Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.

net

ME6404-THERMAL ENGINEERING
UNIT I

GAS POWER CYCLES

PART A

1. Define cycle.

It is defined as a series of state changes such that the final state is identical with the initial state.

2. Define the term compression ratio.

Compression ratio is the ratio between total cylinder volume to clearance volume. It is

denoted by the letter ‘r’

ww
3. What is the range of compression ratio for SI and diesel engine?

w. E
For petrol of SI engine 6 to 8

asy
For diesel engine 12 to 18

4. Which cycle is more efficient for the same compression ratio and heat input, Otto cycle or

En
Diesel cycle? (Nov/Dec-2013)

gi
Otto cycle is more efficient than diesel cycle

5. Write the expression for efficiency of the Otto cycle? nee

Efficiency n =1 – 1/(rc)^γ-1
r ing
.ne
6. The efficiency of the diesel cycle approaches the Otto cycle efficiency when the cut off ratio
is______

Ans: Reduced
t
7. The speed of a four stroke I.C. engine is 1500rpm. What will be the speed of the cam shaft?

750m.

8.All the four operations in two stroke engine are performed in ________ number of
revolution of crank shaft.

Ans: One

9. All the four operations in four stroke engine are performed in _______ number of
revolution of crank shaft.
Ans: Two

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

10. In otto cycle the compression ratio is _______ to expansion ratio.

Ans: Equal

11. In diesel engine, the compression ratio is __________ than expansion ratio?
Ans: Greater

12. What is meant by cutoff ratio?

Cutoff ratio is defined as the ratio of volume after the heat addition to before the heat

addition. It is denoted by the letter ‘ρ’

13. What are the assumptions made for air standard cycle. (MAY/JUNE-2013)

a. Air is the working substance.

ww
b. Throughout the cycle, air behaves as a perfect gas and obeys all the gas laws.

c. No chemical reaction takes place in the cylinder

w. E
d. Both expansion and compression are strictly isentropic

asy
e. The values of specific heats of the air remain constant throughout the cycle.

En
14. Define Mean effective pressure of an I.C. engine. (Nov/Dec-2013)

gi
Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during

nee
the working stroke. It is also defined as the ratio of work done to the stroke volume or piston

displacement volume.

15. What is the other name given to Otto cycle? r ing

Constant volume cycle.
.ne
16. What is an air standard efficiency? (May/June 2014).
t
It is defined as the ratio of work done by the cycle to the heat supplied to the cycle.

Work done

Efficiency ή = --------------

Heat supplied

17. What will be the effect of compression ratio on efficiency of the diesel cycle?

Efficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice – versa.

18. What will be the effect of cut off ratio on efficiency of the diesel cycle?

Efficiency decreases with the increase of cut off ratio and vice – versa.
2

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

19. Define: Specific fuel consumption.

SFC is defined as the amount of fuel consumed per brake power hour of work.

20. What is the difference between Otto and Diesel cycle.

Otto Cycle& Diesel Cycle

1. Otto cycle consist of two adiabatic and two constant volume process.

1. It consists of two adiabatic, one constant volume and one constant pressure processes.

2. Compression ratio is equal to expansion ratio

ww
2. Compression ratio is greater than expansion ratio.

w. E
3. Heat addition takes place at constant volume.

3. Heat addition takes place at constant pressure

asy
4. Compression ratio is less. It is varies from 6 to 8.

En
21. The thermal efficiency of a two stroke cycle engine is _______ than the four stroke cycle
engine.

Lesser
gi nee
22. What is meant by calorific value of a fuel?
r ing
Calorific value of a fuel is defined as the amount of heat liberated by the compete

combustion of unit quantity of a fuel. .ne

t
23. The efficiency of the Dual cycle is ___ Greater ____ than the diesel cycle and __Lesser____
than the otto cycle for the same compression ratio.

24. What are the factors influencing of the Dual cycle?

a. Compression ratio

b. Cut off ratio

c. Pressure ratio

d. Heat supplied at constant volume and constant pressure.

25. The Brayton cycle is mainly used in _______

Gas turbine power plant.

3

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

26. Mention the various processes in diesel cycle and dual cycle.

Diesel cycle:
Isentropic compression and expansion, constant volume heat rejection and constant
pressure heat addition.
Dual cycle:

Isentropic compression and expansion, partially heat supplied at constant volume andremaining at
constant pressure and constant volume heat rejection.

27. The diesel engine draws the mixture of diesel and air during suction stroke (True / False)

Ans: False

ww
28. What is the effect of air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle with compression ratio and cut
off ratio?

w. E
Efficiency increases with the increase in compression ratio and vice-versa. The efficiencydecreases
with the increase in cut off ratio and vice-versa.

asy
29. Name the various gas power cycles

En
Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Dual cycle, Brayton cycle, Atkinson cycle, Stirling cycle

gi
30. Define mean effective pressure as applied to gas power cycles.

nee
Mean effective pressure is defined as the constant pressure acting on the piston during

r
31. Compare the Diesel and Brayton cycles Diesel cycle&Brayton cycle
ing
.ne
1. It consist of two isentropic, one constant 1. It consist of two isentropic, one constant

volume and one constant pressure processes pressure processes

2. Heat is rejected at constant volume 2. Heat is rejected at constant pressure

3. Used in Diesel engines 3. Used in gas turbines

t
32. Why Brayton cycle is used in gas turbine?

Inside the turbine the gas is continuously flowing in the processes are flow processes.
Since all the processes involved in Brayton cycle is flow process, it has been used as the cycle for
gas turbine.
33. What is meant by closed cycle gas turbine?
In closed cycle gas turbine, the same working fluid is recirculated again and again.

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

34. What is meant by open cycle gas turbine?

In open cycle gas turbine, the exhaust gas form turbine is exhausted to the atmosphereand fresh air
is taken in compressor for every cycle.

35. Gas turbine is working on ----------- cycle

Brayton or Joules cycle.

36. How can we increase the efficiency of the gas turbine?

By providing inter cooler, re-heater along with heat exchanges.

37. What is the function of intercooler in gas turbines? Where it is placed?

The intercooler is placed between L.P. and H.P. compressors. It is used to cool the gas

ww
coming from L.P. compressor to its original temperature.

38. Why re-heater is necessary in gas turbine? What are its effects?

w. E
The expansion process is very often performed in two sperate turbine stages. The re-heateris placed

asy
between the H.P. and L.P. turbines to increase the enthalpy of the exhaust gas coming from H.P.
turbine.
Effects:
En
gi
1. Turbine output is increased for the same compression ratio

2. Thermal efficiency is less.

nee
39. What is the function of regenerator in gas turbine?
r ing
The main function of heat regenerator is to exchange the heat from exhaust gas to theCompressed

.ne
air for preheating before combustion chamber. It increases fuel economy and thermal efficiency.

40. Derive (a) compression ratio (b) Cut off ratio.

PART B
t
(May/June 2014).

1. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of Otto cycle.

2. Derive an expression for the mean effective pressure of Diesel cycle.
3. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of a Dual cycle and from it deduce the
expression for the air standard efficiencies of Otto cycle and Diesel cycles.
4. Prove that the efficiency of Carnot engine working between the temperature limits T1 and T2 is
T  T 
equal to  1 2  .
 T1 
5. Prove that the air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle is

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

1  rc  1 
1   1  
r  r  rc  1 

6. Derive the expression for the thermal efficiency of Brayton Cycle.

7. Draw theoretical and actual P-V diagram for a 4 – Stroke S.I engine and explain the reason for
the difference.

8. Using T-S diagram, prove that for the same compression ratio and same heat input the
otto<Dual<Diesel

9. Explain why ‘Air Standard Analysis’ is adopted for the analysis of I.C engine cycles. State the
assumption made for Air Standard Cycle Analysis.

ww
10. Prove that the mean effective pressure of Otto cycle is given by

1  rp  1  r  1 
w. E Pm 
Pr   1

  1 r  1

asy
11. Derive and expression for the air standard efficiency of Otto cycle in terms of volume ratio.

En
12. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of Diesel cycle. Explain why the efficiency

gi
of Otto cycle is more than that of diesel cycle for the same compression ratio. (May/June-2013).

13. Derive an expression for the air standard efficiency of Dual cycle. nee (May/June 2014).

r
14. Explain the working of 4 stroke cycle Diesel engine. Draw the theoretical and actual
ing PV
diagram.
.ne
16. A Dual combustion air standard cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The constant
t
15. Derive the expression for air standard efficiency of Brayton cycle in terms of pressure ratio .

pressure
part of combustion takes place at 40 bar. The highest and the lowest temperature of the cycle are
17250 C and 27 0
C respectively. The pressure at the beginning of compression is 1 bar.
Calculate (I) the pressure and temperature at’ key points of the cycle. (ii) The heat supplied at
constant volume, (iii) the heat supplied at constant pressure. (iv) The heat rejected. (v) the work
output. (vi) the efficiency and MEP

17. An Engine-working on Otto cycle has a volume of 0.45 m3, pressure 1 bar and
temperature 30oC at the beginning of compression stroke. At the end of compression stroke, the

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

pressure is 1 bar and 210 KJ of heat is added at constant volume. Determine (i) Pressure,
temperature and volumes at salient points in the cycle.' (ii) Efficiency.

18. Explain the working of 4-stroke cycle Diesel engine. Draw the theoretical and actual
valve- timing diagram for the engine. Explain the reasons for the difference.

19. Air enters the compressor of a gas turbine at 100 KPa and 25 o C. For a pressure ratio of 5 and
maximum temperature of 850°C. Determine the thermal efficiency using the Brayton cycle.

