STATISTICS

 Suppose class-interval is 10-20, then 10 is called

CONTENTS lower limit and 20 is called upper limit of the
class
 Class Mark  Mid-value of class-interval is called Class-mark
lower limit  upper limit
 Cummulative Frequency Class-mark =
2

 Mean Class-mark = lower limit +

1
2
 Median (difference between the upper and lower limits)
 If the frequency of first class interval is added to
 Mode the frequency of second class and this sum is
added to third class and so on then frequencies so
 Ogive Curve obtained are known as Cumulative Frequency
(c.f.).
 There are two types of cumulative frequencies
 IMPORTANT POINTS (a) less than, (b) greater than

 The word data means information (its exact EXAMPLES 

dictionary meaning is: given facts). Statistical
data are of two types : Ex.1 Given below are the ages of 25 students of
class IX in a school. Prepare a discrete
(i) Primary data (ii) Secondary data frequency distribution.
 When an investigator collects data himself with a 15, 16, 16, 14, 17, 17, 16, 15, 15, 16, 16, 17,
definite plan or design in his (her) mind, it is 15, 16, 16, 14, 16, 15, 14, 15, 16, 16, 15, 14,
called Primary data. 15.
 Data which are not originally collected rather Sol. Frequency distribution of ages of 25 students
obtained from published or unpublished sources
are known as Secondary data. Age Tally marks Frequency
 After collection of data, the investigator has to 14 4
find ways to condense then in tabular form in 15 8
order to study their silent features. Such an 16 10
arrangement is called Presentation of data. 17 3
 Raw data when put in ascending or descending Total 25
order of magnitude is called an array or arranged
data. Ex.2 Form a discrete frequency distribution from
the following scores:-
 The number of times an observation occurs in the
given data is called frequency of the observation. Sol. 15, 18, 16, 20, 25, 24, 25, 20, 16, 15, 18, 18,
16, 24, 15, 20, 28, 30, 27, 16, 24, 25, 20, 18,
 Classes/class intervals are the groups in which all 28, 27, 25, 24, 24, 18, 18, 25, 20, 16, 15, 20,
the observations are divided. 27, 28, 29, 16.
 Frequency Distribution of Scores Bill (in rupees) Tally marks Frequency
Variate Tally marks Frequency 14-24 4
24-34 2
15 4
34-44 3
16 6 44-54 3
18 6 54-64 1
20 6 64-74 2
24 5 74-84 5
25 5 84-94 3
94-104 3
27 3
104-114 4
28 3
29 1 Total 30

30 1 Ex.4 The marks obtained by 40 students of class

IX in an examination are given below :
Total 40
18, 8, 12, 6, 8, 16, 12, 5, 23, 2,16, 23, 2, 10,
Ex.3 The water tax bills (in rupees) of 30 houses in 20, 12, 9, 7, 6, 5, 3, 5, 13, 21, 13, 15, 20, 24,
a locality are given below. Construct a 1, 7, 21, 16, 13, 18, 23, 7, 3, 18, 17, 16.
grouped frequency distribution with class size Present the data in the form of a frequency
of 10. distribution using the same class size, one
30, 32, 45, 54, 74, 78, 108, 112, 66, 76, 88, such class being 15-20 (where 20 is not
40, 14, 20, 15, 35, 44, 66, 75, 84, 95, 96, 102, included)
110, 88, 74, 112, 14, 34, 44. Sol. The minimum and maximum marks in the
Sol. Here the maximum and minimum values of given raw data are 0 and 24 respectively. It is
the variate are 112 and 14 respectively. given that 15-20 is one of the class intervals
and the class size is same. So, the classes of
 Range = 112 – 14 = 98. equal size are
It is given that the class size is 10, and 0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20 and 20-25
Range 98 Thus, the frequency distribution is as given
= = 9.8
Class size 10 under :

So, we shoule have 10 classes each of size 10. Frequency Distribution of Marks

The minimum and maximum values of the Marks Tally marks Frequency
variate are 14 and 112 respectively. So we
have to make the classes in such a way that 0-5 6
first class includes the minimum value and 5-10 10
the last class includes the maximum value. If 10-15 8
we take the first class as 14-24 it includes the 15-20 8
minimum value 14. If the last class is taken as
104-114, then it includes the maximum value 20-25 8
112. Here, we form classes by exclusive Total 40
method. In the class 14-24, 14 is included but
24 is excluded. Similarly, in other classes, the
lower limit is included and the upper limit is Ex.5 The class marks of a distribution are :
excluded. 47, 52, 57, 62, 67, 72, 77, 82, 87, 92, 97, 102
In the view of above discussion, we construct Determine the class size, the class limits and
the frequency distribution table as follows: the true class limits.
Sol. Here the class marks are uniformly spaced. If a is the class mark of a class interval of size
So, the class size is the difference between h, then the lower and upper limits of the class
any two consecutive class marks h h
interval are a – and a + respectively.
 Class size = 52 – 47 = 5 2 2
Here h=5
We know that, if a is the class mark of a class
interval and h is its class size, then the lower  Lower limit of first class interval
and upper limits of the class interval are
5
h h = 26 – = 23.5
a– and a + respectively. 2
2 2
And, upper limit of first class interval
 Lower limit of first class interval
5
5 = 26 + = 28.5
= 47 – = 44.5 2
2
 First class interval is 23.5 – 28.5.
And, upper limit of first class interval
Thus, the class intervals are:
5
= 47 + = 49.5
2 23.5 – 28.5, 28.5 – 33.5, 33.5 – 38.5,38.5 – 43.5,
43.5 – 48.5, 48.5 – 53.5
So, first class interval is 44.5 – 49.5
Since the classs are formed by exclusive
Similarly, we obtain the other class limits as
method. Therefore, these limits are true class
given under :
limits.
Class marks Class limits
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY
47 44.5 - 49.5
52 49.5 - 54.5  A table which displays the manner in which
57 54.5 - 59.5 cumulative frequencies are distributed over
62 59.5 - 64.5 various classes is called a cumulative frequency
67 64.5 - 69.5 distribution or cumulative frequency table.
72 69.5 - 74.5 There are two types of cumulative frequency.
77 74.5 - 79.5 (1) Less than type
82 79.5 - 84.5
(2) Greater than type
87 84.5 - 89.5
92 89.5 - 94.5 EXAMPLES 
97 94.5 - 99.5 Ex.7 Write down less than type cumulative
102 99.5 - 104.5 frequency and greater than type cumulative
frequency.
Since the classes are exclusive (continuous) so
the true class limits are same as the class limits.
Height (in cm) Frequency
Ex.6 The class marks of a distribution are 26, 31, 140 – 145 10
36, 41, 46, 51, 56, 61, 66, 71. Find the true 145 – 150 12
class limits. 150 – 155 18
155 – 160 35
Sol. Here the class marks are uniformly spaced. 160 – 165 45
So, the class size is the difference between 165 – 170 38
any two consecutive class marks. 170 – 175 22
 Class size = 31 – 26 = 5. 175 – 180 20
Sol. We have Ex.9 The following table gives the marks scored
by 378 students in an entrance examination :

140–145

145–150

150–155

155–160

160–165

165–170

170–175

175–180
Height
(in cm)
Mark No. of students
0 - 10 3
Frequency 10 12 18 35 45 38 22 20 10 - 20 12
Height Less 20 - 30 36
145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180
than type 30 - 40 76
Cumulative 40 - 50 97
10 22 40 75 120 158 180 200
frequency 50 - 60 85
Height 60 - 70 39
Greater than 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175
type 70 - 80 12
Cumulative 80 - 90 12
200 190 178 160 125 80 42 20
frequency 90 - 100 6

Ex.8 The distances (in km) covered by 24 cars in 2 From this table form (i) the less than series,
hours are given below : and (ii) the more than series.
125, 140, 128, 108, 96, 149, 136, 112, 84, Sol. (i) Less than cumulative frequency table
123, 130, 120, 103, 89, 65, 103, 145, 97, 102,
87, 67, 78, 98, 126 Number of students
Marks obtained
(Cumulative frequency)
Represent them as a cumulative frequency Less than 10 3
table using 60 as the lower limit of the first
group and all the classes having the class size Less than 20 15
of 15. Less than 30 51
Sol. We have, Class size = 15 Less than 40 127
Less than 50 224
Maximum distance covered = 149 km.
Less than 60 309
Minimum distance covered = 65 km. Less than 70 348
 Range = (149 – 65) km = 84 km. Less than 80 360
Less than 90 372
 84 
So, number of classes = 6  15  5.6 Less than 100 378
 
Thus, the class intervals are 60-75, 75-90, (ii) More than cumulative frequency table
90-105, 105-120, 120-135, 135-50.
Number of students
The cumulative frequency distribution is as Marks obtained
(Cumulative frequency)
given below : More than 0 378
More than 9 375
Class Tally Frequency Cumulative
More than 19 363
interval marks frequency
More than 29 327
60-75 2 2
75-90 4 6 More than 39 257
90-105 6 12 More than 49 154
105-120 2 14 More than 59 69
120-135 6 20 More than 69 30
135-150 4 24 More than 79 18
More than 89 6
Ex.10 Find the unknown entries (a,b,c,d,e,f,g) from Ex.11 The marks out of 10 obtained by 32 students
the following frequency distribution of are : 2, 4, 3, 1, 5, 4, 3, 8, 9, 7, 8, 5, 4, 3,
heights of 50 students in a class : 6, 7, 4, 7, 9, 8, 6, 4, 2, 1, 0, 0, 2, 6, 7, 8,
6, 1.
Class intervals Frequency Cumulative
Array the data and form the frequency
(Heights in cm) frequency
150 - 155 12 a distribution
155 - 160 b 25 Sol. An array of the given data is prepared by
160 - 165 10 c arranging the scores in ascending order as
follows :
165 - 170 d 43
170 - 175 e 48 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 3,3,3, 4,4,4,4,4,
175 - 180 2 f 5,5, 6,6,6,6, 7,7,7,7, 8,8,8,8, 9,9.
Total g
Frequency distribution of the marks is shown
below.
Sol. Since the given frequency distribution is the
frequency distribution of heights of 50 Marks Tally marks Frequency
students. Therefore, 0 || 2
g = 50. 1 ||| 3
2 ||| 3
From the table, we have
3 ||| 3
a = 12, b + 12 = 25, 12 + b + 10 = c, 4 5
12 + b + 10 + d = 43, 5 || 2
6 |||| 4
12 + b + 10 + d + e = 48 and
7 |||| 4
12 + b + 10 + d + e + 2 = f 8 |||| 4
Now, b + 12 = 25 9 || 2
 b = 13
Ex.12 Prepare a discrete frequency distribution from
12 + b + 10 = c  the data given below, showing the weights in
kg of 30 students of class VI.
   12 + 13 + 10 = c [ b = 13]
39, 38, 42, 41, 39, 38, 39, 42, 41, 39, 38, 38
 c = 35
41, 40, 41, 42, 41, 39, 40, 38, 42, 43, 45, 43,
12 + b + 10 + d = 43  39, 38, 41, 40, 42, 39.
   12 + 13 + 10 + d = 43 [ b = 13] Sol. The discrete frequency distribution table for
the weight (in kg) of 30 students is shown
 d=8 below.
12 + b + 10 + d + e = 48 
Weights (in kg) Tally marks Frequency
   12 + 13 + 10 + 8 + e = 48 38 6
[ b = 13, d = 8] 39 7
40 ||| 3
 e=5
41 6
and, 12 + b + 10 + d + e + 2 = f 42 5
 12 + 13 + 10 + 8 + 5 + 2 = f 43 || 2
45 | 1
 f = 50.
Hence, a = 12, b = 13, c = 35, d = 8, Ex.13 The class marks of a distribution are 82, 88,
94, 100, 106, 112 and 118. Determine the
e = 5, f = 50 and g = 50. class size and the classes.
Sol. The class size is the difference between two Sol. (i) Less than cumulative frequency series
consecutive class marks. Class size = Marks No. of students
88 – 82 = 6. Now 82 is the class mark of the Less than 10 3
first class whose width is 6.  Class limits of Less than 20 10 ( = 3 + 7 )
6 6 Less than 30 22 ( = 3 + 7 + 12 )
the first class are 82 – and 82 + i.e. 79 Less than 40 30 ( = 3 + 7 + 12 + 8 )
2 2
Less than 50 35 ( = 3 + 7 + 12 + 8 + 5 )
and 85. Thus, the first class is 79-85.
Similarly, the other classes are 85–91, 91– 97, (ii) More than cumulative frequency series
97–103, Marks No. of students
103 –109, 109 –115 and 115 –121. More than 50 0
More than 40 5
Ex.14 The class marks of a distribution are 13, 17, More than 30 13
21, 25 and 29. Find the true class limits. More than 20 25
More than 10 32
Sol. The class marks are 13, 17, 21, 25 and 29. More than 0 35
The class marks are uniformly spaced. Ex.16 Convert the following more than cumulative
frequency series into simple frequency series.
Class size = difference between two consecutive
Marks No. of students
class marks
More than 0 40
= 17 – 13 = 4 More than 10 36
More than 20 29
4 More than 30 16
Half of the class size = =2
2 More than 40 5
To find the classes one has to subtract 2 from More than 50 0
and add 2 to each of the class marks. Sol. Simple frequency distribution table
Marks Frequency
Hence, the classes are
0-10 4 ( = 40 – 36)
11– 15 10-20 7 ( = 36 – 29)
20-30 13 ( = 29 – 16 )
15 – 19 30-40 11 ( = 16 – 5 )
19 – 23 40-50 5 (=5–0)
Ex.17 Drawn ogive for the following frequency
23 – 27
distribution by less than method
27 – 31 Marks: 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Since the classes are exclusive, the true class No. of
7 10 23 51 6 3
limits are the same as the class limits. So the Students
lower class limits as well as the true lower Sol. We first prepare the cumulative frequency
class limits are 11, 15, 19, 23 and 27. The distribution table by less than method as
upper class limits as well as the true upper given below :
class limits are 15, 19, 23, 27 and 31.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Ex.15 Convert the given simple frequency series into a: No. of
7 10 23 51 6 2
Students
(i) Less than cumulative frequency series.
Marks less
10 20 30 40 50 60
(ii) More than cumulative frequency series. than
Marks No. of students Cumulativef
7 17 40 91 97 100
0-10 3 requency
10-20 7 Other thanthe given class intervals, we
20-30 12 assume a class – 10-0 before the first class
30-40 8 interval 0-10 with zero frequency.
40-50 5
 Now, we mark the upper class limits y
(including the imagined class) along X-axis 100 (69.5, 100)
on a suitable scale and the cumulative 90 (59.5, 91)
frequencies along Y-axis on a suitable scale. 80 (49.5, 80)
Thus, we plot the points

