FORMAL EDUCATION FOR

ADULTS

MATH
III

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The IBERO-AMERICAN SOCIAL AND EDUCATIONAL
FOUNDATION, in collaboration with various educational
institutions (entities that grant the Academic
Baccalaureate degree), works for the educational and
social development of people, carrying out social activities
that help the low-income and vulnerable population.

Our goal is to provide comprehensive assistance,

promoting distance learning as a wise choice so that many
people can become professionals.

MODULE PREPARED BY:

LIC. YENNY ALEJANDRA HERNANDEZ

Material
original,
valid with dry stamp

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Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

INTRODUCTION

As time goes by, it becomes essential to bring knowledge in accordance

with the current moral and educational heritage. In this sense, it is consistent
to speak of methodological strategies that allow us to reach solid levels of
knowledge by teaching in and for life.
It is thanks to the above and the current speed that demands globalization,
internalization and planetarization that it is necessary that in the current aims
of education we strive not only for the development of competencies that lead
to competitiveness, but also for the strengthening and enhancement of
abilities and skills that allow contributing to the dimensions of development
of the human being and therefore to the integrality of the individual, in the
cognitive, moral, social, spiritual, corporeal, communicative, ethical, socio-
affective and aesthetic aspects.

Now, the means by which society can be built, the social fabric
strengthened and healthy and harmonious coexistence founded is
education, thinking about the responsibility that this demands, the modules
of Social Sciences, Natural Sciences, Mathematics, Humanities and
Spanish Language, English Foreign Language, Christian Education,
Philosophy, Chemistry, Physics and Technology and Computer Science
are presented.

The idea is to rethink teaching methods, methodologies, techniques and

actions, keeping in mind the well-being of our students and based on a guide
that helps guide the academic processes that are frequently carried out in the
various educational settings.
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 PRESENTATION

The methodology presented here to the teacher is an instructional module,

which condenses an eminently didactic and interactive content since it
presents some elements for learning concepts and the activities that students
must carry out during extracurricular time for the appropriation and
foundation concerned.

Now, it is of utmost importance to keep in mind that schoolchildren have

prior knowledge (Vygotsky and Ausubel) or pre-knowledge from which
they must start when approaching a subject, also, motivation (Skinner,
Piaget and Vygotsky) plays a fundamental role in leading the student to
approach knowledge in a creative, innovative and practical way, keeping
the above in mind and adapting the content to the context and carrying out
recreational activities that strengthen knowledge give way to significant
advances.

In the Mathematics Module, which includes basic mathematics, algebra,

geometry, statistics and trigonometry, you will find some topics of general
interest, many successes in the implementation of this material.

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

MATH
REVIEW OF BASIC OPERATIONS:

 Perform the following sums

5 7 9 8 9 4 7 3 0 6 3 8 9 3 6 2 4
7 9 8 6 6 3 1 6 7 4 1 7 0 8 0 8 3 7
+ 5 4 6 5 + 8 5 0 4 9 + 3 2 7 1 6 + 1 6 1 5

2 5 8 9 1 0 7 2 5 9 8 7 4 3 5 6 2
7 8 9 8 4 7 1 3 5 4 2 5 5 2
+ 4 7 4 + 7 1 3 4 + 8 9 7 4 + 1 2 1

 Some of the following subtractions are incorrectly solved. Identify the errors and
develop them correctly.

1 0 0 0 4 0 7 2 7 9 1 6 2 7 0 5 07
- 2 7 5 - 1 3 9 5 - 1 8 9 4 - 2 7 9 0 6
6 2 5 3 3 2 3 7 7 2 6 8 5 3 6 01

3 2 8 5 2 5 3 4 8 8 9 9 9 3 8 8 35
- 2 5 3 - 5 0 3 9 - 5 4 9 2 - 4 44
3 0 3 2 2 0 3 1 7 8 3 4 1 1 8 4 01

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

 Perform the following multiplications, and those that contain asterisks must
be replaced by the corresponding numbers. 

8 3 9 7 4 3 2 4 9 0 7 5 2 8
x6 0 x8 0 x5 2 4 x 3 4 7 x2 5 4

5 0 7 8 9 * 1 * * * 5
x 4 5 9 8 x3*2 x1**
* 3* 2 * *5
+ 3* 2 * + 1 3 * 0
* 2* 5 * * *
1 * 8 * 3 0 4 * 7 7*

Make the following divisions:

6 ÷ 2 1 5÷ 3

90 ÷ 30 8 96 ÷ 36

36 5 7÷ 3 0 2 3 28 0 4÷ 5 0 6

Properties of addition of natural and decimal numbers

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Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

 Perform the operations as indicated in parentheses:


a. 2 + (23 + 67) =
b. (234 + 87) + 78 =
c. (439 + 234) + (23 + 123) =
d. 54 + (32 + 9) + 67 =
e. 12 + (0 + 65) =
f. (35 + 12) + { ( 17+ 13) + (11 + 3) } =
  Apply the commutative and associative properties:
a. 32 + 42 + 76 + 4 =
b. 87 + 8 + 7 + 56 + 9 =
c. 12 + 87 + 97 + 3 + 65 =
d. 432 + 543 + 876 =

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Properties of multiplication:

The multiplication of natural numbers is internal: It

fulfills the closure property. The product of two
natural numbers is also a natural number.