20. The following data in referred for an air standard diesel cycle compression ratio =
15.Heatadded Is 200 KJ/Kg- minimum temperature in the cycle = 25°C and Suction pressure is
1bar. Calculate

ww
1. Pressure and temperature at the Salient point.

w. E
2. Thermal efficiency

3. Mean effective pressure,

asy
4. Power output of the cycle If flow rate 'of air is 2 Kg/s.

En
gi
21. A spark ignition engine working on ideal otto cycle has the compression ratio 6.the initial

nee
pressure and temperature of air are 1 bar and 37°C. the maximum pressure in the cycle is 30 bar.
For unit mass flow, calculate

(i). P,V,T at various salient points of the cycle and r ing

.ne
(ii). The ratio of heat supplied to the rejected. Assume γ = 1.4 and R = 8.314 KJ/K mol K.

t
( Nov/Dec-2012)

22. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 18, and compression begins at 1 bar,
40°C. the maximum pressure is 85 bar. The heat transferred to air at constant pressure is equal to
that at constant volume. Estimate,

(i).the pressure and temperatures at the cardinal points of the cycle.

(ii). The cycle efficiency and

(iii). The mean effective pressure of the cycle. ( Nov/Dec-2012)

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

23. In an oil engine working on dual cycle, the heat supplied at constant pressure is twice that of
heat supplied at constant volume. The compression and expansion ratios are 8 and 5.3 .the pressure
and temperature at the beginning of cycle are 0.93 bar and 27°C. find the efficiency of the cycle
and mean effective pressure. Take Cp=1.005 KJ/KgK and Cv = 0.718 KJ/KgK. (May/June-2013).

24. An air standard diesel cycle has a compression ratio 18. The pressure at the beginning of
compression stroke is 1 bar and the temperature is 30°C. the heat supplied is 1800 KJ/Kg.
determine:

(i). the efficiency

(ii). Pressure and temperature at salient points.

ww (iii). Heat rejected.

w. E
(iv). Mean effective pressure. Assume the Cp , Cv , R, γ suitably. (Nov/Dec-2013)

25. An Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 7. The initial pressure and temperature at the

asy
beginning of compression stroke is 1 bar and 40°C. The heat supplied is 2510 KJ/Kg. find

En
(i). The maximum temperature and pressure.

gi
(ii). Work done per of air.
nee
(iii). the cycle efficiency

r ing
(iv). Mean effective pressure. Take Cv =0.713 KJ/KgK and R = 287 J/ KgK.

.ne (Nov/Dec-2013)

t
26. An air standard diesel cyle has a compression ratio of 8 and the heat transferred to the working
fluid is 1800 kJ/kg. the pressure and temperature at the beginning of the compression stroke are
1 bar and 800 K respectively, calculate (i) the pressure and temperature at each point of the
cycle, (ii) the air standard efficiency and (iii) the mean effective pressure assume the values of
Cp and R as 1.005 and 0.287. (May/June 2014).

27. Draw the actual and theoretical p-v diagram of a four stroke diesel engine and compare them.
(April/May 2015).

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

28. A gas turbine works on an air standard Brayton cycle. The initial condition of the air is 25C and
1 bar. The maximum pressure and temperature are limited to 3 bar and 650C. Deterrmine cycle
efficiency, heat supplied and rejected per kgof air, work output and Exhaust temperature.

(Nov/Dec 2014)

29. An engine working on the Otto cycle has an air standard cycle efficiency 56% and rejects 544
kJ/kg of air. The pressure and temperature of air at the beginning of compression are 0.1 MPa
and 60°C resp. Compute the compression ratio of the engine, the work done per kg of air, the
pressure and temperature at the end of compression and the maximum pressure in the cycle.
(April/May 2015)

ww
30. An air standard dual cycle has a compression ratio of 10. The pressure and temperature at the

w. E
beginning of compression are 1 bar and 27°C. The maximum pressure reached is 42 bar and
maximum temperature is 1500°C. Determine (i) the temperature at the end of constant volume

asy
heat addition (ii) cut-off ratio (iii) work done per kg of air air and (iv) the cycle efficiency.
Assume Cp = 1.004 kJ/kgK and Cv=0.717 kJ/kgK for air (Nov/Dec 2015)

En
gi UNIT-II
nee
INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINES

PART-A r ing
1. What is the fuel injector?
.ne
t
Fuel injector is used in diesel engine to inject and atomize the diesel at the end of the compression
stroke.

2. What is meant by SI engine? Why it is called so?

SI engine means spark ignition engine. In SI engine air fuel mixture is ignited by sparkplug hence it
is called spark ignition engine. It is also called as petrol engine.

3. Give four major differences between two stroke and four stroke IC engine.

Two stroke cycle engine Vs Four Stroke cycle engine

1 .One cycle is completed in two stroke of the piston or one revolution of the crank shaft. One cycle
is completed in four stroke of the piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

2. For the same speed, twice the number of power strokes is produced than 4 stroke engine. For the
same speed, half of the number of power strokes is produced than 2stroke engine.

3. Turning moment is more uniform and hence lighter flywheel is used. Turning moment is not
uniform and hence bigger flywheel is used.

4. It contains ports which are operated by the piston movement. It contains valves which are
operated by valve mechanism.

4. What is meant by CI Engine? Why it is called so?

CI engine means compression ignition engine. In CI engine the fuel is injected by a fuel injector in
atomized form because of high compressed air it gets ignited automatically. Hence it is called as

ww
compression ignition engine.
5. What is a two stroke engine?

w. E
A two stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in two stroke of the
piston or one revolution of the crank shaft.

asy
6. What is a four stroke engine?

En
A four stroke engine is an engine in which one cycle of operation is completed in four stroke of the

gi
piston or two revolution of the crank shaft.

7. Name the four strokes of an IC engine?

nee
Suction, compression, power and exhaust stroke

8. What is the purpose of heat balance sheet in IC engine? r ing

.ne
It is the accounts of heat supplied and heat utilized in various ways in the system. The heat balance
is generally done by minute basis or percentage basis.

9. Differentiate petrol and Diesel engines.

t
Petrol or SI engines Diesel or CI engine

Combustion of air fuel mixture takes place by Combustion takes place by high compressed air.
spark produced by sparkplug.
Carburetor is used to mix the air fuel Fuel injector is used to inject the fuel in mixture.
atomized form
Compression ratio varies from 6 to 8. Compression ratio varies from 12 to 18.

It works on Otto cycle. It works on Diesel or Dual cycle.

10

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

10. Define compression ratio.

It is defined as the ratio of the volume of cylinder to the clearance volume.

11. Define mean effective pressure.

It is defined as the average pressure acting on the piston during the entire power strokethat would
produce the same amount of net work output during the actual cycle. It is alsodefined as the ratio of
work-done per cycle to swept volume.

12. Define Clearance Volume.

It is the minimum volume occupied by the fluid in the cylinder when the piston reachesthe top dead
centre position.

ww
13. Define work ratio of gas turbine.

w. E
It is the ratio of network to turbine work.

14. What is the function of push rod and rocker arm in IC engine?

asy
The function of push rod and rocker arm in IC engine is to transmit motion of the cam tothe valve.

En
15. What is scavenging in IC engine?

gi
The process of pushing out of exhaust gases from the cylinder by admitting the freshcharge into the
cylinder is known as scavenging.
nee
16. What is the function of idling jet in a carburetor?
r ing
The function of idling jet in a carburetor is to supply a mixture at an air fuel ratio of 10:1for low
speed operation.
.ne
17. What are the requirements of a fuel injection system of a diesel engine?

To inject the fuel at correct moment, and quantity at various load conditions
t
To inject the fuel in a finely atomized condition.

To distribute the fuel uniformly in the combustion chamber.

To control the rate of fuel injection.

18. What is the purpose of a thermostat in an engine cooling system?

The purpose of thermostat in cooling system is to control the water flow. It allows thewater
circulation only, when the temperature of the radiator is about 750°C.

11

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

19. List the advantages of electronic ignition system over the conventional system.

Less weight.

Compact

Spark timing can be accurately controlled.

Wiring is simple

20. What is meant by ignition lag?

It is the time interval between the instant of spark and the instant when there is anoticeable rise in
pressure due to combustion.

21. Differentiate between brake power and indicated power of an IC engine.

ww
Brake Power: It is defined as the power developed at output crank shaft of an engine for doing

w. E
external work.

Indicated Power: It is the power developed by the engine inside the cylinder due to the fuel

asy
combustion in the combustion chamber.

En
22. What is Morse test?

gi
Morse test is a performance test conducted on multi cylinder engines to measure the indicated
power without the use of indicator diagram.
nee
r ing
23. Which engine will have more cooling requirement two-stroke engine or four-stroke
engine? Why?

.ne
Two stroke-engines will have more cooling requirements since power is developed for each

t
revolution of crank. So, for each crank revolution, Combustion occurs and more heat will be
generated inside the cylinder.

24. What is the function of the carburetor?

To atomize the fuel and mix it homogeneously with the air

To run the engine smoothly without hunting of fuel wastage.

To provide rich mixture during starting and idling and also for quick acceleration.

To provide a constant air fuel ratio at various loads.

To start the engine even in cold weather conditions.

12

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

25. List the requirements of ignition system.

Ignition should takes place at the end of compression stroke.

There should be no missing cycle due to the spark failure.

Ignition must add sufficient energy for starting and sub staining the charge burning

Ignition system should supply the minimum required energy within a small volume in a

very short time.

26. What are the different types of ignition system in S.I. engines?

Battery Ignition system and Magneto ignition system.

