GEODETIC TRIANGULATION -2013

T.Dinesh
2014-02-20
 Geodetic Triangulation 2013

By

T. Dinesh
FG392

The Report is submitted to Faculty of Geomatics, Sabaragamu University of Sri Lanka in

partial fulfillment of the requirements for the BSc. degree in Surveying Sciences.

Supervisor

Mr.

Instructors

Mr.

--------------------------------------------

Signature of the Dean

----------------------
Date

FACULTY OF GEOMATICS
SABARAGAMUWA UNIVERSITY OF SRI LANKA
P.O. BOX 02
BELIHULOYA 70140
 Disclaimer

This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the

Faculty of Geomatics, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka. All views and opinions
expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily
represent those of the university.
 Abstract

In trigonometry and geometry, triangulation is the process of determining the location of a

point by measuring angles to it from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather
than measuring distances to the point directly. The point can then be fixed as the third point of
a triangle with one known side and two known angles.

The Geodetic Triangulation 2013 is a third order Triangulation which was established a
network of horizontal control points on selected hills in Uva and Sabaragamuwa province.
Accuracy of results obtained from the Triangulation task is related with the number of
observations of each angle.
The Geodetic Triangulation project was conducted during the period of 02 rd of October 2013
to 11th of October 2013 was reported by this report. It was the 12 th triangulation program
conducted by the students of the Faculty of Geomatics Sabaragamuwa University of Sri
Lanka.

The project was done using both Conventional Angle Observations method and compared
with modern GPS method. Then found spherical coordinates of all unknown points with
respect to two known points. The Known points were Kirioluhena and Hawagala which were
established by the Survey Department of Sri Lanka.

For the calculation part the observation equation method of least square adjustment was used
to adjust the triangulation network with the respect of the Everest Ellipsoid. The calculation
was done using Matlap software and the programme was written in C++ language to use the
Matlap for Triangulation network adjustment calculation.

At the end of the project established third order triangulation network around the university
premises.

All the relevant details the theories, procedures, results and the computer codes are included
in the chapters appropriately.

4
 Acknowledgements

I would like to take this opportunity to first and foremost to express my deepest
gratitude to the Dean of the Faculty of Geomatics Mr.K.R.M.U.Bandara, for his precious
support for the Triangulation task and then very special thanks to Mr. P.G.V.Abryrathne
the Head of department, Surveying and Geodesy and Mr. H.M.Indika Prasanna the overall
coordinator of Geodetic Triangulation 2013 task.

I am truly thankful to our Supervisor Mr. D.E.K.Gunathilake and our instructor Mr.
Chinthaka Mellawa for their steadfast integrity, and selfless dedication to both our personal
and academic development. And we have learnt the vital skill of disciplined critical thinking
from them.

I would like to thank all our academic staff who were providing necessary arrangement to
carryout our task successfully.And I wish to remember all non-academic staff members of the
Department of Surveying Sciences.

Finally I give my sincere gratitude to all my colleagues for assisting me in so many ways
from their views and knowledge.

5
 Table of Contents
1 Introduction.......................................................................................................................6
1.1 Classification of triangulation..............................................................................................6

1.2 Layout of Triangulation.......................................................................................................7

1.2.1 Layout of primary Triangulation for large countries..............................................7
1.2.2 Criteria for selection of the layout of triangles.......................................................7
1.2.3 Well-Conditioned triangles.....................................................................................7

2 Geodetic Triangulation in Sri Lanka..............................................................................8

2.1 Triangulation tasks of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka......................................8
2.1.1 Introduction of Geodetic Triangulation 2013.........................................................9

3 Methodology....................................................................................................................10
3.1 Field work of Triangulation...............................................................................................10
3.1.1 Reconnaissance.....................................................................................................10

3.2 Preparations of the Geodetic Triangulation 2013............................................................12

3.3 Observation Process............................................................................................................12

