It is a branch of mathematics that deals with

the scientific collection, organization,

presentation, analysis, and interpretation
of numerical data in order to obtain useful
and meaningful information.
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It is the likelihood or chance of an event
occurring.

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Pre-requisite (Recall):
•PROBABILITY
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑦𝑠 𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑎𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑛
𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑏𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑛 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑠

•SAMPLE SPACE
➢ It is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Sample Space:
Determine the sample space and the total number
of possible outcomes for each experiment:
1. Tossing a coin
Sample Space = {head, tail} or {H, T}
Total no. of possible outcomes = 2
2. Rolling a die
Sample Space = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Total no. of possible outcomes = 6
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Sample Space:
3. Tossing a coin thrice
1st 2nd 3rd Sample Total no. of possible outcomes
Toss Toss Toss Space =2x2x2
H HHH =8
H
T HHT
H
H HTH
T
T HTT
H THH
H
T T THT
T H TTH
T TTT
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Let X denote the number of heads that
result in the experiment:
3. Tossing a coin thrice
1st 2nd 3rd Sample Number of
Toss Toss Toss Space Heads X
H HHH 3
H
T HHT 2
H
H HTH 2 Random
T
T HTT 1 Variable
H THH 2
H
T T THT 1
T H TTH 1
T TTT 0
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Chapter 1

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Lesson 1

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Learning Targets:
At the end of this lesson, I C AN…
1.Illustrate a random variable;
2.Classify random variables as
discrete or continuous; and
3.Find the possible values of a
random variable.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
➢It is a function that associates a
real number to each element in
the sample space.
➢It is a variable whose values
are determined by chance.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Experiment: Tossing a coin one
Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)
H 0
T 1

X = {0, 1}

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Experiment: Tossing a coin thrice
Random Variable X
Possible Outcomes
(number of heads)
HHH 3
HHT 2
HTH
HTT
2
1 X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
THH 2
THT 1
TTH 1
TTT 0
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Example 1:

Two balls are drawn in succession

without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue
balls. Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue
balls. Find the values of the random
variable Z. (c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Solution:
Possible Random Variable Z
Outcomes (no. of blue balls)
RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2

Z = {0, 1, 2}
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Let’s Try It!

A basket contains 10 red

balls and 4 white balls. If
three balls are taken from the
basket one after the other,
determine the possible
values of the random variable
R representing the number of
red balls. (c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Solution: R = {0, 1, 2, 3}
Possible Random Variable R
Outcomes (no. of red balls)
RRR 3
RRW 2
RWR 2
WRR 2
WWR 1
WRW 1
RWW 1
WWW 0
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Two Types of Random Variables:

1. D ISCRETE RANDO M VARIABLE

➢It represents count data.
➢It can assume a countable number of values.
Examples: number of sales, number of calls,
shares of stock, people in line, number of
defective chairs produced in a factory, mistakes
per page

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Two Types of Random Variables:

2. CON TIN U OUS RANDO M VARIABLE

➢It represents measured data.
➢It can assume any value along a given
interval of a number line.
Examples: height, weight, temperature, time,
length, depth, volume

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Experiment: Tossing a coin thrice
Possible Outcomes

HHH
Random
RandomVariable
VariableXX
(number of heads)
3
X = {0, 1, 2, 3}
HHT
HH 2
T
HTH 2 P(0) = 1/8 or 0.125
THH
HT
T
TTH
THH
2
1
1
2
P(1) = 3/8 or 0.375
THT 1 P(2) = 3/8 or 0.375
HTT
TTH 1
TTT 0 P(3) = 1/8 or 0.125
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 DISCRETE PROBABILITY
DISTRIBUTION
Number of
0 1 2 3
Heads X
1/8 3/8 3/8 1/8
Probability
or or or or
P(X)
0.125 0.375 0.375 0.125

