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Glossary Culture​: A society’s or group’s total way of life,

including customs, traditions, beliefs, values,
language, and physical products - all learned
Chapter 1 The Study of Human Development behaviour, passed from parents to children.
human development​: Scientific study of Ethnic group​: A group united by ancestry, race,
processes of change and stability throughout the religion, language, or national origins, which
human lifespan. contribute to a sense of shared identity.
Life-span development​: Concept of human Ethnic gloss​: Overgeneralization about an
development as a lifelong process, which can be ethnic or cultural group that obscures
studied scientifically. differences within the group.
physical development​: Growth of body and Normative​: characteristics of an event that
brain, including patterns of change in sensory occurs in a similar way for most people in a
capacities, motor skills, and health. group.
cognitive development​: Pattern of change in Historical generation​: A group of people
mental abilities, such as learning, attention, strongly influenced by a major historical event
memory, language, thinking, reasoning, and during their formative period.
creativity. Cohort​: A group of people born about the same
psychosocial development​: Pattern of change time.
in emotions, personality and social relationships. Nonnormative​: Characteristics of an unusual
Social construction​: A concept or practise that event that happens to a particular person or a
may appear natural and obvious to those who typical event that happens at an unusual time of
accept it, but that in reality is an invention of a life.
particular culture or society. Imprinting​: instinctive form of learning in which,
Individual differences​: Differences in during a critical period of early development, a
characteristics, influences, or developmental young animal forms an attachment to the first
outcomes. moving object it sees, usually the mother.
Heredity​: Inborn traits of characteristics Critical period​: Specific time when a given
inherited from biological parents. event or its absence has a specific impact on
Environnement​: Totality of nonhereditary, or development.
experiential, influences on development. Plasticy​: Range of modifiability of performance.
Maturation​: Unfolding of a natural sequence of Sensitive periods​: Times in development when
physical and behavioral changes. a person is particularly open to certain kinds of
Nuclear family​: Two-generational kinship, experiences.
economic and household unit consisting of one
or two parents and their biological children, Chapter 2 Theory and Research
adopted children, or stepchildren.
Extended family​: Multigenerational kinship Theory​: Coherent set of logically related
network of parents, children, and other relatives, concepts that seek to organize, explain, and
sometimes living together in an extended-family predict data.
household. Hypotheses​: Possible explanations for
Socioeconomic status (SES)​: Combination of phenomena, used to predict the outcome of
economic and social factors, describing an research.
individual or family, including income, education Mechanistic model​: Model that views
and occupation. development as a series of predictable
Risk factors​: Conditions that increase the responses to stimuli.
likelihood of a negative developmental outcome. Organismic model​: Model that views human
development as internally initiated by an active

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organism and as occurring in a sequence of series of four stages involving qualitatively

qualitatively different stages. distinct types of mental operations.
Quantitative change​: Changes in number or Organization​: Piaget’s term for the creation of
amount, such as in height, weight, size of categories or systems of knowledge.
vocabulary, or frequency of communication. Schemes​: Piaget’s term for organized patterns
Qualitative change​: Discontinuous changes in of thought and behaviour used in particular
kind, structure, or organization. situations.
Psychoanalytic perspective​: View of human Adaptation​: Piaget’s term for adjustment to new
development as shaped by unconscious forces information about the environment, achieved
that motivate human behaviour. through processes of assimilation and
Psychosexual development​: In Freudian accommodation.
theory, an unvarying sequence of stages in Assimilation​: Piaget’s term for incorporation of
childhood personality development in which new information into an existing cognitive
gratification shifts from the mouth to the anus structure.
and then the genitals. Accomodation​: Piaget’s term for changes in a
Learning perspective​: View of human cognitive structure to include new information.
development that holds, that changes in Equilibration​: Piaget’s term for the tendency to
behaviour result from experience or from seek a stable balance among cognitive
adaptation to the environment. elements; achieved through a balance between
Behaviourism​: Learning theory that assimilation and accommodation.
emphasizes the predictable role of environment Sociocultural theory​: Vygotsky’s theory of how
in causing observable behaviour. contextual factors affect children’s development.
Classical conditioning​: Learning based on Zone of proximal development (ZPD)​:
associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what
elicit a response with another stimulus that does a child can do alone and what the child can do
elicit a response. with help.
Operant conditioning​: Learning based on Scaffolding​: Temporary support to help a child
association of behaviour with its consequences. master a task.
Reinforcement​: The process by which a Information-processing approach​: Approach
behaviour is strengthened, increasing the to the study of cognitive development by
likelihood that the behaviour will be repeated. observing and analyzing the mental processes
Punishment​: The process by which a behaviour involved in perceiving and handling information.
is weakened, decreasing the likelihood of Contextual perspective​: View of human
repetition. development that sees the individual as
Social learning theory​: Theory that behaviours inseparable from the social context.
are learned by observing and imitating models. Bioecological theory​: Bronfenbrenner’s
Also called social cognitive theory. approach to understanding processes and
Reciprocal determinism​: Bandura’s term for contexts of human development that identifies
bidirectional forces that affect development. five levels of environmental influence (home,
Observational learning​: Learning through school, neighborhood, peer group, local religious
watching the behaviour of others. community).
Self-efficacy​: Sense of one’s capability to Evolutionary/sociobiological perspective​:
master challenges and achieve goals. View of human development that focuses on
Cognitive perspective​: View that thought evolutionary and biological bases of behaviour.
processes are central to development. Evolutionary psychology​: Application of
Cognitive-stage theory​: Piaget’s theory that Darwinian principles of natural selection and
children’s cognitive development advances in a survival of the fittest to individual behaviour.

