IZMIR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
Department of Mechanical Engineering
ME 302 FLUID MECHANICS II
Boundary Layers #4
Muhammed Esad Ökten
260203036
- Derivation _/15
o Incomplete _/5
o Incorrect _/10
- Sample Calculation (all steps should be CLEARLY stated) _/20
o Incomplete _/5
o Incorrect _/10
o No/wrong units _/5
- Results and Discussion _/30
o Problems related to plots _/6
No axis title _/2
Unclear plot _/2
No legend _/2
o Missing results (all results should be tabulated) _/10
o Unlogic comments _/4
o Fundamental mistakes _/5
- Conclusion _/25
o No overview of the report _/10
o No question answered (10 pts will be divided equally _/10
to # of question)
- Format
- References
For Bernoulli Equation which is used in calculations:
𝛥𝑃 𝑈2 2×(𝑃𝐴 −𝑃𝐸 ) 2× (𝑃𝑃−𝑃𝐸 )
= and 𝑈=√ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢=√
𝜌 2 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
2) CALCULATIONS
Tenvironment= 25°C
𝜌e = 128 mmHg (at 25°C)
Hstill = 1.1814 kg/m3(at 25°C)
g = 9.81 m/s2
𝑐 = 346.4
21
𝑀𝑎 = =0.06062m/s < 0.3 thus the flow is incompressible
346.4
Finding the velocity at y=1 mm,
2 × (𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 − (𝑃ℎ − 𝑃𝑒 ))
𝑢=√
𝜌𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑃𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = (136 − 122) × 9,80665 = 137.293𝑃𝑎 , 𝑃ℎ − 𝑃𝑒 = (128 − 122) × 9,80665 = 58.839 𝑃𝑎
2×(137.293−58.839)
𝑢=√ = 11.524 m/s
1.1814
Finding the boundary layer thickness.
0.99 × 𝑈 = 0.99 × 21.0 = 20.79 m/s
U velocities are the same on smooth and rough surfaces. The distance in the boundary layer is connected to the
constant when pressures are being studied in the experiment.
rough = 6 𝑚𝑚 and smooth = 3 𝑚𝑚
For the rough surface;
𝑦
At y = 1 mm, 𝛿99 = 0.166
𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ
For the smooth surface;
𝑦
At y = 1 mm, 𝛿99 = 0.333
𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ
𝑢
So, y = 1 mm, 𝑈
= 0.5487
Finding the mass flow rate of smooth surface:
0,003
𝑚̇𝑎𝑑 =∫ ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝐴 = − ∫ 1,1814 𝑥 21 𝑥 0.05 𝑑𝑦 = −0.004083𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐴𝑎𝑑 0
𝑉(𝑦) = -0.0456x4 + 0.9230x3 – 6.5583x2 + 19.213x + 0.273 (according to curve fitting)
0,003
⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑚̇𝑏𝑐 = ∫𝐴 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝐴= ∫0 1.1814 ∗ ( −0.0456𝑥4 + 0.9230𝑥3 − 6.5582𝑥2 + 19.213𝑥 +
𝑏𝑐
0.273 )𝑥 0.05 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0000766 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝑚̇𝑎𝑏 = ∫ 𝜌𝑉𝑑𝐴 = −(𝑚̇𝑎𝑑 + 𝑚̇𝑏𝑐 ) = 0.004014 𝑘𝑔/𝑠
𝐴𝑎𝑏
For the momentum flux of smooth surface:
0,003
𝑃̇𝑎𝑑 = ∫ ⃗ 𝜌𝑉
𝑉 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗ = − ∫
⃗ . 𝑑𝐴 1.1814 𝑥 212 𝑥 0.05 𝑑𝑦 = −0.0782𝑁
𝐴𝑎𝑑 0
𝑃̇𝑏𝑐 = ∫ 𝑉 ⃗ . ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ 𝜌𝑉 𝑑𝐴 𝑃̇𝑎𝑏 = 𝑚̇𝑎𝑏 𝑥 𝑈 = 0.004014 𝑥 21 = 0.084294 𝑁
𝐴𝑏𝑐
0,003
=∫ 1.1814 𝑥 (−0.0456𝑥4 + 0.9230𝑥3 − 6.5583𝑥2 + 19.213𝑥 + 0.273 )2 𝑥 0.05 𝑑𝑦 = 0.082104 𝑁
0
For the shear force of smooth surface:
𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = 𝐹𝑎𝑑 + 𝐹𝑏𝑐 + 𝐹𝑎𝑏
𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 = −0.0782 + 0.082104 + 0.084294 = 0.088198 𝑁
For the shear stress of smooth surface:
𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑟 0.082104
𝜏𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑜𝑡ℎ = = = = 6.15011 𝑃𝑎
𝐴 𝑤𝑥𝐿 0.267 𝑥 0.05
3) RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Rough Surface Data
h Ptotal u u/U y/ Hstill
1 136 11,83617337 0,563627303 0,166666667 122
