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Complete Biology Notes English @parmar gs videos 241022

114807
Biology (University of Delhi)

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SSC GK
PARMAR'S GK BATCH
Biology
Cell
Lecture :- 1
For Notes Join Telegram :

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For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

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Outermost layer found in cell envelope of bacteria: Glycocalyx

I Bacterial cell wall: Peptidoglycan

/
Plasmid DNA function: to confer certain unique phenotypic characters to bacteria

:
/

I
Role of ribosomes of a polysome is to translate mRNA into proteins

Peroxisomes: oxidative crystals

Cell that is aloe void in shape: White blood cell (has irregular shape)

Transcription: the process of the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA

Nucleus was discovered by Robert Brown

Cell Cycle

Mitosis (cell division)

-

W
DNA synthesis

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Major microtubule-organizing centre (MTOC) in eukaryotic cells

involved in various cellular process, including sensory reception,
locomotion, and embryogenesis: Centrosome

Cell theory that proved the quasi-fluid nature of lipids to enable

lateral movement of proteins within the bilayer: Fluid Mosaic Model

=
Protein that protects epithelial cells from damage: Keratin

Tissues

group of cells that have similar structure combined together to perform

a specific function forms a tissue

Tissues

plant tissues animal tissues

Importance

Causes division of labour in multicellular organisms

Decreases workload on individual cells
-
Leads to organisation

Basic Unit of Life -> Cell

Group of cells -> Tissue

Group of tissues - Organs

Group of organs Organ System

Group of Organs
E Organism
System
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Plant tissue

it
Meristematic tissue Permanent tissue
-

occurrence: growing regions of plants -

when cell lose the ability to
(root, shoot, etc) divide, by the process of
shape: spherical, oval or rectangular differentiation, the take a
Intercellular spaces: absent permanent shape, size and
Vacuoles: absent function
Active cells -
Structure: large central vacuoles
Cytoplasm: dense Cell wall in thin/thick
Cell wall: cellulose j
Function:
Nuclei: prominent -

Cell division ·
protection
-
Support
>
Storage
-
Photosynthesis
I ⑳8
④
④
- I
Tips of roots
and shoots
Nodes

I
Sideways growth

Height growth: Apical and intercalate

Width growth: Lateral ↓
Types
--

Lateral Intercalary Apical

- - -
-
Simple
-
Present beneath the Present at the base of Present at shoot
I ~
~
Complex
bark leaves/internodes and root apex
/
Increase girth of root Increase length of
-
Increase in length
-

or stem leaves and

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Types mechanical tissue

--

I
a) Collenchyma Tissue
-

Occurrence: in leaf stalks and stem of dicots

-

Cell Structure
-

I Living
I Elongated
/
Irregularly thickened at corners
I
Very little intercellular space

Functions
e

↑
Provides mechanical strength and flexibility
S
Allows bending of parts
ex: tendrils and stems of climbers

b) Parenchyma Tissue
-

Functions
-

-
Food storage tissue
·
In some cases contains chlorophyll, called
Chlorenchyma
When loosely packed, intercellular airy spaces
I are present called Aerenchyma

Provides buoyancy to parts,

helps them float

@¡@¡
c) Sclerenchyma Tissue
-

-
Provides toughness to the tissue

Occurrence: Outer parts

-

eg: bark, husk of coconut

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Protective Tissue (part of simple tissues)

-

Types:

EEpidermis
Cork

a) Epidermis
-

I
Occurrence: Outermost layer of plant parts
-

eg: leaves, flowers, stem and roots

Functions:
W
-

Protects all parts of plants cactus plant

-
Prevents water loss I
W
Plants of dry habitats have thicker epidermis
Epidermal cells on the aerial parts of plan secrete waxy secretions which
prevents from:

I
-
Water loss
Injury
Fungi infection
W
Plants growing in desert have cuticle
I
Layer of cutin is called cuticle
Cutin is waxy materials and water resistant
W
Cuticle aids in protection against water loss, injury
and invasion of fungi
: Epidermal cells of the roots form hair like structures
Long hair like parts increase absorption surface area of roots
In leaves, epidermal cells form stomata
↑ Stomata are guarded by guard cells which are kidney shaped and regulate
gaseous exchange

