MEC 335 – Heat Transfer

Lecturer

Dr. Clement A. Komolafe

Class: Friday (9 – 11 am)

 COURSE SYNOPSIS
 Conduction heat transfer: modes of heat transfer, Fourier’s law and
thermal conductivity, Newton’s law of cooling, conduction heat
transfer through walls(composite walls, cylinder, sphere), heat transfer
in extended surface (Fins) with infinite length and insulate at the end

 Convection: definition and types of convection, relationship for some

dimensionless numbers (Reynolds number, Nusselt number, Prandtl
number, Peclete number, Grashop number), mean bulk temperature
and mean film temperature;
 Radiation: absorptivity, reflectivity and transmissivity, ideal black
body, emissive power and emissivity, Kirchhoff’s law, grey body,
emissive power – wavelength relationship, Stefan Boltzmann law, the
use of Lambert’s law to determine geometric factors, radiant
interchange between grey surfaces, heat transfer coefficient for
radiation;

 Heat Exchangers: operation of the three main types of heat

exchangers (recuperator, generator and evaporative type
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 MEC 335 - Heat Transfer
Module 01

Dr. Clement A. Komolafe

Recommended textbooks:
 Heat and Mass Transfer: Fundamentals and
Applications by Cengel Y.A. And Ghajar A.J
6th Edition.
 Bergman, T. L., Lavine, A. S., Incropera, F. P.
and DeWitt, D. P. (2017), Fundamentals of
Heat and Mass Transfer, 8th Edition
 Learning Objectives
The objectives are to
 Examine the basics of conduction, convection, and
radiation heat transfer and heat exchangers
 Solve problems in the above heat transfer
mechanisms using the corresponding relations

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 Lecture content
Heat Transfer
 Introduction
 Modes of heat transfer
 Physical mechanism of conduction,
convection and radiation
 Heat exchangers

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Conceptual Understanding
If the same
volume of water
Narrow is heated in this
containers,
which is likely
to boil first?

WHY?
Shallow
On a chilly night, in Takoradi,
who feels the effect of the cold
weather more?
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Heat Transfer: Introduction
 Heat transfer is energy in transition due to
temperature difference.
Fig 1. Heat flows in the direction of decreasing temperature

Heat transfer study concerns the

 mode of heat transfer,
 rate of energy (heat) transfer under certain
specified conditions, thus, cooling or
heating time can be evaluated.
 Temperature variation in a medium
Fig 2. Focus is usually on how long it takes for the hot
coffee in a flask to cool to a certain temperature.

 Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states while

heat transfer is a non-equilibrium phenomenon.
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Heat Transfer: Introduction
Areas of Practical Engineering Applications

Fig 3. Design of heat exchangers Fig 4. Heat treatment of metals

e.g. radiators, condensers
Fig 5. Human comfort

In practice, heat transfer problems are

essentially divided in two categories:
(1) rating and (2) sizing

Fig 6. Refrigeration and air-

conditioning units
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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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Numerical approach of solving Heat transfer problem

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 Areas of Application Contd.

Fig. 12. Inner wall temperature distribution

on the absorber plate

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Modes of Heat Transfer
 The transfer of energy on account of temperature difference may
occur in any of these three modes:
i. Conduction ii. Convection iii. Radiation

 In most practical situations the three modes are involved in heat

transfer. For example, raising water temp. in the boiler shell.

 The three modes of heat transfer are similar in the sense that a

i. temperature difference must exist, and

ii. heat exchange occurs in the direction of lower temperature

 However, each mode has a distinctive controlling law

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Heat Transfer by Conduction
 Conduction heat transfer occurs in a stationary medium, either a
solid or a fluid.
 The energy exchange is due to atomic or molecular activity in the
presence of a temp. difference in the medium.
 In solids, heat transfer is often a combination of:
i. Lattice vibrations, and
ii. Free movement of electrons
 For liquids and gases, conduction is primarily by collisions and
diffusion of molecules in a state of random motion.
 The difference in the intermolecular spacing in gases and liquids
is responsible for the difference in conduction heat transfer
between the media.
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Heat Transfer by Conduction
 The rate of conduction heat transfer is given as Fourier’s law (Eq.1)
(1)
𝑄 = heat transfer rate by conduction (W), A = area (m2),
𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑥
= temperature gradient 𝑚 ℃
, and k = thermal conductivity 𝑊
𝑚.℃
.

 Fourier’s law is based on the following assumptions

i. Steady-state conditions exist
ii. Heat flow is one-dimensional
iii. No internal heat generation
Fig 7. Heat conduction
iv. The temperature gradient is constant and through a large plane wall
of thickness ∆𝑇 and area A.
the temperature profile is linear.
v. The material is homogeneous and isotropic
(i.e. thermal conductivity is constant.

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Thermal Conductivity, k
 Materials are classified as thermal conductors or insulators
depending on their thermal conductivity.
 Thermal conductivity depends on the following factors
i. Material structure ii. Moisture content iii. Material density
iv. Pressure and temperature (operating conditions)

 Generally, thermal conductivities for pure metals are the highest,

but it decrease with the inclusion of impurities, e.g. alloys.
 By implication then heat conduction occurs readily in metals, less
in alloys, and much less in non-metals.

