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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

DNA Structure & Replication DNA Structure & Replication

7. What are the sides of the DNA composed of? __________________ 7. What are the sides of the DNA composed of? __________________
& __________________ & __________________
8. What are the “rungs” of the DNA “ladder” composed of? 8. What are the “rungs” of the DNA “ladder” composed of?
__________________ __________________
9. What is the shape of DNA? __________________ 9. What is the shape of DNA? __________________
10. Write the complementary base sequence to the following sequence. 10. Write the complementary base sequence to the following sequence.
A T G A C C T G A A T G A C C T G A
____________________________________ ____________________________________
11. Place the events of DNA replication in order: 11. Place the events of DNA replication in order:
a. ______ DNA polymerase attaches to the primer a. ______ DNA polymerase attaches to the primer
b. ______ Okazaki fragments are glued together by ligase b. ______ Okazaki fragments are glued together by ligase
c. ______ DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and c. ______ DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and
unwinds DNA unwinds DNA
d. ______DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ d. ______DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’
direction direction
e. ______ Replication fork forms e. ______ Replication fork forms
12. Why does DNA replicate before a cell divides? 12. Why does DNA replicate before a cell divides?
a. To ensure both cells are genetically different a. To ensure both cells are genetically different
b. To ensure both cells are genetically identical b. To ensure both cells are genetically identical
c. To ensure each cell gets half the genetic information c. To ensure each cell gets half the genetic information

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

DNA Scientists DNA Scientists

Match the following scientists to our understanding of DNA Match the following scientists to our understanding of DNA

A. Erwin Chargaff A. Erwin Chargaff

B. Rosalind Franklin B. Rosalind Franklin
C. Maurice Wilkins C. Maurice Wilkins
D. Watson & Crick D. Watson & Crick
E. Oswald Avery E. Oswald Avery
F. Hershey & Chase F. Hershey & Chase

1. ______ Worked in x-ray crystallography; took Photo 51 of DNA 1. ______ Worked in x-ray crystallography; took Photo 51 of DNA

2. ______ Determined that the percentage of A always equaled that of 2. ______ Determined that the percentage of A always equaled that of

T and the percentage of G was equaled to C T and the percentage of G was equaled to C

3. ______ First isolated DNA as the material of genes and 3. ______ First isolated DNA as the material of genes and

chromosomes chromosomes

4. ______ Also worked on taking pictures of DNA, shared Nobel Prize 4. ______ Also worked on taking pictures of DNA, shared Nobel Prize

for discovery of structure for discovery of structure

5. ______Credited with discovering the structure of DNA 5. ______Credited with discovering the structure of DNA

6. ______ Confirmed that DNA was the genetic material of life 6. ______ Confirmed that DNA was the genetic material of life

7. In your opinion, which scientist had the greatest impact on our lives 7. In your opinion, which scientist had the greatest impact on our lives

today. Explain your reasoning. _______________________________ today. Explain your reasoning. _______________________________

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

DNA Structure DNA Structure

Complete each task using the diagram: Complete each task using the diagram:
 Label all the sugar molecules with an S  Label all the sugar molecules with an S
 Label the phosphate molecules with a P  Label the phosphate molecules with a P
 Circle one nitrogen base  Circle one nitrogen base
 Draw a square around 1 nucleotide  Draw a square around 1 nucleotide
 Highlight the hydrogen bonds  Highlight the hydrogen bonds
 Label the nitrogen bases according to the base pair rule using  Label the nitrogen bases according to the base pair rule using
the letters A, G, C, T the letters A, G, C, T
The strands are said to be anti-parallel, based on the picture, what does The strands are said to be anti-parallel, based on the picture, what does
that mean? _________________________________________________ that mean? _________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
DNA is the hereditary information of organisms. What part of DNA DNA is the hereditary information of organisms. What part of DNA
determines the traits of an organism? ___________________________ determines the traits of an organism? ___________________________
What do you think would happen if there was a small mistake in the What do you think would happen if there was a small mistake in the
DNA, maybe a base is paired wrong or missing? ___________________ DNA, maybe a base is paired wrong or missing? ___________________
__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
DNA is the universal genetic code because _______________________ DNA is the universal genetic code because _______________________
__________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________
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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

DNA Replication DNA Replication

Explain what role each enzyme plays in DNA replication: Explain what role each enzyme plays in DNA replication:

• DNA helicase: ____________________________________________ • DNA helicase: ____________________________________________

________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
• Ligase: __________________________________________________ • Ligase: __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
• DNA polymerase: _________________________________________ • DNA polymerase: _________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

Place the events of DNA replication in order: Place the events of DNA replication in order:

o ______ DNA polymerase attaches to the primer o ______ DNA polymerase attaches to the primer
o ______ Okazaki fragments are glued together by ligase o ______ Okazaki fragments are glued together by ligase
o ______ DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and o ______ DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds and
unwinds DNA unwinds DNA
o ______DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’ o ______DNA polymerase adds new nucleotides in a 5’ to 3’
direction direction
o ______ Replication fork forms o ______ Replication fork forms

Label the following on the diagram: DNA polymerase (x2), ligase, Label the following on the diagram: DNA polymerase (x2), ligase,
helicase, lagging strand, leading strand helicase, lagging strand, leading strand

Explain the difference between the lagging and leading strands. _______ Explain the difference between the lagging and leading strands. _______
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
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 Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Genetic Material Bellringer

• Genetic Material is
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Describe or sketch each of the following:

CHROMOSOME
CHROMOSOME GENE
DNA

Explain the connection between DNA, chromosome, and gene _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________

Name ______________________ Date _____________________

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Genetic Material

• Genetic Material is
_____________________________________________________________________________________________

Describe or sketch each of the following:

CHROMOSOME GENE
DNA

Explain the connection between DNA, chromosome, and gene _____________________________________________

________________________________________________________________________________________________
Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Cell Cycle Cell Cycle

Figure 2:George Weller / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0) Figure 1:George Weller / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)

Match the phase to the events of that phase. Match the phase to the events of that phase.
________ Period of growth and development between mitotic divisions ________ Period of growth and development between mitotic divisions
________ DNA replication occurs ________ DNA replication occurs
________ Cell grows to its full size ________ Cell grows to its full size
________ Nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei ________ Nucleus divides to form two identical nuclei
________ Cell increases the amount of cytoplasm and copies organelles ________ Cell increases the amount of cytoplasm and copies organelles
to prepare for division to prepare for division
________ Cell membrane pinches inward to split into two cells ________ Cell membrane pinches inward to split into two cells
• Why does the DNA replicate before the cell divides? _____________ • Why does the DNA replicate before the cell divides? _____________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
• What are two reasons cells go through mitosis? _________________ • What are two reasons cells go through mitosis? _________________
& _________________ & _________________
• Why can’t cells just get bigger and bigger and bigger? ____________ • Why can’t cells just get bigger and bigger and bigger? ____________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
• Some cells never go through mitosis again after being formed. What • Some cells never go through mitosis again after being formed. What
are some examples you can think of? _________________________ are some examples you can think of? _________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Mitosis Mitosis

Match the phase to the correct description. Match the phase to the correct description.

A. Telophase A. Telophase
B. Prophase B. Prophase
C. Anaphase C. Anaphase
D. Metaphase D. Metaphase
1. ________ Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and start to line 1. ________ Chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers and start to line
up in the middle of the cell up in the middle of the cell
2. ________ Two new nuclei start to form, and the chromosomes start 2. ________ Two new nuclei start to form, and the chromosomes start
to uncoil into chromatin to uncoil into chromatin
3. ________ Chromatin condenses into chromosomes as the cell 3. ________ Chromatin condenses into chromosomes as the cell
prepares for division prepares for division
4. ________ The chromatids are split and start to move away from 4. ________ The chromatids are split and start to move away from
each other to opposite ends of the cell each other to opposite ends of the cell

Use the diagram to put the phases of mitosis in order. The first picture is Use the diagram to put the phases of mitosis in order. The first picture is
early prophase and the last is cytokinesis. early prophase and the last is cytokinesis.

________ Prophase ________ Prophase

________Metaphase ________Metaphase

________Anaphase ________Anaphase

________Telophase ________Telophase

X represents ________________________ X represents ________________________

Y represents ________________________ Y represents ________________________

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Limits to Cell Size Bellringer Limits to Cell Size Bellringer

Calculate the surface area and volume for each cube (you may use your Calculate the surface area and volume for each cube (you may use your
phone as a calculator). phone as a calculator).