Types
--

b) Cork
--

-
Occurrence: in mature roots and shoots
-

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Functions:
-

Protection to mature roots and shoots

- Suberin regulate gaseous exchange and water passage

Complex Permanent Tissue

-

-
Made up of more than one type of cells

Function
- Xylem
-
Transport water, minerals and food materials

Types
-

Xylem
I vascular tissues
·

↑
Phloem

Xylem
-

-
Conducting tissue (one-way conduction)
-
Conducts water and minerals from roots to shoots Xylem Types:
-

Xylem parenchyma: food

Phloem storage
Living
-

Tracheids

!
-
Conducts food (two-way conduction) Vessels
Xylem fibres

·
Phloem Types:
- dead
Sieve tubes
Companion cells
Phloem parenchyma: food
storage
Phloem fibers: rigidity and
support

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Animal Tissue

↓ I
V
I
W
↓
Epithelial Muscular
-
Connective
-
Nervous
-

Squamous
Cuboidal
Stratified
E Striated
Smooth
Cardiac E Areolar
Adipose
Skeletal
Ciliated Fluid

-
a) Epithelial

Characteristics
Covering/protective tissues of animal body

Function
Protection to body from injury and damage

Types

i) Squamous Epithelial Tissue

Types
-

a) Simple Squamous Tissue

-

-
Single layer of cells
-
Forms delicate lining
eg: mouth and oesophagus

food pipe

b) Stratified Squamous Tissue

Cells are arranged in layers
Prevent wear and tear
eg: Skin
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ii) Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue

-

Structure
--

I
Cube like

Occurrence
-

↑
Sweat glands
↑
Salivary glands
↑
Thyroid glands
a
Lining of Kidney tubules

iii) Columnar Epithelial Tissue

en

Structure
-

↑
Pillar like cells
↑
Tall > Wide

Occurrence
---

-
Lining of intestine
-
Lining of stomach, gallbladder

iii) Ciliated Epithelial Tissue

-

Structure
-

W
Cuboidal/Columnar cells
v
Cells have hair like projections on free surface
called ÒciliaÓ, which facilitates movement

Occurrence
-

Respiratory tract
. Urinary tubules or kidney

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b) Muscular Tissue/ Muscle Tissue

-

Function
-

Movement of body

Types

.
--

↑
Cardiac muscle
-
Skeletal muscle
-
Smooth muscle

a) Skeletal Muscle
-

Muscle fibres are elongated and

cylindrical
·
Fast in nature
Unbranched
↑ Each cell is multinucleated (many nuclei)
I Striations are present (alternate dark
and light bands
-
Easily fatigue

Occurrence
--
Biceps, bone

Other names
-

Attached to skeletal: Skeleton Muscles

I
Striations are present: Striated Muscles
I Are under our control: Voluntary muscles

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b) Smooth/Visceral Muscles
-

Nucleus located at the centre of each cell

·

Striations are absent

-

Unbranched
-

Slow
W soft interior organs:
Do not fatigue
- lung, liver, abdomen,
intestines
Other names -
-
Found in visceral organs: Visceral Muscles
Striations are absent: Unstriated muscles
↑

Not under our control: Involuntary Muscles

·

Organs like; that have visceral muscles

Intestine Uterus Blood vessels

Stomach Bronchi Iris

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c) Cardiac Muscles
-

↑
Fibres are cylindrical in shape
-
Each fibre is uninucleated
↑ Fibres are branched
-
Striations are present
-
Do not fatigue

Other names
-

·
Cardiac muscle: only present in heart
-
Striated: Striations are present
-
Not under our control: Involuntary muscles

Function
-

W
Perform contraction and relaxation in wall of heart
/ Help to pump and distribute blood to body

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c) Connective Tissue
-

Connects various body parts

. Cells are embedded in an intracellular matrix
Matrix may be jelly, fluid, dense or rigid
/1Y
Cartilage Blood Bone

Tendons Dermis

Adipose Cartilage

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Types of Connective tissue

-

a) Areolar Connective Tissue

i) Loose Connective Tissue

ii) Dense Connective Tissue

E Tendons
Ligaments

b) Adipose Connective Tissue

ii) Dense Connective Tissue

-

a) Tendons
-

↑
Fibrous tissue
-
Great strength
~
Limited flexibility
~
Connects muscles to bones

Muscle -

Tendon -

Bone

W
b) Ligaments -

↑
Considerable strength
Bone -

Ligament -

Bone -
Little matrix is present
Connects bones to bones
W
. b) Adipose Connective Tissue
-