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Quantitative research​: Research that deals group, who do not receive the treatment under
with objectively measurable data. study.
Scientific method​: System of established Independent variable​: In an experiment, the
principles and processes of scientific inquiry, condition over which the experimenter has direct
which includes identifying a problem to be control.
studied, formulate a hypothesis to be tested by Dependent variable​: In an experiment, the
research, collecting data, analyzing the data, condition that may or may not change as a result
forming tentative conclusions, and disseminating of changes in the independent variable.
findings. Random assignment​: Assignment of
Qualitative research​: Research that focuses on participants in an experiment to groups in such a
nonnumerical data, such as subjective way that each person has an equal chance of
experiences, feelings, or beliefs. being placed in any group.
Sample​: Group of participants chosen to Cross-sectional study​: Study designed to
represent the entire population under study. assess age-related differences, in which people
Random selection​: Selection of a sample in of different ages are assessed in one occasion.
such way that each person in a population has Longitudinal study​: Study designed to assess
an equal and independent chance of being ages changes in a sample over time.
chosen. Sequential study​: Study designed that
Naturalistic observation​: Research method in combines cross-sectional and longitudinal
which behaviour is studied in natural settings techniques.
without intervention or manipulation.
Laboratory observation​: Research method in
Chapter 3 Forming a New Life
which all participants are observed under the
same controlled conditions. Fertilization​: Union of sperm and ovum to
Operational definition​: Definition stated solely produce a zygote; also called conception.
in terms of the operations or procedures used to Zygote​: One-celled organism resulting from
produce or measure a phenomenon. fertilization.
Cognitive neuroscience​: Study of links Dizygotic twins​: Twins conceived by the union
between neural processes and cognitive of two different ova (or a single ovum that has
abilities. split) with two different sperm cells; also called
Ethnographic study​: In-depth study of a fraternal twins; they are no more alike
culture, which uses a combination of methods genetically than any other siblings.
including participant observation. Monozygotic twins​: Twins resulting from
Participant observation​: Research method in division of a single zygote after fertilization; also
which the observer lives with the people or called identical twins; they are genetically
participates in the activity being observed. similar.
Correlational study​: Research design intended Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)​: Chemical that
to discover whether a statistical relationship carries inherited instructions for the development
between variables exists. of all cellular forms of life.
Experiment​: Rigorously controlled, replicable Genetic code​: Sequence of bases within the
procedure in which the researcher manipulates DNA molecule; governs the formation of proteins
variables to assess the effect of one on the that determine the structure and functions of
other. living cells.
Experimental group​: In an experiment, the Chromosomes​: Coils of DNA that consist of
group receiving the treatment under study. genes.
Control group​: In an experiment, a group of Genes​: Small segments of DNA located in
people, similar to those in the experimental definite positions on particular chromosomes;
functional units of heredity.

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Human genome​: Complete sequence of genes downward sloping skin fold at the inner corners
in the human body. of the eyes. Also called trisomy-21. Iets op de
Mutation​: Permanent alterations in genes or 21e chromosoom komt in drievoud i.p.v.
chromosomes that may produce harmful tweevoud voor.
characteristics. Genetic counseling​: Clinical service that
Autosomes​: In humans, the 22 pairs of advises prospective parents of their probable
chromosomes not related to sexual expression. risk of having children with hereditary defects.
Sex chromosomes​: Pair of chromosomes that Behavioral genetics​: Quantitative study of
determines sex: XX in the normal human relative hereditary and environmental influences
female, XY in the normal human male. on behaviour.
Alleles​: Two or more alternative forms of a gene Heritability​: Statistical estimate of contribution
that occupy the same position on paired of heredity to individual differences in a specific
chromosomes and affect the same trait. trait within given population.
Homozygous​: Possessing two identical alleles Concordant​: Term describing tendency of twins
for a trait. to share the same trait or disorder.
Heterozygous​: Possessing differing alleles for a Reaction range​: Potential variability (range),
trait. depending on environmental conditions, in the
Dominant inheritance​: Pattern of inheritance in expression of a hereditary trait.
which, when a child receives different alleles, Canalization​: Limitation on variance of
only the dominant one is expressed. expressions of certain inherited characteristics.
Recessive inheritance​: Pattern of inheritance Bijv. oogkleur.
in which a child receives identical recessive Genotype-environment correlation​: Tendency
alleles, resulting in expression of a nondominant of certain genetic and environmental influences
trait. to reinforce each other; may be passive (genen
Polygenic inheritance​: Pattern of inheritance in voor muziek en muziekles krijgen), reactive
which multiple genes at different sites on (evocative, ouders zonder muzikale achtergrond
chromosomes affect a complex trait. laten kind muziekles hebben. Omgeving reactive
Phenotype​: Observable characteristics of a op kind.), or active (muzikale adolescent zoekt
person. muziekomgeving op) . Also called
Genotype​: Genetic makeup of a person, genotype-environment covariance.
containing both expressed and unexpressed Niche-picking​: Tendency of a person,
characteristics. especially after early childhood, to seek out
Multifactorial transmission​: Combination of environments compatible with his or her
genetic and environmental factors to produce genotype.
certain complex traits. Nonshared environmental effects​: The unique
Epigenesis​: Mechanism that turns genes on or environment in which each child grows up,
off and determines functions of body cells. consisting of distinctive influences or influences
Incomplete dominance​: Pattern of inheritance that affect one child differently than another.
in which a child receives two different alleles, Obesity​: Extreme overweight in relation to age,
resulting in partial expression of a trait. sex, height, and body type as defined by having
Sex-linked inheritance​: Pattern of inheritance a body index at or above the 95th percentile.
in which certain characteristics carried on the X Temperament​: Characteristic disposition, or
chromosome inherited from the mother are style of approaching and reacting to stimulation.
transmitted differently to her male and female Schizophrenia​: Mental disorder marked by loss
offspring. of contact with reality; symptoms include
Down syndrome​: Chromosomal disorder hallucinations and delusions.
characterized by moderate-to-severe mental Gestation​: Period of development between
retardation and by such physical signs as a conception and birth.