27. What are the advantages of Battery ignition system?

ww
The initial cost is low (except battery).

w. E
It provides better spark at low speed of engine during starting and idling.

Maintenance cost is negligible. (expect for battery)

asy
The spark efficiency remains unaffected by advance and retard positions.

En
The simplicity of the distributor drive.

gi
28. What are the disadvantages of Battery ignition system?

The engine cannot be started if the battery is weak. nee

The weight of the battery is greater than the magneto.
r
The wiring involved in the coil ignition is more complicated than magneto. ing
The sparking voltage drops with increasing speed of the engine. .ne
29. What is the necessity of cooling in IC engine?

To avoid uneven expansion of the piston in the cylinder.

t
To reduce the temperature of piston and cylinder.

To avoid the overheating of the cylinder.

To avoid the physical and chemical changes in the lubricating oil this may cause sticking

of piston rings.

30. What is flash point?

Flash point is the lowest temperature at which the given oil gives sufficient vapour togive a
moment of flash, when a flame is passed across the surface.
13

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

31. What are the different types of cooling in IC engines?

Air cooling

Water cooling system

Thermosyphon cooling

Forced circulation cooling

Thermostatic regulator cooling and Evaporative cooling

32. What is the purpose of lubrication in IC engines?

To reduce the friction and wear between the parts having the relative motion.

To cool the surfaces by carrying away heat generated due to friction.

ww
To seal between two moving parts.

w. E
To clean the surface by carrying away the carbon particles caused by wear.

To absorb the shock between bearings and other parts and consequently reduce noise.

asy
33. What is petrol system of lubrication?

En
A special type of lubrication system used in two stroke engines in which lubricant (up to60%) is

gi
thoroughly mixed with fuel and supplied to the engine. It is also known as mist lubrication.

34. What is auto ignition? nee

r ing
A mixture of fuel and air can react spontaneously and produce heat by chemical reaction without
the uses of flame to initiate the combustion, because the temperature is high

35. What is meant by pre-ignition? .ne

t
At very high temperature carbon deposits formed inside the combustion chamber ignites the air fuel
mixture much before normal ignition occurred by spark plug. This is called pre-ignition.

36. What are the factors affecting ignition lag?

Compression ratio, speed of the engine, Chemical nature of fuel and air fuel ration, and Initial
pressure and temperature.

37. What is meant by knocking? How it occurs in diesel engines?

If the delay period of C.I. engines is long, more fuel is injected and accumulated in the chamber.
When ignition begins, pulsating pressure rise can be noticed and creates heavy noise. This is known
as knocking.
14

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

38. What are the effects of knocking?

The engine parts get overheated which may cause damage to the piston.

It creates heavy vibration of engine and hence louder noise and roughness.

Decrease in power output and efficiency.

More heat is lost to the coolant as the dissipation rate is rapid.

The auto-ignition may over heat the spark plug and hence pre-ignition occurs

Carbon deposits.

39. Define specific fuel consumption?

It is the ratio of fuel consumption per unit time of power developed.

ww
40. Explain an experimental method to determine the frictional power of an IC engine.

w. E
Retardation test can be carried out to determine the frictional power of an diesel engine. In this
method, the engine is started and made to run at full load conditions at rated speed. After

asy
sometimes, the fuel supply is cutoff and the necessary readings are noted. Repeat the above
procedure for 50% load and calculated the frictional power of an engine using formulas.

En
gi
41. What is the use of helical groove in a fuel injection pump used for CI engine?

To control the delivery stroke effectively.

nee
To control the amount of fuel supplied to the engine.

42. Define the term brake power. r ing

(May/June 2014)

.ne
It is defined as the power developed at output crank shaft of an engine for doing external work.

PART B
1. What are the differences between S.I and C.I engines?
t
(Nov/Dec-2012)

2. What are the merits and demerits of a two stroke engine over four stroke engine?

3. How I.C engines are classified?

4. Explain the working of four stroke petrol engine with neat sketches.

5. Describe the purpose of the different parts of a four stroke C.I engine with neat Sketches.

6. Explain the working of two stroke Diesel engine with neat sketches.

15

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

7. Describe the working of single Jet carburetor with neat sketch. What are its Limitations?
(April/May 2015).

8. What are the fundamental requirements of a fuel injection system used in Diesel engines?

(Nov/Dec 2014)
9. Draw the critical diagram and describe the working of a battery ignition system used fora four
cylinder petrol engine. (Nov/Dec-2013)

10. With neat sketches describe the working of water cooling system used for multi cylinder
engines.

11. Explain with neat sketch the working of a lubrication system and its types. (Nov/Dec 2015)

ww
12. Explain the phenomena of knocking in S.I engine . what are the different factorswhich

w. E
influence knocking? Describe the methods used to suppress it.

13. Explain full pressure lubrication system I.C Engine .

asy
En
14. Explain the water cooling system in I.C Engine .

gi
15. Explain the 2 types of Ignition system In S.I.Engine .

nee
(April/May 2015)

r
16. Draw and explain the valve timing diagram of 4 stroke Diesel Engine.

ing
17. Draw and explain the port timing diagram of 2stroke Petrol Engine.
.ne
18. The following results refer to a test on a petrol engine Indicated power = 30 Kw,
Brake power = 26 Kw
t
Engine speed = 1000 rpm
Fuel brake power/ hour = 0.35 kg, Calorific value of fuel = 43900kJ/kg
Calculate (i) The indicated Thermal efficiency,
(ii) Brake Thermal efficiency,
(iii) Mechanical efficiency.

19. A four cylinder 2 stroke cycle petrol engine develops 23.5 kW brake power at 2500 rpm. The
mean effective pressure on each piston in 8.5 bar and mechanical efficiency in 85% Calculate the

16

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

diameter and stroke of each cylinder assuming the length of stroke equal to 1.5 times the diameter
of cylinder.

20. The following data to a particular twin cylinder two stroke diesel engine. Bore 15 cm stroke. 20
cm. speed 400 rpm. Indicated mean effective pressure 4 bar, dead weight on the brake drum 650 N.
spring balance reading 25 N Diameter of the brake drum 1 m .Fuel consumption 0.075 kg/min and
calorific value of the fuel is 44500 kJ/kg. Determine
1. Indicated Power
2. Brake Power
3. Mechanical efficiency
4. Indicated thermal efficiency

ww
5. Brake thermal efficiency

w. E
21. Mention the various important qualities of good ignition system and with a neat sketch explain

asy
the battery and magneto ignition system.

22. Explain the construction and working of a fuel injector with a neat sketch.
(Nov/Dec-2012)

En (May/June2013 &2016)

gi nee
23. Draw and explain the port timing diagram of 2stroke Diesel Engine. (May/June2013)

24. The following observation were taken during a test on a single cylinder four –stroke cycle
engine having a bore of 300mm and stroke of 450mm.
Ambient air temperature = 22°.
r ing
Fuel Consumption = 11 kg/hr .ne
CV of fuel
Engine speed
=
=
42,000 kJ/kg
300 rpm
t
Mean effective pressure = 6 bar
Net brake load = 1.0 KN
Brake drum diameter = 2m
Quantity of jacket cooling water = 590 kg/hr
Temperature of entering cooling water = 22°C
Temperature of leaving cooling water = 70°C
Quantity of air as measured = 225 kg/hr

17

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Specific heat of exhaust gas = 1.005 kJ/KgK

Exhaust gas temperature = 405°C
Rope diameter = 2 cm
Determine indicated power, brake power, mechanical efficiency, and draw a heat balance sheet on
hour basis. (May/June2013)

25. Explain the construction and working principle of four stroke engine with sketch.

(Nov/Dec-2013)
26. Explain the construction and working principle of battery coil ignition system with neat sketch.
. (Nov/Dec-2013)(April/May 2015).

ww
27. Draw a neat sketch of an injector of diesel engine and explain its working.

(May/June 2014).

w. E
28. What are the different methods of lubricating IC engine? Explain the preesure system of

asy
lubrication with a neat sketch. (May/June 2014).

En
29. Calculate the diameter and length of the stroke of a diesel engine working on four stroke
constant pressure cycle from the following data. I.P. 18.75kW, rotation per minute = 220,

gi
compression ratio = 14, Fuel cutoff = 1/20th of the stroke, Index of expansion = 1.3, indes of

nee
compression = 1.35, Length/diameter = 1.5. Assume the pressure and temperature of the air at the
inlet are 1 bar and 40C respectively.
r (Nov/Dec 2014).

ing
30. Describe with suitable sketches the following system of a modern carburetor: (i) main metering

.ne
system (ii) idling system (iii) economizer system (iv) acceleration pump system (v) choke.

UNIT-III
t
(May/June 2016)

STEAM NOZZLES AND TURBINES

PART-A

1. What is meant by super saturation in steam nozzles?

Owing to the high velocity, the residence time of steam in the steam nozzle is small, and there may
not be sufficient time for necessary heat transfer and the formation of liquid droplet. Consequently
the condensation of the steam may be delayed for a little while. This phenomenon is known as
super saturation.

18

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

2. Define stagnation enthalpy

The stagnation enthalpy represents the enthalpy of fluid when it is brought rest adiabatically.

