Chapter: 2

Human eye and colorful world

Q1.Define the following?

 Cornea:The transparent thin spherical members covering the
front of eye is known as Cornea. The light coming from the object
enters the eye through it. Most of the refraction occurs at the
outer surface of the cornea.
 Iris:The dark muscular diaphragm b/w the cornea & the lens is
called Iris. It controls the size of pupil.
 Pupil:There is a hole in the middle of the Iris which is called pupil
of the eye. It appears black because no light reflected from it. It
regulates and controls the amount of light entering in eye.
 Eye lens:The transparent spherical crystalline lens composed of
fiberous jelly like material is called eye lens. It is convex in nature
that converges light at retina.
 Retina:The light sensitive screen having enormous number of light
sensitive calls called rods and color sensitive calls called cones, on
which image formed.
 Optic nerve:The Nerve cells which sends the electric signal to the
brain is called optic nerve.
 Ciliary muscle: It helps to change the curvature of eye lens and
hence changes its focal length so that we can see the objects
clearly placed at different positions.
Q2. What do you mean to by human eye?
Ans. The human eye consists of a convex eye forms a Real image of an
object on a retina of the eye and we are able to see the objects.
Q3.What is the function of Iris and Pupil?
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Ans. The Iris regulates the amount of light entering the eye by adjusting
the size of the Pupil. If the intensity of outside light is low than the Pupil
expands to allow more light to enter the eye, on the other hand if the
intensity of outside light is high, then the Pupil contracts so that lens
light enter the eye.
Q4. Why we can not see clearly when we enter a darkened cinema
hall from bright sunshine?
Ans. This is due to fact that at in bright sunshine Iris contracts the Pupil
of our eye. So when we enter in the cinema hall very little light enters
our eye and we cannot see properly. After a short time, Iris expands the
Pupil of our eye so that more light enters our eye and we can see
clearly.
Q5. How do we see color?
Ans. The cone shaped cells of our retina respond to colour. These cells
make us to see colors.
Q6. Define accommodation of eye?
Ans. The ability of an eye to focus the distant object on the retina by
the changing the focal length of its lens is called accommodation.
When we see the distant object:
Ciliary muscles get relaxed
Eye lens become thin
Focal length of lens increases
Enable us to see the distant objects
When we see the near by object:
Ciliary muscles get contracted
Eye lens become thick
Focal length of lens decreases
Enable us to see the nearby objects

Q7. What is the nearest and far point of an eye?

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 Ans. Nearest point = 25cm.
 far point = Infinity

Q8. What happens to the image distance in the eye when we increase
the distance of an object from the eye?
Ans. In the eye the image distance is fixed by the god which cannot be
changed. So, when increased the distance of an object from the eye.
There is no change in the image distance inside the eye.
Q9. A person cannot see the distant object clearly. From which
defects of eye he is suffering from and what is its cause and how it is
corrected?
Ans. The person is suffering from myopia (short sightedness) can see
the near by objects cleary but cannot see the distant objects distinctly.
Causes
 1. Excessive curvature of eye lens
 2. Elongation of Eye ball
It is corrected by using spectacles having concave lens.
Diagrams =

Q11. Define hypermetropia(Long sightedness or Far-sightedness) Its

causes and how it is corrected?

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Ans. It is that effect of eye due to which the person cannot see the
near by objects clearly.
Causes
 1. Due to low converging power of eye lens.
 2. Due to eye- ball being too short
This defect is corrected by using spectacles having convex lens.
Diagram

Q12. What is Presbyopia. How it is caused and corrected?

Ans. Presbyopia is that defect of vision due to which an old person
cannot see the nearby objects clearly. It is caused due to the gradual
weakening of ciliary muscles and diminishing flexibility of eye lens. It is
corrected by convex lens. It is corrected by having a spectacle
containing convex lens.
Q13. What is catract how it is caused and corrected?
Ans. It is that defect of eye in which the lens of an eye of a person
becomes cloudy due to formation of membrane over it. It can even lead
to total loss of vision of the eye. It can be corrected by a small surgery
of eye having catract.
Q14. Define a refraction of light through prism?
Ans. When a ray of light passes through a prism it bends towards the
base of prism. This is a known as the refraction of light through prism.
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Diagram:

Q15. Define angle of deviation and angle of prism?

Ans. The angle b/w incident ray & emergent ray is called angle of
deviation.
The angle b/w two lareral faces of prism is called angle of prism
Q16. What is dispersion of light?
Ans. The splitting of light into its component colour (VIBGYOR)is called
dispersion of light.
The different component colour of light bends at different angle with
respect to incident angle, the red light bends the least and Violet bends
most.
Q17. Explain the experiment of spectrum of white light?
Ans Issac Newton was the first who use a glass prism to obtain the
spectrum of sunlight. He tried to split the spectrum of light more by
using another similar prism.
He repeated the experiment by using second identical prism in inverted
position with respect to the first prism. This allowed the colors of the
spectrum to pass through the second prism. He found a beam of white
light of emerging from the other side of the second prism. This gave the
idea that the sunlight is made of 7 colours(VIBGYOR).