Number of persons
70
(0, 0), (10, 7), (20, 17), (30, 40), (40, 91), 60 (39.5, 63)
(50,97), and (60, 100) 50
y 40 (29.5, 40)
(60, 100)
100 30
(40, 91)
90 20 (19.5, 20)
(50, 97)
80 10 (9.5,5)
Cumulative frequency

70 x

19.5
29.5
39.5
9.5

49.5
59.5
69.5
60
50 Age (in years)
40 (30, 40)
30 Ex.19 The temperature of a patient, admitted in a
20 (20, 17) hospital with typhoid fever, taken at different
(10, 7) times of the day are given below. Draw the
10
temperature-time graph to reprents the data:
10 20 30 40 50 60 x
Time
6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00
Marks (in hours):
Now, we join the plotted points by a free Temperature
102 100 99 103 100 102 99
hand curve to obtain the required ogive. (in °F)
Ex.18 Draw a cumulative frequency curve for the Sol. In order to draw the temperature-time graph,
following frequency distribution by less than we represent time (in hours) on the x-axis and
method the temperature in ºF on the y-axis. We first
Age plot the ordered pairs (6, 102), (8, 100),
0-9 10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69
(in years) (10, 99), (12, 103), (14, 100), (16, 102) and
No. of
5 15 20 23 17 11 9 (18, 99) as points and then join them by line
persons: segments as shown in Fig.
Sol. The given frequency distribution is not y Temperature - time graph
continuous. So, we first make it continuous
and prepare the cumulative frequency 104°
distribution as under :
Temperature (in °F)

Age (in Cumulative 102°

Frequency Age less than
years) frequency
100°
– 0.5 - 9.5 5 9.5 5
98°
9.5 - 19.5 15 19.5 20
19.5 - 29.5 20 29.5 40
x
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00

29.5 - 39.5 23 39.5 63

39.5 - 49.5 17 49.5 80 Time (in hours)
49.5 - 59.5 11 59.5 91 Ex.20 The graph shown in Fig. exhibits the rate of
59.5 - 69.5 9 69.5 100 interest on fixed deposite upto one year
announced by the reserve bank of india in
Now, we plot points (9.5, 5), (19.5, 20), different years. Read the graph and find.
(29.5,40), (39.5, 63), (49.5, 80), (59.5, 91) (i) In which period was the rate of interest
and (69.5, 100) and join them by a free hand maximum?
smooth curve to obtain the required ogive as (ii) In which period was the rate of interest
shown in Fig. minimum ?
 y
14 40 (90, 38)
12 36
Ratio of interest per annum

(80,36)
32
10 (70,32)
28
8 24 (60,25)
20

Cumulative
Frequency
6 16
4 12 (50, 13)
2 8
4 (40, 5)
x 0
0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Wages
Years
Ex.22 Draw the Time-Temperature graph from the
Sol. In the graph, we find that years are
following table
represented on x-axis and the rate of interest
per annum is along y-axis. From the graph, Time (in hour) Temperature (in °C)
10-00 21
we find that 11-00 23
(i) The rate of interest was maximum (12%) in 12-00 25
1996. 13-00 27
14-00 28
(ii) The minimum rate of interest was 6.5% in the 15-00 26
year 2002.
From the graph estimate the temperature at
Ex.21 The following data represents the wages of 25
11-30 a.m.
workers of a certain factory :
Sol. Time in hours is denoted along the X-axis and
Weges (in rupees) No. of workers
temperature (in °C) is inidicated along the
30-40 5
40-50 8 Y-axis. The points are joined by drawing a
50-60 12 freehand curve. From the graph, the temperature
60-70 7
70-80 4 at 11-30 a.m. is found to be 24.0°C.
80-90 2
Sol. The cumulative frequency table is constructed
as follows : 28
Temperature (in °C)

26
Wages No. of workers Cumulative
(in rupees) frequency 24
30-40 5 5
22
40-50 8 13
50-60 12 25 20
10 11 12 13 14 15
60-70 7 32
70-80 4 36 Time (in hours)
80-90 2 38
The cumulative frequency curve is shown below:
 MEAN
 Disadvantages
(i) It is highly affected by the presence of a few
 If x1, x2, x3,.....,xn are n values of a variable abnormally high or abnormally low scores.
X, then the arithmetic mean or simply the (ii) In absence of a single item, its value
mean of these values is denoted by X and becomes inaccurate.
is defined as (iii) It can not be determined by inspection.
x1  x 2  x 3 ....  x n 1 n 
X = 
=  xi 


n n  i 1  EXAMPLES 
 
n
Ex.23 If the mean of n observations ax1, ax2, ax3,...,
Here the symbol x i denotes the sum x1+
i 1 axn is a X , show that
x2 + x3 + ....+ xn.
 If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2..xn, (ax1  aX ) + (ax 2  aX ) +...+ (ax n  aX ) = 0
n
Sol. We have
then 
i 1
(xi – X ) = 0 i.e. the algebraic sum

of deviations from mean is zero. ax1  ax 2  ...  ax n

aX = 
n
 If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2,....,
xn, then the mean of the observations x1 + a,    ax1 + ax2 +...+ axn = n( aX ) ....(i)
x2 + a,...,xn + a is X + a i.e. if each
observation is increased by a, then the mean Now, (ax1 – aX ) + (ax2 – aX )+...+ (axn – aX )
is also increased by a
= (ax1 + ax2 +...+ axn) – ( aX + aX +...+ aX )
 If X is the mean of x1, x2,....xn then the
n – terms
mean of ax1, ax2,...axn is aX , where a is any
number different from zero i.e. if each = n( aX ) – n( aX ) = 0.
observation is multiplied by a non-zero
number a, then the mean is also multiplied by Ex.24 The mean of n observations x1, x2,...,xn is X .
a.
If (a – b) is added to each of the observations,
 If X is the mean of n observations x1,x2,
show that the mean of the new set of
x1 x 2 x 3
x3...,xn, then the mean of , , ,..., observations is X + (a – b)
a a a
xn X Sol. We have,
is , where a is any non-zero number
a a
 If X is the mean of n observations x1, x2 x1  x 2  ...  x n
X = ....(i)
...xn, then the mean of x1–a, x2 – a,..., xn – a is n
X – a, where a is any real number Let X , be the mean of x1 + (a – b), x2 +
 Advantages
(a – b), ...,xn + (a – b). Then,
(i) Arithmetic mean is simple to understand
and easy to calculate.
{x1  (a  b)}  {x 2  (a  b)}  ...  {x n  (a  b)}
(ii) It is rigidly defined. X=
n
(iii) It is suitable for further algebraic
treatment.
x1  x 2  ...  x n  n (a  b)
(iv) It is least affected fluctuation of sampling.   X ' =
n
(v) It takes into account all the values in the
series. = X + (a – b) (using (i))

Ex.25 Find the sum of the deviations of the variate x1  x 2  ...  x10
values 3, 4, 6, 8, 14 from their mean.  20 =
10
Sol. Recall that the deviations of the values x1, x2,
 x1 + x2 +...+ x10 = 200 ....(i)
x3, ..., xn about A are
New numbers are x1 – 5, x2 – 5,..., x10 – 5.
x1 – A, x2 – A, x3 – A,..., xn – A.
Let X ' be the mean of new numbers.
Let X be the mean of the values 3, 4, 6, 8,
14. Then, Then,
3  4  6  8  14 35 ( x1  5)  ( x 2  5)  ...  ( x10  5)
X =  =7 X' 
5 5 10
Now, sum of the deviations of the values 3, 4, ( x1  x 2  ...  x10 )  5  10 200  50
6, 8, 14 from their mean X = 7 is given by X'  
10 10
= (3 – 7) + (4 – 7) + (6 – 7) + (8 – 7)
[Using (i)]
+ (14 – 7) = – 4 – 3 – 1 + 1+ 7 = 0.
X ' = 15.
Ex.26 The mean of 40 observations was 160. It was
detected on rechecking that the value of 165 Ex.28 The mean of 16 numbers is 8. If 2 is added to
was wrongly copied as 125 for computation every number, what will be the new mean ?
of mean. Find the correct mean.
Sol. Let x1,x2,x3,...,x16 be 16 numbers with their
Sol.  Here, n = 40, X = 160
mean equal to 8. Then,
So, X =
1
 x  160 =
1
 x  
n
i
40
i
X
1
n
 x 
i

   x i × 40 = 6400
x1  x 2  ...  x16
 8=
 Incorrect value of x i = 6400 16

Now,  x1 + x2 +...+ x16 = 16 × 8 = 128 ...(i)

Correct value of x i New numbers are x1 + 2, x2 + 2, x3 + 2,..., x16 +

2. Let X ' be the mean of new numbers. Then,
= Incorrect value of x i – Incorrect item
+ Correct item ( x1  2)  ( x 2  2)  ...  ( x16  2)
X' 
16
 Correct value of x i = 6400 – 125
+ 165 = 6440 ( x1  x 2  ...  x16 )  2 16 128  32
 X'  
16 16
 Correctmean
[Using(i)]

=
Correct value of  xi

6440
= 161. 160
n 40  X '   10 
16

Ex.27 The mean of 10 numbers is 20. If 5 is Ex.29 If x1, x2,...,xn are n values of a variable X
subtracted from every number, what will be such that
the new mean?
n n
Sol. Let x1, x2,...,x10 be 10 numbers with their  (x i  2) = 110 and  (x i  5) = 20.
mean equal to 20. Then, i 1 i 1

X
1
n
 x i
Find the value of n and the mean.
Sol. We have, n

n n
and x i  46n  70 ....(ii)

 (x  (x
i 1
i  2) = 110 and i  5) = 20
i 1 i 1 Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get
–4n = – 80 n = 20
 (x1 – 2) + (x2 – 2) +...+ (xn – 2) = 110
Putting n = 20 in (i), we get
and (x1 – 5) + (x2 – 5) +...+ (xn – 5) = 20
n n