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Gestational age​: Age of an unborn baby, Natural childbirth​: Method of childbirth that
usually dated from the first day of an expectant seeks to prevent pain by eliminating the
mother’s last menstrual cycle. mother’s fear through education about the
Germinal stage​: First 2 weeks of prenatal physiology of reproduction and training in
development, characterized by rapid cell breathing and relaxation during delivery.
division, blastocyst formation, and implantation Prepared childbirth​: Method of childbirth that
in the wall of the uterus. uses instruction, breathing exercises, and social
Implantation​: The attachment of the blastocyst support to induce controlled physical responses
to the uterine wall, occurring at about day 6. to uterine contractions and reduce fear and pain.
Embryonic stage​: Second stage of gestation (2 Doula​: An experienced mentor who furnishes
to 8 weeks), characterized by rapid growth and emotional support and information for a woman
development of major body systems and organs. during labor.
Spontaneous abortion​: Natural expulsion from Neonatal period​: First 4 weeks of life, a time of
the uterus of an embryo that cannot survive transition from intrauterine dependency to
outside the womb; also called miscarriage. independent existence.
Fetal stage​: Final stage of gestation (from 8 Neonate​: Newborn baby, up to 4 weeks old.
weeks to birth), characterized by increased Anoxia​: Lack of oxygen, which may cause brain
differentiation of body parts and greatly enlarged damage.
bodysize. Neonatal jaundice​: Condition, in many newborn
Ultrasound​: Prenatal medical procedure using babies, caused by immaturity of liver and
high-frequency sound waves to detect the evidenced by yellowish appearance; can cause
outline of the fetus and its movements, so as to brain damage if not treated promptly.
determine whether a pregnancy is progressing Apgar scale​: Standard measurement of a
normally. newborn’s condition; it assesses appearance,
Teratogen​: Environmental agent, such as a pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration.
virus, a drug or radiation, that can interfere with Brazelton Neonatal Behavioural Assessment
normal prenatal development and cause Scale (NBAS)​: Neurological and behavioural
developmental abnormalities. tests to measure neonate’s responses to the
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)​: Combination of environment.
mental, motor, and developmental abnormalities State of arousal​: An infant’s physiological and
affecting the offspring of some woman who drink behavioural status at a given moment in the
heavily during pregnancy. periodic daily cycle of wakefulness, sleep and
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome activity.
(AIDS)​: Viral disease that undermines effective Low-birth-weight babies​: Weight of less than 5
functioning of the immune system. ½ pounds (2,500 grams) at birth because of
Stress​: Physical of psychological demands on a prematurity or being small-for-date.
person or organism. Preterm (premature) infants​: Infants born
before completing the 37th week of gestation.
Small-for-date (small-for-gestational-age)
Chapter 4 Birth and Physical Development
infants​: Infants whose birth weight is less than
during the First Three Years
that of 90 percent of babies of the same
Parturition​: The act or process of giving birth. gestational age, as a result of slow fetal growth.
Electronic fetal monitoring​: Mechanical Kangaroo care​: Method of skin-to-skin contact
monitoring of fetal heartbeat during labor and in which a newborn is laid face down between
delivery. the mother’s breast for an hour or so at a time
Cesarean delivery​: Delivery of a baby by after birth.
surgical removal from the uterus. Protective factors​: Influences that reduce the
impact of potentially negative influences and