2 142 15,6577856 0,745608838 0,333333333 122
3 146 17,75426005 0,845440955 0,5 122
4 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 0,666666667 122
5 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 0,833333333 122
6 152 20,50085364 0,976231126 1 122
7 152 20,50085364 0,976231126 1,166666667 122
8 152 20,50085364 0,976231126 1,333333333 122
Smooth Surface Data
h Ptotal u u/U y/ Hstill
1 140 14,49629263 0,690299649 0,333333333 122
2 148 18,71463331 0,891173015 0,666666667 122
3 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 1 122
4 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 1,333333333 122
5 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 1,666666667 122
6 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 2 122
7 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 2,333333333 122
8 150 19,62807301 0,934670143 2,666666667 122
4) Conclusion
The experiment looked at how speed changed on various surfaces. The control surface's mass flow rate data
were computed. For linear momentum, the computed mass flow rate values are employed. After that, shear
force values between the two surfaces were calculated for comparison with the literature. The intention is to
increase the shear force on the rough surface. Tables are used to display the speed values and profiles that the
boundary layer produces. Mass flow rate is higher on smooth surfaces compared to rough surfaces.
The jet engine's efficient operation depends on boundary layer ingestion.Values of emissions are
decreased.After a series of actions, the jet engines' and turbines' structure of the compressor blades compresses
the air.This allows compressed air to travel at extremely high speeds.An additional force is generated by this
speed to propel the airplane forward.Ingestion of the border layer reduces full burning.This boundary layer
ingestion occurs in the fluid boundary layer.The aircraft's jet engines are mounted in back.Due to the air flow
over the aircraft, it appeals to the back in terms of efficiency.Jet engines can readily take in air in this fashion
and provide a driving force.
Measurement of the fluid's high-velocity velocity is the goal of particle image velocity analysis. The camera
allows for the examination of fluid particle displacement. Making a straightforward path/time equation, one can
determine speed by computing the time in between. Of course, when shooting, a laser is employed. because of
how quickly it operates. With the use of a laser, the fluid may be simply determined. The fluid is plainly visible
in the image.
Figure of Particle Image Velocimetry
REFERENCES
[1] Pritchard, P. J. (2011). Fox and McDonald's. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics.
[2] Water-Density. Specific WeightandThermal Expansion Coefficient. Retrieved 4 July 2020,
fromhttps://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/water-density-specific-weight-d 595.html
[3] Air-Density, Specific Weightand Thermal Expansion Coefficient at
Varying TemperatureandConstant Pressures. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
fromhttps://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/air-density-specific-weight-d 600.html?vA-25&units=C#
[4]Gipson, L. (2017). ReduceFuelBurn With a Dose of BLI. Retrieved 3 July 2020.
From https://www.nasa.gov/aero/reduce-fuel-burn-with-a-dose-of-bli
[5] Particle Image Velocimetry: PIV Principle. (2008). Retrieved 3 July 2020,
From https://velocimetry.net/principle.hu-text-Particle201 20Velocimetry (2015
JA%20PIV%20Principle&text-Particle%20Image%20Velocimetry 20(PIV120is boundar
Y%20layer%20studies%20of%20huds