 (x1 + x2 +...+ xn) – 2n = 110 and 

i 1
x i  50  20 = –10  x
i 1
i  990

(x1 + x2 +...+ xn) –5n = 20

1  
n
990
n n Mean =
 
n i 1
xi  =
 20
= 49.5
 x
i 1
i  2n = 110 and x
i 1
i  5n  20  
Hence, n = 20 and mean = 49.5
 S – 2n = 110 and S – 5n = 20
  ARITHMETIC MEAN OF UNGROUPED DATA
Thus, we have
Arithmetic mean of raw data (when
S – 2n = 110 ....(i) frequency is not given) :
and S – 5n = 20 ....(ii)
The arithmetic mean of a raw data is obtained
by adding all the values of the variables and
Subtracting (ii) from (i), we get dividing the sum by total number of values that
are added.
3n = 90  n = 30
Arithmetic mean
Putting n = 30 in (i), we get n
x1  x 2  ...  x n 1
S – 60 = 110 S = 170 
(x) =
n
=
n x
i 1
i

n n
   
i 1
x i  170  The symbol x i denotes the sum
i 1

x1 + x2 +...+ xn.
1  170 17
n
 Mean =  x i  
n i  1  30


3  
  EXAMPLES 
17 Ex.31 Neeta and her four friends secured 65, 78, 82,
Hence, n = 30 and mean . 94 and 71 marks in a test of mathematics. Find
3
the average (arithmetic mean) of their marks.
Ex.30 The sum of the deviations of a set of n values Sol. Arithmetic mean or average
x1,x2,...,xn measured from 50 is–10 and the
65  78  82  94  71 390
sum of deviations of the values from 46 is = = = 78
70. Find the values of n and the mean. 5 5
Hence, arithmetic mean = 78
Ex.32 The marks obtained by 10 students in physics
out of 40 are 24, 27, 29, 34, 32, 19, 26, 35,
18, 21. Compute the mean of the marks.
Sol. We have,
Sol. Mean of the marks is given by
n n

 (x
i 1
i  50)  10 and  (x
i 1
i  46)  17
x
24  27  29  34  32  19  26  35  18  21
10
n 265
 x
i 1
i  50n  10 ....(i) =
10
= 26.50
Ex.33 The mean of 20 observations was found to be 75  200
47. But later it was discovered that one = (from (i) and (ii))
15
observation 66 was wrongly taken as 86. Find
the correct mean. = 18.33
Sol. Here, n = 20, x = 47
If a variate X takes values x1,x2...xn with
n n

x
i 1
i x
i 1
i
corresponding frequencies f1,f2,f3,...,fn respectively,
then arithmetic mean of these values is
We have, x = 47 =
n 20
f1x1  f 2 x 2  ...  f n x n
n X =
f1  f 2  ...  f n
x i = 47 × 20 = 940.
n

f x
i 1
i i
But the score 66 was wrongly taken as 86. n

f
i 1
or X = , where N = i = f1+f2+...+ fn
n N
x
i 1
Correct value of i = 940 + 66 – 86 = 920
i 1
Ex.36 Find the mean of the following distribution :
920
Correct mean = = 46 x: 4 6 9 10 15
20
f: 5 10 10 7 8
Ex.34 If x denote the mean of x1, x2, ..., xn, show that
Sol. Calculation of Arithmetic Mean
n

  (x
i 1
i  x) xi fi fixi

x1  x 2  ...  x n 4 5 20
Sol. x
n 6 10 60
= x1 + x2 +... + xn = n x (i) 9 10 90

= (x1 – x ) = (x1 – x ) + (x2 – x ) +..... + (xn – x1) 10 7 70

15 8 120
= (x1 + x2+ ... + xn) – n x = n x – n x
N  f i  40 f i x i  360
=0 (from (i))
Ex.35 If the mean of 5 observations is 15 and that of f i x i 360
 Mean = X   = 9.
another 10 observations is 20, find the mean f i


40
of all 15 observations
Ex.37 Find the mean of the following distribution :
Sol. Let first five observations be x1,...,x5
x 10 30 50 70 89
x  x 2 ...  x 5
 Mean = 1 f 7 8 10 15 10
5
Sol. Calculation of Mean
x1  x 2 ...  x 5
 15 =
5 xi fi fixi
 x1 + ... + x5 = 75 (i) 10 7 70
Let next ten observations be y1 + ... + y10. 30 8 240
50 10 500
y1  ...  y10 y  ...  y10
 Mean = 20 = 1 70 15 1050
10 10
y1 + ... + y10 = 200 (ii) 89 10 890
fi = N = 50 fixi = 2750
The mean of all 15 observations will be
( x1  ...  x 5 )  ( y1  ...  y10 ) f i x i 2750
   Mean =  = 55.
15 N 50
Ex.38 Find the value of p, if the mean of following  200 = 86 + f1 + f2 f1 + f2 = 114 ....(i)
distribution is 7.5.
Also, Mean = 1.46
x: 3 5 7 9 11 13
f i x i 140  f 2  2f 2
y: 6 8 15 p 8 4  1.46 = 1.46 =
N 200
Sol. Calculation of Mean
 292 = 140 + f1 + 2f2
xi fi fixi
 f1 + 2f2 = 152 ....(ii)
3 6 18
5 8 40 Solving (i) and (ii) we get f1 = 76 and f2 = 38.
7 15 105
9 p 9p Ex.40 If the mean of the following data be 9.2, find
11 8 88 the value of p.
13 4 52 x 4 6 7 p+4 12 12
N = Sfi = 41 + p Sfixi = 303 + 9p f 5 6 4 10 8 7

We have, fi = 41 + p, fixi = 303 + 9p Sol. The table is rewritten as below :

x f f.x
f x 303  9p 4 5 20
 Mean = i i 7.5 =
f i 41  p 6 6 36
7 4 28
 7.5 × (41 + p) = 303 + 9p p+4 10 10p + 40
12 8 96
 307.5 + 7.5p = 303 + 9p 14 7 98
Total 40 318 + 10p
 9p – 7.5p = 307.5 – 303
 1.5p = 4.5 p = 3 f .x 318  10.p
Now, Mean x  =
f 40
Ex.39 Find the missing frequencies in the following
frequency distribution if it is known that the 318  10.p
 9.2 =
mean of the distribution is 1.46. 40

Number of  318 + 10.p = 368 10p = 50 p = 5

0 1 2 3 4 5 Total
accidents (x) : Ex.41 The marks of 30 students are given below,
Frequency (f) : 46 ? ? 25 10 5 200 find the mean marks.
Marks Number of Students
Sol. Let the missing frequencies be ft and f2 10 4
11 3
Calculation of Mean
12 8
xi fi fixi 13 6
14 7
0 46 0 15 2
1 f1 f1 Sol. x f fx
2 f2 75 10 4 40
11 3 33
3 25 2f2 12 8 96
13 6 78
4 10 40 14 7 98
5 5 25 15 2 30
f = 30 fx = 375
N = 86 + f1 + f2 fixi = 140 + f1 + 2f2
fx 375
Mean = = = 12.5
We have : N = 200 f 30
  GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION Sol.



Mid-values Frequencies (fi) fixi

There are 3 methods for calculation of mean :
2 49 98
1. Direct Method
3 43 129
2. Assumed mean deviation method 4 57 228
3. Step deviation method. 5 38 190

Direct Method for Calculation of Mean 6 13 78

Total N =fi = 200 fixi = 723
mid-value frequency fi xi
By direct method.
x1 f1 f1 x1
x2 f2 f2 x2  fi xi 723
Mean = = = 3.615
: : :  fi 200
. . .
xk fk fk xk Ex.44 Find the mean of the following frequency
k distribution :
Total N f x
i 1
i i
Class Interval Frequency
10 – 30 90
According to direct method
30 – 50 20
k

x1 f1  x 2 f 2  ...  x k f k
 x ifi
1
k
50 – 70 30

x=
f1  f 2  ...  f k
= i 1
 fi
=
N f x i i
70 – 90 20
1 90 – 110 40
[N = f1 + f2 + ... + fk] Sol.

EXAMPLES  Class f Mid value (x) fx

interval
Ex.42 Calculate the mean for the following 10 – 30 90 20 1800
distribution: 30 – 50 20 40 800
50 – 70 30 60 1800
Variable 5 6 7 8 9
70 – 90 20 80 1600
Frequency 4 8 14 11 3
90 – 110 40 100 4000
Sol.  f = 200  f x = 10000
x f fx f x 10000
5 4 20 Mean ( x ) = = = 50
f 200
6 8 48
7 14 98 Ex.45 Find the mean of the following frequency
8 11 88 distribution :
9 3 27
Class Interval Frequency
Total N =f = 40 f x = 281
15 – 25 60
f x 281
   Mean = = = 7.025 25 – 35 35
f 40
35 – 45 22
Ex.43 Mid-values 2 3 4 5 6
Frequencies 49 43 57 38 13 45 – 55 18

Mid values of class interval are given with 55 – 65 15

their frequencies. Find the mean by direct
method.
Sol. Sol. Class Frequency f Mid value fx
interval x
Class f Mid value (x) fx
0 – 10 3 5.0 15.0
interval
11 – 20 4 15.5 62.0
15 – 25 60 20 1200
21 – 30 2 25.5 51.0
25 – 35 35 30 1050
31 – 40 5 35.5 177.5
35 – 45 22 40 880
41 – 50 6 45.5 273.0
45 – 55 18 50 900
 f = 20  f x =578.5
55 – 65 15 60 900
 f = 150  f x = 4930 f x 578.5
 Mean = = = 28.9
Mean( x ) f 20

 f x 4930 Ex.48 For the following distribution, calculate mean

= = =32.8 6 or 32.87 (approx.) using all the suitable methods.
f 150
Size of Item 1–4 4 – 9 9 – 16 16 – 27
Ex.46 A survey was conducted by a group of Frequency 6 12 26 20
students as a part of their environment
awareness programme, in which they Sol. Size of item Mid value Frequency fixi
collected the following data regarding the (xi) (fi)
number of plants in 20 houses in a locality. 1– 4 2.5 6 15
Find the mean number of plants per house. 4– 9 6.5 12 78
9– 16 12.5 26 325
Number of 0 – 2 2 – 4 4 – 6 6 – 8 8 – 10 10 – 12 12 – 14
plants 16– 27 21.5 20 430
No. of 1 2 1 5 6 2 3  fi = 64  fixi = 848
houses
 fi xi 848
Which method did you use for finding the Mean = = = 13.25
 fi 64
mean and why ?
Sol. Assumed Mean Method
n
Number of Number of Mid value x
plants houses (f)
fx
f d
i 1
i i
Arithmetic mean = a +
0–2 1 1 1 n

2–4 2 3 6 f
i 1
i

5 5 Note : The assumed mean is chosen, in

4–6 1 such a manner, that
6–8 5 7 35 1. It should be one of the central values.
9 54 2. The deviation are small.
8 – 10 6
3. One deviation is zero.
10 – 12 2 11 22
Working Rule :
12 – 14 3 13 39 Step 1 : Choose a number 'a' from the central
 f = 20  f x = 162 values of x of the first column, that will be our
assumed mean.
f x 162 Step 2 : Obtain deviations di by subtracting 'a'
Mean = = = 8.1
f 20 from xi. Write down hese deviations against the
Here, we have used direct method because corresponding frequencies in the third column.
numerical values of x and f are small. Step 3 : Multiply the frequencies of second
column with corresponding deviations di in the
Ex.47 Find the mean of the following distribution third column to prepare a fourth column of fidi.
by direct method.
Step 4 : Find the sum of all the entries of
Class 0 – 10 11 – 20 21 – 30 31 – 40 41 – 50 fourth column to obtain fidi and also, find the
interval sum of all the frequencies in the second
Frequency 3 4 2 5 6 column to obtain fi.
 EXAMPLES  Ex.51 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the
following frequency distribution :
Ex.49 The following table gives the distribution of
total household expenditure (in rupees) of Class
50– 60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90– 100
manual workers in a city. interval
Frequency 8 6 12 11 13
Expenditure