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tend to predict positive outcomes (individual Gross motor skills that involve the large
attributes, ties with at least one close fmember, muscles.
rewards at school, work). Fine motor skills​: Physical skills that involve
Postmature​: A fetus not yet born as of 2 weeks the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
after the due date or 42 weeks after the mother’s Visual guidance​: Use of the eyes to guide
last menstrual period. movements of the hands and other parts of the
Stillbirth​: Death of a fetus at or after the 20th body.
week of gestation. Depth perception​: Ability to perceive objects
Infant mortality rate​: Proportion of babies born and surfaces three-dimensionally.
alive who die within the 1st year. Haptic perception​: Ability to acquire information
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)​: about properties of objects, such as size, weight,
Sudden and unexplained death of an apparently and texture, by handling them.
healthy infant. Visual cliff​: Apparatus designed to give an
Cephalocaudal principle​: Principle that illusion of depth perception in infants.
development proceeds in a head-to-tail Ecological theory of perception​: Theory
direction, that is, that upper parts of the body developed by Eleanor and James Gibson, which
develop before lower parts of the trunk. describes developing motor and perceptual
Proximodistal principle​: Principle that abilities as interdependent parts of a functional
development proceeds within to without, that is, system that guides behaviour in varying
that parts of the body near the center develop contexts.
before the extremities. Dynamic system theory (DST)​: Esther
Lateralization​: Tendency of each of the brain’s Thelen’s theory, which holds that motor
hemispheres to have specialized functions. development is a dynamic process of active
Neurons​: Nerve cells. coordination of multiple systems within the infant
Integration​: Process by which neurons in relation to the environment.
coordinate the activities or muscle groups.
Differentiation​: Process by which cells acquire
Chapter 5 Cognitive Development during the
specialized structures and function.
First Three Years
Cell death​: In brain development, normal
elimination of excess brain cells to achieve more Behaviourist approach​: Approach to the study
effective functioning. of cognitive development that is concerned with
Myelination​: Process of coating neural basic mechanics of learning.
pathways with a fatty substance called myelin, Psychometric approach​: Approach to the
which enables faster communication between study of cognitive development that seeks to
cells. measure intelligence quantitatively.
Reflex behaviours​: Automatic, involuntary, Piagetian approach​: Approach to the study of
innate responses to stimulation. cognitive development that describes qualitative
Plasticity​: Modifiability, or “molding,” of the stages in cognitive functioning.
brain through experience. Information-processing approach​: Approach
Systems of action​: Increasingly complex to the study of cognitive development that
combinations of motor skills, which permit a analyzes processes involved in perceiving and
wider or more precise range of movement and handling information.
more control of the environment. Cognitive neuroscience approach​: Approach
Denver Developmental Screening Test​: to the study of cognitive development that links
Screening test given to children 1 month to 6 brain processes with cognitive ones.
years old to determine whether they are Social-contextual approach​: Approach to the
developing normally. study of cognitive development that focuses on

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environmental influences, particularly parents specific series of actions they have seen but not
and other caregivers. necessarily done before.
Classical conditioning​: Learning bases on Object permanence​: Piaget’s term for the
associating a stimulus that does not ordinarily understanding that a person or object still exists
elicit a response with another stimulus that does when out of sight.
elicit the response. Dual representation hypothesis​: Proposal that
Operant conditioning​: Learning based on children under age 3 have difficulty grasping
association of behaviour with its consequences. spatial relationships because of the need to
Intelligent behaviour​: Behaviour that is keep more than one mental representation in
goal-oriented and adaptive to circumstances and mind at the same time.
conditions for life. Habituation​: Type of learning in which
IQ (intelligence quotient) tests​: Psychometric familiarity with a stimulus reduces, slows, or
tests that seek to measure intelligence by stops a response.
comparing a test-taker’s performance with Dishabituation​: Increase in responsiveness
standardized norms. after presentation of a new stimulus.
Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddlers Visual preference​: Tendency of infants to
Development​: Standardized tests of infants’ spend more time looking at one sight than
and toddlers’ mental and motor development. another.
Home Observation for Measurement of the Visual recognition memory​: Ability to
Environment (HOME)​: Instrument to measure distinguish a familiar visual stimulus from an
the influence of the home environment on unfamiliar one when shown both at the same
children’s cognitive growth. time.
Early intervention​: Systematic process of Cross-modal transfer​: Ability to use information
providing services to help families meet young gained by one sense to guide another.
children’s developmental needs. Violation-of-expectation​: Research method in
Sensorimotor stage​: Piaget’s first stage in which dishabituation to a stimulus that conflicts
cognitive development, in which infants learn with experience is taken as evidence that an
through senses and motor activity. infant recognizes the new stimulus as surprising.
Schemes​: Piaget’s term for organized patterns Implicit memory​: Unconscious recall, generally
of thought and behaviour used in particular of habits and skills; sometimes called procedural
situations. memory.
Circular reactions​: Piaget’s term for processes Explicit memory​: Intentional and conscious
by which an infant learns to reproduce desired memory, generally of facts, names, and events.
occurrences originally discovered by change. Working memory​: Short-term storage of
Representational ability​: Piaget’s term for information being actively processed.
capacity to store mental images or symbols of Guided participation​: Adult’s participation in a
objects and events. child’s activity that helps to structure it and bring
Visible imitation​: Imitation with parts of one’s the child’s understanding of it closer to the
body that one can see. adult’s.
Invisible imitation​: Imitation with parts of one’s Language​: Communication system based on
body that one cannot see. words and grammar.
Deferred imitation​: Piaget’s term for Prelinguistic speech​: Forerunner of linguistic
reproduction of an observed behaviour after the speech; utterance of sounds that are not words.
passage of time by calling up a stored symbol of Includes crying, cooing, babbling, and accidental
it. and deliberate imitation of sounds without
Elicit imitation​: research method in which understanding their meaning.
infants or toddlers are induced to imitate a Linguistic speech​: Verbal expression designed
to convey meaning.