Each side = 2 in Each side = 2 in

SA= L x W x 6 = ____ x____x 6= ____ SA= L x W x 6 = ____ x____x 6= ____
V = L x W x H = ____x____x____=____ V = L x W x H = ____x____x____=____

Each side = 1 in Each side = 1 in

SA= L x W x 6 = ____x____x 6=____ SA= L x W x 6 = ____x____x 6=____
V = L x W x H = ____x____x ____ = ____ V = L x W x H = ____x____x ____ = ____

Each side = .5 in Each side = .5 in

SA = L x W x 6 = ____x____x 6 =____ SA = L x W x 6 = ____x____x 6 =____
V = L x W x H =____x____x____=____ V = L x W x H =____x____x____=____

Calculate the surface area to volume ratio= surface area / volume Calculate the surface area to volume ratio= surface area / volume
Ratio 2 in cube = ______ / ______ = ______ Ratio 2 in cube = ______ / ______ = ______
1 in cube =______ / ______ = _____ 1 in cube =______ / ______ = _____
.5 in cube =______ / ______ = ______ .5 in cube =______ / ______ = ______
Which cell had the largest surface area to volume ratio? Which cell had the largest surface area to volume ratio?
___________________________________ ___________________________________

Why would having more surface area compared to volume be beneficial Why would having more surface area compared to volume be beneficial
to a cell? ___________________________________________________ to a cell? ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Cancer Graphing: Create a bar graph using the data below. Be sure to Cancer Graphing: Create a bar graph using the data below. Be sure to
include a title, labels on the axes, and an evenly spaced scale. Write a include a title, labels on the axes, and an evenly spaced scale. Write a
summary of the data in the space below. summary of the data in the space below.

Top 10 Cancer Rates by Cancer Top 10 Cancer Rates by Cancer

Deaths in 2016 Deaths in 2016
Cancer Type Rate per 100,000 Cancer Type Rate per 100,000
Lung 38.5 Lung 38.5
Female Breast 20 Female Breast 20
Prostate 19.4 Prostate 19.4
Colon/Rectum 13.7 Colon/Rectum 13.7
Pancreas 11 Pancreas 11
Ovary 6.8 Ovary 6.8
Liver 6.7 Liver 6.7
Leukemias 6.3 Leukemias 6.3
Lymphoma 5.4 Lymphoma 5.4
Uterine 5 Uterine 5

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Cancer Reading Cancer Reading

Cells do not live forever. They will eventually become damaged and need Cells do not live forever. They will eventually become damaged and need
to bedo
Cells replaced.
not liveSome cells
forever. Theywillwill
lasteventually
longer thanbecome
others,damaged
but most and
will need to be replaced. Some cells will last longer than others, but most will
need to be replaced through mitosis at some point. Programmed
to be replaced. Some cells will last longer than others, but most will cell need to be replaced through mitosis at some point. Programmed cell
death
need to is be
known as apoptosis
replaced through and will at
mitosis happen when cells
some point. are damaged
Programmed cell death is known as apoptosis and will happen when cells are damaged
beyondis repair.
death knownApoptosis
as apoptosis andandmitosis are bothwhen
will happen controlled through
cells are cell
damaged beyond repair. Apoptosis and mitosis are both controlled through cell
signals
beyond repair. Apoptosis and mitosis are both controlled through cellthe
that are used to control cell activities. These signals help keep signals that are used to control cell activities. These signals help keep the
cells functioning
signals correctly
that are used in thecell
to control body.
activities. These signals help keep the cells functioning correctly in the body.
cells functioning
Sometimes correctly
cells are damaged in the
bybody.
things like carcinogens, cancer causing Sometimes cells are damaged by things like carcinogens, cancer causing
substances,
Sometimes cellsand they continueby
are damaged to things
divide like
uncontrollably.
carcinogensThese cells
and they substances, and they continue to divide uncontrollably. These cells
ignore
continuenormal cell signals
to divide that would
uncontrollably. stopcells
These them fromnormal
ignore growing out
cell of
signals ignore normal cell signals that would stop them from growing out of
control
that would stop them from growing out of control and this results inlife
and this results in cancer. Cancer cells do not have a limited control and this results in cancer. Cancer cells do not have a limited life
and willCancer
cancer. continue to do
cells divide
not as long
have as they life
a limited have nutrients.
and In fact,
will continue toHeLa
divide and will continue to divide as long as they have nutrients. In fact, HeLa
cells
as were
long collected
as they have from a woman
nutrients. named
In fact, HeLaHenrietta
cells wereLacks in 1951
collected anda
from cells were collected from a woman named Henrietta Lacks in 1951 and
are still used in cancer research today.
woman named Henrietta Lacks in 1951 and are still used in cancer are still used in cancer research today.
research today.
Cancer cells do not function like normal cells. Their uncontrolled growth Cancer cells do not function like normal cells. Their uncontrolled growth
causes
Cancer cells do that
tumors can invade
not function likethe surrounding
normal tissues
cells. Their and causes
growth crowd out causes tumors that can invade the surrounding tissues and crowd out
healthy cells.can
tumors that Cancer cells
invade thecan also enter tissues
surrounding the bloodstream
and crowdandouttravel to
healthy healthy cells. Cancer cells can also enter the bloodstream and travel to
other parts ofcells
cells. Cancer the can
body. Since
also entercells
theignore signals that
bloodstream and would cause
travel to other other parts of the body. Since cells ignore signals that would cause
apoptosis, they can attach to other parts of the body and begin
parts of the body. Since cells ignore signals that would cause apoptosis, growing. apoptosis, they can attach to other parts of the body and begin growing.
Metastasis is when
they can attach a secondary
to other parts oftumor
the bodystarts
andinbegin
another area ofMetastasis
growing. the Metastasis is when a secondary tumor starts in another area of the
body.
is when a secondary tumor starts in another area of the body. body.