3.3.1 Angle Observations...............................................................................................12
3.3.2 GPS Observations.................................................................................................13

3.4 Computational procedure..................................................................................................13

4 Results and Discussion....................................................................................................14

4.1 Results..................................................................................................................................14
4.1.1 The Corrected Co-ordinate...................................................................................14
4.1.2 GPS Observation Co-ordinates.............................................................................14
4.1.3 Other Intermediate Results...................................................................................14

4.2 Discussion.............................................................................................................................15

5 Conclusion and Suggestions...........................................................................................16

5.1 Conclusion............................................................................................................................16

5.2 Suggestions...........................................................................................................................16

References................................................................................................................................17
Appendix..................................................................................................................................18

6
 Appendix

Appendix A: Selected figure and numbering system used for Computer program.--------------------18
Appendix B: Mean angles and Standard deviation from the observed set of included angles--------18
Appendix C: Weight Matrix------------------------------------------------------------------------------19
Appendix D: The Approximate coordinates of Triangulation stations---------------------------------19
Appendix E: The correct distances of the lines----------------------------------------------------------20
Appendix F: Calculated azimuths of the lines-----------------------------------------------------------20
Appendix G: F Matrix------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Appendix H: B matrix------------------------------------------------------------------------------------21
Appendix I: Lenght of Base Line-------------------------------------------------------------------------22
Appendix J: Approximate Included Angles--------------------------------------------------------------22
Appendix K: Final calculated coordinates of unknown stations----------------------------------------22

7
 List of Acronyms

GPS Global Positioning System

Trig Station Trignometrical Station
PDOP Precision Dilution of Position
SLD Sri Lanka Datum
MSL Mean Sea Level
FOG Faculty of Geomatics
WGS84 World Geographic System-1984

8
1 Introduction

The Geodetic Triangulation 2013 task which was conducted during the period of 2nd of
October 2013 to 11th of October 2013 presented by this report .

The Base Line of the figure is consisted with two control stations that were previously established by the
survey department of Sri Lanka. The control stations are Kirioluhena (Primary Control Point) and
Hawagala (Secondary Control Point).

Triangulation is the process of determining the location of a point by measuring angles to it

from known points at either end of a fixed baseline, rather than measuring distances to the
point directly. The point can then be fixed as the third point of a triangle with one known side
and two known angles. Also it is more important process of surveying for establishment of
control points.

1.1Classification of triangulation
Based on the extent and purpose of the survey, and consequently on the degree of accuracy
desired, triangulation surveys are classified as first-order or primary, second-order or
secondary, and third-order ortertiary.

Primary triangulation or first-order triangulation.

Secondary triangulation or second-order triangulation.
Tertiary triangulation or third-order triangulation.

No. First order Second order Third order

Characteristics Triangulation Triangulation Triangulation
1 Length of base lines 8 to 12 km 2 to 5 km 100 to 500 m
2 Length of sides 16 to 150 km 10 to 25 km 2 to 10 km
3 Average triangular error (after correction less than 1" 3" 12"
for spherical exess)
4 Maximum station closure Not more than 3" 8" 15"
5 Actual error of base 1 in 50,000 1 in 25,000 1 in 10,000
6 Probable error of base 1 in 10,00,000 1 in 500,000 1 in 250,000
7 Discrepancy between two measures (k is
distance in kilometre) 5 k1/2 mm 10 k1/2 mm 25 k1/2 mm
8 Probable error of the computed distances 1 in 50,000 to 1 in 20,000 to 1 in 5,000 to
1 in 250,000 1 in 50,000 1 in 20,000
9 Probable error in astronomical azimuth 0.5" 5" 10"

Table 1.1 presents the general specifications for the three types of triangulation systems.