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Holophrase​: Single word that conveys a Self-evaluating emotions​: Emotions, such as

complete thought. pride, shame, and guilt, that depend on both
Telegraphic speech​: Early form of sentence self-awareness and knowledge of socially
use consisting of only a few essential words. accepted standards of behaviour.
Syntax​: Rules for forming sentences in a Altruistic behaviour​: Activity intended to help
particular language. another person with no expectation of reward.
Nativism​: Theory that human beings have an Empathy​: Ability to put oneself in another
inborn capacity for language acquisition. person’s place and feel what the other person
Language acquisition device (LAD)​: In feels.
Chomsky’s terminology, an inborn mechanism Mirror neurons​: Neurons that fire when a
that enables children to infer linguistic rules from person does something or observes someone
language they hear. else doing the same thing.
Code mixing​: Use of elements of two Social cognition​: The ability to understand that
languages, sometimes in the same utterance, by others have mental states and to gauge their
young children in households where both feelings and actions.
languages are spoken. Temperament​: Characteristic disposition
Code switching​: Changing one’s speech to or style of approaching and reacting to
match the situation, as in people who are situations.
bilingual. “Easy” children​: Children with a generally
Child-directed speech (CDS)​: Form of speech happy temperament, regular biological rhythms,
often used in talking to babies or toddlers; and a readiness to accept new experiences.
includes slow, simplified speech, a high-pitched “Difficult” children​: Children with irritable
tone, exaggerated vowel sounds, short words temperament, irregular biological rhythms, and
and sentences, and much repetition; also called intense emotional responses.
parentese or motherese. “Slow-to-warm-up”children​: Children whose
Literacy​: Ability to read and write. temperament is generally mild but who are
hesitant about accepting new experiences.
Goodness of fit​: Appropriateness of
Chapter 6 Psychological Development during
environmental demands and constraints to a
the First Three Years
child’s temperament.
Personality​: The relatively consistent blend of Gender​: Significance of being male or female.
emotions, temperament, thought, and behaviour Gender-typing​: Socialization process by which
that makes a person unique. children, at an early age, learn appropriate
Emotions​: Subjective reactions to experience gender roles.
that are associated with physiological and Basic sense of trust versus mistrust: Erikson’s
behavioral changes. first stage in psychosocial development, in which
Social smiling​: Beginning in the 2nd month, infants develop a sense of the reliability of
newborn infants gaze at their parents and smile people and objects.
at them, signaling positive participation in the Attachment​: Reciprocal, enduring tie between
relationship. two people - especially between infant and
Anticipatory smiling​: Infant smiles at an object caregiver - each of whom contributes to the
and then gazes at an adult while still smiling. quality of the relationship.
Self-conscious emotions​: Emotions, such as Strange Situation​: Laboratory technique used
embarrassment, empathy, and envy, that to study infant attachment.
depend on self-awareness. Secure attachment​: Pattern in which an infant
Self-awareness​: Realization that one’s cries or protests when the primary caregiver
existence and functioning are separate from leaves and actively seeks out to the caregiver on
those of other people and things. his or her return.

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Avoidant attachment​: Pattern in which an Situational compliance​: Kockanska’s term for

infant rarely cries when separated from the obedience of a parent’s orders only in the
primary caregiver and avoids contact on his or presence of signs of ongoing parental control.
her return. Committed compliance​: Kochanska’s term for
Ambivalent (resistant) attachment​: Pattern in wholehearted obedience of a parent’s orders
which an infant becomes anxious before the without reminders or lapses.
primary caregiver leaves, is extremely upset Receptive cooperation​: Kochanska’s term for
during his or her absence, and both seeks and eager willingness to cooperate harmoniously
resists contact on his or her return. with a parent in daily interaction, including
Disorganized-disoriented attachment​: Pattern routines, chores, hygiene, and play.
in which an infant, after separation from the Physical abuse​: Action taken deliberately to
primary caregiver, shows contradictory, endanger another person, involving potential
repetitious, or misdirected behaviours on his or bodily injury.
her return. Neglect​: Failure to meet a dependent’s basic
Stranger anxiety​: Wariness of strange people needs.
and places, shown by some infants during the Sexual abuse​: Physically or psychologically
second half of the 1st year. harmful sexual activity or any sexual activity
Separation anxiety​: Distress shown by involving a child and an older person.
someone, typically an infant, when a familiar Emotional maltreatment​: Jerection,
caregiver leaves. terrorization, isolation, exploitation, degradation,
Mutual regulation​: Process by which infant and ridicule, or failure to provide emotional support,
caregiver communicate emotional states to each love and affection; or other action of inaction that
other and respond appropriately. may cause behavioural, cognitive, emotional, or
Social referencing​: Understanding an mental disorders.
ambiguous situation by seeking another Nonorganic failure to thrive​: Slowed or
person’s perception of it. arrested physical growth with no know medical
Self-concept​: Sense of self; descriptive and cause, accompanied by poor developmental and
evaluating mental picture of one’s abilities and emotional functioning.
traits. Shaken baby syndrome​: Form of maltreatment
Autonomy versus shame and doubt​: in which shaking an infant or toddler can cause
Erikson’s second stage in psychosocial brain damage, paralysis, or death.
development, in which children achieve a
balance between self-determination and control
Chapter 7 Physical and Cognitive Development
by others.
in Early Childhood
Socialization​: Development of habits, skills,
values, and motives shared by responsible, Enuresis​: Repeated urination in clothing or in
productive members of society. bed.
Internalization​: During socialization, process by Gross motor skills​: Physical skills that involve
which children accept societal standards of the large muscles.
conduct as their own. Fine motor skills​: Physical skills that involve
Self-regulation​: A child’s independent control of the small muscles and eye-hand coordination.
behaviour to conform to understood social Systems of action​: Increasingly complex
expectations. combinations of skills, which permit a wider or
Conscience​: Internal standards of behaviour, more precise range of movement and more
which usually control one’s conduct and produce control of the environment.
emotional discomfort when violated. Handedness​: Preference for using a particular
hand.