Q18. How rainbow is formed?

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Ans. A rainbow is a natural spectrum of light appearing in the sky after
rain shower.
Water droplets act like a prism. When light enters the rain drop,
It first refracts and disperses the incident sunlight
then reflects it internally and finally refract it again, when it emerges
out of the droplets and the seven colour reach the eye of observer
in the form of rainbow.
Diagram:

Q19. Define atmospheric refraction?

Ans. The refraction of light caused by the earth’s atmosphere (having
different temperature and different air layers) is called atmospheric
refraction.
Q20. Why an object placed behind the fire appears to flickers when
seen through the air?
Ans: The air above hot surface becomes hot and rise. The space is
occupied by cool air.The refractive index of hot air is less than that of
cool air. Due to changing refractive index of medium light appears to
come from different directions. It result in apparent position of the
object.
Q21. Explain why the star twinkle at night?
Ans. The twinkling of stars is due to the atmospheric refraction of stars
light. When a light coming from a star enter the earth’s atmosphere it
refracts more star light toward us the stars appears to be bright and
when the atmosphere refracts less star light then the stars appears to

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be dim. In this way the amount of star light reaching our eyes increased
and decreased continuously and hence it twinkle.
Q22. Why the planets do not twinkle?
Ans. The planets appear to be quite big to us so can be consider to be
a collection of a large no. of point source of light. The dimming effects
produced by some of the point source of light in part of the planet is
nullified by the brighter effect produced by the paint source of light in
its other part. Thus, on the whole the brightness of the planet always
remains same and its does not appear to twinkle.
Q23. Why stars seems higher than their actual position?
Ans: It is due to atmospheric refraction. The refractive index of earths
atmosphere in general increases from top to bottom. So the light
coming from star near the horizon has to travel from rare to denser
medium and it bends towards the normal. As a result stars appears
higher.
Q24. We can see the sun about 2 min actual the before sunrise and 2
min actual sunset. Give reason to support your answer?
Ans. It is due to the atmospheric refraction. When sun is below the
horizon the rays has to pass from less denser medium to more denser
medium.So rays bends towards towards the normal. As a result sun
appers higher than the actual position
Q25. Define scattering of light?
Ans. Spreading of light in various direction by colloidial particle is
called scattering of light.
The colour of scattered light depends on the size of scattering particle.
 If particles are very fine,they scatter mainly the blue colour of
light(shorter wavelength)
 If particles are medium sized,they scatter mainly the red colour of
light(longer wavelength)

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  If particles are large in size,they scatter all the colour of light thats
is why it appears white.
Q26. Define Tyndall effect?
Ans.The phenomena of scattering of light by colloidal particles gives
rise to Tyndall effect. This phenomenon is seen when a fine beam of
sunlight enters a smoke-filled room through a small hole, scattering of
light makes particles visible.
Q27. Why the sky is blue?
Ans. Scattering of light causes the blue color of the sky as when
sunlight passes through the atmosphere, the very fine particle of water
vapour and gases in the air scatter the blue color (which is having
shorter wavelength) more effectively than any other colour. The
scattered blue color enters our eye and we see the blue sky.
Q28. Why the sun appears red at sunrise and sunset?
Ans. It is because during sunrise and sunset the sun is near horizon and
therefore the sunlight has to travel large distance in atmosphere. Due
to this most of the blue colour present in sunlight has been scattered
out and away from our line of right, leaving behind mainly red
colour( longer wavelength) that will reaches our eyes.
Q29. Why does the sky appear dark instead of blue to an astronaut?
Ans. This is because there is no atmosphere containing air in the outer
space to scatter sunlight. Since there is no scattered light to reach our
eye in outer space, therefore, the sky looks dark and black.
Q:30 Why clouds appear white?
Ans: clouds are formed by water vapours. Water vapours condense to
form water droplets, due to large size of droplets all colours of light
scattered and cloud appers white.
Q:31 Why colour of sky at noon appears white?

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Ans: At noon light from the sun overhead would travel relatively
shorter distance. So only a little of blue colour and violet colour
scattered. So almost all colour of light scattered and sky appers white.
Q32: What is the persistence of vision? What is an indicator?
Ans.The impression of an object persist for about 1/16th of a second on
the retina even after the removal of the object. This property is known
as persistence of the object.

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Chapter: -13
Magnetic Effects of electric current

Q1. What is Magnetic field and field lines also give the characteristics
of Magnetic field lines?
Ans. The space surrounding a, Magnet in which Magnetic force is
exerted is called Magnetic field, the lines drawn in Magnetic field along
with north Magnetic pole would move is called Magnetic field lines.