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 9

 1.2 Layout of Triangulation

The basic figures used in triangulation networks are the triangle, braced or geodetic
quadilateral, and thepolygon with a central station. The triangles in a triangulation system can
be arranged in a number of ways. Some of the commonly used arrangements, also called
layouts, are as follows :

1.Single chain of triangles

2.Double chain of triangles
3.Braced quadrilaterals
4.Centered triangles and polygons
5.A combination of above systems.

1.2.1 Layout of primary Triangulation for large countries

The following two types of frameworks of primary triangulation are provided for a large
country to cover the entire area.

1.Grid iron system

2.Central system.

1.2.2 Criteria for selection of the layout of triangles

The under mentioned points should be considered while deciding and selecting a suitable
layout of triangles.

1. Simple triangles should be preferably equilateral.

2. Centered polygons should be regular.
3. The arrangement should be such that at least one route and preferably two
routes form well-conditioned triangles.
4. The sides of the figures should be of comparable lengths. Very long lines and
very short lines should be avoided.

It may be noted that if a very small angle of a triangle does not fall opposite the known side it
does not affect the accuracy of triangulation.

1.2.3 Well-Conditioned triangles

The triangles of such a shape, in which any error in angular measurement has a minimum
effect upon the computed lengths, is known as well-conditioned triangle. In any triangle of a
triangulation system, the length of one side is generally obtained from computation of the
adjacent triangle. The error in the other two sides if any, will affect the sides of the triangles
whose computation is based upon their values. Due to accumulated errors, entire triangulation
system is thus affected thereafter.

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 10

2 Geodetic Triangulation in Sri Lanka

Captain W.D.Gosset (Surveyor General), was the precursor of triangulation in Sri Lanka
commenced in 1857 with the measurement of a base (one side of a triangle) in Negombo on
the West Coast (latitude 7º 10') and at Batticaloa on the East Coast (latitude 7º 40').

Plane co-ordinates were computed using the Transverse Mercator Projection, with
Pidurutalagala (φo= 7º 00' 01.729" N, λo = 80º 46' 18.160" E – Ed. ), as origin. A
recomputation of this Triangulation, with a few additional triangles observed, was carried out
in 1888.

2.1 Triangulation tasks of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka

The first Triangulation program of the faculty of Geomatics of Sabaragamuwa University of

Sri Lanka was started on the year of 2001 and it continues up to now.

The "New Kopiyawatha" was selected as a base trig station for the first Triangulation project
of the faculty of Geomatics of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri lanka. The second
Triangulation project was done with the base trig station as "Kirimaduhela"on the year of
2002 and after that we are using "Kirimaduhela" trig station as the base point.

The fifth Triangulation project was conducted with two batches [fifth(2001/2002) and
sixth(2002/2003) batches] of faculty of Geomatics done in 2006.

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 11

2.1.1 Introduction of Geodetic Triangulation 2013

Geodetic Triangulation project 2013 task was carried out by the six groups of students of the
acedemic year of 2009/2010 of the Faculty of Geomatics of Sabaragamuwa University of Sri
Lanka. Kirimaduhela (base trig station), Kirioluhena (known station), Hawagala (known
station), Hatarabage, New Paraviyangala and Bogandeniyahena are the trig stations which
were selected for this project task.

Selected Trigonometrical Stations for the Triangulation 2013

Trig station Height (m) from MSL D.S division District Province

Kirioluhena 720 Molamure Ratnapura Sabaragamuwa

Hawagala 1320 Imbulpe Ratnapura Sabaragamuwa
Kirimaduhela 635 Imbulpe Ratnapura Sabaragamuwa
Hatarabage 500 Imbulpe Ratnapura Sabaragamuwa
New Paraviyangala 909.4269 Imbulpe Ratnapura Sabaragamuwa
Bogandeniyahena 581.8 Haldummulla Badulla uva

Members of the group-02 who assigned to the Kirioluhena Trig station

 T. Dinesh
 M.K.S.M. Priyadarshana
 P.D.S. Dias
 D.L.W.C.D. Abeyrathne
 G.R.S.S. Gunathilake
 T.B.A.P.S.K. Athapaththu
 B.M.D.G.A.D.T. Abeyrathne
 D.T.P. Nawagamuwa
 S. Ushanthini
 S.S. Wathuthuhewa

Supervisor: Mr.D.E.K.Gunathilake
Instructor: Mr. Chinthaka Mellawa

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 12

 3 Methodology

Triangulation can be done by using several different tecniques. The technology and method
which was used to perform this task is described in detail within this chapter.