Cancer
Cancer is
is hard
hard to
to treat
treat because
because the
the cells
cells aren’t
aren’t usually
usually recognized
recognized as
as Cancer is hard to treat because the cells aren’t usually recognized as
invaders and the immune system doesn’t destroy them.
invaders and the immune system doesn’t destroy them. Finding Finding invaders and the immune system doesn’t destroy them. Finding
medicine
medicine that
that only
only targets cancer cells,
targets cancer cells but
butdoesn’t
doesn’tdamage
damagehealthy
healthycells
cells medicine that only targets cancer cells but doesn’t damage healthy cells
is a challenge that researchers are trying to overcome.
is a challenge that researchers are trying to overcome. is a challenge that researchers are trying to overcome.

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Cancer Cancer

Use the reading to answer the questions. Use the reading to answer the questions.

1. How would apoptosis be useful in the body? ___________________ 1. How would apoptosis be useful in the body? ___________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
2. What are some carcinogens you’ve heard of? ___________________ 2. What are some carcinogens you’ve heard of? ___________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
3. Compare and contrast cancer cells and normal cells. _____________ 3. Compare and contrast cancer cells and normal cells. _____________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
4. Explain metastasis. ________________________________________ 4. Explain metastasis. ________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
5. What is one type of treatment for cancer? _____________________ 5. What is one type of treatment for cancer? _____________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
6. Many cancer treatments focus on disrupting the division of cancer 6. Many cancer treatments focus on disrupting the division of cancer
cells because they are growing out of control. What are some cells because they are growing out of control. What are some
structures that could be destroyed and slow mitosis in the body, but structures that could be destroyed and slow mitosis in the body, but
not destroy all cells? _______________________________________ not destroy all cells? _______________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________
7. If treatments keep all cells from going through mitosis, this would 7. If treatments keep all cells from going through mitosis, this would
include normal healthy cells. What are some side effects this would include normal healthy cells. What are some side effects this would
cause? __________________________________________________ cause? __________________________________________________
________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________

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Name ______________________ Date _____________________ Name ______________________ Date _____________________

Telomeres & Cancer Telomeres & Cancer

Figure 4:WassermanLab / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0) Figure 3:WassermanLab / CC BY-SA (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)

The picture shows the relationship between mitosis and a section of the The picture shows the relationship between mitosis and a section of the
chromosome known as a telomere. chromosome known as a telomere.
Cancer cells are considered to be immortal because they will never stop Cancer cells are considered to be immortal because they will never stop
going through mitosis as long as they have nutrients. Normal cells will going through mitosis as long as they have nutrients. Normal cells will
stop dividing when the telomere is too short. What do you think causes stop dividing when the telomere is too short. What do you think causes
this difference between normal cells and cancer cells? ______________ this difference between normal cells and cancer cells? ______________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________
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