Structure
-

Aggregation of fat cells

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Occurrence fatty people have more

--

Below the skin - adipose tissue

Bet internal organs
n

c) Skeletal Connective Tissue

-

Types
-

-
Cartilage
-
Bones

I
-

--
300 bones: child

206 bones: adult

Longest bone: Femur

Shortest bone: Stapes

i) Cartilage
-

Widely spaced out cells

. Matrix is gel-like
- Matrix is slightly elastic
-
Cartilage is flexible

Occurrence
-

/
Ear pinna, nose tip, trachea, larynx
Smoothens bone surfaces at joints

Function
-

-
Support and flexibility to body parts

: -

↑
ii) Bones
-

Very strong
Non flexible
Hard and rigid
Matrix is hard and composed of calcium and
phosphorous compounds
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Functions
-

Forms a framework
Supports the body
: Provides shape to body
Protects vital body organs like brain, lungs, etc.

I Layer: meningitis

22 bones in brain

8: cranial
14: facial

d) Fluid Connective Tissue

-

Connects different part of the body

Maintains a continuity

Types

E Blood
Lymph

i) Blood
-
Function: transports gases, digested
-
food, hormones, waste materials
Blood

/ I
Liquid Solid
/ / -
Plasma: 90% water RBC WBC Platelets
Remaining: Protein, salts,
hormones

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Solid

- in
RBC WBC Platelets - -

red in colour due Also known as leukocytes I

Helps in blood
to presence of heme (Fe) Prevent from infection, clotting
Heme has high affinity provide our body a If suffering from

!
towards oxygen defence mechanism dengue, it reduces
Heme transports oxygen S
Is formed in bone Also known as
throughout the body to marrow thrombocytes
carry out respiration to
produce energy Types
Graveyard of RBC: Spleen Monocytes
Shape: Biconcave; disc- Lymphocytes
shaped
Also known as erythrocytes

Time period of
RBC: 120 days
-
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils

Shape: round/irregular

End point: Spleen Life span: 12 days

Order in number:
-
- study of blood: hematology

RBC > Platelets > WBCs

ii) Lymph
-

Structure
Colourless fluid
-
RBCs and Blood proteins are absent

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d) Nervous Tissue
-

cell body

Found in brain, spinal cord, nerves W fundamental unit of kidney:

: Fundamental unit of nervous system: Neuron
Nephron
·
Study of kidney: Nephrology
Function
--

Sense stimuli:
Touch
Smell

-Taste
Hearing
Sight
~
/
Hair like structures receives
signals from other neurons

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I. -
one neuronÕs dendrite
transmit information to
other neuronÕs cell body
The gap bet these two
is called synapse

· Camel hump is made of: Adipose tissue

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Plant and Animal

Kingdom

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5 kingdoms

i 5 kingdoms classification by Robert Whittaker in 1969 These two kingdoms very

important
I
Ernst Haeckel in 1866 coined the term ÒEcologyÓ

I Father of Indian ecology: Ramdeo Mishra

TRICK to learn the order

>
-
))
Kabaddi

Play

Class

Our

Of

Girls
Sum

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Classification is based on following:

Prokaryote v/s Eukaryote cell structure

Unicellular/Multicellular organization
Moses of nutrition
Further classification is done into sub groups

KINGDOM MONERA

Microscopic
Prokaryotic
eg: Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Cynobacteria (Blue-green algae)

: KINGDOM PROTISTA

Characteristics
Unicellular eukaryotic organisms
Locomotion through appendages
Cell wall is absent except Euglena

Mode of Nutrition
Autotrophic/Heterotrophic
eg: Unicellular algae, diatoms, protozoa

Classification of kingdom Protista

PHYLUM PROTOZOA

Unicellular
free living/parasitic/symbiotic
eg: Euglena, Amoeba, Paramecium
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-
Helps in movement/locomotion
Also, helps to move food to its oral
cavity

Euglena has a
-
tail-like structure

T
Helps in cell movement

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--

I
false feet

KINGDOM FUNGI

Characteristics

Multicellular except yeast

. Cell wall is present and is made of complex sugar chitin

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benefit from each other

Some are in symbiotic relationship
eg: Lichen - Blue green algae + fungi
IndiaÕs first lichen park: Uttarakhand