3.1 Field work of Triangulation

3.1.1 Reconnaissance

Reconnaissance is the preliminary field inspection of the entire area to be covered by

triangulation, and collection of relevant data. Since the basic principle of survey is working
from whole to the part, reconnaissance is very important in all types of surveys. The
accuracy and economy of triangulation greatly depends upon proper reconnaissance survey.
It includes the following operations:
1. Examination of terrain to be surveyed.
2. Selection of suitable sites for measurement of base lines.
3. Selection of suitable positions for triangulation stations.
4. Determination of intervisibility of triangulation stations.
5. Selection of conspicuous well-defined natural points to be used as intersected
points.
6. Collection of miscellaneous informations

Reconnaissance may be effectively carried out if accurate topographical maps of the area
are available. For Triangulation project 2013 the topographical map sheets (scale is
1:50,000) Haputale and Balangoda were used for the selection works of the trig stations.
When the selection of relevant trig stations some important factors were considered such as

 Stations should be intervisible and easily access with the instruments

 Station should form well-condition triangles (angle >30º & angle<120º)
 Transport facilities
 Omitting of town or industrial area because of avoid atmospheric refraction
 Availability of water resources

For reconnaissance the following instruments are employed:

Prismatic compass for measurement of bearings
Mirror
Binocular.
Drawing instruments and material

Contour maps of the proposed trig station area were plotter two by two to check and confirm
intervisibility between them without visiting the ground with the help of topographical map of
the area. after that the cross section of the ground was plotted acording the scale of the
selected map sheet. And then those trig stations were connected with a straight line to
compare the level of ground.

following figure is to explain the methodology to check intervisibility geometry by using a

contours map without going through ground.

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 13

 Figure 3-1 Geometry of the contour map

The proposed stations (Hawagala, Kirioluhena, New paraviyangala, Bogandeniyahena,

Kirimaduhela, Hatarabage, Beragala North, and New Kopiwatte ) were traced into a tracing
paper to perform the best figure selection.

In the reconnaissance survey of triangulation task sometimes the topographical maps which
were used to check the inter visibility across mountains, were not representing reality or present
situation of the ground. Therefore the rechecking of inter visibility across mountains were done
using mirror signals, which were given according to a prepared schedule of mirror signals. The
smoke was created for better identification of points, which were selected for field inspection
process of Geodetic Triangulation 2013 task.

As a result of the field inspection process, Kirioluhena, Hawagala, Kirimaduhela, New

Paraviyangala, Bodandeniyahena and Hatarabage mountains were chosen for Geodetic
Triangulation 2013 task as a best figure and other mountains were rejected due to failure of
conditions, which were required for a better triangulation network.

As a result of field investigation, following figure was selected for the Geodetic Triangulation
2013. The line between Kirioluhena and Hawagala stations was selected as baseline for the
selected figure.

Figure 3-2 Selected figure for Triangulation 2013

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 14

 3.2 Preparations of the Geodetic Triangulation 2013

Two weeks were allocated For this Geodetic Triangulation 2013 task and every field activities
were done under the prepared time schedule.

Due to the shortages of the physical and human resources, it was essential to arrange them
carefully to use make our task effectively. To obtain the optimum use from the allocated
limited no of vehicles, prepared the vehicle schedule.

The schedule for mirror signal was prepared for reidentification of trig stations and observation
schedules, GPS observation schedule and precise theodolite schedule, were prepared according
to availability of the relevant instruments and according to the triangulation task. Also vehicle
schedule, which was simultaneous with battery charging schedule.