Characteristic: -
 1. The Magnetic field lines originate from north pole and end its
south pole.
 2. The Magnetic field lines come closer to one another near the
poles of Magnet but they are widely separated at other places.
 3. The Magnetic field lines do not intersect one another.

Q2. Why the Magnetic field lines do not intersect one another?
Ans.This is due to the fact that the resultant force on a North Pole at
any point can be only in 1 direction. At the point of intersection
compass needle would point in two direction which is not possible

Q3. Explain why a freely suspended Magnet always point to north –

south direction?
Ans. Because the earth itself behaves as a magnet which causes a
freely suspended Magnet to point in North – South direction.
There is a Magnetic south pole near the geographical north and
Magnetic north pole near the geographical south. Hence a freely
suspended Magnet always show a particular direction.

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Q4. How would you show that there is a magnetic effect of current?
Ans.The magnetic effect of current was discovered by Oersted in 1820.
He found that a wire carrying current was able to deflect a compass
needle. This proves that current carrying wire gives rise to a magnetic
field around it, which deflect a compass needle.

Q5. Draw Magnetic field pattern due to straight carrying conductor

Ans.Diagram: -

Q6. Explain the factor at which the magnitude of Magnetic field

depends?
1. The magnitude of Magnetic field depends upon the current
passing the wire.
It is directly proportional to current passing in wire.
2. The Magnetic of Magnetic Field Produces by a straight current
carrying wire is depending upon the distance of that paints from
the wire.
It is inversely proportional to the distance of that point from the
wire

Q7. Explain Maxwell’s right-hand thumb rule?

Ans.According to Maxwell’s right hand thumb rule. Imagine that you
are grasping

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(on holding) the current carrying wire in your right hand so that your
thumb points in the direction of current, then the direction in which
your fingers encircled the wire will give the direction of Magnetic field
lines around the wire.

Q8.Draw a magnetic field pattern due to a circular loop carrying

current?
Ans.Diagram: -

Q9. What is solenoid? And also give some factor at which the
strength of Magnetic field produced by current carrying solenoid
depends.
Ans.The solenoid is a long coil containing a large number of close turns
of insulated copper wire.
 1. The number of turns in the solenoid:- Larger the number of
turns in the solenoid, greater will be the Magnetism produced.
This is because the current in each turn has the same direction,
and the magneticfield due to each turn then just adds up.
 2. The strength of current in the solenoid:- Larger the current
passed through solenoid, stronger will be the Magnetic field
produced.

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  3. The nature of core material:- Nature of material used in
making solenoid. The use of soft iron rod as core in a solenoid
produces the strongest magnetism.

Q10. What is electromagnet? Factors affecting strength of

electromagnet?
Ans. An electromagnet consists of a long coil of insulated copper wire
wound on a soft iron core.
Factors Affecting the strength of an Electromagnet. It depends on
…………….
 1. The number of turns in the coil:- If we increase the number of
terms in the coil, the strength of electromagnet increases.
 2. The current flowing in the coil:- If the current in the coil is
increased, the strength of electromagnet increases.
 3. The length of air gap between its poles. If we reduce the
length of air gap between the poles of a straight electromagnet,
then its strength increases.

Q11. Differentiate b/w Bar Magnet or ({Permanent Magnet) and an

electromagnet?
Ans.
Bar Magnet Electromagnet
1. The bar magnet is a 1. An electromagnet is a
permanent magnet. temporary magnet.
2. A permanent magnet 2. An electroentmagnet can
produces produce very strong
comparatively weak force magnetic force.
of attraction. 3. The strength of an
3. The strength of a electromagnet can be

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 permanent magnet cannot changed by changing the
be changed. number of turns in its coil
or by changing the current
passing through it.
4. The polarity of an
4. The (north - south) polarity electromagnet can be
of a permanent magnet is changed by changing the
fixed and cannot be direction of current into the
changed. coil.

Q12. Define Flemings Left hand rule?

Ans. According to Flemings left hand rule. Hold the forefinger, the
center finger and the thumb of your left hand at right angles to one
another. Adjust your hand in such a way that the forefinger points in
the direction of magnetic field and the center finger points the
direction of current, then the direction in which thumb points gives the
direction of force acting on the conductor.
Diag….

Q14. What is electric motor. Explain its principal and working?

Ans. A device which converts electrical energy into mechanical energy
is called electric motor.
Principle of motor:-When rectangular coil is placed in a magnetic field
and current is passes through it, coil experiences a force which rotates
it continuously.

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Working: - An electric motor consists of a rectangular coil ABCD of
isolated copper wire. The coil is placed b/w 2 poles of magnetic field.
The ends of coil are connected to the 2 halves P and Q of a split rings.
The edges of P and Q touches this carbon brushes X and Y as shown in
the fig.