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Preoperational stage​: In Piaget’s theory, the Executive function​: Conscious control of

second major stage of cognitive development, in thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish
which symbolic thought expands but children goals or solve problems.
cannot yet use logic. Long-term memory​: Storage of virtually
Symbolic function​: Piaget’s term for ability to unlimited capacity that holds information for long
use mental representations (words, numbers, or periods.
images) to which a child has attached meaning. Central executive​: In Baddeley’s model,
Pretend play​: Play involving imaginary people element of working memory that controls the
and situations; also called fantasy play, dramatic processing information.
play, or imaginative play. Recall​: Ability to reproduce material from
Transduction​: Piaget’s term for preoperational memory.
child’s tendency to mentally link particular Recognition​: Ability to identify a previously
phenomena, whether or not there is logically a encountered stimulus.
causal relationship. Generic memory​: Memory that produces scripts
Animism​: Tendency to attribute life to objects of familiar routines to guide behaviour.
that are not alive. Script​: General remembered outline of a
Centration​: In Piaget’s theory, the tendency of familiar, repeated event, used to guide
preoperational children to focus on one aspect behaviour.
of a situation and neglect others. Episodic memory​: Long-term memory of
Decenter​: In Piaget’s terminology, to think specific experiences or events, linked to time
simultaneously about several aspects of a and place.
situation. Autobiographical memory​: Memory of specific
Egocentrism​: Piaget’s term for inability to events in one’s life.
consider another person’s point of view; a Social interaction model​: Model, based on
characteristic of young children’s thought. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory, that proposes
Conservation​: Piaget’s term for awareness that children construct autobiographical memories
two objects that are equal according to a certain through conversation with adults about shared
measure remain equal in the face of perceptual events.
alteration so long as nothing has been added to Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales​: Individual
or taken away from either object. intelligence tests for ages 2 and up used to
Irreversibility​: Piaget’s term for a measure fluid reasoning, knowledge,
preoperational child’s failure to understand that quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing,
an operation can go in two or more directions. and working memory.
Theory of mind​: Awareness and understanding Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of
of mental processes. Intelligence, Revised (WPPSI-IV)​: Individual
Encoding​: process by which information is intelligence test for children ages 2½ to 7 that
prepared for long-term storage and later yields verbal and performance scores as well as
retrieval. a combined score.
Storage​: Retention of information in memory for Zone of proximal development (ZPD)​:
future use. Vygotsky’s term for the difference between what
Retrieval​: Process by which information is a child can do alone and what the child can do
accessed or recalled from memory storage. with help.
Sensory memory​: Initial, brief, temporary Scaffolding​: Temporary support to help a child
storage of sensory information. master a task.
Working memory​: Short-term storage of Fast mapping​: Process by which a child
information being actively processed. absorbs the meaning of a new word after
hearing it once or twice in a conversation.

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Pragmatics​: The practical knowledge needed to men’s and women's differing reproductive
use language for communicative purposes. needs.
Social speech​: Speech intended to be Identification​: In Freudian theory, the process
understood by a listener. by which a young child adopts characteristics,
Private speech​: Talking aloud to oneself with beliefs, attitudes, values, and behaviours of the
no intent to communicate with others. parent of the same sex.
Emergent literacy​: Preschoolers’ development Gender constancy​: Awareness that one will
of skills, knowledge, and attitudes that underlie always be male or female; also called
reading and writing. sex-category constancy.
Gender-schema theory​: Theory, proposed by
Bem, that children socialize themselves in their
Chapter 8 Psychosocial Development in Early
gender roles by developing a mentally organized
childhood
network of information about what it means to be
Self-concept​: Sense of self, descriptive and male or female in a particular culture.
evaluative mental picture of one’s abilities and Social cognitive theory​: Albert Bandura’s
traits. expansion of social learning theory, holds that
Self-definition​: Cluster of characteristics used children learn gender roles through socialization.
to describe oneself. Functional play​: Play involving repetitive large
Single representations​: In neo-Piagetian muscular movements.
terminology, first stage in development of Constructive play​: Play involving use of objects
self-definition, in which children describe or materials to make something.
themselves in terms of individual, unconnected Dramatic play​: Play involving imaginary people
characteristics and in all-or-nothing terms. or situations; also called pretend play, fantasy
Real self​: The self one actually is. play, or imaginative play.
Ideal self​: The self one would like to be. Formal games with rules​: Organized games
Representational mappings​: In neo-Piagetian with known procedures and penalties.
terminology, second stage in development of Gender segregation​: Tendency to select
self-definition, in which a child makes logical playmates of one’s own gender.
connections between aspects of the self but still Discipline​: Methods of molding children’s
sees these characteristics in all-or-nothing character and of teaching them to exercise
terms. self-control and engage in acceptable behaviour.
Self-esteem​: The judgement a person makes Corporal punishment​: Use of physical force
about his or her self-worth. with the intention of causing pain but not injury
Gender identity​: Awareness, developed in early so as to correct or control behaviour.
childhood, that one is male or female. Inductive techniques​: Disciplinary techniques
Gender roles​: Behaviours, interests, attitudes, designed to induce desirable behaviour by
skills, and traits that a culture considers appealing to a child’s sense of reason and
approapriate for each sex; differ for males and fairness.
females. Power assertion​: Discipline strategy designed
Gender-typing​: Socialization process whereby to discourage undesirable behaviour through
children, at an early age, learn appropriate physical or verbal enforcement of parental
gender roles. control.
Gender stereotypes​: Preconceived Withdrawal of love​: Disciplinary strategy that
generalizations about male of female role involves ignoring, isolating, or showing dislike for
behaviour. a child.
Theory of sexual selection​: Darwin’s theory Authoritarian parenting​: In Baumrind’s
that gender roles developed in response to terminology, parenting style emphasizing control
and obedience.