 Thermal conductivities for liquids and gases, respectively are next

to solids.

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Thermal Conductivity, k TC of various materials at 0 °C
MATERIAL TC 𝑾 𝒎. ℃
METALS:
Silver (pure) 410
Copper (pure) 385
Nickel (pure) 93
 From Fourier's Law of Heat
Chrome-nickel steel 16.3
Conduction, TC, 𝑘 is expressed (18% Cr, 8% Ni)
as NOMETALLIC SOLIDS:
Diamond 2300
Glass 0.78
𝑄 𝑑𝑇 𝑊
𝑘= . (3) Hard rubber 0.15
𝐴 𝑑𝑥 𝑚.𝐾
LIQUIDS:
Mercury 8.21
Water 0.556
Lubricating oil, SAE 50 0.147
GASES
Hydrogen 0.175
Air 0.024
Water vapour (saturated) 0.0206

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Heat Transfer by Convection
 Convection heat transfer occurs as a result of bulk fluid motion
over a surface at a different temperature.

 Convection heat transfer is categorised according to the nature of

fluid flow as (1) natural (free) or (2) forced convection

 Natural (free) convection heat transfer is induced by buoyancy

effects arising from density variation caused by temperature
difference in the fluid medium.

 Forced convection occurs when the fluid motion is initiated by

external means such as a fan, pump or wind.

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Heat Transfer by Convection
 The rate of convection heat transfer is defined by Newton’s law of
cooling (Eq.2)
(2)
𝑄 = heat transfer rate by convection (W), A = area (m2), h = heat
transfer coefficient 𝑚𝑊2 .℃ , Ts = surface temp., 𝑇∞ = fluid temp.

 The convection heat transfer

Fig 8. Heat transfer from a hot
coefficient, h, depends on the factors surface to air by convection

i. Fluid properties e.g. density, viscousity, specific heat, thermal

conductivity.
ii. Nature of fluid flow e.g. forced or natural flow
iii. Surface geometry

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Heat Transfer by Radiation
 Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter at finite
temperature
 All bodies at temperature above absolute zero (-273.15 ºC or 0 K)
radiates heat
 Radiation energy is transported by electromagnetic waves (or
photons)
 Unlike convection and conduction heat transfer that requires the
presence of a medium, radiation heat transfer occurs efficiently in
a vacuum.
The rate at which energy is released per unit area (W/m2) is termed the
surface emissive power, E. There is an upper limit to the emissive power,
which is prescribed by the Stefan–Boltzmann law as

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 Heat Transfer by Radiation

where T s is the absolute temperature (K) of the surface and s is

the Stefan– Boltzmann constant . Such a surface is called an ideal
radiator or blackbody.

The heat flux emitted by a real surface is less than that of a

blackbody at the same temperature and is given by

where ε is a radiative property of the surface termed the emissivity.

With values in the range 0≤ ε ≤, this property provides a measure
of how efficiently a surface emits energy relative to a blackbody.

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Heat Transfer by Radiation
 The maximum radiation heat transfer from a surface (blackbody
[BB]) is defined by Stefan-Boltzmann law (Eq. 3)
(3)

A = area (m2), 𝜎 = Stefan-Boltzmann constant σ = 5.67 x 10-8 W/m2.K4,

Ts = surface temperature (K), 𝜀 = emissivity 0 < 𝜀 < 1 for real surfaces

 The net radiation heat transfer between a surface

and its surroundings is expressed as (Eq.4 and 5)

(4 )

𝑄𝑟𝑎𝑑 = ℎ𝑟 𝐴 (𝑇𝑠 − 𝑇𝑠𝑟 ) (5 )

ℎ𝑟 ≡ 𝜀𝜎 𝑇𝑠 + 𝑇𝑠𝑟 (𝑇𝑠 2 + 𝑇𝑠𝑟 2 ) Fig 8. Radiation heat transfer between a
surface and the surfaces surrounding it
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Simultaneous Heat Transfer Mechanism

The irradiation may be approximated by emission from a

blackbody at Tsur, as
.
 Heat transfer phenomena through a medium or at a surface
usually occur by two modes of heat transfer simultaneously.
 For example in opaque solids it is purely by conduction, however,
in semitransparent solids it is by conduction and radiation.
 Again a surface exposed to fluid motion and the surroundings,
loses heat by convection and radiation.

 Note that heat transfer through a fluid is either by conduction or

convection.

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Classwork
1. Define thermal conductivity and explain its significance in heat
transfer.
2. What are the mechanisms of heat transfer?
3. How are they distinguished one from another?
4. What is the physical mechanism of heat conduction in a solid, liquid,
and a gas?
5. How does heat conduction differ from natural convection?
6. Write down the expressions for the physical laws that govern each
mode of heat transfer, and identify the variables involved in each
relation.
7. Does any of the energy of the sun reach the earth by conduction or
convection?

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 Classwork Contd.
8. The wall of an industrial furnace is constructed from
0.15-m-thick fireclay brick having a thermal conductivity of
1.7 W/m z K. Measurements made during steady-state
operation reveal temperatures of 1400 and 1150 K at the
inner and outer surfaces, respectively. What is the rate of
heat loss through a wall that is 0.5 m 3 1.2 m on a side?
9.

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Cut away view of a steam boiler
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