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LOGIC GATES

The document provides an overview of logic gates, including their types (NOT, AND, OR) and how they operate with electrical signals. It explains the implementation of gates using transistors and the methods to describe their behavior through Boolean expressions, truth tables, and logic diagrams. Additionally, it discusses the construction of combinational circuits by combining gates and the principles of circuit equivalence.

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2 views

LOGIC GATES

The document provides an overview of logic gates, including their types (NOT, AND, OR) and how they operate with electrical signals. It explains the implementation of gates using transistors and the methods to describe their behavior through Boolean expressions, truth tables, and logic diagrams. Additionally, it discusses the construction of combinational circuits by combining gates and the principles of circuit equivalence.

Uploaded by

liyakhanyamphali
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LOGIC GATES

1
Chapter Goals
Identify the basic gates and describe the behavior of each
Describe how gates are implemented using transistors
Combine basic gates into circuits
Describe the behavior of a gate or circuit using Boolean expressions,
truth tables, and logic diagrams

2
Computers and Electricity
Gate
A device that performs a basic operation on
electrical signals
Circuits
Gates combined to perform more
complicated tasks

3
Computers and Electricity
How do we describe the behavior of gates and circuits?
Boolean expressions
Uses Boolean algebra, a mathematical notation for expressing two-
valued logic
Logic diagrams
A graphical representation of a circuit; each gate has its
own symbol
Truth tables
A table showing all possible input value and the associated
output values
4
Gates
Six types of gates
◦ NOT
◦ AND
◦ OR
◦ XOR
◦ NAND
◦ NOR
Typically, logic diagrams are black and white with gates
distinguished only by their shape
We use color for emphasis (and fun)

5
Gates
For the purpose of this course we will focus on the
following gates:
◦ NOT
◦ AND
◦ OR
The others are combination of the above.

6
NOT Gate

7
NOT Gate
A NOT gate accepts one input signal (0 or 1) and returns
the opposite signal as output

Figure 4.1 Various representations of a NOT gate

8
AND Gate

9
AND Gate
An AND gate accepts two input signals
If both are 1, the output is 1; otherwise,
the output is 0

Figure 4.2 Various representations of an AND gate

10
OR Gate
An OR gate accepts two input signals
If both are 0, the output is 0; otherwise,
the output is 1

Figure 4.3 Various representations of a OR gate

11
OR Gate

12
Review of Gate Processing
A NOT gate inverts its single input
An AND gate produces 1 if both input values are 1
An OR gate produces 0 if both input values are 0

13
Gates with More Inputs
Gates can be designed to accept three or more input values
A three-input AND gate, for example, produces an output of 1 only
if all input values are 1

Figure 4.7 Various representations of a three-input AND gate 14


Constructing Gates
Transistor
A device that acts either as a wire that conducts
electricity or as a resistor that blocks the flow of
electricity, depending on the voltage level of an input
signal
A transistor has no moving parts, yet acts like
a switch
It is made of a semiconductor material, which is neither
a particularly good conductor of electricity nor a
particularly good insulator

15
Circuits
Combinational circuit
The input values explicitly determine the output
Sequential circuit
The output is a function of the input values and the
existing state of the circuit
We describe the circuit operations using
Boolean expressions
Logic diagrams
Truth tables
Are you surprised?

16
Combinational Circuits
Gates are combined into circuits by using the
output of one gate as the input for another

17
Combinational Circuits

Three inputs require eight rows to describe all possible input


combinations
This same circuit using a Boolean expression is (AB + AC)

18
Combinational Circuits
Consider the following Boolean expression A(B + C)

Does this truth table look familiar?


Compare it with previous table
19
Combinational Circuits
Circuit equivalence
Two circuits that produce the same output for
identical input
Boolean algebra allows us to apply provable
mathematical principles to help design circuits
A(B + C) = AB + BC (distributive law) so circuits must
be equivalent

20
Properties of Boolean Algebra

21
THANK YOU

22

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