100-150
150-200
200-250
250-300
300-350
350-400
400-450
450-500
(in rupees) Sol. Let assumed mean = 75 i.e., a = 75
frequency Mid value
Frequency 24 40 33 28 30 22 16 7 Class di =xi –75 fidi
fi (xi)
Sol. Let assumed mean = 275 50–60 8 55 –20 –160
60–70 6 65 –10 –60
Expenditure Frequency Mid di =x–275 fidi
70–80 12 75 0 0
(in rupees) (fi) value (xi)
80–90 11 85 10 110
100–150 24 125 –150 –3600 90–100 13 260
95 20
150–200 40 175 –100 –4000
 f = 50  fidi
200–250 33 225 –50 –1650
= 150
250– 300 28 275 0 0
300– 350 30 325 50 1500 a = 75, fidi= 150, fi = 50
350– 400 22 375 100 2200
f i d i 150
400– 450 16 425 150 2400 Mean ( x ) = a + = 75 + = 78
450– 500 7 475 200 1400 f i 50
 fi = 200  fidi = Ex.52 Thirty women were examined in a hospital by
– 1750 a doctor and the number of heart beats per
minute were recorded and summarised as
f i d i 1750 follows. Find the mean heart beats per minute
xa = 275 + = Rs 266.25
f i 200 for these women, choosing a suitable method.
Ex.50 Calculate the arithmetic mean of the
following distribution : Number of heart Frequency
beats per minute
Class Interval Frequency
65– 68 2
0 – 50 17 68–71 4
50 –100 35 71–74 3
100 –150 43 74–77 8
150–200 40 77– 80 7
200– 250 21 80– 83 4
250– 300 24 83– 86 2
Sol. Let assumed mean = 175 i.e. a = 175
Sol. Let assumed mean a = 75.5
Class Mid value di =xi–175 frequency fidi
(xi) fi
No. of heart No. of Mid value
0–50 25 –150 17 –2550 d = x –a fd
beats women f (x)
50–100 75 –100 35 –3500
65–68 2 66.5 –9 –18
100–150 125 –50 43 –2150
68–71 4 69.5 –6 –24
150–200 175 0 40 0
71–74 3 72.5 –3 –9
200-250 225 50 21 1050
74–77 8 75.5 0 0
250–300 275 100 24 2400
77–80 7 78.5 3 21
 fi = 180  fidi
80–83 4 81.5 6 24
= – 4750 83–86 2 84.5 9 18
Now , a = 175  f = 30  fd =12
f i d i 4750 fd 12
xa = 175 + Mean = a  = 75.5 + = 75.5 + 0.4 = 75.9
f i 180 f 30
= 175 – 26.39 = 148.61 approx.
 By step deviation method
 Step Deviation Method
Deviation method can be further simplified on f i u i
dividing the deviation by width of the class Mean = a + ×h
f i
interval h. In such a case the arithmetic mean
is reduced to a great extent. –1
= 0.10 +  0.04
f i u i 30
  Mean ( x ) = a + h
f i
= 0.10 – 0.0013
Working Rule :
Step-1 : Choose a number 'a' from the central = 0.0987
values of x(mid-values) = 0.099 ppm
x a
Step-2 : Obtain ui = i Ex.54 The weekly observation on cost of living
h
Step-3 : Multiply the frequency fi with the index in a certain city for the year 2004–2005
corresponding ui to get fiui. are given below. Compute the mean weekly
cost of living index.
Step-4 : Find the sum of all fiuii.e., fiui
f i u i Cost of Living index Number of weeks
Step-5 : Use the formula x = a + . h to
f i
1400-1500 5
get the required mean.
1500-1600 10
1600-1700 20
EXAMPLES 
1700-1800 9
Ex.53 To find out the concentration of SO 2 in the air 1800-1900 6
(in parts per million, i.e.ppm), the data was
1900-2000 2
collected for 30 localities in a certain city and
is presented below : Sol. Let assumed mean be 1750 i.e., a = 1750
Concentration of Frequency
SO2 (in ppm) Cost of Frequencyf Mid value u  x i  1750
i fiui
living index i xi 100
0.00 – 0.04 4
1400–1500 5 1450 –3 –15
0.04 – 0.08 9 1500–1600 10 1550 –2 –20
1600–1700 20 1650 –1 –20
0.08 – 0.12 9
1700–1800 9 1750 0 0
0.12 – 0.16 2 1800–1900 6 1850 1 6
0.16 – 0.20 4 1900–2000 2 1950 2 4
 fi = 52  fiui
0.20 – 0.24 2 = – 45
Find the mean concentration of SO2 in the air. By step deviation method
Sol. Let the assumed mean a = 0.10. f i u i
Mean ( x ) = a + h
Concentration f i
Frequencyf Mid value x  0.10
of SO2 ui  i fiui
i xi 0.04 45
(in ppm) = 1750 + 100
0.00 – 0.04 4 0.02 –2 –8 52
0.04 – 0.08 9 0.06 –1 –9
= 1750 – 86.54
0.08 – 0.12 9 0.10 0 0
0.12 – 0.16 2 0.14 1 2 = 1663.46
0.16 – 0.20 4 0.18 2 8
0.20 – 0.24 2 0.22 3 6 Hence, the mean weekly cost of living index
 fi = 30  fiui = 1663.46
= –1
Ex.55 Find the mean marks from the following data Ex.56 Find the mean age of 100 residents of a
by step deviation method colony from the follwing data :
Marks Number of students Age in years Number of persons
Below 10 5 Greater than 0 100
Below 20 9 Greater than 10 90
Below 30 17 Greater than 20 75
Below 40 29 Greater than 30 50
Below 50 45 Greater than 40 25
Below 60 60 Greater than 50 15
Below 70 70
Greater than 60 5
Below 80 78
Greater than 70 0
Below 90 83
Sol. Let assumed mean a = 35
Below 100 85

Sol. Let assumed mean = 55  a = 55 Age Number of Mid value x  35

ui  i fiui
(in years) persons xi 10
Class Frequencyf Mid value x  55
ui  i fiui 0 – 10 10 5 –3 –30
interval i xi 10
10 – 20 15 15 –2 –30
0 – 10 5 5 –5 –25 20 – 30 25 –25
25 –1
10 – 20 4 15 –4 –16
30 – 40 25 35 0 0
20 – 30 8 25 –3 –24
30 – 40 12 35 –2 –24 40 – 50 10 45 1 10
40 – 50 16 45 –1 –16 50 – 60 10 55 2 20
50 – 60 15 55 0 0 60 – 70 5 65 3 15
60 – 70 10 65 1 10  fi = 100  fiui
70 – 80 8 75 2 16 Total
= –40
80 – 90 5 85 3 15
90 –100 2 95 4 8 Here, a = 35, h = 10
 fi = 85  fiui
f i u i
= –56 x =a+ h
f i
Here, a = 55, h = 10,
–40
fi = 85, fiui = –56  x = 35 +  10  31
100
f i u i Hence, the mean age = 31 years :
Mean ( x ) = a +
f i
Ex.57 The following distribution show the daily
56 pocket allowance of children of a locality.
h = 55 +  10
85 The mean pocket allowance is Rs. 18.00. Find
the missing frequency f.
= 55 – 6.59 = 48.41
Class-
Hence, mean mark = 48.41. 11–13 13–15 15–17 17–19 19–21 21–23 23–25
Interval
Frequency 7 6 9 13 f 5 4
Sol. we have, Sol.
Class- Mid value Class- Frequency Mid value
Frequency fx fx
interval x interval (f) (x)
11 – 13 7 12 84 0 – 20 5 10 50
13 – 15 6 14 84 20 – 40 f1 30 30 f1
15 – 17 9 16 144
40 – 60 10 50 500
17 – 19 13 18 234
19 – 21 f 20 20f 60 – 80 f2 70 70 f2
21 – 23 5 22 110 80 – 100 7 90 630
23 – 15 4 24 96 100 – 120 8 110 880
fx fx=
 f = 44+f  f = 30 +
=752+20f 2060 + 30f1
f1 + f2 = 50
fx 752  20f + 70 f2
Mean x = 18 =
f 44  f 30 + f1 + f2 = 50  f1 + f2 = 20 ....(1)
 18 (44 + f) = 752 + 20f  fx 2060  30f1  70f 2
Mean x = 62.8 =
   752 + 20f = 792 + 18f f 50
206  3f1  7f 2
  2f = 40 62.8 =
5
f = 20 206 + 3f1 + 7f2 = 314
Hence, the missing frequency is 20.   3f1 + 7f2 = 108 ....(2)
Ex.58 The arithmetic mean of the following 3f1 + 3f2 = 60 ....(3)
frequency distribution is 50. Find the value of
p. [Multiplying (1) by 3]
Class- On Subtracting (3) from (2), we get
0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100
Interval 4f2 = 48 f2 = 12
Frequency 17 P 32 24 19
Sol. Putting f2 = 12 in (1), we get

Class- Frequency Mid value f1 = 8

fx
interval (f) (x)
0 – 20 17 10 170  MEDIAN
20 – 40 P 30 30 P
40 – 60 32 50 1600 Median of a distribution is the value of the
60 – 80 24 70 1680 variable which divides the distribution into two
equal parts i.e. it is the value of the variable
80 – 100 19 90 1710
such that the number of observations above it
fx= is equal to the number of observations below it.
 f = 92 + P
5160 + 30P  If the values xi in the raw data. are arranged in
fx 5160  30P order of increasing or decreasing magnitude,
Mean x = 50 =
f 92  P then the middle, most value in the arrangement
  50 (92 + P) = 5160 + 30 P  is called the median.
Algorithm :
   4600 + 50 P = 5160 + 30P Step I : Arrange the observations (values of
  20 P = 560 P = 28 the variate) in ascending or descending order of
Ex.59 The mean of the following frequency magnitude.
distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all Step II : Determine the total number of
frequencies is 50. Compute the missing observations, say, n.
frequencies f1 and f2 : Step III : If n is odd, then
th
 n 1
Class- Median = value of   observation
0–20 20–40 40–60 60–80 80–100 100–120 Total  2 
Interval
Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8 50
  Ex.62 The median of the observations 11, 12, 14, 18,
If n is even, then x + 2, x + 4, 30, 32, 35, 41 arranged in
Median ascending order is 24. Find the value of x.
th Sol. Here, the number of observations n = 10.
n
Value of   observation  Value of Since n is even, therefore
2
th th
n 
th n n 
  1 observation   observation    1  observation
2   
2 2 
= Median =
2 2

 The median can be calculated graphically, th th

5 observation  6 observation
while mean cannot be.   24 =
2
 The sum of the absolute deviations taken from
( x  2)  ( x  4)
the median is less than the sum of the absolute   24 =
2
deviations taken from any other observation in
the data. 2x  6
  24 =
 Median is not affected by extreme values. 2
  24 = x + 3 x = 21.
 
Hence, x = 21.
EXAMPLES 
Ex.60 Find the median of the following data : Ex.63 Find the median of the following data : 19,
25, 59, 48, 35, 31, 30, 32, 51. If 25 is replaced
25, 34, 31, 23, 22, 26, 35, 28, 20, 32 by 52, what will be the new median.
Sol. Arranging the data in ascending order, we
Sol. Arranging the given data in ascending order,
get20, 22, 23, 25, 26, 28, 31, 32, 34, 35
we have 19, 25, 30, 31, 32, 35, 48, 51, 59
Here, the number of observations n = 10 (even).
Here, the number of observations n = 9 (odd)
th
 10  Since the number of observations is odd.
Value of   observation  Value
 2 Therefore.
th
 10   9 1
of   1 observation Median = Value of   the observations
 Median =  2   2 
2
  Median = value of 5th observation = 32.
Value of 5 th observation  value
Hence, Median = 32
of 6 th observation
  Median = If 25 is replaced by 52, then the new
2
observations arranged in ascending order are :
26  28
 Median = = 27 19, 30, 31, 32, 35, 48, 51, 52, 59
2
Hence, median of the given data is 27.  New median = Value of 5th observation = 35.
Ex.61 Find the median of the following values : Ex.64 Find the median of the following data
37, 31, 42, 43, 46, 25, 39, 45, 32 (i) 17, 27, 37, 13, 18, 25, 32, 34, 23
Sol. Arranging the data in ascending order, we
(ii) 24, 37, 19, 41, 28, 32, 29, 31, 33, 21
have 25, 31, 32, 37, 39, 42, 43, 45, 46
Here, the number of observations n = 9 (odd) Sol. (i) The scores when arranged in ascending
order are
th
 9 1
Median = Value of   observation 13, 17, 18, 23, 25, 27, 32, 34, 37
 2 
Here, the number of scores n = 9 (odd)
= Value of 5th observation = 39.
 Median = t 9 1 = t5 = 25
2
 (ii) The scores when arraged in ascending order 7 1
are  Median = = 4th term
2
19, 21, 24, 28, 29, 31, 33, 34, 37, 41.  Median = 10
Total number of scores = 10, which is even. (ii) 12, 14, 10, 7, 15, 16
So there will be two middle-terms which are These numbers are arranged in an order
t5 = 29 and t6 = 31.
7, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16
t t 29  31 The number of observations = 6 (even)
 Median = 5 6 = = 30
2 2
6
Ex.65 Calculate the median for the following The medians will be mean of = 3rd and
2
distribution 4th terms i.e., 12 and 14
Weight (in kg) Number of sudent 12  14
46 3 The median = = 13
2
47 2
48 4 Ex.67 The following data have been arranged in
49 6 desending orders of magnitude 75, 70, 68,
50 5 x + 2, x – 2, 50, 45, 40
51 2 If the median of the data is 60, find the value
52 1 of x.
Sol. The cumulative frequency table is constructed Sol. The number of observations are 8, the median
as shown below : will be the average of 4th and 5th number
Weights Number of Cumulative
( x  2)  ( x – 2)
xi students frequency  Median =
2
fi
2x
46 3 3  60 =
2
47 2 5
  x = 60
48 4 9
49 6 15 Ex.68 Find the median of 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
50 5 20 Sol. Total number of terms = 7
51 2 22 1
The middle terms = (7 + 1) = 4th
52 1 23 2
Here, n = 23, which is odd Median = Value of the 4th term = 10.
Median = t 231 = t12 Hence, the median of the given series is 10.
2
Ex.69 Find the median of 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27
= 49 and 28.
(i.e. weight of the 12th student when the Sol. Total number of terms = 8
weights have been arranged in order)
Median
Ex.66 Find the median of the following data :
(i) 8, 10, 5, 7, 12, 15, 11 1 8 8  
= Value of  th term    1 th term 
(ii) 12, 14, 10, 7, 15, 16 2 2 2  
Sol. (i) 8, 10, 5, 7, 12, 15, 11 1
= Value of [4th term + 5th term]
These numbers are arranged in an order 2
5, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 15 1 49
= [24 + 25] = = 24.5
The number of observations = 7 (odd) 2 2
 Sol. We have,
 MEDIAN OF GROUPED FREQUENCY Less than
DISTRIBUTION
type
N Wages (in Rs) No. of labours
C cumulative
Median =  + 2 h frequency
f
200 – 300 3 3
where, 
  = lower limit of median class interval 300 – 400 5 8=C