As well as the route maps were designed to identify the access to trig stations and base camps of
the triangulation task. In this stage the informations about the Geodetic Triangulation 2013 were
given to the relevant authorities and also Gramasevakas of relevant areas.

3.3 Observation Process

Two observations were done in Geodetic Triangulation task.

Angle observation.
GPS observation.

3.3.1 Angle Observations

Observation of the included angles was the main job in this practical task. The instruments used
for triangulation surveys, require great degree of precision. Horizontal angles are generally
measured with an optical or electronic theodolite in primary and secondary triangulation. For
tertiary triangulation generally precise theodolite is used. The horizontal angles of a
triangulation system can be observed by the Repetition method and Reiteration method.

The Reiteration method is applied for this triangulation task, where the selected figures are
consisted with well conditioned triangles.

3.3.1.1 The Reiteration method

In this method, the triangulation signals are bisected successively, and a value is obtained for
each direction in each of several rounds of observations.

3.3.1.2 Number of Zeros

The number of zero method is use for elimination of the error due to the graduation of the
horizontal circle.
Type of triangulation Number of zeros
Primary (First order) 32-16
Secondary (second order) 16-8
Tertiary (Third order) 8
Table 2-1 Type of Triangulation and Number of Zeros to be used

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 15

 3.3.1.3 Angle observation procedure of Triangulation 2013
Set up the precise theodolite upon the trig point and observed the horizontal angles of other
stations of the selected figure, at night time. The observations were carried out according to a
schedule and 8 zero observations (00°, 22°, 45°, 67°, 90°, 112°, 135°, 157°) were taken at each station.

The pressure lamps are considered as targets and clearly visible target was selected as reference
object.The lamp is under covered by a lamp tower which made by iron rods.

In this angle observation task to identify the exact location of the signals from trig stations,
signal-covering system was applied. In here a frame with red color polyethylene cover and
opaque material were used and a communication system was helped to do this work effectively.

3.3.2 GPS Observations

The GPS Observations were done during the day time according to prepared GPS schedules
using Leica GPS System 500. The GPS observations between two stations were carried out all
along two or three hours to improve accuracy of the data. During the GPS observation time the
PDOP value should be kept less than 6 but if it is less than 4 it is excellent for accuracy of data.
After the observation process of GPS unit was turned back to FOG and the data was down
loaded using Leica’s SKI pro version 3.0 software. On the other hand battery-charging process
of GPS was carried out simultaneously with the downloading process at the FOG.

3.4 Computational procedure

The following calculation steps are done to get output result

 The mean angles and standard deviations are calculated
 reduce observed directions and distances to ellipsoid
 calculate approximate coordinates using the given azimuth and mean included angles
and calculate azimuths of all ther lines.
 calculate approximate coordinate using gauss mid latitude formula and calculate latitude
and longitudes of all unknown stations
 Using the approximate coordinates, calculate the approximate included angles (with
reverse mid latitude formula) and distances.
 form the F-matrix
 using mean latitude and longitude for the entire area, calculate M and N
 form B-matrix
 solve the differentials and residuals. if residuals are large , do iterations.
 calculate the corrected observed angles and coordinates of unknown stations.

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 16

 4 Results and Discussion

4.1 Results

4.1.1 The Corrected Co-ordinate

After doing Least Square adjustment corrected co-ordinates of unknown stations are follow,

Station Latitude Longitude

Hatarabage 6° 39' 1.12” 80° 45' 40.51”
Bogandeniyahena 6° 43' 8.26” 80° 51' 59.21”
New Paraviyangala 6° 43' 50.35” 80° 47' 10.94”
Kirimaduhela 6° 41' 44.25” 80° 48' 43.24”

Table 4-2 The Corrected Co-ordinate of Unknown Stations.

