane. Large terminals have many
gates to accommodate all arriving
and departing aircraft.

Other Facilities Passenger Terminal

There are numerous other facilities located at airports. One is the National Weather Service, which
is found at medium and large airports. It provides weather information to Flight Service Stations (FSS).
The FSS provides all types of weather information to pilots. It gives forecasts and current weather along
the route of flight. The FSS also takes care of flight plans and can help pilots with special requests. Flight
plans are a description of the planned route of flight an aircraft is going to take to get somewhere.
The fire station is an essential service at the airport in case of an accident. At larger airports, there
are several stations located at different parts of the airport. Many large airports have what looks like a
burned out aircraft surrounded by water. This is a fire training area. Firefighters occasionally set the
aircraft on fire and practice putting the fire out to improve their skills.
There are also facilities for storing auxiliary equipment. This equipment is used to service aircraft
before and after flights. It also requires a place for storage and maintenance.
One navigation aid that is very familiar at night is the rotating beacon. This beacon is used by pilots
to help them locate the airport at night or in bad weather. At civilian airports, it consists of a green light
and a white light. It is frequently located atop the tower or on top of another tall structure, such as a
water tower. It rotates in a circle and can be seen for many miles. A military field also has a beacon, but
has a device that splits the white light into two beams. When viewed, it looks like a green flash, then
two quick white flashes. This difference helps pilots to distinguish between the two types of airports.

273
 Airport Concerns and Challenges
One of the biggest concerns of airports is wildlife. Sometimes animals, especially birds, wander
into the path of aircraft on the runway. Aircraft striking wildlife has caused many aircraft accidents.
Birds are the biggest problem.
Larger game animals are another wildlife hazard. Airports sometimes use cattle grates and fences to
keep animals away from the runway. Grates
are placed across roads where the road passes
through a fence. Sometimes these efforts fail
and animals are tranquilized and moved, or
simply killed.
The noise factor is another concern.
Airplanes are not very quiet when operating
near the ground. When encroachment
becomes a problem, airports develop noise
abatement procedures. These usually involve
a very quick climb by the aircraft after takeoff.
The aircraft also try not to fly over certain
areas on the ground. Communities can help
to minimize the encroachment problem by
not allowing building near airports.

Birdstrike Damage

A Look at the Future

An aircraft known as the tiltrotor may revolutionize both military and commerical aviation in the
near future. Because of its vertical takeoff and landing capabilities, it has the potential to serve without
an airport. Because of its high speed, once it reaches straight and level flight, it can travel between
airports much faster than a helicopter. It has the potential to fly from the center of one city to the center
of another population center almost as quickly as a turboprop aircraft. This aircraft may be the future
of short-term air travel, and airports may be used only for very long-distance flight operations.

274
JOURNEY OF FLIGHT
Chapter 10
The Airport
 AIRPORTS

Airports come in all sizes and shapes. Some airports are grass fields located
on farms, while others are downtown in major cities encompassing tens of
square miles. Airports can be civilian, military or a combination of both.
They can be for public, private or military use. They can also be for large
commercial air carrier operations or for the smaller general aviation aircraft.
Regardless of size and function, they all exist for the basic purpose of
launching and recovering aircraft. They are madeup of several parts, each
providing an essential service to accomplish the basic functions of the
airport.
Helsinki Airport
 RUNWAYS
The most important part of the airport is the runway. With
the exception of helicopters, the runway is needed for all
aircraft to takeoff and land. The runway can be made of
grass, gravel, concrete, or asphalt. All runways are
identified by a number. The number is the first 2 digits of a
compass direction rounded to the nearest 10 degrees. For
example, if a runway faces west or 265 to 274 degrees, it is
numbered 27. When going the opposite direction on the
runway, it changes its number to the reciprocal
compass heading.
Runway
Numbering

Compass
Rose
Airfield
Diagram
Uncontrolled
Airfield
Diagram
Controlled

ORD

Chicago – O’hare Intl

 Taxiways
Taxiways are the roads that aircraft use
to get to the runway. Pilots taxi their
aircraft from one spot on the airport to
another by using these taxiways. Each
airport has its own pattern of taxiways.
The most common taxiway is called the
parallel taxiway. It gets its name because
it parallels the runway. Taxiways are
usually narrower than runways and have
different markings and names so pilots
do not confuse them with runways.
Letters instead of numbers name
taxiways. An example of this would be
taxiway “C.” The centerline is a solid
yellow line instead of a dashed white
line and solid yellow lines sometimes
mark the sides.
 Control
Towers
The control tower is usually the highest
structure on the airfield. The height is
necessary so the tower controllers can
see all the movement on the airport. This
helps them to reduce congestion between
aircraft and vehicles moving about the
airfield. Its primary function is to control
the runway. It does this by giving
permission to aircraft for takeoff or
landing. Permission is also given to
vehicles for maintenance on the runway.
The goal is to restrict all traffic on the
runway to only those approved by the
tower. The tower also controls the
movement of aircraft on the ground.
They watch all aircraft and give
permission for them to move. They are
like traffic police that direct the flow of
aircraft to avoid collisions.
 Runway Lighting
• Precision Approach Position Indicators – PAPI
 Runway Lighting
• Runway End
Identifier Lights – REIL
Runway Markings
 Runway
Lighting
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jsG_rvyLnYQ

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w7fe9vwNQXo
 FBO

An FBO is a Fixed-base Operation. The FBO is basically a service station for

airplanes. The FBO is where most of the activity occurs at smaller airports and it can
be a small office or a large building complete with several hangars. The purpose of
the FBO is to provide some essential services to pilots. They provide pilot training
and Control Tower instruction, fuel, maintenance, rental aircraft, …
 Passenger
Terminal

The passenger terminal is found at larger airports. At smaller airports,

passengers are usually found at the FBO. Terminals are designed to handle
people, baggage and cargo. Most have large waiting rooms for passengers to
relax while waiting to board their aircraft. They have places to eat, purchase
tickets and rent cars. Some large passenger terminals have jetways.