Probability Mass Function

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Lesson 2

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Learning Targets:
At the end of this lesson, I C A N …
1. Illustrate a probability distribution for a
discrete random variable and its
properties;
2. Compute probabilities corresponding to
a given random variable; and
3. Construct the probability mass function
of a discrete random variable and its
corresponding histogram.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Let’s recall
Suppose two coins are tossed and we are
interested to determine the number of tails that
will come out. Let us use X to represent the
number of tails that will come out. Determine
the values of the random variable X.
Let’s recall
1. List the sample space
S = {HH, HT, TH, TT}
Let’s recall
2. Count the number of tails in each outcome
and assign this number to this outcome.
Outcome Number of Tails
(Value of X)
HH 0
HT 1
TH 1
TT 2
Level up!
3. Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable X.
Number of Tails Number of Occurrence
(Value of X) (Frequency)
0
1
2
Total
Level up!
3. Construct the frequency distribution of the
values of the random variable X.
Number of Tails Number of Occurrence
(Value of X) (Frequency)
0 1
1 2
2 1
Total 4
Level up!
4. Construct the probability distribution of the
random variable X by getting the probability
of occurrence of each value of the random
variable.
Level up!
Number of Number of Probability
Tails Occurrence P(X)
(Value of X) (Frequency)
0 1
1 2
2 1
Total 4
Level up!
Number of Tails Number of Probability
(Value of X) Occurrence P(X)
(Frequency)
0 1 ¼ or 0.25
1 2 2/4 or 0.50
2 1 ¼ or 0.25
Total 4 1
Level up!
X 0 1 2
P (X) ¼ or 0.25 2/4 or 0.50 ¼ or 0.25
➢It consists of the values a
random variable can assume
and the corresponding
probabilities of the values.
➢ It is also known as the
probability mass function.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
1. The probability of each value of the
random variable must be between or
equal to 0 and 1. In symbol, we write it as
0 ≤ 𝑃 𝑋 ≤ 1.
2. The sum of the probabilities of all values
of the random variable must be equal to 1.
In symbol, we write it as Σ𝑃 𝑋 = 1.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Try It!

Example 1: Determine whether a distribution is a valid

probability distribution for a discrete random variable 𝑋.
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.06
 Try It!

Example 1: Determine whether a distribution is a valid

probability distribution for a discrete random variable 𝑋.
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.06
Solution:

To determine if the distribution is a valid probability distribution,

we must satisfy the two properties for the probability
distribution of a discrete random variable.
 Try It!

Example 1: Determine whether a distribution is a valid

probability distribution for a discrete random variable 𝑋.
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.06
Solution:

a. The probability of each outcome is between 0 and 1.

The probabilities 0.32, 0.28, 0.34, and 0.06 are all between 0 and
1.
 Try It!

Example 1: Determine whether a distribution is a valid

probability distribution for a discrete random variable 𝑋.
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.32 0.28 0.34 0.06
Solution:
b. The sum of all the probabilities of the random variable is
equal to 1 or 100%.
0.32 + 0.28 + 0.34 + 0.06 = 1

Thus, the above distribution is a valid probability distribution for

the discrete random variable 𝑋.
Example 2:Determine if the given table is a discrete
probability distribution/probability mass function. If it is
not a discrete probability distribution, identify the
property or properties that are not satisfied.

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Example 2:Determine if the given table is a discrete
probability distribution/probability mass function. If it is
not a discrete probability distribution, identify the
property or properties that are not satisfied.

YES

NO = 0.99

NO
= 1.02

NO

YES (c) roegencargamentorivera2019

Let’s Try It!
In a computer laboratory, the teacher wants
to find out if there is a defective computer.
Suppose three computers were tested at
random, she asks one of her students to list
all the possible outcomes such that D
represents the defective computer and N
represents the non-defective computer.
Let’s Try It!
Let X be the random variable for the number
of defective computers. Then, illustrate the
probability distribution of the random
variable X.
Let’s Try It!
Possible Outcomes Number of Defective Computers
(Value of X)
Let’s Try It!
Possible Outcomes Number of Defective Computers
(Value of X)
NNN 0
DNN 1
NDN 1
NND 1
DDN 2
DND 2
NDD 2
DDD 3
Let’s Try It!
Number of Defective Computers Number of Occurrence
(Value of X) (Frequency)
0
1
2
3
TOTAL
Let’s Try It!
Number of Defective Computers Number of Occurrence
(Value of X) (Frequency)
0 1
1 3
2 3
3 1
TOTAL 8
Let’s Try It!
Number of Defective Number of Occurrence P(X)
Computers (Frequency)
(Value of X)
0 1
1 3
2 3
3 1
TOTAL 8
Let’s Try It!
Number of Defective Number of Occurrence P(X)
Computers (Frequency)
(Value of X)
0 1 1/8 or 0.125
1 3 3/8 or 0.375
2 3 3/8 or 0.375
3 1 1/8 or 0.125
TOTAL 8
➢It is a statistical bar graph in which the
height shows the true probability of
each outcome and they add up to one.

