Definite Integrals and Areas– BVM

Definition :
d
Let  (x ) be the primitive or anti-derivative of a function f(x) defined on [a, b] i.e., [ (x )] = f (x ) . Then the definite
dx
b b
integral of f(x) over [a,b] is denoted by  f (x )dx
a
and is defined as [ (b ) −  (a)] i.e.,  f (x )dx = (b) − (a) . This is also called
a

Newton Leibnitz formula.

The numbers a and b are called the limits of integration, ‘a’ is called the lower limit and ‘b’ the upper limit. The interval
[a, b] is called the interval of integration. The interval [a, b] is also known as range of integration. Every definite integral has
a unique value.

Evaluation of definite integral by substitution

When the variable in a definite integral is changed, the substitutions in terms of new variable should be effected at three
places.
(i) In the integrand (ii)In the differential i.e., dx (iii) In the limits
b  (b )
 f {(x )} ' (x )dx , then 
b
For example, if we put  ( x ) = t in the integral
a a
f { (x )} ' (x )dx = 
 (a )
f (t) dt .

Properties of definite integral

b b
(1)  f (x )dx =  f (t) dt
a a
i.e., The value of a definite integral remains unchanged if its variable is replaced by any other

symbol.
b a
(2) 
a 
f(x)dx = − f(x)dx i.e., by the interchange in the limits of definite integral, the sign of the integral is changed.
b
b c b
(3) 
a
f (x )dx =  f (x )dx +  f (x )dx ,
a c
(where a < c < b)
b c1 c2 b
or  f (x )dx = 
a a
f (x )dx +  c1
f (x )dx + ..... +  f (x )dx ; (where a  c
cn
1  c 2  ........ c n  b )

Generally this property is used when the integrand has two or more rules in the integration interval.
This is useful when f (x ) is not continuous in [a, b] because we can break up the integral into several integrals at the
points of discontinuity so that the function is continuous in the sub-intervals.
a a
(4) 0
f (x )dx =  f (a − x )dx
0
: This property can be used only when lower limit is zero. It is generally used for those

complicated integrals whose denominators are unchanged when x is replaced by (a – x).

Following integrals can be obtained with the help of above property.
 /2 sin n x  /2 cos n x 
(i)  0 sin x + cos x
n n
dx = 
0 cos x + sin x
n n
dx =
4

 /2 tan n x  /2 cot n x 
(ii)  0 1 + tan x n
dx =  0 1 + cot x n
dx =
4

 /2 1  2 1 
(iii)  0 1 + tan n x
dx =  0 1 + cot n x
dx =
4

 2 sec n x  /2 cosec n x 
(iv)  0 sec x + cosec n x
n
dx =  0 cosec n x + sec n x
dx =
4

 2  /2
(v)  0
f (sin 2 x ) sin xdx =  0
f (sin 2 x ) cos xdx

 /2  /2
(vi)  0
f (sin x )dx =  0
f (cos x )dx
  /4 
(vii)  0
log(1 + tan x )dx =
8
log 2

 /2  /2 − 
 
1
(viii) log sin xdx = log cos xdx = log 2 = log
0 0 2 2 2

 /2 a sin x + b cos x  /2 a sec x + b cosec x

(ix)  0 sin x + cos x
dx =  0 sec x + cosec x
dx

 /2 a tan x + b cot x 
=  0 tan x + cot x
dx = (a + b)
4

a a
(5)  −a 
f (x ) dx = [ f (x ) + f (− x )] dx .
0

In special case :
 a

−a
a 
f (x ) dx = 2  f (x )dx , if f (x ) is even function or f (− x ) = f (x )
0

 0 , if f (x ) is odd function or f (− x ) = − f (x )
This property is generally used when integrand is either even or odd function of x.
2a a a
(6)  0
f (x )dx =  0
f (x )dx +  0
f (2a − x ) dx