3. What are the different forms of steam nozzles?

 Convergent nozzles
 Divergent nozzles
 Convergent divergent nozzles

4. Define coefficient of nozzle or nozzle efficiency

Nozzle efficiency = (actual enthalpy drop) / (isentropic enthalpy drop)

5. What is the effect of friction on the flow through a steam nozzle? (May/June 2014)

 The expansion will not be isentropic and enthalpy drop is reduced


ww The dryness fraction of the steam is increased
The specific volume of steam is increased

w. E
6. What are the differences between super saturated flow and isentropic flow in steam
nozzles? Super saturated Flow Isentropic Flow

 asy
Entropy is not constant Entropy is constant

 En
Reduction in enthalpy drop No reduction in enthalpy drop
Mollier diagram could not be used to Mollier diagram can be used to solve the problem

gi nee
7. What are the reasons for the drop in velocity of the steam for a given pressure drop in
steam nozzle?




Friction between the surface of the nozzle and steam
Due to internal fluid friction in the steam r ing
Due to shock losses
.ne
t
8. What are the effects of super saturation in nozzles?

 The dryness fraction of the steam is increased

 Entropy and specific volume of the steam are increased
 Exit velocity of the steam is reduced
 Mass of the steam discharged is increased.

9. What are the limits for super saturation in steam nozzles? Why?

The super saturation occurs upto above 0.94 dryness fraction and beyond that the condensation of
steam occurs suddenly and irreversibly at constant enthalpy and then remain in stable condition.

10. What are the main functions of steam nozzles?

 To supply high velocity jet of steam in steam turbine

 To inject feed water in to the boiler in a steam injector.
19

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

11. Define indicated pressure ration in steam nozzles

There is only one value of the ratio (P2/P1), which produces maximum discharge from the

nozzle. That ratio is called Critical Pressure Ratio.

12. What are the factors those change the fluid properties while a fluid flows through a nozzle
with no work or heat transfer?

Change in flow area

Frictional forces

13. Explain super saturated flow (or) metastable flow in steam nozzle.

When super heated steam is expanded isentropically, it starts condensing at its meet with dry

ww
saturated line. But in nozzles, the velocity of steam is high and hence the time available is very less

w. E
(about 0.001 sec). So, the condensation phenomenon does not start at point '2' for a flow of point 1
to point 5. As a result of this, the steam continues to expand in dry condition up to point 3. The

asy
steam between state 2 and 3 is said to be supersaturated or metastable state and the flow of such
super saturated steam is known as supersaturated or metastable flow. A limit to the super heated

En
state was observed by Wilson and a line drawn on the chart through the observed points is known

gi
as Wilson line. This line becomes the saturation line for all practical purposes. Beyond this Wilson

nee
line, the steam suddenly starts to condense and restores its normal equilibrium state.

14. What are the effects of super saturation?

r
The super saturation increases the specific volume and entropy of the steam. ing
.ne
Super saturation reduces the heat drop. Thus exit velocity of the steam is reduced.

t
Super saturation increases the dryness fraction of the steam. The temperature at which super
saturation occurs will be less than the saturation temperature corresponding to the pressure.
Therefore the density of the super saturated steam will be more than for the equilibrium condition,
which gives the increase in mass of steam discharged.

15. Define nozzle efficiency.

It is the ratio of actual enthalpy drop to isentropic enthalpy drop.

16. Differentiate super saturated flow and isentropic flow.

Super saturated flow Isentropic flow

Entropy is not constant Entropy remains constant Super saturation reduces the heat drop

20

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

therefore exit velocity is reduced No reduction in enthalpy drop. Molliear diagrams cannot be used
Moiller diagrams can be used.

_________________________

C2=√((2n/(n-1))p1v1(1-(p1/p2)((n-1)/n)))

_______________

C2 = √(2000 (h1-h2) + C1

17. Mention the applications of nozzle.

 To inject feed water into the boiler in steam injectors.

 To maintain, high vacuum in power plant condensers.
 To supply, high velocity jet of steam jet in steam turbines.

ww To remove, air in condenser.

18. What are the advantages of convergent divergent nozzle?

w. E
The steam enters the nozzle at high pressure with negligible velocity and leaves at high

asy
velocity with low pressure.

En
Convergent-divergent nozzles are used in back pressure turbine.

19. What is the purpose of divergent portion after the throat section of nozzle?

gi
It accelerates the steam leaving the nozzle.
nee
It does not affect the discharge of steam passing through the nozzle.

20. Define degree of super saturation. r ing

The ratio of super saturation pressures corresponding to the temperature between
.ne
super saturated region is known as the degree of super saturation.

21. Define blade efficiency or utilization factor.

t
It is the ratio of rotor blade work to energy supplied to the rotor.

22. Define degree of reaction.

It is defined as the ratio of the actual isentropic heat drop to the total heat drop in the

entire stage.

23. What is compounding and explain the purpose of compounding?

Compounding is the method in which multiple system or rotors are keyed to common shaft in series
and the steam pressure or jet velocity is absorbed in stages as it flows over the rotor blades.

21

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Purpose of compounding: Reduction of pressure (from boiler pressure to condenser pressure) in

single results in the very high velocity entering the turbine blades. Therefore, the turbine rotor will
run at a high speed about 30,000 rpm which is not useful for practical purpose. In order to reduce
the rotor speed up to about 400 m/sec, compounding of steam turbine is necessary.

24. What are the types of compounding in steam turbines?

Velocity compounding, Pressure compounding and Pressure velocity compounding.

25. What are the advantages and disadvantages of velocity compounded turbines?

Advantages:

The cost of turbine is less because less number of stages.

It occupies less area.

ww
The system is reliable and easy to operate.

w. E
Turbine casing is very simple and need not be very strong.

Disadvantages:

asy
The friction losses are large due to very high steam velocity in the nozzle.

En
Low efficiency because blade speed ratio is less than the optimum value.

gi
The power developed in the later rows is only a fraction of power developed in the first row.

nee
26. What is governing of steam turbine and state the various methods of governing?

r ing
Governing is the method of maintaining the constant speed of the turbine irrespective of load
variation by varying the flow rate. The various methods of governing in steam turbines are Throttle

.ne
governing, Nozzle control governing, By pass governing, Combinations of throttle and nozzle
governing and Combinations of throttle and by pass governing.
t
27. What is the fundamental difference between the operation of impulse and reaction steam
turbines?

In impulse turbine, the steam completely expands in the nozzle and its pressure remains constant
during its flow through the rotor blades. In reaction turbine, the steam expands partially in the
nozzle and remaining in rotor blades.

22

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

28. Differentiate Impulse and Reaction Turbine.

Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine

An impulse turbine works due to change in Reaction turbine is one in which the decreases
kinetic energy of the fluid flowing through the gradually & Kinetic energy is increased, when
rotor when the pressure remains constant. the steam flows over a set of fixed and moving
blades
. Less number of stages are required for same More number of stages are required for same
output power. output power.

It is suitable for small power requirements. It is suitable for medium and high power
requirements.
Blade passage is of constant cross sectional area. Blade passage is of converging type.

Blades shapes are profile type. Blade shapes are aerofoil type.

ww
29. Differentiate between nozzle governing and throttle governing.

w. E Throttle governing Nozzle governing

asy
More throttling losses occur. Throttling losses are negligible

Partial admission losses are low Partial admission losses are high

En
Less heat drop is available for work More heat drop is available for work

gi nee
Employed for both impulse and reaction Employed only in impulse turbines
turbines

r
Less efficient method More efficient method

Suitable for small turbines ing

Suitable for medium and large turbines

.ne
30. Define the term stage efficiency in case of reaction turbines.
t
It is the ratio of work done on blades per kg of steam to the enthalpy drop in the nozzle.

31. What is meant by FAD?

Free air delivered means the actual volume of air delivered by the compressor under

normal temperature and pressure condition.

32. Define Isothermal efficiency.

It is the ratio of isothermal power to Indicated or actual power.

23

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

PART-B

1. An impulse turbine having a set of 16 nozzles receives steam at 20 bar , 400° C. The pressure of
steam at exist is 12 bar. if the total discharge Is 260 Kg/min and nozzle efficiency is 90% . Find the
cross sectional areas of each nozzle, if the steam has velocity of 80m/s at entry to the nozzle, find
the percentage Increase In discharge.

2. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters the convergent divergent nozzle and leaves it at
a pressure 1.5 bar. If the flow isentropic and if the corresponding index of expansion is 1.133, find
the ratio of 0.3 are at exit and throat for max discharge.

3. Steam enters a group of nozzles of a steam turbine at 12 bar and 2200 C and leaves at 1.2 bar.

ww
The steam turbine develops 220 KW with a specific steam consumption of 13.5 Kg/ Kw. Hr. If the

w. E
diameter of nozzle at throat Is 7mm . Calculate the number of nozzle 4. Derive an expression for
critical pressure ratio in terms of the index of expansion 5. Explain the method of governing in

asy
steam turbine.
6. Explain various type of compounding in Turbine . (April/May 2015).

En
7. A 50% reaction turbine running at 400 rpm has the exit angle of blades as 20° and the velocity of

gi nee
steam relative to the blade at the exit is 1.35 times mean speed of the blade. The steam flow rate is
8.33 kg/s and at a particular stage the specific volume is 1.38m3/kg .Calculate, suitable blade

r
height, assuming the rotor mean diameter 12 times the blade height, and diagram work.

ing
.ne
8. The blade angle of a single ring of an impulse turbine is 300m/s and the nozzle angle is

t
200.Theisentropic heat drop is 473kJ/kg and nozzle efficiency is 85%.Given the blade velocity
coefficient is 0.7and the blades are symmetrical, Draw the velocity diagram and calculate for a
mass flow of 1 kg/s i) axial thrust on balding ii) steam consumption per BP hour if the mechanical
efficiency is 90% iii) blade efficiency and stage efficiency.
9. Derive an expression for the velocity and mass flow through nozzles.