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Level up!
Using our previous example, construct
the Probability Histogram for the Discrete
Probability Distribution below.
X 0 1 2
P (X) ¼ or 0.25 2/4 or 0.50 ¼ or 0.25
Example 1:
1 2
3 4
The given spinner is divided into four
sections. Let Y be the random variable
which is the score where the arrow will stop
(numbered 1, 2, 3, 4) in the drawing above.
Find the probability that the arrow will stop
at 1, 2, 3 and 4. Construct the discrete
probability function/probability mass
function of the random variable Y.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Experim ent: Spinner

P(1) = ¼ or 0.25

P(2) = ¼ or 0.25

P(3) = ¼ or 0.25

P(4) = ¼ or 0.25
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Experim ent: Spinner

Random Probability
Variable (Y) P(Y)
1 ¼ or 0.25
2 ¼ or 0.25
3 ¼ or 0.25
4 ¼ or 0.25

𝜮𝑷 𝒀 = 𝟏 (c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Example 3:

Two balls are drawn in succession

without replacement from an urn
containing 5 red balls and 6 blue balls.
Let Z be the random variable
representing the number of blue balls.
Construct the probability distribution of
the random variable Z.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Solution:
Possible Random Variable Z
Outcomes (no. of blue balls)
RR 0
RB 1
BR 1
BB 2

Z = {0, 1, 2}
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Solution:

Number of Probability
Blue Balls Z P(Z)
0 ¼ or 0.25
1 ½ or 0.5
2 ¼ or 0.25

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Seatwork No. 2
Four coins are tossed. Let Z be the
random variable representing the
number of heads that occur.
Construct the probability
distribution for the random variable
Z and draw the corresponding
probability histogram.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Try It!

Example 1:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋
below, find 𝑃(𝑋 = 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.10 0.21 ? 0.5
 Try It!

Example 1:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋
below, find 𝑃(𝑋 = 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.10 0.21 ? 0.5
Solution:

In a probability distribution for a discrete random variable, the sum

of all the probabilities of the outcomes should be equal to 1. That is
σ 𝑃 𝑋 = 1.
 Try It!

Example 1:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋
below, find 𝑃(𝑋 = 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.10 0.21 ? 0.5
Solution:

Add all the probabilities and equate it to 1 to find the missing

value.
𝑃 𝑋 =1 +𝑃 𝑋 =2 +𝑃 𝑋 =3 +𝑃 𝑋 =4 =1
 Try It!

Example 1:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random variable 𝑋
below, find 𝑃(𝑋 = 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 0.10 0.21 ? 0.5
Solution:
0.10 + 0.21 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 3 + 0.5 = 1
0.81 + 𝑃 𝑋 = 3 = 1
𝑃 𝑋 = 3 = 1 − 0.81
𝑃 𝑋 = 3 = 0.19
Thus, 𝑷 𝑿 = 𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗.
Try It!
 Try It!

Example 2:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random
variable 𝑋 below, find 𝑃(𝑋 < 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 1 3 2 4
10 10 10 10
 Try It!

Example 2:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random
variable 𝑋 below, find 𝑃(𝑋 < 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 1 3 2 4
10 10 10 10
Solution:
Analyze the problem.

The notation 𝑃(𝑋 < 3) means that the random variable 𝑋 is less
than 3.
 Try It!

Example 2:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random
variable 𝑋 below, find 𝑃(𝑋 < 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 1 3 2 4
10 10 10 10
Solution:
The random variables take on the values 1, 2, 3, and 4 in which 1
and 2 are less than 3. The probabilities are 𝑃(𝑋 = 1) and 𝑃(𝑋 = 2).
Add all the identified probabilities.
𝑃 𝑋 <3 =𝑃 𝑋 =1 +𝑃 𝑋 =2
 Try It!

Example 2:
Given the probability distribution of a discrete random
variable 𝑋 below, find 𝑃(𝑋 < 3).
𝑿 1 2 3 4
𝑷(𝑿) 1 3 2 4

Solution:
10 10 10 10

𝑃 𝑋 <3 =𝑃 𝑋 =1 +𝑃 𝑋 =2
1 3 4 2
𝑃 𝑋<3 = + = or
10 10 10 5
Therefore, the probability that the random variable 𝑋 is less than 3
𝟒 𝟐
is or .
𝟏𝟎 𝟓
Let’s Try IT!
Let’s Try IT!
BE CAREFUL!