!...
changes gives food gives water + shelter
colour due to to fungus + minerals to algae
global warming

Used in medicine: Penicillin Alexander Fleming

Used in bakery: Yeast discovered Penicillin

Mode of nutrition

Heterotrophic
Saprophytic: Decaying organic material as food
Parasitic: Dependent on protoplasm of a host organism for food

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KINGDOM PLANTAE

Multicellular
- Eukaryotes
Cell Wall present Cellulose
! Autotrophs in nature
Sedentary

FI
without
conducting tissue

↑
hidden reproductive
organs

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⑦
single cotyledon
Two cotyledons

PHYLUMS OF KINGDOM PLANTAE

Characteristics of Thallophyta

no distinguished root or stem

Plants do have well-differentiated body parts
or body
Plants are called as algae
. Mostly aquatic
eg: Spirogyra, Ulothrix, Ulva, and Chara

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Characteristics of Bryophyta

They are known as ÒAmphibians of Plant KingdomÓ

Well differentiated body: Stem and leaves
Root like structures present: Rhizoids

=
Autotrophic
No specialised tissues for water and food conduction
↑
Found in damp and moist areas
eg: Ricia, Moss (funaria), Marchantia

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Characteristics of Pteridophyta

- zameen par
First terrestrial plants
-
Well-differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves
I
Well-developed reproductive organs are hidden
- Specialised tissue for food and water conduction: Vascular tissues are
present
eg: Marsilea and fern

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Characteristics of Gymnosperms

Gymno: Without cover

Sperma: Seeds without fruit
-
Usually perennials, evergreen and mostly woody plants
True roots, stem, and leaves are present
Xylem vessel absent

:
eg: Pinnes and Deodar

Pinus coniferous forest: in

temperate regions

Characteristics of Angiosperms

Angio: Covered
Sperma: Seed
They are flowering plants and produce seeds enclosed within fruit
They are highly evolved
Ovary gets modified into fruit
Seeds have embryo inside it and these seeds develop inside ovary
Embryos have structure: Cotyledons -
seed leaves

seeds that were

-
earlier ovules

/
- that was earlier
ovary
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KINGDOM ANIMALIA

Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic
Cell wall absent

ii
Most of them are mobile

Characteristics of Porifera

They have holes called pores i.e. body is perforated that is why called sponges
Have water canal system (pores se paani)
Asymmetrical body
Cellular level organization
Two layer germ layers: Diploblastic
Exclusively aquatic

Ectoderm: cells Endoderm: cells inside the

outside the body body

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Characteristics of Coelenterata/Cnidaria

Aquatic animals
Tissue level organisation
Hard skeleton developed outside called Exoskeleton made of calcium carbonate
Body made of two layers: Diploblastic
Anus is absent

It
Radial symmetry (divided in equal parts
from anywhere)
Central gastrovascular cavity is present
eg: Coral and hydra

Characteristics of Platyhelminthes

·
They have flattened body, dorsoventrally
Bilateral symmetry
Organ level organisation
Triploblastic animals: three germ layers
True internal cavity/coelom absent: Acoelomate

Body cavity

They can be parasitic or free living

.
Free living Parasite

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Characteristics of Nematodes/Aschelmithes

Body is cylindrical
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic organisation
Organ level organisation
No real organs present
false cavity

-
Pseudocoelom present
Alimentary is complete: mouth and anus (entry and exit point same)
eg: Elephantiasis (filarial worms)
Worms in intestines (roundworms/pinworms)
Sexes are separate

Hermaphrodite: having both male and

female part
Unisexual: either male or female part

Characteristics of Annelida

Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic
Cylindrical/dorsoventrally flattened

: Brown colour skin is present

True coelomate animal
True organ packaged in coelom
-
Organ level organisation
-
Body segmetation is present
/
Reproduction: Sexually
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Characteristics of Arthropoda

Largest phylum in animal kingdom

They have jointed legs
Bilateral symmetry
Segmented body into head, thorax/cahals thorax, abdomen
Open circulatory system (blood openly flows; not through a blood vessel)
Coelom is present and is blood filled
Triploblastic
Respiration through gills, trachea
Excreation through Malpighian Tubules
Exoskeleton is made of chitin
Unisexual

: Characteristics of Mollusca

Body is soft
Exoskeleton is hard (snails)
Little segmentation
Open circulatory system
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Blue colour blood: Haemocyanin