10. Prove that the critical pressure ratio of a steam nozzle is

n
P2  2  n 1

P1  n  1

11. How are steam turbines classified?

24

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

12. With the help of velocity diagram derive an expression for the work done by an impulse
turbine.

13. What are the differences between impulse and reaction turbines? (Nov/Dec-2012)(May/June-
2013)

14. State the advantages and disadvantages of velocity compounding.(April/May 2015).

15. What are the methods of governing steam turbine? Describe any one method of governing
steam turbines.

16. Derive the condition for maximum discharge and expression for maximum discharge in steam
nozzle. (Nov/Dec-2012)

ww
17. Steam at a pressure of 10.5 bar and 0.95 dry is expanded through a convergent divergent nozzle.

w. E
The pressure of steam leaving the nozzle is 0.85 bar. Find the velocity of steam at the throat for
maximum discharge take n = 1.135. Also find the area at the exit and stream discharge if the throat

asy
area is 1.2 cm2. Assume flow is isentropic and there are no friction losses. (Nov/Dec-2012)

En
18. What are the effects of friction in a nozzle? Explain. (May/June-2013)

gi
19. A convergent- divergent nozzle is required to discharge 2kg of steam per second. The nozzle is

nee
supplied with steam at 7 bar and 180°C and discharge takes place against a back pressure of 1 bar.

r
The expansion up to throat is isentropic and the frictional resistance between the throat and exit is

ing
equivalent to 63KJ/Kg of steam. Taking approach velocity of 75 m/s and throat pressure of 4 bars,
estimate.
.ne
(i). suitable areas for the throat and exit. And
t
(ii). Overall efficiency of the nozzle based on the enthalpy drop between the actual inlet pressure
and temperature and the exit pressure. (May/June-2013)

20. The velocity of steam , leaving the nozzle of an impulse turbine is 1000 m/s and the nozzle
angle is 20°. The blade velocity of coefficient is 0.85. Assuming no loses due to shock at inlet,
calculate for a mass flow of 1.5kg/s and symmetrical blading

(i) Blade inlet angle

(ii). Driving force on the wheel

(iii). Axial thrust on the wheel and

25

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

(iv). Power developed by the turbine. (May/June-2013)

21. Steam expands isentropically in a nozzle from 1 Mpa, 250°C, to 10 K pa. The flow rate of the
steam is 1 kg / sec. find the following when the inlet velocity is neglected.

(i). Quality of steam

(ii). Velocity of steam at exit of nozzle.

(iii). Exit area of the nozzle. (Nov/Dec-2013)

22. Explain the pressure and Velocity compounding diagram of an multi-stage turbines with neat
sketch. (Nov/Dec-2014)

ww
23. Steam enters the blade row of an impulse turbine with a velocity of 600 m/s at an angle of 25 °
to the plane of rotation of the blades, the mean blade speed is 250 m/s. The blade angle at the exit

w. E
side is 30 °. The blade friction loss is 10 %. Determine (i) the blade angle inlet. (ii) The worki done
per kg of steam (iii) blade efficiency. (May/June 2014).

asy
24. The flow rate through steam nozzle with isentropic flow from pressure of 13 bar was found to

En
be 60 kg/min. steam is initially saturated. Determine the throat area. If the flow is super saturated,

gi
determine the increase in the flow rate.

nee
(May/June 2014).
25. The inlet condition of steam nozzle are 10 bar and 250C. The exit pressure is 2 bar. Assuming

r
isentropic expansion and negligible inlet velocity, Determine the throat area, exit velocity and exit
area of the nozzle.
ing
(April/May 2015).

.ne
26. Dry saturated steam at a pressure of 8 bar enters a convergent divergent nozzle and leaves it at a

t
pressue of 1.5 bar. If the flow is isentropic and if the corresponding expansion index is 1.133, find
the ration of cross-sectional area at exit and throat for maximum discharge. (Nov/Dec 2015)

27. Define critical pressure ratio of a nozzle and discuss why attainment of sonic velocity
determines the maximum discharge through steam nozzle. (May/June 2016).

UNIT-IV

AIR COMPRESSORS

PART-A (2MARKS)

1. What is meant by double acting compressor?

26

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

In double acting reciprocating compressor, the suction compression and delivery of air take place
on both side of the piston.

2. What is meant by single stage compressor?

In single stage compressor, the compression of air from the initial pressure to the final pressure is
carried out in one cylinder only.

3. Define clearance ratio

Clearance ratio is defined as the ratio of clearance volume to swept volume (or) stroke volume.

C = Vc / Vs Vs – swept volume, Vc – clearance volume

4. What is compression ratio?

Compression ratio is defined as the ratio between total volume and clearance volume.

ww
Compression ratio = Total volume / Clearance Volume

w. E
5. What are the factors that effect the volumetric efficiency of a reciprocating compressor?

a. Clearance volume

asy
b. Compression ratio.

En
6.Classify the types of air compressors.

gi
According to the number of stages:

Single stage and Multi stage

nee
According to the number of cylinder:

Single cylinder and Multi cylinder.

r ing
According to the method of cooling: .ne
Air cooled compressor and Water cooled compressor

According to working:
t
Reciprocating compressor and Rotary compressor

According to the action of air:

Single acting compressor and Double acting compressor

According to the pressure limit:

Low pressure, Medium pressure and High pressure compressor.

According to the capacity:

27

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Low capacity, Medium capacity and High capacity compressor.

7. Compressor capacity is highest, when the intake air temperature is _______

Lowest

8. Compressor capacity is expressed in ___________

m3/min

9. As the compression ratio increases, the volumetric efficiency of air compressor _______

Decreases

10. In gas turbine, type of rotary compressor used is __________

Axial flow compressor

ww
11. In Aero plane, type of rotary compressor used is _Axial flow compressor.

w. E
12. What is the difference between complete (or) perfect inter cooling and incomplete (or)
imperfect inter cooling.

asy
Perfect Inter cooling:

En
When the temperature of air leaving the intercooler (T3) is equal to the original atmospheric air
temperature (T1), then this inter cooling is known as perfect inter cooling.

gi
Imperfect Inter cooling:
nee
When the temperature of air leaving the inter cooler (T3) is more than original atmospheric air

r ing
temperature (T1), then this inter cooling is known as Imperfect inter cooling.

13. What is meant by single stage double acting reciprocating compressor?

.ne
In double acting air compressor, air is admitted alternatively to both sides of the piston. When one

t
side is performing the suction stroke, the other side will be performing compression & delivery of
compressed air. Theoretically a double acting compressor will deliver twice the amount of
compressed air compared to a single acting compressor of the same size and speed.

14. Define volumetric efficiency and clearance ratio

Volumetric efficiency:

Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of volume of free air sucked into the compressor per
cycle to the stroke volume of the cylinder.

Clearance ratio:

Clearance ratio is defined as the ration of clearance volume of swept volume (or) stroke volume.

28

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

15. What are the drawbacks in single stage compression?

The size of the cylinder will be too large. Due to compression, there will be a rise in temperature of
air and it will be difficult to reject the heat in the little time available during compression. Some
time the high temperature at the end of compression may heat the cylinder head or burn the
lubricating oil.

16. Explain the flow of air controlled in reciprocating compressors

The flow of air is controlled by three methods such as

a. Centrifugal governor mechanisms

b. Maintaining the speed of motor constant

c. Providing air pocket advancement to the cylinder.

ww
17. Define mean effective pressure. How is it related to indicated power?

w. E
The mean effective pressure is defined as hypothetical pressure, which is considered to be acting on
the piston throughout the compression stroke.

asy
The indicated power IP = Mean effective pressure x L x A x N

18. What
Enis inter-cooler?
(May/June 2014) (April/May 2015).
What does complete inter-cooling mean?

gi
An inter-cooler is a simple heat exchanger. It exchanges the heat of compressed air from the low-

nee
pressure compressor to the circulating water before the air enters to the high-pressure compressor.
The purpose of inter cooling is to minimize the work of compression. If the air is cooled to

r ing
temperature equal to the temperature of air at the inlet of the Ist stage cylinder, the inter-cooling is
complete.

19. Define Stroke volume and cylinder volume

.ne
t
When a piston traverses one stroke and reaches BDC of TDC, the volume swept by the piston is
called stroke volume of swept volume.The addition of stroke volume and clearance volume is
called cylinder volume.

20. Define positive displacement rotary compressor and dynamic displacement compressor.

In positive displacement rotary type compressor the air is entrapped in between twosets of engaging
surfaces. The pressure rise is either by back flow of air or both by variation inthe volume and back
flow.

In the dynamic type rotary compressors, the air is not trapped in specific boundaries but it flows
continuously and steadily through the machine. The energy from the impeller is

transferred to the air as the air flows through the machine and the pressure rise is primarily due to
dynamic effects.

29

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

21. Name any six use of compressed air

 Drive pneumatic tools such as rock drills

 Produce air for cleaning purpose in large industries
 Operate brakes in heavy vehicles
 To start large diesel engines
 Spray painting
 Refrigeration and Air-conditioning

22. What are the factors that affect the volumetric efficiency?

 Clearance volume
 Pressure ratio
 Temperature
 Stroke volume
 Wire drawing effect

ww Valve fluttering

w. E
23. Define Thermodynamic cycle and Air standard cycle

Thermodynamic cycle is defined as the series of processes performed on the system, so that the

asy
system attains its original state. If we use air as working substance in the thermodynamic cycles, it
is called air standard cycles.