0 , if f (2a − x ) = − f (x )
2a 
In particular, 
0
f (x ) dx =  a
 
2 f (x ) dx , if f (2a − x ) = f (x )
 0
It is generally used to make half the upper limit.
b b
(7)  f (x ) dx =  f (a + b − x )dx .
a a
a 1 a
(8)  0
x f (x )dx =
2
a 
0
f ( x )dx , if f (a − x ) = f (x ) .

nT T
(9) If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T, then  0
f (x )dx = n 
0
f (x )dx

Deduction : If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T, then

a + nT T

a
f (x ) dx = n  0
f (x ) dx , where nI

nT T
(a) If a = 0, 0
f (x ) dx = n  0
f (x ) dx , where n  I
a+T T
(b) If n = 1, 0
f (x ) dx =  0
f (x ) dx .

nT T
(10)  mT
f (x ) dx = (n − m )  0
f (x ) dx , where n, m  I .

b + nT b
(11)  a + nT
f (x ) dx =  a
f (x ) dx , where n  I .
2k
(12)  (x − [x ])dx = k, where k an integer, since x − [x ] is a periodic function with period 1.
0
a+T
(13) If f (x ) is a periodic function with period T, then 
a
f (x ) is independent of a.
b 1
(14)  a
f (x ) dx = (b − a)  0
f ((b − a) x + a) dx .

Summation of series by integration

n

 f (a + rh) , where nh = b − a
b
We know that a
f (x )dx = lim h
n →
r =1

1
Now, put a = 0, b = 1,  nh = 1 or h = .
n
 r
 f (x )dx = lim n  f  n  .
1 1
Hence
0 n →

1 r
Express the given series in the form  f  .
n h
1


r 1
Replace by x, by dx and the limit of the sum is f (x ) dx .
n n 0

Gamma function


 0
x n −1e − x dx , n  0 is called Gamma function and denoted by  n . If m and n are non-negative integers, then

m +1 n +1
   
 /2
 2   2 
 0
sin m x cos n xdx =
m +n + 2
2  
 2 
where (n) is called gamma function which satisfy the following properties (n + 1) = n (n) = n! i.e.,  (1) = 1 ,
(1 / 2) = 
/ 2
In place of gamma function, we can also use the following formula 
0
sin m x cos n xdx

(m − 1)(m − 3).....( 2 or 1)(n − 1)(n − 3).....( 2 or 1)

=
(m + n)(m + n − 2)....( 2 or 1)
It is important to note that we multiply by (/2); when both m and n are even.

Reduction formulae for definite integration

 b
(1) 0
e −ax sin bxdx =
a + b2 2

 a
(2)  0
e −ax cos bxdx =
a + b2 2

 n!
(3)  0
e −ax x n dx =
an + 1

Walli's formula
 n −1 n − 3 n − 5 2
 /2  /2  n . n − 2 . n − 4 ...... 3 , when n is odd
 sin xdx =  cos xdx = 
n n
n −1 n − 3 n − 5 3 1 
0 0
 . . ....... . . , when n is even
 n n − 2 n − 4 4 2 2

 /2 (m − 1) (m − 3).....( n − 1) (n − 3)....
 0
sinm x cos n dx =
(m + n) (m + n − 2) ...( 2 or 1)
, [If m, n are both odd positive integers or one odd positive

integer]

 /2 (m − 1) (m − 3)......... ...( n − 1) (n − 3) 
 0
sinm x cos n xdx =
(m + n) (m + n − 2)........ (2 or 1) 2
. , [If m, n are both positive integers]
Leibnitz’s rule
(1) If f(x) is continuous and u(x), v(x) are differentiable functions in the interval [a, b], then,

d v( x ) d d
dx 
u( x )
f (t)dt = f {v(x )}
dx
{v(x )} − f {u(x )} {u(x )} .
dx

(2) If the function  (x ) and  (x ) are defined on [a, b] and differentiable at a point x (a, b), and f (x , t) is continuous,
d   (x )   (x )  d  (x )   d  (x ) 

d
then,
dx   (x )
f (x , t) dt  =
   (x ) dx
f (x , t) dt + 
 dx
 f (x , (x )) − 
  dx 
 f (x ,  (x )) .