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Permissive parenting​: In Baumrind’s Seriation​: Ability to order items along a

terminology, parenting style emphasizing dimension.
self-expression and self-regulation. Transitive inferences​: Understanding the
Authoritative parenting​: In Baumrind’s relationship between two objects by knowing the
terminology, parenting style blending respect for relationship of each to a third object.
a child’s individuality with an effort to instill social Class inclusion​: Understanding of the
values. relationship between a whole and its parts.
Altruism​: Behaviour intended to help others out Inductive reasoning (klein → groot)​: Type of
of inner concern and without expectation of logical reasoning that moves from particular
external reward; may involve self-denial or observations about members of a class to a
self-sacrifice. general conclusion about a class.
Prosocial behaviour​: Any voluntary behaviour Deductive reasoning (groot → klein)​: Type of
intended to help others. logical reasoning that moves from a general
Instrumental aggression​: Aggressive premise about a class to a conclusion about a
behaviour used as a means of achieving a goal. particular member or members of the class.
Overt (direct) aggression​: Aggression that is Executive function​: Conscious control of
openly directed at its target. thoughts, emotions, and actions to accomplish
Relational aggression​: Aggression aimed at goals or solve problems.
damaging or interfering with another person’s Metamemory​: Understanding the process of
relationships, reputation, or psychological memory.
well-being. External memory aids​: Mnemonic strategies
using something outside a person.
Rehearsal​: Mnemonic strategy to keep an item
Chapter 9 Physical and Cognitive Development
in working memory through conscious repetition.
in Middle Childhood
Organization​: Mnemonic strategy of
Rough-and-tumble play​: Vigorous play categorizing material to be remembered.
involving wrestling, hitting, and chasing, often Elaboration​: Mnemonic strategy of making
accompanied by laughing and screaming. mental associations involving items to be
Body image​: Descriptive and evaluative beliefs remembered.
about one’s appearance. Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
Hypertension​: Chronically high blood pressure. (WISC-IV)​: Individual intelligence test for
Acute medical conditions​: Illnesses that last a school-age children, which yields verbal and
short time. performance scores as well as a combined
Chronic medical conditions​: Illnesses or score.
impairments that persist for at least 3 months. Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8)​:
Asthma​: A chronic respiratory disease Group intelligence test for kindergarten through
characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, 12th grade.
wheezing, and difficulty in breathing. Culture-free tests​: Intelligence tests that, if they
Diabetes​: One of the most common diseases of were possible to design, would have no
childhood. It is characterized by high levels of culturally linked content.
glucose in the blood as a result of defective Culture-fair tests​: Intelligence tests that deal
insulin production, ineffective insulin action, or with experiences common to various cultures, in
both. an attempt to avoid cultural bias.
Concrete operations​: Third stage of Piaget’s Theory of multiple intelligences​: Gardner’s
cognitive development (approximately ages 7 to theory that each person has several distinct
12), during which children develop logical but forms of intelligence.
not abstract thinking.

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Triarchic theory of intelligence​: Sternberg’s inattention and distractibility, impulsivity, low