Figure: -

Current in the coil ABCD enters from battery through brush X and flows
back to the battery through brush Y.
 1. In the side AB of a coil, the direction current is A to B and in the
side CD of a coil. The direction of current is C to D. The direction of
Magnetic field is from North pole to its South pole, by applying
Fleming’s left hand rule the force on side AB of a coil is in
downword direction and hence it is pushed down whereas the
force on side CD of the coil is in upward direction hence CD is
pushed up and ABCD is rotate on Anti clock direction.
 2. When the coil reaches the vertical position then the brush X
and Y touch the gap b/w the 2 rings and current in the coil is cut
off but due to the momentum it goes beyond the vertical position.
 3. After half rotation the side CD of the coil comes on the left side
and the side AB of the coil comes to the right side and hence the 2
rings automatically changed contact from brush to another. This
reverses the direction of current in the coil hence the side AB of
coil is pushed up and CD of the coil is pushed down hence the

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 loop tends to rotate this is the working principal employed in an
electric motor.

Q15. What is electromagnetic induction?

Ans. The production of electricity from magnetism is called
electromagnetic induction.

Q16. What is Fleming’s Right Hand Rule?

Ans.According to Fleming’s Right Hand Rule: Hold the thumb, the
forefinger and the center finger of our right hand at right angles to one
another. Adjust your hand in such a way that forefinger points in the
direction of magnetic field, and thumb points in the direction of,
motion of conductor. Then the direction in which center finger points
gives the direction of induced current in the conductor.
Diagram:

Q17. Explain the principle, construction, working of AC generator?

 Ans.Principle of AC generator: -the Electric generator converts
mechanical energy into electric energy. It works on a principle
that when a straight conductor is moved in a magnetic field then
the current is induced in the conductor.
 Construction: - A simple AC generator consist of rectangular coil
ABCD which can be rotated between horse shoe type permanent
magnet. The 2 ends of coil A, D are connected through slip rings R1
and R2 the 2 fixed pieces of carbon brushes B1 and B2 keep
contact with them.

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  Working: -suppose initially the coil ABCD is in the horizontal
position. Again suppose the coil is rotated anticlockwise direction
b/w the poles of magnet.

 1. As the coil rotates in Anti- clockwise direction. The AB of the

coil moves down and CD moves up cutting the magnetic field line.
Due to this induce current is produced. On applying Fleming’s
right-hand rule, we find the currents is in the directions B to A and
D to C. thus in 1st half of coil the current in the external circuit
flows from B1 to B2.
 2. After a half revolution AB and CD were interchanged their
position as a result the direction of current is also reversed and
Now the current flows from B2 to B1. The loop is continuous and
the current is produced in the generator.

Q17.Differentiate b/w direct current and alternate current?

Ans.
(D.C) (A.C)
 If the current flows in one  If the current reverses a
direction only it is called direction after equal
D.C. interval of time, it is called
 The current which we get A.C.
from cell or battery is called  The current which we get
D.C. from generator, bicycle
 There is some loose of dynamo is called A.C.
energy when supplying D.C.  A.C can be transmitted over
a long distance without
much loss of energy.

Q19. Explain domestic electrical circuit?

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Ans. In our home the electic power supplied is of p.d is 220V and
frequency 50Hz.
The Domestic electrical circuit consists
 live wire(red insulation cover with potential difference of 220 V)->
 netural wire(black insulation cover with 0 p.d) ->
 earth wire( green insulation cover) ->
 There is also a consumer fuse after the main switch. ->
 There are 2 separate circuits running in a house, the lightning
circuit with 5 amp and power circuit with 15 amp fuse. ->
 The household distribution circuit are connected in parallel. Each
electrical appliance have separate switches.

Q20. What is the advantage of parallel circuit?

Ans. Ans. No. 13 of (Electricity)

Q21. What is electric fuse?

Ans. The electric fuse is a safety device having a short length of thin tin
or lead tin alloy wire having a low melting point, which breaks the
circuit when current exceed a safe value.

Q.23 why the electrical appliance should be earthed?

Ans. To avoid the risks of electrical shocks. When the live wire touches
the metal case of electric appliance which has been earthed, then
current passes directly to earth through earths wire and do not get
electric shock.
Q:24 What is shortcircuting and overloading explain?
Ans: Short circuiting: Due to fault in appliance and damage in insulation
of two wire( live and neutral), the circuit will offer zero or negligible
resistance to the flow of electric current. Due to low resistance large
amount of current is flowinh which will produce heat or spark causes
fire also.
Overloading: It can be caused by conneting to many electrical
appliances to a single soket or accidental rise in supply voltage. If the
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total current drawn by the appliance at particular time exceeds the
bearing capacity of that of wire it will heat up. This will cause fire also.

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