Some important results of definite integral

 /4

1
(1) If I n = tan n xdx then I n + I n − 2 =
0 n −1

 /4

1
(2) If In = cot n xdx then I n + I n − 2 =
0 1−n

 /4 ( 2 )n − 2 n − 2
(3) If In = 0
sec n x dx then I n =
n −1
+
n −1
In − 2

 /4 ( 2 )n − 2 n − 2
(4) If In = 0
cosec n x dx then In =
n −1
+
n −1
In − 2

 /2 n −1
(5) If In = 0
sin n x dx , then In =
n
In − 2

 /2 n −1
(6) If In = 0
cos n x dx , then In =
n
In − 2 .

 /2
(7) If In = 0
x n sin x dx then In + n(n − 1)In − 2 = n( / 2)n −1

 /2
(8) If In = 0
x n cos x dx then In + n(n − 1)In − 2 = ( /2)n

 /2 dx 2 a+b
(9) If a  b  0, then
 0 a + b cos x
=
a −b
2 2
tan −1
a−b

(10)If 0  a  b then
 /2 dx 1 b +a − b −a
0 a + b cos x
=
b 2 − a2
log
b +a + b −a

 /2 dx 2 a−b
(11) If a  b  0 then  0 a + b sin x
=
a −b
2 2
tan −1
a+b

 /2 dx 1 b +a + b −a
(12) If 0  a  b , then  0 a + b sin x
=
b −a 2 2
log
b +a − b −a
  /2 dx 2 a−b +c
(13) If a  b, a 2  b 2 + c 2 , then  0 a + b cos x + c sin x
=
a −b −c
2 2 2
tan −1
a2 − b 2 − c 2

 /2 dx 1 a − b + c − b 2 + c 2 − a2
(14) If a  b, a 2  b 2 + c 2 , then  0 a + b cos x + c sin x
=
b +c −a
2 2 2
log
a − b + c + b 2 + c 2 − a2

 /2 −1 b − a − c − b 2 + c 2 − a2

dx
(15) If a  b, a 2  b 2 + c 2 then = log .
0 a + b cos x + c sin x b 2 + c 2 − a2 b − a − c + b 2 + c 2 − a2

Integration of piecewise continuous functions

Any function f (x ) which is discontinuous at finite number of points in an interval [a, b] can be made continuous in sub-
intervals by breaking the intervals into these subintervals. If f (x ) is discontinuous at points x1, x 2 , x 3 .......... xn in (a, b),
then we can define subintervals (a, x1 ), (x1, x 2 )......... ....( xn−1, xn ), (xn , b) such that f (x ) is continuous in each of these
subintervals. Such functions are called piecewise continuous functions. For integration of piecewise continuous function, we
integrate f (x ) in these sub-intervals and finally add all the values.

Area Under Curves

Area of bounded regions

(1) The area bounded by a cartesian curve y = f(x), x-axis and ordinates x = a and x = b is given by
b b


Area = y dx =
a  f (x )dx
a

y = f(x)

dx
y
X
O x =a x=b
(2) If the curve y = f(x) lies below x-axis, then the area bounded by the curve y = f (x ), the x-axis and the ordinates
b
x = a and x = b is negative. So, area is given by  y dx
a
.

(3) The area bounded by a cartesian curve x =f(y), y-axis and abscissae y = c and y = d is given by,
d d
Area = 
c
x dy =  f (y)dy
c

y=d x
dy x = f(y)

y=c

X
O
b t2
(4) If the equation of a curve is in parametric form, let x = f(t), y = g(t) then the area =  y dx = 
a t1
g(t) f ' (t) dt ,

where t1 and t2 are the values of t respectively corresponding to the values of a and b of x.