En
24. Name the various gas power cycles

Stirling cycle.
gi
Carnot cycle, Otto cycle, Diesel cycle, Brayton cycle, Duel combustion cycle, Atkinson cycle,

nee
25. What are the assumptions made for air standard cycle analysis?
r
The working medium is prefect gas throughout i.e. it follows PV=mRT ing
The working medium has constant specific heats
.ne
The working medium does not undergo any chemical change throughout the cycle
t
The compression and expansion processes are reversible adiabatic i.e. there is no loss or gain in
entropy.

Kinetic and potential energies of the working fluid are neglected

The operation of the engine is frictionless

Heat is supplied and rejected in a reversible manner.

26. What are the factors that influence the power input to the compressor?

a. The mass flow of air

b. The pressure ration of the compressor

30

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

c. The inlet temperature

d. Temperature difference between the inlet and outlet

e. The properties of the working medium

27. What are the internal and external loses in centrifugal compressor?

The internal losses are due to

a. friction between air and wall of flow passage

b. Disc friction

c. leakage between impeller and casing

d. turbulence

ww
e. shock and the external losses are mainly due to the bearing friction

w. E
28. Define Isothermal efficiency and Roots efficiency

Isothermal efficiency is defined as the ratio of Isothermal work to indicated work. Roots efficiency

asy
is the ratio of adiabatic work to roots work.

En
29. What are the factors that affect the power requirement of a compressor?

gi
a. The total pressure ratio of the compressor

b. The total inlet temperature

nee
c. The total temperature difference between the inlet and outlet

d. The clearance volume r ing

e. The mass flow rate of air
.ne
t
30. What are the difference between rotary air compressor and reciprocating air compressor?

Reciprocating Air compressor Rotary Air compressor

The maximum delivery pressure may be as high as 1000 bar.

The maximum delivery pressure is 10 baronly. They are suitable for low discharge of air at very
high pressure.

They are suitable for large discharge of air at low pressure.

The speed of air compressor is low .The speed of air compressor is high.The air supply is
intermittent .The air supply is continuous. The size of the compressor is large for the

given discharge The size of air compressor is small for the same discharge. The balancing is a
major problem here is no balancing problem
31

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

31. Why Clearance volume is necessary and explain its importance?

In actual compressor, the clearance volume is provided to give cushioning effect otherwise the
piston will strike the other end of the cylinder. It is generally expressed as percentage of piston
displacement.

Importance of clearance volume:

To give cushioning effect to the piston

To provide space for valve movement.]

The maximum pressure may also be controlled by clearance volume.

The volumetric efficiency and pressure ratio are depends upo9n clearance volume. If clearance
volume is more, it reduces the volumetric efficiency.

ww
32. What are the advantages of multi stage compressor over single stage compressor?

w. E
Less work is done by the compressor to deliver the same quantity of air.

It improves the volumetric efficiency for the given pressure ratio.

asy
The size of the two cylinder may be adjusted to suit the volume and pressure of the air.

En
It reduces the leakage losses considerably and provides effective lubrication.

gi
It provides more uniform torque and thus smaller size of the flywheel is required.

nee
It reduces the cost by selecting a cheap material for construction.

33. Define volumetric efficiency of the compressor.

r ing
It is the ratio of actual volume of air drawn in the compressor to the stroke volume of the
compressor.
.ne
34. Define mechanical efficiency.

It is the ratio of indicated power to shaft power or brake power of motor.

t
35. Define Isentropic efficiency.

It is the ratio of the isentropic power to the brake power required to drive the compressor.

36. What is the purpose of inter cooling and explain its process?

The purpose of inter cooling in multistage compression is to reduce the temperature without
reduction in pressure. It is placed between LP cylinder and HP cylinder. When air flows through it,
the temperature is reduced by maintaining the water circulation.

37. What are the advantages of rotary compressor over reciprocating compressor?

Maximum free air delivery is as high as 3000 m3/min.

32

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

Air supply is continuous, more clean.

Small size is required for the same discharge.

No balancing problem.

38. What is the difference between centrifugal and axial flow compressors?

Centrifugal compressor Axial flow compressor

The flow of air is perpendicular to the axis of compressor

The flow of air is parallel to the axis of compressor It has low manufacturing and running cost It
has high manufacturing and running cost

It requires low starting torque It requires high starting torque

ww
It is not suitable for multi staging It is suitable for multi staging.

It requires large frontal area for a given rate of flow

w. E
It requires less frontal area for a given rate of flow. It makes the compressor suitable for aircrafts

asy PART-B

En
1. Describe the working of a single stage reciprocating air compressor with neat sketch.

gi
2. What are the advantages of multi stage compression?

nee
3. Describe an expression for the work done of a single stage reciprocating air compressor with
clearance.
r (May/June 2016)

ing
4. Prove that the condition for minimum work required for a two stage reciprocating air

.ne
Compressors with perfect inter cooling P2 =

5. What are the classifications of air compressor ?

PP
1 3

t
6. What is the difference between reciprocating and rotary air compressors?

7. Explain the working of a centrifugal compressor with neat sketch.

6. A single stage single acting air compressor is used to compress air from 1 bar and 22° C to 6 bar
according to the law PV1 .25 = C. The compressor runs at 125 rpm and the ratio of stroke length to
bore of a cylinder is 1.5. If the power required by the compressor is 20 kW, determine the size of
the cylinder.

33

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

7. A single stage single acting air compressor is used to compress air from 1.013 bar and 25° C to 7
1.3
bar according to law PV = C. The bore and stroke of a cylinder are 120mm and 150mm
respectively. The compressor runs at 250 rpm .If clearance volume of thecylinder is 5% ofstroke
volume and the mechanical efficiency of the compressor is 85%, determine volumetric efficiency,
power, and mass of air delivered per minute.
8. A two stage singe acting air compressor compresses 2m3 airs from 1 bar and 20° C to 15 bar.
The air from the low pressure compressor is cooled to 25° C in the intercooler. Calculate the
minimum power required to run the compressor if the compression follows PV1.25=C and the
compressor runs at 400rpm.

9. A single-acting two stage air compressor deals with 4 m3/min of air at 1.013 bar and 15°C with a

ww
speed of 250rpm. The delivery pressure is 80 bar. Assuming complete intercooling find the
minimum power required by the compressor and the bore and the strokes of the compressor assume

w. E
a piston speed of 3 m/s. mechanical efficiency of 75% and volumetric efficiency of 80% per stage .
Assume the polytropic index of compression in both the stages to be n = 1.25 and neglect
clearance.
asy (Nov/Dec-2012)

En
10. Explain with neat sketch the construction and working of roots blower with two lobe rotor and

gi
vane type compressor.

nee
(Nov/Dec-2012)

11. A single acting reciprocating air compressor has a piston diameter of 200mm and a stroke of

r
300mm and runs at 350 rpm. Air is drawn at 1.1 bar pressure and is delivered at 8 bar pressure .

ing
The law of compression is PV1.35 = C and clearance volume is 6% of the stroke volume. Determine

.ne
the mean effective pressure and pressure and the power required to drive the compressor.

t
(May/June 2013)

12. Derive the work done by a two stage reciprocating air compressor with intercooler and derive
the condition for minimum work input and the expression for minimum work required for stage
reciprocating compressor? ( May/June 2013)

13. In a two stage compressor in which intercooling is perfect, prove that work done in the
compressor is minimum when the pressure in the intercooler is geometric mean between the initial
and final pressure. Draw the P-V & T-S diagram for two stage compression. (Nov/Dec-2013)

14. Explain the constructing and working principles of Multi stage compressor and discuss the
perfect and imperfect intercooling with neat sketch. (Nov/Dec-2013) (Nov/Dec-2014)

34

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

15. Derive an expression for volumetric efficiency of an air compressor. (May/June 2014)
(Nov/Dec-2014)

16. Explain the working principle of an intercooler with neat sketch and Explain the working
principle of an axial flow compressor. (May/June 2014).

17. A single stage single acting air compressor delivers 15m3 of free air per minute from 1 bar to 8
bar. The sped of compressor is 300 rpm. Assuming that compression and expansion follow the law
pv1.3=c and clearance is 1/16th of swept volume, find the diameter and the stroke of the compressor.
Take L/D = 1.5. the temperature and pressure of air at the suction are 20°C and 1 bar respectively.
(April/May 2015).

18. A three stage air compressor with perfect intercooling takes 15 m3 of air /min at 95 kPa and
ww
27°C, and delivers the air at 3.5 MPa. If compression process is polytropic pv1.3=c. determine (i)

w. E
power required if mechanical efficiency is 90%. (ii) heat rejected in the intercoolers/min. (iii)
isothermal efficiency. (iv) heat rejected. (Nov/Dec-2015)

asy UNIT-V

En REFRIGERATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

gi PART-A
nee
r
1. Name four important properties of a good refrigerant

a. Low boiling point ing

b. High critical temperature & pressure .ne
c. Low sp.heat of liquid t
d. Non – flammable and non explosive.

2.. Name some of the equipments used in air conditioning system

a. Filter b. Cooling coil c. Heating coil d. Compressor e. Condenser

f. Evaporator

3. Name any four commonly used refrigerants

a. Ammonia (NH3)

35

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

b. Carbon di oxide (CO2)

c. Sulphur di oxide (SO2)

d. Freon – 12.

4. What are the factors to be considered in air conditioning a room?

a. Temperature of air

b. Humidity of air

c. Purity of air

ww
d. Motion of air.

5. The door of a running refrigerator inside a room was left open. What will happen?

w. E
The room will be gradually warmed up.

asy
6. Differentiate absolute humidity and relative humidity.

En
Absolute humidity is the mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air. Relative humidity is the

gi
ratio of the actual mass of water vapour present in one kg of dry air at the given temperature to the

nee
maximum mass of water vapour it can with hold at the same temperature. Absolute humidity is
expressed in terms of kg/kg of dry air. Relative humidity is expressed in terms of percentage.