Alimentary canal is complete
Kidney like organs for excretion is present
Respiration through gills
Unisexual

Characteristics of Echinodermata

-
Spiny skinned organism
I
Star shaped, spherical, elongated
-
Radial symmetry
Triploblastic
:
I
Coelomic cavity is present
↑
-
No segmentation
I Organ level system

Characteristics of Chordata
Types:
They have notochord: rod like structure Notochord not -

a) Protochordata
Paired gills slits in pharynx developed b) Vertebrata
Bilateral properly I
Triploblastic Notochord
Organ system level organisation properly
Closed blood vascular system developed

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Characteristics of Protochordata

-
Do not have proper notochord present during all stages of life
I
Bilaterally symmetrical
Triploblastic
- Coelomate animals

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Characteristics of Vertebrates
Ill
Characteristics of Cyclostomata

They are jawless vertebrates

eg: Petromyzon/Myxine

! Characteristics of Pieces

They are fishes

eg: Dog fish
Chambered heart: 2
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Characteristics of Amphibians

They have mucous glands in skin for respiration

They have 3 chambered heart
eg: Frogs, toads, amphibians

Characteristics of Reptiles

They have 3 chambered heart

Exception: Crocodile 4 chambered heart
Cold blooded animals

: eg: snake, turtle, lizard, crocodile

Characteristics of Aves

They are warm blooded animals

They have 4 chambered heart
They lay eggs

Characteristics of Mammalian

They are warm blooded organism

They have 4 chambered heart
They have mammary glands
Exception: Mammals but lay eggs eg: Platypus and echidnas

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SSC GK
PARMAR'S GK BATCH
Biology
Nervous System (Brain)
तं का तं (म )
Lecture :-4
For Notes Join Telegram :

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For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

Click on the icon.

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SSC GK
PARMAR'S GK BATCH
Biology
Reproductive System
( जनन तं )
Lecture :- 5
For Notes Join Telegram :

Click on the icon.

For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

Click on the icon.

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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SSC GK
PARMAR'S GK BATCH
Biology
Life Processes - 1
(Digestive & Respiratory System)

Lecture :- 6
For Notes Join Telegram :

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For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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SSC GK
PARMAR'S GK BATCH
Biology
Life Processes - 2
(Excretory and Circulatory System)
Lecture :- 7
For Notes Join Telegram :

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For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

Click on the icon.

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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Downloaded by Ratnadeep Saha ([email protected])

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DISEASES AND
DEFICIENCY

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Classification of diseases on the basis of time

Acute disease: diseases that last for a short period of time

eg: fever, cold, cough

Chronic diseases: diseases that last for a long period of time

eg: Diabetes, TB, elephantiasis (filaria)

COMMUNICABLE AND NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

Communicable diseases: diseases that spread from one person to another (infectious
diseases)
eg: AIDS, cold, chicken pox, COVID

Non-Communicable diseases: diseases that cannot spread from contact (non-

infectious)
eg: diabetes, arthritis, glaucoma, polio

DISEASES CAUSED BY VIRUS DNA

-
-
Virus has a genetic material - RNA: Retrovirus eg: COVID virus
-
Behaves as a non-living entity outside
/
Requires a host to replicate (becomes living entity later)

VIRUS DISEASES TRICK

Dr. M I S H R A
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
dengue measles influenza swine flu hepatitis rabies AIDS
↓
H1N1
B E S T M P
↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ - Poliomyelitis virus
bird flu encinitis small pox mums polio ↓
↓ ↓ Entovirus
H5N1 eradicated in 1979, last case in Somalia (Africa)
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Diseases caused by virus

DENGUE
carrier: female Aedes aegypti mosquito

AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

sexually-transmitted diseases
virus: HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus (retrovirus)
death: due to weak immune system
method of transmission: sexual contact, blood transfusions, from mother to baby
test: ELISA Test (Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay)
AIDS DAY: 1st Dec

:Diseases caused by bacteria

TRICK

tetanus

CH

cholera

Vibrio cholera
Wo

P
Go

plague
L

syphilis
↓ ↓
A
↓
P T
↓
T

whooping cough gonorrhoea leprosy pneumonia typhoid anthrax typhoid

Streptococcus

Acne caused due to: Staphylococcus bacteria

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Widal Test

↓
Salmonella typhi,
Clostridium tetani
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Diseases caused by fungi