4.1.2 GPS Observation Co-ordinates

All processed GPS co-ordinate of unknown points with respect to the “Kirioluhena” as follow,

Stations Latitude Longitude

Kirioluhena
6o 37’ 16.64484” 800 49’ 58.31246”
Hawagala
6° 43' 8.06866” 80° 44' 42.38747"

Bogandeniyahena 6° 43' 08.24912" 80° 51' 59.17841"

Hatarabage 6° 39' 01.13699" 80° 45' 40.50660"

80° 48' 43.22583"
Kirimaduhela 6° 41' 44.26553"

New Paraviyangala 6° 43' 50.35702 80° 47' 10.90298"

Table 4-3 Adjusted GPS Co-ordinate of Unknown Stations

4.1.3 Other Intermediate Results

The Computer Program:
See the CD(Triangulation_2013-FG392) for Computer Program written in Mathlab.

Appendix A : Selected figure and numbering system used for Computer program
Appendix B : Mean angles and Standard deviation from the observed set of included angles
Appendix C : Weight Matrix
Appendix D : The Approximate coordinates of Triangulation stations
Appendix E : The correct distances of the lines

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 17

Appendix F : Calculated azimuths of the lines
Appendix G : F Matrix
Appendix H: B Matrix
Appendix I : Lenght of Base Line
Appendix J : Approximate Included Angles
Appendix K : Final calculated coordinates of unknown stations.

4.2 Discussion
The different between adjusted GPS coordinates and calculated coordinates are as
follows.

Difference of Co-ordinate
Station (Corrected co-ordinate-GPS co-ordinate)
Latitude Longitude
Hatarabage 0.000000000070347 0.000000000796961
Bogandenihena 0.000000000408929 0.000000001144753
New Paraviyangala 0.000000000797663 0.000000000069908
Kirimaduhela 0.000000000565903 0.000000000155062

Table 4-4 Difference between corrected and GPS Co-ordinate

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 18

5 Conclusion and Suggestions

5.1 Conclusion

The Triangulation task provides training and interpretation in the use of methods or procedures
for observing and checking controls for geodetic and plane coordinates and to archive the
different types of ground control points data as well as other geodetic information products and
provide services for development projects. And we have got a best experience about camping
and management abilities such as cost and time schedule management.

We have got an ability to establish and maintain higher order (first, second and third order)
geodetic ground control network throughout the country. And the task promotes the research
works in the field of geodesy and astronomy in the country.

The observation task is generally done at night, since observations at night using illuminated
signals help in reducing bad atmospheric conditions, and optimum results can be obtained. Also
working at night doubles the hours of working available during a day. Night operations are
confined to period from sunset to midnight.

If the distance between stations is large, the intervisibility is ascertained by knowing the
horizontal distance between the stations by doing the curvature correction.

The observation errors were minimized by both eight zero method and face left and right
observation method. Therefore coordinates of triangulation become more reliable, although
some factors were influenced to the accuracy of the triangulation task.

The most important factor is precision of the instruments and also blunders are another limiting
factor of this task. The value of PDOP and receiver type of the GPS is some factors, which
limits the accuracy of GPS data.

5.2 Suggestions

Sometimes observations were very difficult due to thick mist or rain. A considerable time was
wasted due to climate of the season. Therefore it is better to pay attention to climate before
starting triangulation task.

The invalidity of GPS batteries was wasted lot of money and time of the task. Some times the
batteries, which were fully charged, were discharged very quickly. So, it is better to use more
batteries and powerful batteries to triangulation tasks because these factors have considerable
relationship with the success of the task.

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 19

 References

1. A Text Book of advance Survey by R.Agor (1994 third edition)

2. Arora K, “Surveying volume II”, standard book house

3. Department of Surveying and Geodesy-Faculty of Geomatics- Sabaragamuwa

University of Sri Lanka, Triangulation notes

4. Duggal S.K., “Surveying volume II”, Tata McGraw Publishing Company Limited

5. Paul R. Wolf, Charls D.Ghilani, “Adjustment computations” 21modern-

navigationfall2002/courseHome/index.htm

6. Grids & Datums, Democratic Socialist republic of Sri lanka

by Clifford J.Mugnier,C.P., C.M.S.