C = cumulative frequency preceding to the 400 – 500 20 = f 28

median class frequency
500 – 600 10 38
f = frequency of the class interval to which
median belongs 600 – 700 6 44
h = width of the class interval
44
N= f1 + f2 + f3 + ... + fn. Here, the median class is 400 – 500 as
2
i.e. 22 belongs to the cumulative frequency of
 WORKING RULE TO FIND MEDIAN this class interval.
Step 1: Prepare a table containing less than Lower limit of the median class =  = 400
type cumulative frequency with the
help of given frequencies. width of the class interval = h = 100
Step 2 : Find out the cumulative frequency Cumulative frequency preceding median class
N frequency = C = 8
to which belongs. Class-
2 Frequency of Median class = f =20
interval of this cumulative
frequency is the median class- N   44 
 C  8
interval. Median =  + h  2  = 400 + 100  2 
Step 3 : Find out the frequency f and lower  f   20 
   
   
limit  of this median class.
Step 4 : Find the width h of the median  22  8   14 
= 400 + 100   = 400 + 100  
class interval  20   20 
Step 5 : Find the cumulative frequency C of
the class preceding the median = 400 + 70 = 470
class. Hence, the median of the given frequency
Step 6 : Apply the formula, distribution is 470.
N  Ex.71 Find the median for the following :
 C
Median =  +  2  h to find the median.
 f  Class-
  0–8 8–16 16–24 24–32 32–40 40–48
  Interval
Frequency 8 10 16 24 15 7

   EXAMPLES  Sol.
Ex.70 Find the median of the followng distribution : Class interval Frequency Less than type
cumulative
Wages (in Rs) No. of labourers frequency
200 – 300 3 0–8 8 8
300 – 400 5 8 – 16 10 18
16 – 24 16 34 = C
400 – 500 20
24 – 32 24 = f 58
500 – 600 10 32 – 40 15 73
600 – 700 6 40 – 48 7 80
 80 Frequency of the median class = f = 34
Since = 40 lies in the cumulative
2 Cumulative frequency preceding median class
frequency of the class interval 24 – 32, so 24
– 32 belongs to the median class interval. = C = 79

Lower limit of median class interval =  = 24. N   188 

 C   79 
Width of the class interval = h = 8 Median =  +  2  h = 200 +  2  100
 f   34 
   
Total frequency = N = 80    
Cumulative frequency preceding median class  94  79 
frequency = C = 34 = 200 +   100 = 200 + 44.117
 34 
Frequency of median class = f = 24
= 244.117
N 
 C Hence, the median of the given frequency
Median =  +  2  h distribution = 244.12.
 f 
  Ex.73 The following frequency distribution gives
 
the monthly consumption of electricity of 68
 80  consumers of a locality. Find the median and
  34 
= 24 +  2  8 = 24 +  40  34  8 mode of the data and compare them.
 24   24 
  Monthly consumption Number of consumers
 
65 – 85 4
85 – 105 5
= 24 + 2 = 26 105 – 125 13
Hence, the median of the given frequency 125 – 145 20
distribution = 26. 145 – 165 14
165 – 185 8
Ex.72 The following table shows the weekly drawn 185 – 205 4
by number of workers in a factory :
Sol.
Weekly Wages
0–100 100–200 200–300 300–400
(in Rs.) Monthly Number of Less than type
No. of workers 40 39 34 30 consumption consumers cumulative
Find the median income of the workers. frequency
65 – 85 4 4
Sol.
85 – 105 5 9
Less than type 105 – 125 13 22 =C
Weekly Wages No. of
cumulative 125 – 145 20 = f 42
(in Rs.) workers
frequency 145 – 165 14 56
0–100 40 40 165 – 185 8 64
100–200 39 79 = C 185 – 205 4 68
200–300 34 = f 113
300–400 30 143 68
Since belongs to the cumulative
400 – 500 45 188 2
frequency (42) of the class interval 125 – 145,
188 therefore 125 – 145 is the median class
Since = 94 belongs to the cumulative
2 interval
frequency of the median class interval
Lower limit of the median class interval =  = 125.
(200 – 300), so 200 – 300 is the median class.
Width of the class interval = h = 20
Lower limit of the median class interval =  = 200.
Total frequency = N = 68
Width of the class interval = h = 100
Cumulative frequency preceding median class
Total frequency = N = 188 frequency = C = 22
 Frequency of the median class = f = 20 Lower limit of the median class =  = 69.5.
N   68  Width of the class interval = h = 10
 C   22 
Median = +  2  h = 125 +  2  20 Total frequency = N = 100
 f   20 
    Cumulative frequency preceding median class
   
frequency = C = 35
12 20
= 125 + = 125 + 12 = 137 Frequency of median class = f = 30
20
N   100 
The frequency of class 125 – 145 is  C   35 
maximum i.e., 20, this is the modal class, Median =  + h  2  = 69.5 + 10  2 
 f   30 
xk = 125, fk = 20, fk–1 = 13, fk+1 = 14, h = 20    
   
f  f k 1  50  35  10 15
Mode = xk + = 69.5 + 10   = 69.5 +
2f  f k 1  f k 1  30  30

20  13 = 69.5 + 5 = 74.5
= 125 + × 20
40  13  14 Hence, the median of given frequency
7 7 distribution is 74.50.
= 125 + × 20 = 125 + × 20
40  27 13 Ex.75 An incomplete frequency distribution is given
as follows :
= 125 + 10.77 = 135.77
Variable Frequency
Ex.74 Compute the median from the marks obtained
10 – 20 12
by the students of class X.
20 – 30 30
Marks Number of Students 30 –40 ?
40 – 49 5 40 – 50 65
50 – 59 10 50 – 60 ?
60 – 69 20 60 – 70 25
70 – 79 30 70 – 80 18
80 – 89 20 Total 229
90 – 99 15
Given that the median value is 46, determine
Sol. First we will form the less than type the missing frequencies using the median
cumulative frequency distribution and we formula.
make the distribution continuous by
Sol. Let the frequency of the class 30 – 40 be f1
subtracting 0.5 from the lower limits and
adding 0.5 to the upper limits. and that of 50 – 60 be f2.

Marks Number of Less than type Variable Frequency Less than type
students cumulative cumulative
frequency frequency
39.5 – 49.5 5 5
49.5 – 59.5 10 15 10 – 20 12 12
59.5 – 69.5 20 35 = C
69.5 – 79.5 30 = f 65 20 – 30 30 12 + 30 = 42
79.5 – 89.5 20 85 30 –40 f1 42 + f1
89.5 – 99.5 15 100
40 – 50 65 = f 107 + f1
100
Since belongs to the cumulative
2 50 – 60 f2 107 + f1 + f2
frequency
(65) of the class interval 69.5 – 79.5, 60 – 70 25 132 + f1 + f2
therefore 69.5 – 79.5 is the median class.
70 – 80 18 150 + f1 + f2 = 229
 From the last item of the third column, we Sol.
have
No. of days No. of No. of No. of Less than type
 150 + f1 + f2 = 229  students days students cumulative
absent frequency
   f1 + f2 = 229 – 150
less than 5 29 0–5 29 29
f1 + f2 = 79 less than 10 224 5 – 10 195 224 = C
less than 15 465 10 – 15 241 = f 465
Since, the median is given to be 46, the class less than 20 582 15 – 20 117 582
40 – 50 is median class less than 25 634 20 – 25 52 634
Therefore,  = 40, C = 42 + f1, N = 299, less than 30 644 25 – 30 10 644
less than 35 650 30 – 35 6 650
h = 10
less than 40 653 35 – 40 3 653
Median = 46, f = 65 less than 45 655 40 – 45 2 655
655
N  Since belongs to the cumulative
h   C 2
 2  = 46 frequency (465) of the class interval 10 – 15,
Median =  +
f therefore 10 – 15 is the median class.
 229  Lower limit of the median class =  = 10.
  42  f1 
2
46 = 40 + 10   Width of the class interval = h = 5
65
Total frequency = N = 655
10  229  Cumulative frequency preceding median class
6=   42  f1 
65  2  frequency = C = 224
Frequency of median class = f = 241
2  229  84  2f1 
6 =  
13  2  N   655 
 C   224 
Median =  + h  2  = 10 + 5  2 
78 = 229 – 84 – 2f1  2f1 = 229 – 84 – 78  f   241 
   
   
67
 2f1 = 67  f1 = = 33.5 = 34
2  327.5  224  5103.5
= 10 + 5   = 10 +
Putting the value of f1 in (1), we have  241  241
= 10 + 2.147 = 12.147
34 + f2 = 79
Hence, the median of given frequency
 f2 = 45 distribution is 12.147.

Hence, f1 = 34 and f2 = 45.  MODE
Ex.76 Recast the following cumulative table in the Mode is also known as norm.
form of an ordinary frequency distribution  Mode is the value which occurs most frequently
and determine the median. in a set of observations and around which the
other items of the set cluster density.
No. of days absent No. of students Algorithm
less than 5 29 Step I : Obtain the set of observations.
Step II : Count the number of times the
less than 10 224 various values repeat themselves. In
less than 15 465 other words, prepare the frequency
less than 20 582 distribution.
Step III : Find the value which occurs the
less than 25 634 maximum number of times i.e. obtain
less than 30 644 the value which has the maximum
frequency.
less than 35 650 StepIV : The value obtained in step III is the
less than 40 653 mode.
less than 45 655
Ex.77 Find the mode from the following data : Ex.80 Find the mode of the following data :
110, 120, 130, 120, 110, 140, 130, 120, 140, 120. 6, 4, 7, 4, 5, 8, 4, 5, 5, 3, 2, 5
Sol. Arranging the data in the form of a frequency Sol. We write the data in tabular form :
table, we have
x f
Value Tally bars Frequency 2 1
110 || 2 3 1
4 3
120 |||| 4 5 4
130 || 2 6 1
7 1
140 || 2 8 
Since the value 120 occurs maximum number We observe that 5 has maximum frequency
of times i.e. 4. Hence, the modal value is 120.
which is 4
Ex.78 Find the mode for the following series :
 Mode = 5
2.5, 2.3, 2.2, 2.2, 2.4, 2.7, 2.7, 2.5, 2.3, 2.2, 2.6, 2.2
Ex.81 The following table gives the weights of 40
Sol. Arranging the data in the form of a frequency men. Calculate mode.
table, we have
Weights (in kg) Number of men
Value Tally bars Frequency
54 6
2.2 |||| 4 72 6
2.3 || 2 80 1
2.4 | 1 64 2
62 6
2.5 || 2
60 5
2.6 | 1 58 5
2.7 || 2 56 4
We see that the value 2.2 has the maximum 63 5
frequency i.e. 4. Sol. Here, each of the scores 54, 72 and 62 occurs
So, 2.2 is the mode for the given series. maximum number of times (six times). So we
apply the empirical formula.
Ex.79 Compute mode for the following data
We construct the following table :
7, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9, 9, 10, 10, 10, 11, 11, 12, 13, 13
Sol. Here, both the scores 8 and 10 occurs thrice Weights No. of men Cumulative Product
(maximum number of times). So, we apply x f frequency f.x
the empirical formula.
54 6 6 324
Here,
56 4 10 224
mean = 7  2  8  3  9  2  10  3  11 2  12  13  2 58 5 15 290
2  3  2  3  2 1 2
60 5 20 300
14  24  18  30  22  12  26 146
= = =9.73 62 6 26 372
15 15
63 5 31 315
No. of scores = 15 (odd)
64 2 33 128
 Median = t 151 = t8 = 10 72 6 39 432
2
80 1 40 80
 Mode = 3 median – 2 mean
Total 40 2465
= 3 × 10 – 2 × 9.73 = 30 – 19.46 = 10.54
 f .x 2465
Mean = = = 61.625
f 40
(iv) Mode is affected to a greater extant by
Here, No. of scores = 40 (even)
flutuations of sampling.
t t 60  62
Median = 20 21 = = 61
2 2  Relationship among Mean, Median and
 Mode = 3 median – 2 mean Mode :
= 3 × 61 – 2 × 61.625
= 183 – 123.25 = 59.75 Following are the relations,