Modulative property: The module of multiplication is one,

because when multiplying
Any natural number “a” with 1 is the result. For example: 12

x 1 = 12; 1 x 25 = 25; 103 x 1 = 103

Commutative property: In a multiplication, the

factors can be exchanged and the result remains
the same.

For example: 3 x 8 = 24 and 8 x 3 = 24; 5 x 6 = 30 and 6 x 5 = 30

Annulant property: When any natural

number is multiplied by zero, the product is
always zero.

For example: 6 x 0 = 0; 0 x 43 = 0; 53 x 0 = 0

From this property we can conclude that if the product of two

numbers is zero, then necessarily at least one of the factors is
zero.

Associative property: When we are going to multiply more

than two natural numbers, the result does not depend on which
numbers we multiply first.

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For example, to do 3 x 5 x 9, we can find the product of 3 x
5 and multiply this value by 9: (3 x 5) x 9 = 15 x 9 = 135

 Associate the factors in at least two different ways in each case and
 find the product:

a. 3 x 5 x 4 x 6 =
b. 21 x 4 x 6 x 12 =
c. 23 x 2 x 12x 4 =
d. 31 x 12 x 12 x 5 x 63 =
e. 4 x 5 x 6 x 17 x 9 =
f. 3 x 7 x 15 x 12 =

Subtraction and division of natural numbers:

Properties of subtraction: the subtraction of natural numbers is a binary

operation; but it is not an internal operation. The above occurs because it is
not always possible to subtract natural numbers within the set of natural
numbers.

Properties of division: The division of numbers is a binary operation,

because it is defined between two natural numbers, one of which is the
dividend and the other the divisor. It is not an internal operation because
the quotients obtained do not always belong to the set of natural numbers.

  Apply the distributive property:

a. 7 x (17 + 4)
b. (5 + 8) x 9
c. 12 x (16 + 12)
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 d. (15 + 7) (13 + 18)
e. (104 - 4) (96 + 4)
 In the following magic squares, replace the
asterisks for numbers, so that the sum of the rows,
columns and diagonals is always equal. 

9 * 8 14 9 * 14 * 7 18 9 7
8 7 * 4 14 15 * * 9 * 23 *
7 * 12 * 7 21 10 * * 7 9 *
13 * * 9 * 15 * 8 * 15 2 *

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 ENHANCING NATURAL NUMBERS

Just as multiplication is an abbreviated addition, exponentiation can

be said to be an abbreviated multiplication. When you want to find
the product of several equal factors such as:

*2x2x2x2 *3x3x3x3x3 * 10 x 10 x10 x 10 x 10 x 10

You can write:

2 x 2 x 2 x 2 = 2 = 16

3 x 3 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 3 = 243

10 x 10 x10 x 10 x 10 x 10 = 10 = 1,000,000

In expression 3

The base is 3, the exponent is 4 and the power is 81

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Elements of empowerment:

Base: Number that is multiplied by itself as many times as

indicated by the exponent.

Exponent: Number of times the number is multiplied by itself

Power: Result of multiplying a number by itself.

Example: Find 4

Solution: 4 = 4 x 4 x 4 = 64 The base is 4, the exponent is 3 and the power is 64

 Calculate the following powers:


a. 3
b. 1
c. 2
d. 2
e. 6
f. 4

g. 8
h. 11
i. 10

j. 4

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Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

REGISTRATION OF NATURAL NUMBERS

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

 In the following expressions, identify the subradical, root and index.

 Write the square roots of the following numbers:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

POWERS AND LOGARITHMS

 Find the number that replaces the letter, and indicate the operation that allows us
to calculate it. 

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

 Express the following powers as logarithms:

 Express the following logarithms as powers:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR AND LEAST COMMON MULTIPLE

Conceptualization: Every number can be decomposed into its prime factors. To do this,
proceed as follows:

Divide the number by the smallest prime number that is a divisor.

The quotient obtained is divided by the smallest prime number

that is a divisor. This continues until one is obtained as a quotient.

Example:

Decompose 88 into its prime factors:

Solution: Write 88 and divide by the smallest of the prime divisors. In this case it is 2.
Then the quotient is divided again until one is obtained.