7. What is effective temperature? r ing

.ne
The effective temperature is a measure of feeling warmth or cold to the human body in response to

t
the air temperature, moisture content and air motion. If the air at different DBT and RH condition
carries the same amount of heat as the heat carried by the air at temperature T and 100% RH, then
the temperature T is known as effective temperature.

8. What is binary vapour cycle? What are the advantages of that cycle over other cycles?

Binary vapour cycle is a cycle in which two cycles are combined together to get higher

overall efficiency. The advantages are, the overall thermal efficiency is increased and the

thermal energy is utilized at high temperature.

36

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

9. What are the fluids used in the topping cycle of the binary vapour cycle?

Mercury, Sodium, Potassium and mixture of sodium and potassium.

11. What are the disadvantages of mercury as the vapour used in topping cycle?

The minimum operating temperature of the cycle is very high

It is highly toxic and the cost is high

Economically on attractive due to higher initial cost.

31. State the unit for refrigeration and any two properties o good refrigerant. (May/June
2014)

ww
Unit of refrigeration is expressed in terms of tonne of refrigeration (TR). A tonne of
refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat required to be removed form one tonne of water

w. E
at 0oC to convert into ice at 0oC in 24 hours.
Properties: Low boiling point, High critical temperature

asy
13. What is dew point temperature?

En
gi
The temperature at which the vapour starts condensing is called dew point temperature. It is also

nee
equal to the saturation temperature at the partial pressure of water vapour in the mixture. The dew
point temperature is an indication of specific humidity.

14. Name the important properties of a good refrigerant. r ing

a. Low boiling point
.ne
b. High critical temperature

c. High critical pressure

t
d. Low specific heat of liquid

e. High COP

f. Non toxic, safe and Eco-friendly.

37

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

15. Represent the following psychrometric process using skeleton psychrometric chart?

a. Cooling and dehumidification

b. Evaporative cooling.

16. What is meant by adiabatic saturation temperature (or) thermodynamic wet bulb
temperature?

It is the temperature at which the outlet air can be brought into saturation state by passing through
the water in the long insulated duct (adiabatic) by the evaporation of water due

to latent heat of vapourisation.

ww
17. What is psychrometer?

w. E
Psychrometer is an instrument which measures both dry bulb temperature and wet bulb
temperature.

asy
18. What is psychrometric chart?

En
It is the graphical plot with specific humidity and partial pressure of water vapour in y axis and dry

gi
bulb temperature along x axis. The specific volume of mixture, wet bulb

nee
temperature, relative humidity and enthalpy are the properties appeared in the psychrometric chart.

19. Define sensible heat and latent heat. r ing

.ne
Sensible heat is the heat that changes the temperature of the substance when added to it or when

t
abstracted from it. Latent heat is the heat that does not affect the temperature but change of state
occurred by adding the heat or by abstracting the heat.

20. What is meant by adiabatic mixing?

The process of mixing two or more stream of air without any heat transfer to the surrounding is
known as adiabatic mixing. It is happened in air conditioning system.

21. What are the important psychrometric processes?

a. Sensible heating and sensible cooling,

b. Cooling and dehumidification,

38

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

c. Heating and humidification,

d. Mixing of air streams,

e. Chemical dehumidification,

f. Adiabatic evaporative cooling.

22. Define psychrometry.

The science which deals with the study of behaviour of moist air (mixture of dry air and water
vapour) is known as psychrometry.

23. Name few commonly used refrigerants

ww
Ammonia, Carbon dioxide, HFC134a, HCFC22, HC blend, water and R407C

w. E
24. What is the function of throttling valve in vapour compression refrigeration?

asy
The function of throttling valve (Expansion valve) is to allow the liquid refrigerant under high
pressure and temperature to pass at controlled rate after reducing its pressure and temperature.

En
gi
25. In a vapour compression system where the lowest and highest temperatures occur?

nee
Lowest temperature: at evaporator inlet&Highest temperature: At compressor outlet

r
26. Why air cycle refrigeration is more popular in aircraft air-conditioning?

ing
.ne
a. Lower equipment weight

b. Utilizes the porting of the cabin air

27. What are the merits and demerits of air refrigeration system?
t
Merits:

The refrigerant air is cheap and easily available

There is no danger of fire of toxic effects due to leakages.

The equipment weight to tonne of refrigeration is low

Demerits:

The quantity of refrigerant used per of refrigeration is high

39

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

The COP of the system is very low

The danger of frosting at the expander valves is more as air contains moisture.

28. What are the various methods to produce refrigeration?

a. By melting of a solid

b. By sublimation of solid.

c. By evaporation of liquid

29. What are the various components in vapour absorption system?

ww
Absorber, Generator, Solution pump and Expansion valve

30. Name some important refrigeration applications

w. E
Ice making, food preservation, milk processing, industrial air-conditioning, chemical related

asy
industries, medical and surgical aids, oil refining and treatment of metals.

En
31. Define COP

gi
The performance of a refrigeration system is defined as the ratio of heat absorbed by the refrigerant

nee
to the work input to compress the refrigerant in the compressor.

32. Name some different types of refrigeration cycles

r ing
.ne
a. Vapour compression refrigeration cycle
b. Vapour absorption refrigeration cycle
c. Air refrigeration cycle
d. Steam jet refrigeration system
t
e. Thermo electric refrigeration system

33. What are the components involved in vapour compression refrigeration system?

· Compressor
· Condenser
· Expansion valve
· Evaporator

40

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

34. What are the four processes in Air refrigeration cycle?

Isentropic compression: Work is consumed during this process

Reversible constant pressure cooling: Hot air from the compressor is cooled

Reversible adiabatic expansion: pressure at outlet equal to refrigerated space

Reversible constant pressure heating: Heat is removed from the space

35. Why super heating and sub cooling is preferred vapour compression cycle?

Super heating is preferred in practice because it ensures complete vaporisation of the liquid in the
evaporator before it enters the compressor. Sub cooling of condensate is preferred because it

ww
reduces the vapour percentage after throttling so that refrigeration effect per unit mass is increased.

w. E
36. What are the advantages of vapour compression system?

COP is very high as compared to other systems.

asy
Different cold temperature can be obtained by changing the evaporator pressure.

En
gi
Pressure in the condenser and evaporator results in higher heat transfer co-efficient.

The system is compact in size

nee
r
37. What are the advantages and disadvantages of vapour absorption system?

ing
.ne
Advantages:




As there is no moving parts, the operation is quiet and little wear
Input to the system is mainly heat, which is low grade energy. t
Unlike vapour compression system where COP is not reduced drastically as load increases.
 Suitable for very large capacity (more than 400TR capacity)
Disadvantages:

 Not suitable for low capacity

 More precise equipments are needed
 Very low COP
 High initial cost

41

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

38. What is the principle of absorption refrigeration system?

In absorption refrigeration system the vapour is drawn from the evaporator by absorption into
liquid having high affinity for the refrigerant. The refrigerant is expelled from the solution by
application of heat and its temperature is also increased. This refrigerant in the vapour form passed
to the condenser where heat is rejected and the refrigerant gets liquefied. This liquid again flows to
the evaporator at reduced pressure and the cycle is completed.

39. What is the refrigeration effect of the refrigerant?

Refrigeration effect is the total heat removed from the evaporator by the refrigerant. It is called as
Tonne of Refrigeration of kW.

ww
40. Define sub cooling and super heating

w. E
The process of cooling the liquid refrigerant below its saturation temperature in the condenser is
known as sub cooling

asy
The process of heating the vapour above saturation temperature in the evaporator is known as super
heating.
En
gi
41. Compare the vapour compression and vapour absorption refrigeration systems?

Vapour compression system nee

Vapour absorption system

Electric power is needed to drive the system

r ing
No need of electric power, only low grade heat

.ne
energy is required Wear and tear are more Wear

Charging of refrigerant is simple

and tear are less
t
Refrigerant charging is complicated More
chances for leakage Less chances for leakage
Performance at part load is poor At part load the performance is good
Energy supply is low Energy supply is more
Higher COP Lower COP

42. What are the cryogens normally used?

Oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, helium and liquefied natural gas.

42

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

43. Mention some important application of cryogenics

Food preservation, Medicine, Heat treatment, Transport refrigeration,

superconductivity and space programs.

44. Define COP of refrigeration.

The COP of a refrigeration system is the ratio of net refrigeration effect to the work required to
produce the effect.

45. What is the purpose of throttling valve in vapour compression system?

The function of throttling valve is to allow the liquid refrigerant under high pressure and

ww
temperature to pass at controlled rate after reducing its pressure and temperature.

w. E
46. What are the difference between refrigeration and air-conditioning?

Refrigeration is the process of providing and maintaining the temperature in the space below

asy
atmospheric temperature.

En
Air conditioning is the process of supplying sufficient volume of clean air containing a specific

gi
amount of water vapour and maintaining the predetermined atmospheric condition

with in a selected enclosure. nee

47. What is the unit of refrigeration? r ing
The capacity of refrigeration is expressed in tonnes of refrigeration (TOR).
.ne
1 tonnes of refrigeration = 210 kJ/min (or) = 3.5 kJ/sec (kW)
t
A tonne of refrigeration is defined as the quantity of heat to be removed in order to form one tonne
of ice at 0oC in 24 hours.

48. Define refrigeration effect.

The amount of heat extracted in a given time is known as refrigeration effect.

49. What is the advantage of air refrigeration system?

The refrigeration used is air, is non poisonous, cheap and easily available.