Thus, modal weight = 59.75 kg Mode = 3 Median – 2 mean

2
RELATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF Median = Mode + (Mean – Mode)
 3
MEAN, MEDIAN AND MODE
(i) Mean is usually understood as arithmetic 3
Mean = Mode + (Median – Mode)
average, since its basic definition is given 2
in arithmetical terms.
  

(ii) Mean is regarded as the true     EXAMPLES 

representative of the whole population
since in its calculation all the values are Ex.82 If mean = 60 and median = 50, find mode.
taken into consideration. It does not Sol. We have,
necessarily assume a value that is the Mean = 60, Median = 50
same as one of theoriginal ones (which
other averages often do) Mode = 3 Median – 2 Mean
(iii) Mean is suitable for sets of data which do = 3 (50) – 2 (60) = 30
not have extreme values. In other cases, Ex.83 If mode = 70 and mean = 100, find median.
median is the appropriate measure of
Sol. We have, Mode = 70, Mean = 100
location.
(iv) Mode is the most useful measure of 2
Median = Mode + (Mean – Mode)
location when the most common or most 3
popular item is required. 2
= 70 + (100 – 70)
 Merits of Mode 3
(i) Mode is readily comprehensively and = 70 + 20
easy to calculate. It can be located in
some cases morely by inspection. = 90
(ii) Mode is not all affected by extreme Ex.84 If mode = 400 and median = 500, find mean.
values. 3
Sol. Mean = Mode + (Median – Mode)
(iii) Mode can be coneniently even class 2
interval of unequal magnitude.
3
 Demerits of Mode = 400 + (500 – 400)
2
(i) Mode is ill defined. In some cases we
3
may come across two modes. = 400 + (100)
2
(ii) It is not based upon all the observations.
= 400 + 150
(iii) No further mathematical treatment is
possible in case of mode. = 550


 Class Frequency
 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE Cumulative frequency
 OR THE OGIVE interval (f)
 

60 – 70 2 2
 First we prepare the cumulative frequency table,
then the cumulative frequencies are plotted 70 – 80 5 2+5=7
against the upper or lower limits of the
corresponding class intervals. By joining the 80 –90 12 2 + 5 + 12 = 19
points the curve so obtained is called a cumulative
frequency curve or ogive. 90 – 100 31 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 = 50

There are two types of ogives : 100 – 110 39 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 39 = 89

1. Less than ogive : Plot the points with the upper
110 – 120 10 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 39 + 10 = 99
limits of the class as abscissae and the
corresponding less than cumulative frequencies as
120 – 130 4 2 + 5 + 12 + 31 + 39 + 10 + 4 = 103
ordinates. The points are joined by free hand
smooth curve to give less than cumulative Less than ogive :
frequency curve or the less than Ogive. It is a
rising curve. I.Q. is taken on the x-axis. Number of
students are marked on y-axis.
2. Greater than ogive : Plot the points with the
lower limits of the classes as abscissa and the Points (70, 2), (80, 7), (90, 19), (100, 50),
corresponding Greater than cumulative (110, 89), (120, 99), (130, 103), are plotted on
frequencies as ordinates. Join the points by a free graph paper and these points are joined by
hand smooth curve to get the "More than Ogive". free hand. The curve obtained is less than
It is a falling curve. ogive.
When the points obtained are joined by straight y
ive
lines, the picture obtained is called cumulative 110 n og
frequency polygon. 100 tha
ss
90 Le
EXAMPLES  80
70
Ex.85 Draw a less than ogive for the following 60
frequency distribution : 50 P
40
I.Q. Frequency 30
20
60 – 70 2 10 x
0 N
70 – 80 5
60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
80 –90 12
N
90 – 100 31 The value = 51.5 is marked on y-axis and
2
100 – 110 39 from this point a line parallel to x-axis is
110 – 120 10 drawn. This line meets the curve at a point P.
120 – 130 4 From P draw a perpendicular PN to meet x-
axis at N. N represents the median.
Find the median from the curve.
Here median is 100.5.
Sol. Let us prepare following table showing the
cumulative frequencies more than the upper Hence, the median of given frequency
limit. distribution is 100.5
Ex.86 The following table shows the daily sales of a line parallel to x-axis is drawn. This line
230 footpath sellers of Chandni Chowk. meets the curve at a point P. From P draw a
perpendicular PN to meet x-axis at median.
Sales in Rs. No. of sellers
Median = 2000.
0 – 500 12 Hence, the median of given frequency
500 – 1000 18 distribution is 2000.
1000 – 1500 35 Ex.87 Draw the two ogives for the following
frequency distribution of the weekly wages of
1500 – 2000 42
(less than and more than) number of workers.
2000 – 2500 50
Weekly wages Number of workers
2500 – 3000 45
0 – 20 41
3000 – 3500 20
20 – 40 51
3500 – 4000 8
40 – 60 64
Locate the median of the above data using
60 – 80 38
only the less than type ogive.
80 – 100 7
Sol. To draw ogive, we need to have a cumulative
frequency distribution. Hence find the value of median.
Less than type Sol.
Sales in Rs. No. of sellers cumulative
Weekly Number of Cumulative Frequency
frequency
wages workers (less than) (More than)
0 – 500 12 12
500 – 1000 18 30
1000 – 1500 35 65 0 – 20 41 41 201
1500 – 2000 42 107 20 – 40 51 92 160
2000 – 2500 50 157 40 – 60 64 156 109
2500 – 3000 45 202
3000 – 3500 20 222 60 – 80 38 194 45
3500 – 4000 8 230 80 – 100 7 201 7
Less than ogive : Less than curve :
Seles in Rs. are taken on the y-axis and Upper limits of class intervals are marked on
number of sellers are taken on x-axis. For the x-axis and less than type cumulative
drawing less than ogive, points (500, 12), frequencies are taken on y-axis. For drawing
(1000, 30), (1500, 65), (2000, 107), (2500, less than type curve, points (20, 41), (40, 92),
157), (3000, 202), (3500, 222), (4000, 230) are (60, 156), (80, 194), (100, 201) are plotted on
plotted on graph paper and these are joined the graph paper and these are joined by free
free hand to obtain the less than ogive. hand to obtain the less than ogive.
y
ive
240
n og
t ha 240 G
200 ss ty reat
Le pe er
No. of workers

200
Sales in Rs.

160 og tha
iv n
160 e
120 ogive
120 a n type
80 Less th
80
40
40
N x x
0
500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 20 40 60 80 100
Number of sellers
Weekly wages
The value N/2 = 115 is marked on y-axis and
 Greater than ogive Find out the frequencies by subtracting
previous frequency from the next frequency
Lower limits of class interval are marked on to get simple frequency. Now we can prepare
x-axis and greater than type cumulative the greater than type frequency. Ages are
frequencies are taken on y-axis. For drawing taken on x-axis and number of teachers on y-
greater than type curve, points (0, 201), (20, axis.
160), (40, 109), (60, 45) and (80, 7) are Less than ogive :
plotted on the graph paper and these are Plot the points (25, 21), (30, 40), (35, 90),
joined by free hand to obtain the greater than (40, 130), (45, 146), (50, 166), (55, 176), (60,
type ogive. From the point of intersection of 186), (65, 195), (70, 199) on graph paper.
these curves a perpendicular line on x-axis is Join these points free hand to get less than
ogive.
drawn. The point at which this line meets x-
axis determines the median. Here the median Greater than ogive :
is 42.652. Plot the points (20, 199), (25, 178), (30, 159),
(35, 109), (40, 69), (45, 53), (50, 33), (55,
Ex.88 Following table gives the cumulative 23), (60, 13), (65, 4) on graph paper. Join
frequency of the age of a group of 199 these points freehand to get greater than
teachers. ogive. Median is the point of intersection of
these two curves.
Draw the less than ogive and greater than
y
ogive and find the median.
200
Age in years Cum. Frequency Cumulative frequency 175
20 – 25 21 150
25 – 30 40 125
30 – 35 90 100 P
35 – 40 130 75
40 – 45 146 50
45 – 50 166 25

50 – 55 176 0 x
10 20 30 40 50 60 70
55 – 60 186
60 – 65 195 Age

65 – 70 199 Here median is 37.375.

Sol.  LESS THAN METHOD

Age in Less than Frequency Greater To construct a cumulative frequency polygon and
years cumulative than type an ogive by less than method, we use the
frequency following algorithm.
20 – 25 21 21 199 Algorithm
25 – 30 40 19 178
30 – 35 90 50 159 Step 1 :
35 – 40 130 40 109 Start with the upper limits of class intervals
40 – 45 146 16 69 and add class frequencies to obtain the
45 – 50 166 20 53 cumulative frequency distribution.
50 – 55 176 10 33
55 – 60 186 10 23
Step 2 :
60 – 65 195 9 13 Mark upper class limits along X-axis on a
65 – 70 199 4 4 suitable scale.
 Step 3 : Age Frequency
Mark cumulative frequencies along Y-axis on 5–6 40
a suitable scale. 6–7 56
Step 4 : 7–8 60
Plot the points (xi, fi) where xi is the upper 8–9 66
limit of a class and fi is corresponding 9 – 10 84
cumulative frequency. 10 – 11 96
Step 5 : 11 – 12 92

Join the points obtained in step 4 by a free 12 – 13 80

hand smooth curve to get the ogive and to get 13 – 14 64
the cumulative frequency polygon join the 14 – 15 44
points obtained in step 4 by line segments.
15 – 16 20
 MORE THAN METHOD 16 – 17 8

To construct a cumulative frequency polygon and Sol. We first prepare the cumulative frequency
an ogive by more than method, we use the table by less then method as given below :
following algorithm.
Age less Cumulative
Algorithm Age Frequency
than frequency
Step 1 :
Start with the lower limits of the class 5– 6 40 6 40
intervals and from the total frequencysubtract
the frequency of each class to obtain the 6– 7 56 7 96
cumulative frequency distribution.
Step 2 : 7– 8 60 8 156
Mark the lower class limits along X-axis on a
sutiable scale. 8– 9 66 9 222
Step 3 :
9 – 10 84 10 306
Mark the cumulative frequencies along
Y-axis on a suitable scale.
10 – 11 96 11 402
Step 4 :
Plot the points (xi, fi) where xi is the lower 11 – 12 92 12 494
limit of a class and fi is corresponding
cumulative frequency. 12 – 13 80 13 574
Step 5 :
Join the points obtained in step 4 by a free 13 – 14 64 14 638
hand smooth curve to get the ogive and to get
the cumulative frequency polygon join these 14 – 15 44 15 682
points by line segments
Ex.89 Following is the age distribution of a group of 15 – 16 20 16 702
students. Draw the cumulative frequency
polygon, cumulative frequency curve (less
16 – 17 8 17 710
than type) and hence obtain the median value.
Other than the given class intervals, we assume a class 4-5 before the first class interval 5-6 with zero
frequency.