Symmetrical area
If the curve is symmetrical about a co-ordinate axis (or a line or origin), then we find the area of one symmetrical
portion and multiply it by the number of symmetrical portions to get the required area.
Area between two curves
(1) When both curves intersect at two points and their common area lies between these points: If the
curves y1 = f1 (x ) and y2 = f2 (x ), where f1(x )  f2 (x ) intersect in two points A(x = a) and B(x = b), then common area
b b

 
between the curves is = (y 1 − y 2 ) dx = [ f1 (x ) − f2 (x )] dx .
a a

y = f1 (x)
B

A y = f2 (x)
X
O x = a dx x=b
(2) When two curves intersect at a point and the area between them is bounded by x-axis: Area bounded by the
 b
curves y = f1 (x ), y 2 = f2 (x ) and x − axis is 
a
f1 (x )dx +  f (x )dx ,

2

y1 = f1(x)
y2 = f2(x)

O X

where P( ,  ) is the point of intersection of the two curves.

(3) Positive and negative area : Area is always taken as positive. If some part of the area lies above the x-axis and some
part lies below x-axis, then the area of two parts should be calculated separately and then add their numerical values to get
the desired area.

Volumes and surfaces of solids of revolution

If a plane curve is revolved about some axis in the plane of the curve, then the body so generated is known as solid
of revolution. The surface generated by the perimeter of the curve is known as surface of revolution and the volume
generated by the area is called volume of revolution.
For example, a right angled triangle when revolved about one of its sides (forming the right angle) generates a
right circular cones.
(1) Volumes of solids of revolution
(i) The volume of the solid generated by the revolution, about the x-axis, of the area bounded by the curve y = f(x),
b
the ordinates at x = a, x = b and the x-axis is equal to   a
y 2 dx .
Y
(x+ x, y+y)
P
(x,y) Q
A S
R x=b

x=a

X
O K N M L
 (ii) The revolution of the area lying between the curve x = f (y ) the y-axis and the lines y = a and y = b is given
b
by (interchanging x and y in the above formulae)  x dy .
2
a

(iii) If the equation of the generating curve be given by x = f1 (t) and y = f2 (t) and it is revolved about x-axis, then the
b

 y
t2
formula corresponding to dx becomes   { f2 (t)}2 d { f1 (t)} ,
2
a t1

where f1 and f2 are the values of t corresponding to x = a and x = b.

(2) Area of surfaces of revolution
(i) The curved surface of the solid generated by the revolution, about the x- axis, of the area bounded by the curve
x =b
y = f (x ) , the ordinates at x = a, x = b and the x-axis is equal to 2
x =a
y ds .

Y
C
S Q
B
A P R

x=a x=b

X
O D N M E
(ii) If the arc of the curve y = f (x ) revolves about y-axis, then the area of the surface of revolution (between proper
limits)
2
 dy 
= 2  x ds , where ds = 1 +   dx .
 dx 
(iii) If the equation of the curve is given in the parametric form x = f1 (t) and y = f2 (t) , and the curve revolves about
t = t2
x-axis, then we get the area of the surface of revolution = 2  t = t1
yds

t =t2 t2 
 dx   dy 
2 2

= 2 t = t1
f2 (t)ds = 2  t1
f2 (t)   +  
 dt 
  dt 
 dt ,


where t1 and t2 are the values of the parameter corresponding to x = a and x = b.
(3) Volume and surface of the frustum of a cone : If r1 , r2 be the radii of the circular ends and k is the distance
between centres of circular ends and l be the slant height, then
k
(i) Volume of frustum of cone = (r12 + r1 r2 + r22 )
3
(ii) Curved surface area of frustum of cone =  (r1 + r2 ) l
(iii) Whole surface area of frustum of cone
=  (r1 + r2 ) l +  r12 + r22 .
(4) Volume and surface of the frustum of a sphere : Let the thickness of the frustum of sphere is k and radii of
the circular ends of the frustum are r1 and r2 , then
k
(i) Volume of the frustum of sphere = (3 r12 + 3 r22 + k 2 )
6
(ii) Curved surface area of frustum of sphere = 2ak
(where a is radius of circle)
(iii) Whole surface area of frustum of sphere = (2ak + r12 + r22 ) .