The system is highly reliable.

43

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

The system is weight less and less space is required, therefore, air refrigeration is extremely
useful for aircraft refrigeration.

Air is non-flammable therefore no risk of fire.

50. What are the disadvantages of air refrigeration?

The COP of the air refrigeration system is low therefore the running cost f the system is high.

Large volume of air is required to handle, to compare with other system. Therefore it requires
large compressor and expander.

The freezing of moisture in the air during expansion is liable to choice up the valves.

ww
51. What are the assumptions made for drawing TS diagram of refrigeration system?

w. E
The condition of the vapour leaving the compressor is dry saturated.

The compression of vapour in the compressor is isentropic

asy
There is no pressure loss in the system.

En
gi
The work required to drive the system is equal to the difference between the heat rejected in the
condenser and heat absorbed in the evaporator.

52. What re the effects of under cooling?

nee
r
It increases the refrigeration effect therefore the COP increases. ing
.ne
The mass flow rate of the refrigeration is less than that for the simple saturated cycle.

The reduced mass flow rate reduces the piston displacement per minute. t
Power per tones of refrigeration losses due to reduction in mass flow rate.

The increased efficiency may be offer some extent by the rise in the condenser pressure.

Work input almost remains same.

The heat rejection capacity of the condenser increases.

44

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

53. What are the effects of super heating?

Supper heating increases the net refrigeration effect, but super heating requires more work input
therefore super heating reduces the COP.

No moisture contents in the refrigerant therefore no corrosion in the machines part.

54. What re the advantages of vapour absorption system over vapour compression system?

As there is no moving part in the system the operation is quiet and there is very little wearing. The
maintenance cost is low. The system does not depend upon electric power. It can be built in
capacities well above 1000 tones each. At reduced loads to absorption system is almost as efficient
as of full load the COP of the compressor system decrease as the decrease. Absorption

ww
refrigeration system can operate at reduced evaporator temperature by increasing the steam which
is supplied to generator with little decrease in capacity. The capacity of its compression system

w. E
drops rapidly with lower evaporator temperature.

asy
55. What are the properties of ideal refrigerant?


 En
It should have low boiling point and low freezing point.

 gi
It must have low specific heat and high latent heat.

nee
It should have high thermal conductivity to reduce the heat transfer in evaporator and
condenser.


r ing
It should have low specific volume to reduce the size of the compressor.
It should be non-flammable, non-expensive, non-toxic and non-corrosive.

.ne
It should have high critical pressure and temperature to avoid large power requirements.


It should give high COP to reduce the running cost of the system.
It must be cheap and must be readily available.
t
56. What are the advantages of vapour compression system?

 The COP is better, because the cycle using vapour as refrigerant absorbs and rejects heat at
constant temperature.
 The expander is eliminated.
 The temperature at which the heat is to be absorbed can be changed conveniently by altering
the boiling pressure.
 The transfer co-efficiently is high
 The same refrigerant is used over and over again.

45

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

57. List the important industrial and commercial application of refrigeration.

Food and milk preservation.

Ice formation
Comfort and industrial air conditioning
Storage of liquid fuels used in rockets.
Treatment of metals and processing in chemical and related industries.
Processing of beverages and transportation of food below freezing.
Medical and surgical aids especially in preserving human bloods and tissues.
Oil refining.

ww
58. How does humidity affect human comfort?

w. E
Human beings want to feel comfortable. They want to live in an environment that is neither hot not
cold, neither very humid nor very dry. The desires of human body could not be adopted with high

asy
or low humidity. They feels comfortable only when they can freely dissipate their waste heat to the
environment.

En
59. What do you mean by the "Infiltration" in heat load calculations?

gi nee
The amount of heat load added due the air entering into the A/c system through small opening in
the doors and windows, cracks in the walls etc., are termed as infiltration.

60. Define RSHF and RTH. (May/June 2014) r ing

.ne
Room sensible heat factor is defined as the ratio of room sensible heat load to the room total heat
load.

61. What are the important psychrometric processes?

t
a. Sensible heating and sensible cooling
b. Cooling and dehumidification
c. Heating and humidification
d. Mixing of air streams
e. Chemical dehumidification
f. Adiabatic evaporative cooling

PART-B

46

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

1. State the function of each of the components of a vapour compression refrigerating system with
the help of a neat sketch.

2. Mention the advantages of vapour compression refrigeration system over

air refrigeration system.

3. Describe with the help of a diagram the working principle of a Vapour absorption refrigeration
system. And write its advantages and disadvantages. (Nov/Dec-2012) (Nov/Dec - 2014)

4. What are the merits of vapour absorption refrigeration system over vapour compression
refrigeration system?

5. State the important properties of good refrigerant. What are the normal refrigerants used?

ww (May/June-2013)

w. E
6. What is a sling psychrometer? Make a neat sketch and explain its use.

asy
7. What are the factors affecting comfort air conditioning?

8. How is air conditioning systems classified?

(May/June-2013)

En
9. Draw a line diagram of a winter air conditioning system and explain the working of different

gi
components in the circuit.
nee
r
10. How does industrial air conditioning differ from comfort air conditioning?

ing
11. Draw neat sketch of simple vapor compression refrigeration system and explain.

.ne
(Nov/Dec-2013)

12. Explain with sketch the working principle of aqua Ammonia refrigeration system.
t
(May/June-2016)

13. Explain with sketch the working principle of water-Lithium bromide refrigeration system.

(May/June-2016)

14. Briefly explain the cooling load calculation in air conditioning system.

15. Explain winter, summer, and year round A/c system.

16. Explain unitary A/c and central A/c system.

17. Explain any four psychometric processes with sketch.

47

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

18. A refrigeration system of 10.5 tonnes capacity at an evaporator temperature of -12°C and a

condenser temperature of 27°C is needed in a food storage locker. The refrigerant Ammonia is sub

cooled by 6°C before entering the expansion valve. The compression in the compressor is of

adiabatic type. Find 1. Condition of vapor at outlet of the compressor.2. Condition of vapor at the

entrance of the Evaporator 3.COP &power required.

19. A sling psychrometer in a lab test recorded the following readings DBT=35°C, WBT=25°C
Calculate the following
1. Specific humidity
2. Relative humidity

ww
3. Vapor density in air
4. Dew point temperature

w. E
5. Enthalpy of mixing per kg of air .take atmospheric pressure=1.0132 bar.

asy
20. An ammonia refrigerator produces 30 tons of ice at 0°C in a day of 24hours. The temperature
range in the compressor is from 25°C to -15°C. The vapour is dry saturated at the end of

En
compression. Assume a COP of 60% of theoretical value .calculate the power required to drive the

(May/June-2013) gi
compressor . Assume latent heat of ice is 335KJ/Kg. for properties of NH3, refer the table below.

nee
Temperature
(°C)
hfKJ/KgK hg KJ/KgK
r
SfKJ/KgK
ing SgKJ/KgK

25 298.9 1465.8 1.124

.ne
5.039

-15 112.34 1426.5 0.4572 t

5.549

21. An office is to be air-conditioned for 50staff when the outdoor conditions are 30° DBT and
75%RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m3/min/person, find the following:

(i). capacity of the cooling coil in tones of refrigeration

(ii). Capacity of the heating coil in KW

(iii). Amount of water vapour removed per hour. Assume that required air inlet conditions are 20°C
DBT and 60% RH. Air is conditioned first by cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating .

(May/June-2013)
48

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

22. Describe the factors that affect human comfort. (May/June-2013)

23. The temperature limits of Ammonia refrigeration system are 25°C and -10°C. If the gas is dry
at the end of compression, calculate the COP of the cycle assuming no under-cooling of the liquid
ammonia. The properties of Ammonia are given below.

Temperature (°C) Liquid heat Latent heat Liquid entropy

25 298.90 1166.94 1.2420

-10 135.37 1297.68 0.5443

ww
24. Explain briefly simple vapour absorption system. Give the comparison between vapour
compression system and vapour absorption system. (May/June 2014).

w. E
25. An office is to be air conditioned for 50 staff when the outdoor conditions are 30 °C DBT and

asy
75 % RH if the quantity of air supplied is 0.4 m3/min/person, find the following

En
(i) Capacity of the cooling coil in tons of refrigeration

gi
(ii) Capacity of the heating coil in kW

(iii) Amount of water vapour removed per hour

nee
by Cooling and dehumidifying and then by heating.
r
Assume that required air inlet conditions are 20 °C DBT and 60 % RH. Air is conditioned first

ing
.ne
(iv) If the heating coil surface temperature is 25°C, fine the by-pass factor of the heating coil.
(May/June 2014)

refrigerants.
t
26. Explain the desirable thermodynamic properties and environmental safety aspects of alternative
(Nov/Dec-2014)

27. One kg of air at 35°C DBT and 60% RH is mixed with 2 kg of air at 20°C DBT and 13C dew
point temperature. Calculate the specific humidity of the mixture. (April/May 2015)

28. Explain the constructing and working of summer and winter air conditioning systems.
(Nov/Dec-2012)

29. An air conditioner plant is required to supply 50m3 of air per minute at DBT of 22°C and 50%
RH. The atmospheric condition is 32°C with 65% RH. Determine the mass of moisture removed

49

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

 Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net

and capacity of cooling coil, if the required effect is obtained by dehumidification and sensible
cooling process. Also calculate sensible heat factor. (Nov/Dec-2015)

30. Describe the working principle of a centralized air conditioning system and enumerate the need
for it. (May/June 2016)

ww
w. E
asy
En
gi nee
r ing
.ne
t

50

Downloaded From : www.EasyEngineering.net