88 2 Then: 88 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 11
44 2
The product of equal factors is written as a power. 88= 2 x 11
22 2
11 11
1

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

Examples:

Next you must decompose the following numbers into their prime factors:
a. 245
b. 6.091
c. 125
d. 160
e. 342
f. 120
g. 308
h. 96
i. 76
j. 300

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 GREATEST COMMON DIVISOR

The greatest common divisor of two or more numbers is the largest of the common divisors of
those numbers. Common means that it is the same for everyone. It is represented by the letters
MCD.

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

The divisors of 36 and 48 are:

D 36: {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36} and D 48: {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, 48}

Common divisors are obtained by calculating the intersection of the two sets:

D 36 and D 48 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12}

The greatest common divisor is 12

Find the GCD of 24, 36 and 48

Then the GCD of 24, 36 and 48 is 2 x 2 x 3 = 12

Find the GCD of 60, 96 and 100

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

Then the GCD of 60, 96 and 100 is 2 x 2 = 4

Find the GCD of the following numbers:

a. 48 and 16
b. 84 and 72
c. 18 and 32
d. 24 and 30
e. 28 and 49
f. 400, 200 and 300
g. 54 and 45
h. 64 and 128
i. 860, 240 and 168
j. 90 and 100
k. 1,000 and 1,500
l. 48, 36 and 60

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 Least common multiple

The least common multiple (LCM) of two or more numbers is the smallest of the common
multiples of those numbers.

Example:

Find the LCM of 48 and 60.

Solution:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

2 is a factor of 48 and
48 60 2 60
2 is a factor of 42 and
24 30 2 30
12 15 2 2 is a factor of 12
6 2 2 is a factor of 6
3 is a factor of 3 and
3 3 15
1 5 5 5 is a factor of 15
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The least common multiple of 48 and 60 is 2 x 3 x 5 = 240

Example:

Find the LCM of 12, 20 and 30

Solution:

2 is a factor of 12, 20 and

12 20 30 2 30
6 10 15 2 2 is a factor of 6 and 10
3 5 3 3 is a factor of 3 and 15
1 5 5 5 is a factor of 5
1 1

The LCM of 12, 20 and 30 is 2 x 3 x 5 = 60

EXERCISES

Calculate the LCM of the following numbers:

a. 48 and 16
b. 26 and 42
c. 36, 48 and 12
d. 20 and 30
e. 580 and 16
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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

f. 24, 18 and 42
g. 52 and 64
h. 38 and 46
i. 32 and 18
j. 25 and 70

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 FRACTIONAL

Fractional numbers are those that express one or more equal parts into which the main unit has
been divided, like this: I have a circle, I divide it into 4 equal parts, of which I take two. How
much are the two pieces I took worth? Let's see.

Since I divided it into 4 parts, each of them is called a quarter, so this is equal to 2/4. Two
because they are the parts that I took and (4) four number of times the unit is divided in this
case. We will have: if the unit is divided into 2, they are called halves, if it is divided into 3
equal parts, these parts are called thirds, into 4 parts, fourths, into 5 parts fifths, etc.

2 Numerator
Bond
4 Denominator

A fraction consists of two terms, number and denominator, the denominator indicates how
many equal parts the unit has been divided into and the numerator how many of these parts
are taken. For the respective reading, the numerator is stated first and then the denominator.

Example:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

It is read five times.

Types of fractions:

Common fractions: These are those whose denominator is not a unit followed by zeros,
such as:

2 1 8
5 4 9
Decimal fractions: These are those whose denominator is the unit followed by zeros such as:

1 4 10
100 10 100

Proper fractions: These are those whose numerators are less than the
denominator, i.e. less than one.

2 1 5
4 2 9
Improper fractions: Those whose numerators are greater than the denominator.
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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

9 7 9
2 4 5
Mixed fractions: These are those that consist of an integer and a fraction.

1 3
2 1
2 4

Every mixed number contains an exact number of units and in turn one or more equal
parts of the unit.

EXERCISES:

Represent the following fractions:

Write how to read each of the following fractions:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

Color the fraction indicated and write it as a mixed number.

Represent the following fractions:

Write what fraction is shown in each model.

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Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

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 Addition and subtraction of homogeneous fractions:

When fractions have the same denominator, they are added or subtracted like two
common and current magnitudes. Example:

5 7 5 + 7 12 4
+ = = = When simplified by 3
6 9 9 9 3

Do the following exercises:

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Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

Addition and subtraction of heterogeneous fractions:

Solve the following exercises:

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Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

MULTIPLICATION OF FRACTIONALS:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

Perform the following multiplications of fractions:

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 Mathematics: Algebra, Geometry, Statistics and Trigonometry

DIVISION OF FRACTIONAL NUMBERS

Division is the inverse operation of multiplication. Therefore, to divide one fractional number by another,
multiply the dividend by the multiplicative inverse of the divisor.

Perform the following fractional divisions

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