Now, we mark the upper class limits (including the imagined class) along X-axis on a suitable scale and the
cumulative frequencies along Y-axis on a suitable scale.

Thus, we plot the points (5, 0), (6, 40), (7, 96), (8, 156), (9, 222), (10, 306), (11, 402), (12, 494), (13, 574),
(14, 638), (15, 682), (16, 702) and (17, 710).

These points are marked and joined by line segments to obtain the cumulative frequency polygon shown in
Fig.

(17, 710)
750
(15, 682)
700
(14, 638) (16, 702)
650
600 (13, 574)
550
Number of persons

500 (12, 494)

450
400 (11, 402)
350
300 (10, 306)
250
200 (9,
(8, 156) 222)
150 Cumulative frequency polygon
100 (7, 96)
50 (6, 40)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Age (in year) 

In order to obtain the cumulative frequency curve, we draw a smooth curve passing through the points
discussed above. The graph (fig) shows the total number of students as 710. The median is the age
N 710
corresponding to  = 355 students. In order to find the median, we first located the point
2 2
corresponding to 355th student on Y-axis. Let the point be P. From this point draw a line parallel to the X-
axis cutting the curve at Q. From this point Q draw a line parallel to Y-axis and meeting X-axis at the point
M. The x-coordinate of M is 10.5 (See Fig.). Hence, median is 10.5.
 750 (17, 710)
(15, 682)
700
650 (14, 638) (16, 702)
600
550 (13, 574)

Number of persons
500 (12, 494)
450
400 (11, 402)
350 Q
300 (10, 306)
250
(9, 222)
200
(8, 156)
150 Cumulative frequency curve
100 (7, 96)
50 (6, 40)
5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Age (in year) 

Ex.90 The following observations relate to the height of a group of persons. Draw the two type of cumulative
frequency polygons and cumulative frequency curves and determine the median.
Height in cms 140–143 143–146 146–149 149–152 152–155 155–158 158–161
Frequency 3 9 26 31 45 64 78
Height in cms 161–164 164–167 167–170 170–173 173–176 176–179 179–182
Frequency 85 96 72 60 43 20 6

Sol. Less than method : We first prepare the cumulative frequency table by less than method as given below :

Height in cms Frequency Height less than Frequency

140–143 3 143 3
143–146 9 146 12
146–149 26 149 38
149–152 31 152 69
152–155 45 155 114
155–158 64 158 178
158–161 78 161 256
161–164 85 164 341
164–167 96 167 437
167–170 72 170 509
170–173 60 173 569
173–176 43 176 612
176–179 20 179 632
179–182 6 182 638

Other than the given class intervals, we assume a class interval 137-140 prior to the first class interval 140-
143 with zero frequency.
Now, we mark the upper class limits on X-axis and cumulative frequency along Y-axis on a suitable scale.
We plot the points (140, 0), (143, 3), (146, 12), (149, 38), (152, 69), (155, 114), (158, 178), (161, 256),
(164, 341), (167, 437), (170, 509), (173, 569), (176, 612),.(179, 632) and 182, 638).

More than type Cumulative frequency polygons

5) )
63 626 00)
700 3, ,
(1 4 4 6 ,6 (179, 632) (182, 638)
650 (1 147
( (152, 569)
600 (176, 612)
550 (173, 569)
(155, 524)
Cumulative frequency

500 (170, 509) Less than type

(158, 460)
450 (167, 437)
400 (161, 382)
350 (164, 341)
300 (164, 297)
250 (161, 256)
200 (167, 201)
(146, 12)

150 (155, 114) (158, 178) (170, 129)

(143, 3)

100 (149, 38) (173, 69)

, 6)
50 (152, 69) (176, 26) (179 0, 0)
(1 8
140 143 146 149 152 155 158 161 164 167 170 173 176 179 182
Height (in cms) 
Cumulative Frequency polygon of less than and more than type

These points are joined by line segments to obtain the cumulative frequency polygon as shown in fig. and by
a free hand smooth curve to obtain an ogive by less than method as shown in fig.
More than type Cumulative frequency polygons
3 6) 5)
)
700 3 , 6 , 62 600
650 (14 (146 7, (179, 632) (182, 638)
4
(1 (152, 569)
600 (176, 612)
550 (173, 569)
(155, 524)
Cumulative frequency

500 (170, 509) Less than type

(158, 460)
450 (167, 437)
400 (161, 382)
350 (164, 341)
300 (164, 297)
250 (161, 256) P
200 (167, 201)
(146, 12)

150 (155, 114) (158, 178) (170, 129)

(143, 3)

100 (149, 38) (173, 69)

, 6)
50 (152, 69) (179 0, 0)
M (176, 26) (1 8
140 143 146 149 152 155 158 161 164 167 170 173 176 179 182
Height (in cms) 
Less than and more than type cumulative frequency curves

More than method : We prepare the cumulative frequency table by more than method as given below :
 Cumulative
Height in cms Frequency Height more than
frequency
140–143 3 140 638
143–146 9 143 635
146–149 26 146 626
149–152 31 149 600
152–155 45 152 569
155–158 64 155 524
158–161 78 158 460
161–164 85 161 382
164–167 96 164 297
167–170 72 167 201
170–173 60 170 129
173–176 43 173 69
176–179 20 176 26
179–182 6 179 6
Other than the given class intervals, we assume the class interval 182-185 with zero frequency.
Now, we mark the lower class limits on X-axis and the cumulative frequencies along Y-axis on suitable
scales to plot the points (140, 638), (143, 635), (146, 626), (149, 600), (152, 569), (155, 524), (158, 460),
(161, 382), (164, 297), (167, 201), (170, 129), (173, 69), (176, 26) and (179, 6). By joining these points by
line segments, we obtain the more than type frequency polygon as shown in fig. By joining these points by a
free hand curve, we obtain more than type cumulative frequency curve as points by a free hand curve, we
obtain more than type cumulative frequency curves as shown in fig.
We find that the two types of cumulative frequency curves intersect at point P. From point P perpendicular
PM is drawn on X-axis. The value of height corresponding to M is 163.2 cm. Hence, median is 163.2 cm.
Ex.91 If the heights of 5 persons are 144 cm, 153 Sol. Let us arrange the value in ascending order
cm, 150 cm, 158 cm and 155 cm respectively,
0, 5, 11, 19, 21, 27, 30, 36, 42, 50, 52
then find the mean height.
th
144  153  150  158  155  n 1
Sol. Mean Height =   Median M =   value
5  2 
760 th
= = 152 cm.  11  1 
5 =   value = 6th value
 2 
Ex.92 Find the arithmetic mean of the following
frequency distribution : Now 6th value in data is 27
x: 4 7 10 13 16 19   Median = 27 runs.
f : 7 10 15 20 25 30
Ex.95 Find the mode of the data 3, 2, 5, 2, 3, 5, 6, 6,
Sol. The given frequency distribution is - 5, 3, 5, 2, 5.
xi fi fixi Sol. Since 5 is repeated maximum number of
4 7 28 times, therefore mode of the given data is 5.
7 10 70 Ex.96 If the value of mode and mean is 60 and 66
respectively, then find the value of median.
10 15 150
13 20 260 Sol. Mode = 3 Median – 2 mean

16 25 400
19 30 570 1
 Median = (mode + 2 mean)
3
 f i = 107
1
 f i x i = 1478 = (60 + 2 × 66) = 64
3
 fi xi 1478
x = = = 13.81 Ex.97 Mean of 25 observations was found to be
 fi 107 78.4. But later on it was found that 96 was
Ex.93 The mean income of a group of persons is misread 69. Find the correct mean.
Rs.400. Another group of persons has mean
income Rs.480. If the mean income of all the Sol. Mean x =
x
persons in the two groups together is Rs.430, n
then find the ratio of the number of persons in
the groups.
or x = n x
Sol. x =
n1 x1  n 2 x 2
n1  n 2
 x = 25 × 78.4 = 1960
But this  x is incorrect as 96 was misread
 x1 = 400, x 2 = 480, x = 430
as 69.
n (400)  n 2 (480)
  430 = 1
n1  n 2  correct  x = 1960 + (96 – 69) = 1987
 30n1 = 50n2 1987
 correct mean = = 79.47
25
n1 5
 =
n2 3 

Ex.94 The number of runs scored by 11 players of a

cricket team of school are 5, 19, 42, 11, 50,
30, 21, 0, 52, 36, 27. Find the median.
 IMPORTANT POINTS TO BE REMEMBERED

1. Three measures of central value are : N

F
(i) Mean (ii) Median and Median =  + 2 × h, where
f
(iii) Mode
 = lower limit of the median class
2. Mean is computed by following methods :
f = frequency of the median class
(i) Direct method (ii) Short-cut Method
h = width of the median class
(iii) Step-deviation method
F = cumulative frequency of the class preceding
3. If a variate X takes values x1, x2, ..., xn with n
corresponding frequencies f1, f2, ... , fn the median class, and, N = f
I 1
I
respectively, then the arithmetic mean of these
values is given by 5. Mode is the value of the variable which has the
n n maximum frequency. The mode of a continuous
1
X=
N 
i 1
f i x i , where N = f
i 1
i
or grouped frequency distribution may be
computed by using the following formula :
n f  f1
1 Mode =  +
Also, X =A+
N 
i 1
f i d i , where di = xi – A. 2f  f1  f 2
× h, where

 = lower limit of the modal class.

The number A is called the assumed mean.
f = frequency of the modal class.
x A
If ui = i , i = 1, 2, ... , n. Then, h = width of the modal class
h

 1 n  f1 = frequency of the class preceding the modal

X = A + h
 N
 i 1
fiui 

class.
f2 = frequency of the class following the modal
4. The median is the middle value of a distribution class.
i.e., median of a distribution is the value of the
variable which divides it into two equal parts. 6. Three measures of central value are connected by
the following relation :
The median of a grouped or continuous frequency
distribution may be computed by using the Mode = 3 median – 2 Mean
following formula : 7. Ogive (s) can be used to find the median of a
frequency distribution.
 EXERCISE

A.Very Short Answer Type Questions Q.9 Following are weights (in kg) of 10 new born
babies in a hospital on a particular day :
Q.1 The class marks of distribution are : 3.4, 3.6, 4.2, 4.5, 3.9, 4.1, 3.8, 4.5, 4.4, 3.6.
6, 10, 14, 18, 22, 26,30 Find the mean X .
Find the class size and the class interval.
Q.10 Calculate the mean for the following
Q.2 The class marks of distribution are : 47, 52, distribution:
57, 62, 67, 72, 77, 82, 87, 92, 97, 102. x: 5 6 7 8 9
Determine the class size, the class limits and f : 4 8 14 11 3
the true class limits.
Q.11 Find the mean of the following distribution:
Q.3 Find the range of the following array of data : x : 10 12 20 25 35
70, 65, 71,36, 55, 61, 62, 41, 40, 39, 35. f : 3 10 15 7 5
Q.4 Draw the ogive of the following distribution Q.12 Find out the mode of the following marks
table: obtained by 15 students in a class:
Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Marks : 4, 6, 5, 7, 9, 8, 10, 4, 7, 6, 5, 9, 8, 7, 7
Frequency 10 5 8 6 6 4
Q.13 Find the mode for the following series:
Q.5 The weights (in kilograms) of 25 students are
7.5, 7.3, 7.2, 7.2, 7.4, 7.7, 7.7, 7.5, 7.3, 7.2,
given as follows :
7.6, 7.2
35, 38, 36, 37, 38, 35, 37, 36, 35, 38, 36, 36,
37, 37, 35, 38, 36, 35, 36, 37, 37, 38, 36, 38, 37. Apply Direct method to find arithmetic
Complete the following frequency table: mean in each of the following :
Weights 35 36 37 38 Q.14
Class-
Frequency – – – – 0–6 6–12 12–18 18–24 24–30
interval
Q.6 The marks scored by 55 students in a test are Frequency 7 5 10 12 6
given below :
Marks No. of students Q.15 Class-
0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
0-5 2 interval
Frequency 8 10 9 12 11
5-10 6
10-15 13
Q.16
15-20 17
Class-
20-25 11 100–120 120–140 140–160 160–180 180–200
interval
25-30 4
30-35 2 Frequency 10 20 30 15 5