7. Geodesy Application Lester Jones, Superintendent Geodesy Application of the

Theory of Least, Squares to the Adjustment of Triangulation by Oscar S. Adams ,
Published in 1915

8. The Triangulation of Ceylon by J.E. Jackson B.A. CANTAB in 1936

9. Geodesy for the Layman, Chapter III

Geodetic Triangulation Project 2013 20

Appendix

Appendix A: Selected figure and numbering system used for Computer

program.

Appendix B: Mean angles and Standard deviation from the observed set of
included angles

Mean Angle
Angle Number D (Degree) M (Minute) S (Second) Standard
deviation
1 30 35 40.56 0.001408
2 30 52 42.32 0.00072
3 63 49 27.55 0.001667
4 25 59 24.25 0.000878
5 26 16 29.29 0.000644
6 34 37 59.44 0.000483
7 47 49 4.44 0.000575
8 23 11 1.33 0.000932
9 8 20 2.33 0.000636
10 45 29 28.19 0.000738
11 53 33 43.78 0.001532
12 56 44 47.44 0.001245
13 15 51 50.2 0.001121
14 19 13 7.1 0.000827
15 28 51 38.2 0.000889
16 28 42 37.6 0.000801
17 60 57 14.7 0.000877
18 63 54 7.2 0.00146
19 97 32 57 0.001345
20 102 59 26.3 0.001798
21 34 36 20.2 0.001545

Appendix 21
Appendix C: Weight Matrix
ans = 1.0e+003 *

Columns 1 through 12
0.7102 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1.3893 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0.6000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1.1384 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1.5534 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 2.0723 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 1.7406 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.0733 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.5712 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.3542 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6527 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8032
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Columns 13 through 21
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.8924 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1.2088 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1.1251 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1.2480 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 1.1398 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0.6848 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.7434 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.5561 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.6474

Appendix D: The Approximate coordinates of Triangulation stations

Trig Station Latitude Longtitude
Hatarabage 6o 39’ 1.12” 80o 44’ 42.39”
Bogandeniyahena 6o 43’ 8.26” 80o 51’ 59.21”
Kirioluhena(Known) 6o 37’ 16.66” 80o 49’ 58.28”
Kirimaduhela 6o 43’ 50.35” 80o 48’ 43.24”
New Paraviyangala 6o 37’ 16.64484” 80o 47’ 10.94”
Hawagala(Known) 6o 43’ 8.07” 80o 44’ 42.39”

Appendix E: The correct distances of the lines

Appendix 22
 From To Distance(Km)
Hatarabage Kirioluhena 8.543
Hatarabage Bogandeniyahena
Hatarabage New Paraviyangala 9.309
Hatarabage Hawagala 7.793
Hatarabage Kirimaduhela 7.524
Kirioluhena Bogandeniyahena 11.422
Kirioluhena New Paraviyangaal
Kirioluhena Hawagala 14.514
Kirioluhena Kirimaduhela 8.537
Bogandeniyahena New Paraviyangala 8.947
Bogandeniyahena Hawagala 13.415
Bogandeniyahena Kirimaduhela 6.548
New Paraviyangala Hawagala 4.743
New Paraviyangala Kirimaduhela 4.800
Hawagala Kirimaduhela 7.832

Appendix F:Calculated azimuths of the lines

From To Azimuth(in radians)