A laboratory supervisor in
a type III hospital is
investigating number of
reported on-the-job training Accidents Probability
accidents over a period of one Reported X P(X)
month. Based on the past
records, she has derived the
0 0.50
following probab ility 1 0.25
distribution for x; where x is
the number of reported
2 0.10
accidents per month. 3 0.10
4
(c) roegencargam entorivera2019 0.05
Solution:
X P(X) X•P(X)
0 0.50 (0)(0.50)=0
1 0.25 (1)(0.25)=0.25
2 0.10 (2)(0.10)=0.2
3 0.10 (3)(0.10)=0.3
4 0.05 (4)(0.05)=0.2
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
𝝁 = 0.95
 Interpretation:

There is 0.95 (nearly 1) accident

reported on the average per month.
𝜇 = 0.95
Expected Value

M E A N O F DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Lesson 3

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Learning Targets:
At the end of this lesson, I C A N …
1. Illustrate and calculate the mean of a
discrete random variable;
2. Interpret the mean of a discrete
random variable; and
3.Solve problems involving mean of
probability distributions.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
➢It is a weighted average of the possible
values that the random variable can take.
➢It provides the long-run average of the
variable, or the expected average outcome
over many observations.
➢It is a parameter that describes the center
or common data in the distribution.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
➢Its common symbol is μ.
➢It is also known as the mean of the
discrete random variable, mathematical
expectation, population mean, or the
expected value.

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Learn about It!

1 Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

Let 𝑋 be a discrete random variable. The expected value of 𝑋, also referred to as the
mean of 𝑋, is
𝜇 = 𝐸 𝑋 = ෍[𝑋 ∙ 𝑃(𝑋)]

To compute for the mean of a discrete random variable, follow

these steps:
1. Construct the probability distribution
2. Determine the value of 𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑋)
3. Add all the values of 𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑋) to determine Σ[𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋 ]
 Try It!

Let’s Try It!

Find the mean or the expected value of the probability
distribution shown below.

𝑿 𝑷(𝑿)
1 0.09
2 0.16
3 0.17
4 0.28
5 0.25
6 0.05
 Try It!

Find the mean or the expected value of the probability

distribution shown below.
Solution: 𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ⋅ 𝑷(𝑿)
1. Construct the column for 1 0.09
𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃(𝑋). 2 0.16
3 0.17
4 0.28
5 0.25
6 0.05
 Try It!

Find the mean or the expected value of the probability

distribution shown below.
Solution: 𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ⋅ 𝑷(𝑿)
2. Multiply the value of 𝑋 by its 1 0.09 0.09
corresponding probability value 2 0.16 0.32
𝑃(𝑋). 3 0.17 0.51
4 0.28 1.12
5 0.25 1.25
6 0.05 0.3
 Try It!

Find the mean or the expected value of the probability

distribution shown below.
Solution: 𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ⋅ 𝑷(𝑿)
3. Find the mean or the expected 1 0.09 0.09
value of the probability 2 0.16 0.32
distribution by getting the sum of 3 0.17 0.51
the values under the column 𝑋 ⋅ 4 0.28 1.12
𝑃(𝑋).
5 0.25 1.25
6 0.05 0.3
TOTAL 𝟑. 𝟓𝟗
 Try It!

Find the mean or the expected value of the probability

distribution shown below.
Solution: 𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ⋅ 𝑷(𝑿)
Thus, 𝐸 𝑋 = Σ 𝑋 ⋅ 𝑃 𝑋 = 3.59. 1 0.09 0.09
The mean or the expected value 2 0.16 0.32
of the probability distribution is 3 0.17 0.51
𝟑. 𝟓𝟗. 4 0.28 1.12
5 0.25 1.25
6 0.05 0.3
TOTAL 𝟑. 𝟓𝟗
Example 2:
The probabilities that a surg eon
operates on 3, 4, 5, 6, or 7 patients in
a day are 0.15, 0.10, 0.20, 0.25, and
0.30, respectively. Find the average
number of patients that a surgeon
operates on a day.