Prepare a cumulative frequency table. Q.17 Calculate the mode for the following
Q.7 Find the mean of all factors of 10. frequency distribution.
Class-
Q.8 Find the mean of first 10 even natural 0–4 4–8 8–12 12–16
interval
numbers. Frequency 4 8 5 6
Q.18 Find out the mode for the following data B. Short Answer Type Questions
showing frequency with which profits are
made: Q.22 A cumulative frequency distribution table is
Profits Frequency given. Convert this into a frequency
(in '000 rupees) distribution table.
3–4 83 Marks below 45 below 60 below 75 below 90
4–5 27 Number of student 0 8 23 48
5–6 25
6–7 50 Q.23 Draw a frequency table for the following
7–8 75 data:
8–9 38
9 –10 18 C.I. C.F.
111-120 6
Q.19 Find the mode of the following series :
121-130 11
Wages (Rs.) No. of persons
0 – 25 10 131-140 16
25 – 50 30 141-150 20
50 – 75 40
75 – 100 25 151-160 27
100 – 125 20 161-170 36
125 – above 15
171-180 42
Q.20 Compute the mode of the following 181-190 45
distribution 191-200 50
x f
Q.24 Form the cumulative frequency table of less
0–5 20 than series from following data :
5 – 10 24 C.I. Frequency
10 – 15 32 0-10 3

15 – 20 28 10-20 12
20-30 36
20 – 25 20
30-40 76
25 – 30 16
40-50 97
30 – 35 17
50-60 85
35 – 40 10 60-70 39
40 – 45 18 70-80 12
80-90 12
Q.21 Compute the mode for the following data :
90-100 6
Class Frequency
10 – 20 24 Q.25 Construct a c.f. table for the following data :
20 – 30 42
C.I. Frequency
30 – 40 56 4-7 3
40 – 50 66 8-11 10
50 – 60 108 12-15 12
60 – 70 130 16-19 8
70 – 80 154 20-23 5
24-27 9
80 – 90 140
Q.26 Following data gives the number of children Q.33 Class-
in 40 families : 0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50
interval
1, 2, 6, 5, 1, 5, 1, 3, 2, 6, 2, 3, 4, 2, 0, 0, 4, 4, 3, 2, 2, Frequency 7 8 12 13 10
0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0, 5, 1, 2, 4, 3, 4, 1, 6, 2, 2
Represent it in the form of a frequency Q.34 Class-
distribution 50–60 60–70 70–80 80–90 90–100
interval

Q.27 The water bills (in ruppees) of 32 houses in a Frequency 9 12 14 15 10

certain street for the period 1.1.98 to 31.3.98
are given below : Q.35 Class-
20–30 30–40 40–50 50–60 60–70 70–80
56, 43, 32, 38, 56, 24, 68, 85, 52, 47, 35, 58, interval
63, 74, 27, 84, 69, 35, 44, 75, 55, 30, 54, 65, Frequency 13 18 20 27 12 10
45, 67, 95, 72, 43, 65, 35, 59.
Tabulate the data and present the data as Q.36 Class-
25–35 35–45 45–55 55–65 65–75
cumulative frequency table using 70-79 as interval
one of the clas intervals. Frequency 6 10 8 12 4

Q.28 The mean weight per student in a group of 7 Q.37 Class-interval Frequency
students is 55 kg. The individual weights of 6 0–50 4
of them (in kg) are 52, 54, 55, 53, 56 and 54. 50–100 10
Find the weight of the seventh student. 100–150 12
Q.29 The weights (in kg) of 15 students are : 31, 150–200 10
35, 27, 29, 32, 43, 37, 41, 34, 28, 36, 44, 45, 200–250 8
42, 30. Find the median. If the weight 44 kg 250–300 6
is replaced by 46 kg and 27 kg by 25 kg, find
Q.38 Class-interval Frequency
the new median.
0–20 8
Q.30 Find the mode of the following data in each 20–40 10
case: 40–60 15
60–80 10
(i) 14, 25, 14, 28, 18, 17, 18, 14, 23, 22, 14, 18
80–100 7
(ii) 7, 9, 12, 7, 12, 13, 15, 7, 12, 7, 25, 18, 7
Apply Deviation method to find Q.39
Class-interval Frequency
arithmetic mean in each of the following: 0–10 7
10–20 10
Q.31 Class- 20–30 15
0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 30–40 8
interval
40–50 10
Frequency 9 12 15 10 14
Q.40 Class-interval Frequency
Q.32 Class-
0–10 10–20 20–30 30–40 40–50 0–10 8
interval 10–20 12
Frequency 12 11 8 10 9 20–30 10
30–40 11
40–50 9
Q.41 Find the mode for the following data : Q.45 Represent the following data by an ogive:
Age Frequency Daily earning No. of shops
0-20 3
0–6 6 20-40 5
6–12 11 40-60 12
12–18 25 60-80 2
80-100 3
18–24 35 100-120 2
24–30 18 120-140 2
30–36 12 140-160 1
36–42 6
Q.46 Plot a cumulative frequency diagram the
Q.42 Find the mode for the following distribution following distribution :
Class-interval Frequency C.I. Frequency
0–10 5 0-9 5
10–20 8 10-19 15
20–30 7 20-29 20
30–40 12 30-39 25
40–50 28 40-49 17
50–60 20 50-59 11
60–70 10 60-69 7
70–80 10
Q.47 Draw a cumulative frequency diagram.
Q.43 Calculate the mode for the following data
Score No. of students
concerning to the students of X class
20-30 20
Marks No. of students
30-40 35
20–29 5
40-50 40
30–39 12
40–49 15 50-60 32
50–59 20 60-70 24
60–69 18 70-80 27
70–79 10 80-90 18
80–89 6 90-100 34
90–99 4

C.Long Answer Type Questions Q.48 Draw an orgive to represent the following
frequency distribution of marks scored by 750
Q.44 Find the unknown for the following students.
distribution: Marks No. of students
C.I. Frequency C.F. 600-640 16
10-20 12 x1 640-680 45
20-30 x2 25 680-720 156
30-40 10 x3 720-760 284
40-50 x5 43 760-800 172
50-60 x6 48 800-840 59
70-80 2 50 840-880 18
Q.49 If X is the mean of the ten natural numbers Q.54 Determine the median from the following
x1, x2, x3, ...., x10, show that data :
( x 1 – X )  ( x 2  X )  ...  ( x 10  X )  0 Wages No. of Wages No. of
(in j–) workers (in j– ) workers
Q.50 The demand of different shirt sizes, as
20 – 40 4 100 – 120 12
obtained by a survey, is given below :
40 – 60 6 120 – 140 7
size 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 Total
60 – 80 10 140 – 160 3
Number of persons 26 39 20 15 13 7 5 125
(wearing it): 80 – 100 16

Find the modal shirt sizes, as observed from

the survey Q.55 Calculate the value of median,

Class : Frequency
Apply short cut method to find arithmetic
Below 10 1
mean in each of the following : 10–15 2
Q.51 15–20 5
Class-interval Frequency 20–25 7
0–30 12 25–30 10
30–60 18 30–35 7
60–90 22 35–40 5
90–120 24 40–45 2
120–150 17 45–50 1
150–180 7

Q.52 Q.56 Draw an ogive for the following distribution.

Class-interval Frequency Read the median from the graph, and verify
0–50 17
the result by calculation. How many workers
50–100 24
100–150 42 earned wages between j– 60 and j– 72 ?
150–200 45
Weekly wages No. of workers
200–250 36
(in Rupees)
250–300 14 50–55 6
55–60 10
Q.53
60–65 22
Class-interval Frequency
65–70 30
0–8 8
70–75 16
8–16 10
16–24 15 75–80 12
24–32 9 80–100 15
32–40 8
Q.57 The following is the frequency distribution of Daily wages No. of employees
the marks obtained by 250 students in an 2–4 3
4–6 13
examination. Compute the median
6–8 43
Marks obtained No. of students 8 – 10 102
0 – 10 15 10 – 12 175
10 – 20 20 12 – 14 220
20 – 30 25 14 – 16 204
30 – 40 24 16 – 18 139
40 – 50 12 18 – 20 69
50 – 60 31 20 – 22 25
60 – 70 71 22 – 24 6
70 – 80 52 24 – 26 1

Q.58 Given the following information, determine Q.61 Compute the median from the following
the median distribution of monthly income (in Rs.) of
Age No. of persons locality.
20 – 25 50 No. of families Income
25 – 30 70 Below 100 50
30 – 35 100 100 – 200 50
200 – 300 555
35 – 40 180 300 – 400 100
40 – 45 150 400 – 500 3
500 and above 2
45 – 50 120
50 – 55 70 Q.62 Draw a less than Ogive from the following
55 – 60 60 frequency distribution.
Marks No. of students
Q.59 Following table gives the cumulative 0–5 3
frequency of the age of a group of 199 5 – 10 7
10 – 15 13
teachers. Find the median age of the group.
15 – 20 25
Age in years No. of persons 20 – 25 40
20 – 25 21 25 – 30 14
25 – 30 40 30 – 35 10
30 – 35 90 From the curve find out median.
35 – 40 130
40 – 45 146 Q.63 Draw a less than Ogive from the following
45 – 50 166 frequency distribution.
50 – 55 176 Pocket Expences No. of students
55 – 60 186
0–5 10
60 – 65 195 5 – 10 16
65 – 70 199 10 – 15 30
15 – 20 42
Q.60 Calculate the median wages of the following 20 – 25 50
distribution of wages per thousand employees 25 – 30 30
in a certain factory. 30 – 35 16
35 – 40 12
Find out the median from the curve.
Q.64 Draw a less than Ogive from the following Q.66 Draw a cumulative frequency curve for the
frequency distribution. following frequency distribution by more
Expenditure No. of workers than Ogive method also find the median from
100 – 150 25 the curve.
150 – 200 40 Weight (in kg) No. of students
200 – 250 33
40 – 44 7
250 – 300 28
44 – 48 12
300 – 350 30
48 – 52 33
350 – 400 22
52 – 56 47
400 – 450 16
56 – 60 20
450 – 500 8
60 – 64 11
64 – 68 5
Q.65 Draw a more than Ogive from the following
frequency distribution
Class-interval Frequency
100 – 150 4
150 – 200 6
200 – 250 13
250 – 300 5
300 – 350 2
Find out the median from the curve.
 ANSWER KEY

A. VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE :

1. Class size = 4, Ist Class interval = 4 – 8 2. Class size = 5, Class limit for first class = 44.5, 49.4.
3. 36 4. C.f. (10, 15, 23, 29, 35, 39) 5. 5, 7, 7,6
7. 4.5 8. 11 9. 4 10. 7.025 11. 20 12. 7 marks 13. 7.2 14. 15.75 15. 26.6
16. 146.25 17. 6.29 18. 3.5971 19. j– .60 20. 13.33 21. 76.32
B. SHORT ANSWER TYPE :
28. 61 kg 29. 35 kg, 35 kg 30. (i) 14 (ii) 7 31. 26.3 32. 23.6 33. 27.2 34. 75.8
35. 48.7 36. 49.5 37. 151 38. 49.2 39. 25.8 40. 25.2 41. 20.22 42. 46.67
43. 57.14
C. LONG ANSWER TYPE :
49. 0 50. 39 size 51. 86.1 52. 153.4 53. 19.84 54. 91.25 55. 27.5
56. 67.92 57. 59.35 58. 40 59. 36.2 60. 13.49 61. 250.45
62.
63. y
y
225 Median = 20.5
(Median = 21)
120 (35, 112) (35, 194)
200 (40, 206)

100 (30, 102) 175 e (30, 178)

giv
No. of students

o
iv e (25, 88) 150 n
ha
No. of students

n og t (25, 148)
80 ss
tha 125 Le
ss
Le P 100 P
60
(20, 48) (20, 98)
75
(15, 56)
40
50
(15, 23)
20 25 (10, 26)
(5, 10)
(5, 3) (10, 10) N
N x x
0 21 20.5
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
64.
65. y Median = 219.5
y
Median = 255.4 32 (100, 30)
200 (450, 194) (500, 202)
28 (150, 26)
175 (400, 178)
ive
Frequency 

24
og
Mo

150 n (350, 156)

ha 20
re
No. of workers

st (200, 20)
es
tha

125 L (300, 126)

16
ogn

100 (250, 98) P

i ve

12
75
8 (250, 7)
50 (200, 65)
4
25 (300, 2)
219.5
(150, 25) x
N 0 100 150 200 250 300
255.4 x
150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 Class interval 
66.
y
(40, 135)
135 Median = 53.1
(44, 128)
120
(48, 116)

No. of students 
105

Mo
90

re
tha
75 (52, 83)

n
ogi
60

v e
45
(56, 36)
30
15 (60, 16) (64, 5)
53.1
x
0 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
Weight (in kg) 