-

B -> Baldness

A -> AthleteÕs foot

R -> Ring worm

S -> Scabies

A -> Asthma

Diseases caused by Protozoan

Malaria -> 25th April

↑
Protozoa: plasmodium
-
Carrier: female Anopheles mosquito
·
Treatment: Quinine (found in bark of cinchona tree)

Sleeping Sickness
I
Protozoa: Trypanosoma
I Carrier: Tse Tse flies

Kala Azar
I Protozoa: Leishmania
↑ Carrier: Sandfly

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GENETIC DISORDERS

Genetic disorders are caused due to gene malfunction (meiosis)

-
Down Syndrome MENDELIAN DISORDERS
I
Thalassemia C- Change in gene (gene defects)
↑
Sickle Cell Anaemia L-
-
Colour blindness L -
I
TurnerÕs Syndrome: X-chromosome is missing, seen only in female
/
Albinism
v
Angelman Syndrome

v
↓
sexually transmitted diseases

Spread of diseases
↑
Air: TB, Pneumonia, common cold
↑

Water: Cholera, Diarrhoea, Amoebic dysentery

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↑ TB spread through droplet infection (affects lungs)

- Visible sign of severe Iodine deficiency: Swelling in neck (goitre), if thyroid gland
doesnÕt promote Thyroxine hormone

- Antibiotics do not work against viral diseases but only against bacterial diseases
(disrupts cell wall formation)

-
Beri beri cannot be prevented by vaccination

↓ According to WHO, ÒHygiene refers to conditions, health, and prevent spread of

diseaseÓ

~
Plant diseases
W
Citrus cranker: bacteria
I
Rust of disease: fungus
-
Yellow vein mosaic: virus
W
Aster Yellow: bacteria
Crown Gall: bacteria
Ergot: fungus
Snow mild: fungus
Black know: fungus
Blight: fungus/bacteria
.
"
Disease caused by drinking contaminated water: Cholera

- Epilepsy: disorder resulting in abnormal electrical discharge from brain cells

causing seizures

↑
Jaundice: skin and eyes turn yellow due to deposit of bile pigments

Pernicious anaemia: due to B12 deficiency

Varicella Zoster virus: Chicken pox

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Wilson disease: excessive amount of deposition of Cu

↑
Night blindness: due to Vitamin A

Nyctophobia: fear of darkness

Diabetes mellitus: Glucose level is high

Monkey bite: disease caused is Rabies

Soft bone disease: Osteomalacia

= Osteoporosis: when bones become fragile, due to deficiency of Vitamin D

Osteomyelitis: inflammation in bone

Mad Hatter Disease: due to Mercury poisoning

also responsible for Minimata disease

Inhaling iron dust causes Siderosis disease

Itai Itai: caused due to Cadium deposition

Blue baby syndrome: caused due to Nitrate deposition

Rickets: affects bones

Dementia, diarrhoea, dermatitis: three DÕSouza caused in Pellagra

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I
Helicobacter pylori: responsible for peptic ulcers

Escherichia coli: causes diarrhoea

- Mode of tranmission of disease ÒYellow vein mosaic of bhindiÓ: insect

Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine (BCG): Tuberculosis

:
-
X-linked recessive disorder: Haemophilia A

Evil influence of stars: Influenza

Plague is caused by bacteria: Yersinia pestis

Flavivirus: genetic material is RNA

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NUTRITION IN
PLANTS AND
ANIMALS

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NUTRIENTS IN ANIMALS

Nutrients is consumed in day to day life

High energy storage ↓ ↓ -

Vitamins
A Macronutrients Micronutrients

W ↑ ↓
-
L

Carbohydrates
L
Fats Proteins -Amino acids
t
Minerals

V Body building nutrients

↓ Storage: Adipose tissueneeded for↓growth of body

Energy

·
1912: Casimir Funk, coined the term ÒVITAMINÓ

On the basis of solubility:

-> KEDA

Amino Acids
↓ t
Essential amino acid Non-essential amino acid
↓ ↓
our body cannot synthesises on our body synthesises on its own
its own
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/Nightblindness
-

I
Vitamin B
complexes
Total: 8

/bleeding gums

/anti-sterility

(can happen in anyone)

I
No blood clotting

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TRICK Diseases
B1: Thymine Tho Beri Beri