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Solution:

X P(X) X•P(X)
3 0.15 0.45
4 0.10 0.40
5 0.20 1.00
6 0.25 1.50
7 0.30 2.10
𝝁 = 5.45
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Lesson 4

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Learning Targets:
At the end of this lesson, I C A N …
1. Illustrate and calculate the variance of
a discrete random variable;
2. Interpret the variance of a discrete
random variable; and
3. Solve problems involving variance of
probability distributions.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
➢It is the measure of spread or variability or
dispersion for a distribution of a random
variable that determines the degree to which
the values of a random variable differ from the
expected value.
➢It is a parameter that measures the average
squared distance or deviation of each item in the
data from the mean.
➢It is denoted by 𝝈 𝟐 .
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
1. Find the mean of the probability
distribution.
2. Subtract the mean from each value of the
random variable X.
3. Square the results obtained in Step 2.
4. Get the sum of the results obtained in
Step 4.
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 𝜎2 = Σ 𝑋 − 𝜇 2 •𝑃 𝑋

where:
𝑋 = value of the random variable
𝑃 𝑋 = probability of the random variable
𝜇 = mean of the probability distribution

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 𝜎= Σ 𝑋−𝜇 2 •𝑃 𝑋

where:
𝑋 = value of the random variable
𝑃 𝑋 = probability of the random variable
𝜇 = mean of the probability distribution

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Investor’s Dilemma!

Variance Standard
Investment Mean
Deviation
Package 𝝁 𝝈𝟐
𝝈
Package A 3 2 𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏
Package B 3 0 𝟎=𝟎

Difference
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
 Try It!

Example 2: Find the variance and standard deviation of the

probability distribution shown below.
𝑿 𝑷(𝑿)
0 0.09
1 0.19
2 0.37
3 0.23
4 0.12
 Try It!

Example 2: Find the variance and standard deviation of the

probability distribution shown below.

Solution:
1. Compute for the mean of 𝑿 𝑷(𝑿) 𝑿 ⋅ 𝑷(𝑿)
the probability distribution. 0 0.09 0
1 0.19 0.19
Thus, the mean of the
probability distribution is 2 0.37 0.74
𝝁 = 𝟐. 𝟏. 3 0.23 0.69
4 0.12 0.48
TOTAL 𝟐. 𝟏
 Try It!

Example 2: Find the variance and standard deviation of the

probability distribution shown below.

Solution:
Thus, the variance of the discrete random variable 𝑋 is
𝝈𝟐 = 𝟏. 𝟐𝟓, and its standard deviation is 𝝈 = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟐.
Exam ple:

The C E O of a certain car manufacturer is

comforted with the dilemma when the
criteria set for choosing the “Best Car
Dealer of the Year” is based on the over – all
selling performance for the past ten months.
The table shows the two finalists on the said
category. Determine the mean and the
standard deviation of each set of
distribution. (c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Dealer of the Year!
No. of Cars Probability
Finalists
Sold (X) P(X)
25 0.1
30 0.3
Dealer A 35 0.2
40 0.3
45 0.1
25 0.3
30 0.1
Dealer B 35 0.1
40 0.1
45 0.4
(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Dealer A:

X P(X) X•P(X) (X – μ) (X – μ)2 (X – μ)2•P(X)

25 0.1 2.5 -10 100 10
30 0.3 9.0 -5 25 7.5
35 0.2 7.0 0 0 0
40 0.3 12.0 5 25 7.5
45 0.1 4.5 10 100 10
𝝁 = 𝟑𝟓 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟑𝟓

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Dealer B:

X P(X) X•P(X) (X – μ) (X – μ)2 (X – μ)2•P(X)

25 0.3 7.5 -11 121 36.3
30 0.1 3.0 -6 36 3.6
35 0.1 3.5 -1 1 0.1
40 0.1 4.0 4 16 1.6
45 0.4 18.0 9 81 32.4
𝝁 = 𝟑𝟔 𝝈𝟐 = 𝟕𝟒

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Sum m ary:

Variance Standard
Mean
Finalist 𝟐 Deviation
𝝁 𝝈
𝝈
Dealer A 35 35 5.92
Dealer B 36 74 8.60

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019
Interpretation:
Dealer B is more variable than
Dealer A because the standard
deviation of Dealer B is higher than
Dealer A. Therefore, Dealer A is the
“Best Dealer of the Year” .

(c) roegencargamentorivera2019