Some Important Points


 , (   ) =  .
dx

 (x −  ) ( − x )
 
  (x −  ) ( − x ) dx = ( −  )2 .
 8
 x −a 
dx = (b − a ) .
b
  a b−x 2
f (x ) dx = f (x ) dx .
b 1 nb
 a n na 
b −c b +c
f (x + c ) dx = f (x ) dx or f (x − c ) dx = f (x ) dx .
b b

a −c a a+c a
 dx
 0 1 + sin x
=2.

 0
 /2 dx
sin x + cos x
= 2 log ( 2 + 1) .
 /2
  log (tan x )dx = 0 .
0

= , where f (a − x ) = − f (x ) .
a dx a
 0 1+e f (x )
2
a dx 
 0
a −x
2 2
= .
2
a dx 
 0
=
x 2 + a 2 2a
.

a a 2
 0
a 2 − x 2 dx =
4
.
b
 a
( x − a + x − b ) dx = (b − a)2 .
x
 If f(t) is an odd function, then  (x ) =
a
f (t) dt is an even function.
x
 If f(x) is an even function, then  (x ) =  0
f (t) dt is an odd function.
 Every continuous function defined on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b].
 Every monotonic function defined on [a, b] is integrable over [a, b].
b
 If f(x) is a continuous function defined on [a, b], then there exists c  (a, b) such that 
a
f (x )dx = f (c).(b − a) .

1 b
 The number f (c) =
(b − a) 
a
f (x )dx is called the mean value of the function f (x ) on the interval [a, b].
x
 If f is continuous on [a, b], then the integral function g defined by g(x) =  f (t)dt
a
for x  [a, b] is derivable on [a, b] and

g ( x ) = f ( x ) for all x  [a, b] .

b
 If m and M are the smallest and greatest values of a function f(x) on an interval [a, b], then m(b − a)  f (x )dx  M (b − a) . a
b b
  a 
f (x )dx  | f (x ) | dx .
a

 2
If f ( x ) and g 2 (x ) are integrable on [a, b], then
1/2 1/2
b  b   b 
a  a 
f (x ) g(x ) dx   f 2 (x ) dx   g 2 (x ) dx  .
  a  
 Change of variables : If the function f(x) is continuous on [a, b] and the function x =  (t) is continuously differentiable
on the interval [t1 , t 2 ] and a = (t1 ), b = (t 2 ), then
b t2


a
f (x )dx =  t1
f ( (t)) ' (t)dt .

b
Let a function f ( x ,  ) be continuous for a  x  b and c    d . Then for any   [c, d] , if I( ) =  f (x, )dx ,
a
then
b
I' ( ) =  f '(x, )dx ,
a
where I' ( ) is the derivative of I( ) w.r.t.  and f ' (x , ) is the derivative of f (x , ) w.r.t. , keeping x

constant.
 For a given function f (x ) continuous on [a, b] if you are able to find two continuous function f1 (x ) and f2 (x ) on [a, b]
b b b
such that f1 (x )  f (x )  f2 (x )  x  [a, b], then a
f1 (x ) dx  a
f (x ) dx  
a
f2 (x ) dx .
 x
 If f(t) is an even function, then for a non zero ‘a’, 
0
f (t) dt is not necessarily an odd function. It will be odd function if
a


0
f (t) dt = 0 .

 f (b − a) t + adt .
b 1
 a
f (x )dx = (b − a)
0
x

 lim
 f (x ) dx
0
= f (0) .
x →0 x

b f (x ) dx 1
 a
= (b − a) .
f (x ) + f (a + b − x ) 2