Hatarabage Kirioluhena 1.955771
Hatarabage Bogandeniyahena
Hatarabage New Paraviyangala 0.302942
Hatarabage Hawagala 36.0502097
Hatarabage Kirimaduhela 0.841871
Kirioluhena Bogandeniyahena 0.331188
Kirioluhena New Paraviyangaal
Kirioluhena Hawagala 5.551129
Kirioluhena Kirimaduhela 6.009861
Bogandeniyahena New Paraviyangala 4.857515
Bogandeniyahena Hawagala 4.715079
Bogandeniyahena Kirimaduhela 4.307399
New Paraviyangala Hawagala 4.435037
New Paraviyangala Kirimaduhela 2.509785
Hawagala Kirimaduhela 1.905667

Appendix G:F Matrix

Appendix 23
F = 1.0e-004 *
0.5400
-0.0129
-0.4426
0.0872
0.0504
0.4842
-0.2951
0.4824
-0.1887
0.5535
-0.3528
0.3809
0.0000
-0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
-0.1997
0.3951
-0.2249
-0.7537
0.5214

Appendix H:B-Matrix
ans =1.0e+003 *

1.0990 -0.3596 0 0 0.5077 -0.4532 0 0

0.2770 0.1730 -0.5077 0.4532 0 0 -0.5629 -0.4532
-0.9609 -0.8700 0 0 0 0 0.5629 0.4532
0.3980 0.6258 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.4092 -0.6190
0 0 -0.0049 0.5546 0 0 -0.4092 0.6190
0 0 0.9016 -0.1913 0 0 -0.8967 -0.3634
0 0 -0.5015 0.1088 0 0 0.8967 0.3634
0 0 -0.9945 0.2358 0 -0.7080 0 0
0 0 0.5993 -0.3772 0 0.3597 1.3199 0.0175
0.2860 -0.6176 0 0 0.5077 0.6351 -1.3199 -0.0175
-0.2860 0.6176 0 0 0.5109 -0.8119 0 0
0 0 0.3952 0.2586 -1.0186 0.8639 0 0
0 0 -0.3952 -0.2586 0 0 -0.3269 -0.7399
0 0 0 0 0 0 0.3269 0.7399
-0.8130 -0.0036 0 0 0 0 0 0
-0.5630 -0.6262 0 0 0 0 0.2360 1.4350
-1.3683 0.5630 0 0 0 0 -0.9721 0.6262
0 0 -0.8967 -0.3632 0 0 1.3059 1.1054
0 0 0.8967 0.3632 0 1.3197 -2.2166 -1.6829
0 0 0 0 0 -1.3197 1.6468 0.5109

Appendix I:Length of Base Line

Appendix 24
s = 14.5146 Km

Appendix J:Approximate Included Angles

Included Angle
Angle Number D (Degree) M (Minute) S (Second)
1 30 35 51.72
2 30 52 41.88
3 63 49 18.48
4 25 59 26.16
5 26 17 0.24
6 34 38 9.60
7 47 48 58.32
8 23 11 11.4
9 8 19 58.44
10 45 29 39.48
11 53 33 36.36
12 56 44 55.32
13 18 51 50.04
14 19 13 6.96
15 28 51 38.16
16 28 42 37.44
17 60 57 10.44
18 60 54 15.48
19 97 32 52.44
20 102 59 10.68
21 34 36 30.96

Appendix K:Final calculated coordinates of unknown stations

Station Latitude Longtitude Correction Corrected

Hawagala 6o 43’ 8.07”” 80o 44’ 42.39” Known Ignored correction
Kirioluhena 6o 37’ 16.66” 80o 49’ 58.28” Known Ignored correction
Hatarabage 6° 39' 1.12” 80° 45' 40.51” 0.000000000070347 Ignored correction
Bogandeniyahena 6° 43' 8.26” 80° 51' 59.21” 0.0000000000144753 Ignored correction
New Paraviyangala 6° 43' 50.35” 80° 47' 10.94” 0.000000000069908 Ignored correction
Kirimaduhela 6° 41' 44.25” 80° 48' 43.24” 0.0000000000565903 Ignored correction

Appendix 25