B2: Riboflavin R

B3: Niacin Ne Pellagra

B5: Pantothenic acid Pant

B6: Pyridoxin Par

B7: Biotin Biodata (Vitamin H)

B9: Folic Acid Foster

B12: Cynocobalmine Ca Pernicious anaemia

Vitamin D sources
I
Sunlight
↑
Fish oil

Vitamin C sources
-
Lemon
-
Amla

Vitamin E sources
Sprouts

!
Vitamins in milk: A, B, and
D

Vitamin C not present

Not present in eggs as well
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Lipophilic vitamin required for protection of cell membrane and blood cells
formation: Vitamin E

A typical adult human body contains 25g of magnesium

Yeast breaks down the food material outside the body and then absorbs it

Saprophytic mode of nutrition (feed on dead or decaying matter)

.
B12 is not present in plant foods Pernicious anaemia to be target by
year 2047 (India)

Brain gets energy from glucose

.
M

<
I
Proteins are made of 20 amino acids

Fats store maximum energy per gram

Soya milk: protein rich more than meat

↑
Amla is richest in Vitamin C

-
Autotrophic mode of nutrition: Carbon dioxide, water, chlorophyll and
sunlight

~
Autotrophic mode of nutrition: bacteria

v
Fungi: Heterotrophic mode of nutrition

-
Amoeba: Holozoic mode of nutrition

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⑤>⑦π⑤
!.

Not more than 10% transfer of energy from one tropic level to another 0.1%

Nutrients requirement of adolescents are higher than adult

Nuts, vegetable oil, and fish are rich in sources of Omega 3 (fatty acids)

Threonine is essential for healthy skin and teeth

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-
Zinc plays an important role in cell division, cell growth, would healing and the
breakdown of carbohydrates

NUTRIENTS IN PLANTS

I Plants make food through

guard cells
photosynthesis
Requires: ↑
Stomata
CO2
Water ↑
Sunlight Mg
↓ -
Chlorophyll (green color)
↓
0.036%
↑
Chloroplast
↑ 1
thylakoids contain a pigment called chlorophyll,
Plastids that absorbs light
↑
Cell of a plant

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sunlight
6CO2 + 6H-O -
C H O + 6O
cholorophyll oxygen is released during
op
↓ I Glucose photosynthesis

-Dark Light Study of algae: Phycology

reaction reaction ·
Algae as well performs photosynthesis
↓ ↓
Site: stroma Site: grana
·
Green algae: Chlorophyta
-
Red algae: Rhodophyta
-

Yellow algae: Phycophyta

L
Food stored in leucoplast; starch and oils -
Fire algae: Purophyta
-
Golden brown algae: Chrysophyta
Amyloplast: starch

I-
Brown algae: Phaeophyta
-

>

W
Calvin cycle (light-
Aleuroplast: proteins
independent I
Mycology: Study of fungi
reaction)/C3 cycle
Elaioplast: fats and oil

Colour
-
Traps light energy
Tomato: Lycopene -
Carotenoids
Carrot: Beta carotene/Xanthophyll

Red capsicum: Beta carotene -

↑
Cherries, apple, blueberries, grapes, pomegranate: Anthocyanin

M
In brown algae food is stored in the form of complex carbohydrates that
may be in the form laminarin and mannitol

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NPK used in
Urea

1828, Friedrich Wohler

synthesised Urea Carbon, Hydrogen

Chlorella (algae) rich in protein and Iron

:↑
Starches are made of long chain of glucose

At least a half of the carbon dioxide fixation on earth is carried out by algae
through photosynthesis

Protein synthesis in plants: by use of nitrogen (legumes)

it has rhizoid bacteria, that absorbs Nitrogen

from soil or atmosphere

Glycolysis: breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

Release of water into air by plants: Transpiration (day)

Guttation: secretion of droplets from the pores (hydathodes) of plants at night

Application of plant and soil science to crop production is known as Agronomy

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Agrostology: study of grasses

Anatomy: study of body structure/body parts

: Mango tree is example of autotroph

ATP obtained by respiration of one molecule of glucose: 2

Glycation: result of covalent bonding of a sugar molecule

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SSC GK
PARMAR'S GK BATCH
Biology
Miscellaneous
Lecture :- 10
For Notes Join Telegram :

Click on the icon.

For Lectures Subscribe Our Parmar SSC Youtube Channel

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