theory describing three elements of intelligence: tolerance for frustration, and inappropriate
componential, experiential, and contextual. overactivity.
Competential element​: Sternberg’s term for the Creativity​: Ability to see situations in a new
analytic aspect of intelligence. way, to produce innovations, or to discern
Experimental element​: Sternberg’s term for the previously unidentified problems and find novel
insightful or creative aspect of intelligence. solutions.
Contextual element​: Sternberg’s term for the Convert thinking​: Thinking aimed at finding the
practical aspect of intelligence. one right answer to a problem.
Tacit knowledge​: Sternberg’s term for Divergent thinking​: Thinking that produces a
information that is not formally taught or openly variety of fresh, diverse possibilities.
expressed but necessary to get ahead. Enrichment programs​: Programs for educating
Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children the gifted that broaden and deepen knowledge
(K-ABC-II)​: Nontraditional individual intelligence and skills through extra activities, projects, field
test designed to provide fair assessments of trips, or mentoring.
minority children and children with disabilities. Acceleration programs​: Programs for
Dynamic tests​: Tests based on Vygotsky’s educating the gifted that move them through the
theory that emphasize potential rather than past curriculum at an unusually rapid pace.
learning.
Pragmatics​: The social context of language.
Chapter 10 Psychosocial Development in Middle
English-immersion approach​: Approach to
Childhood
teaching English as a second language in which
instruction is presented in only English. Representational systems​: In neo-Piagetian
Bilingual education​: System of teaching terminology, the third stage in development of
non-English-speaking children in their native self-definition, characterized by breadth,
language while they learn English, and later balance, and the integration and assessment of
switching to all-English instruction. various aspects of the self.
Bilingual​: Fluent in two languages. Industry versus inferiority​: Erikson’s fourth
Two-way (dual-language) learning​: Approach stage of psychosocial development, in which
to second-language education in which English children must learn the productive skills their
speakers and non-English-speakers learn culture requires or else face feelings of
together in their own and each other’s inferiority.
languages. Internalizing behaviours​: behaviours by which
Metacognition​: Thinking about thinking, or emotional problems are turned inward; for
awareness of one’s own mental processes. example, anxiety of depression.
Social capital​: Family and community Externalizing behaviours​: behaviours in which
resources on which a person can draw. a child acts out emotional difficulties; for
Intellectual disability​: Significantly subnormal example aggression or hostility.
cognitive functioning. Also referred to as Coregulation​: Transitional stage in the control
cognitive disability or mental retardation. of behaviour in which parents exercise general
Dyslexia​: Developmental disorder in which supervision and children exercise
reading achievement is substantially lower than moment-to-moment self-regulation.
predicted by IQ or age. Hostile attribution bias​: Tendency to perceive
Learning disabilities (LDs)​: Disorders that others as trying to hurt one and to strike out in
interfere with specific aspects of learning and retaliation or self-defense.
school achievement. Bullying​: Aggression deliberately and
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistently directed against a particular target,
(ADHD)​: Syndrome characterized by persistent

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or victim, typically one who is weak, vulnerable, Resilient children​: Children who weather
and defenseless. adverse circumstances, function well despite
Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)​: Pattern challenges or threats, or bounce back from
of behaviour, persisting into middle childhood, traumatic events.
marked by negativity, hostility, and defiance. Protective factors​: Influences that reduce the
Conduct disorder (CD)​: Repetitive, persistent impact of early stress and tend to predict
pattern of aggressive, antisocial behaviour positive outcomes.
violating societal norms or the rights of others.
School phobia​: Unrealistic fear of going to
Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development
school; may be a form of separation anxiety
in Adolescence
disorder or social phobia.
Separation anxiety disorder​: Condition Adolescence​: Developmental transition
involving excessive, prolonged anxiety between childhood and adulthood entailing
concerning separation from home or from major physical, cognitive, and psychosocial
people to whom a person is attached. changes.
Social phobia​: Extreme fear and/or avoidance Puberty​: Process by which a person attains
of social situations. sexual maturity and the ability to reproduce.
Generalized anxiety disorder​: Anxiety not Primary sex charcteristics​: Organs directly
focused on any single target. related to reproduction, which enlarge and
Obsessive-compulsive disorder​: Anxiety mature during adolescence.
aroused by repetitive, intrusive thoughts, Secondary sex characteristics​: Physiological
images, or impulses, often leading to compulsive signs of sexual maturation (such as breast
ritual behaviours. development and growth of body hair) that do
Childhood depression​: Mood disorder not invoolve the sex organs.
characterized by such symptoms as a prolonged Adolescence growth spurt​: Sharp increase in
sense of friendlessness, inability to have fun or height and weight that precedes sexual maturity.
concentrate, fatigue, extreme activity or apathy, Spermarche​: Boy’s first ejaculation.
feelings of worthlessness, weight change, Menarche​: Girl’s first menstruation.
physical complaints, and thoughts of death or Secular trend​: Trend that can be seen only by
suicide. observing several generations, such as the trend
Individual psychotherapy​: Psychological toward earlier attainment of adult height and
treatment in which a therapist sees a troubled sexual maturity, which began a century ago in
person one-on-one. some countries.
Family therapy​: Psychological treatment in Body image​: Descriptive and evaluative beliefs
which a therapist sees the whole family together about one’s appearance.
to analyze patterns of family functioning. Anorexia nervosa​: Eating disorder
Behaviour therapy​: Therapeutic approach characterized by self-starvation.
using principles of learning theory to encourage Bulimia nervosa​: Eating disorder in which a
desired behaviours or eliminate undesired ones; person regularly eats huge quantities of food
also called behaviour modification. and then purges the body by laxatives, induced
Art therapy​: Therapeutic approach that allows a vomiting, fasting, or excessive exercise.
person to express troubled feelings without Substance abuse​: Repeated, harmful use of
words, using a variety of art materials and substance, usually alcohol or other drugs.
media. Substance dependence​: Addiction (physical, or
Play therapy​: Therapeutic approach that uses psychological, of both) to a harmful substance.
play to help a child cope with emotional distress. Binge drinking​: Consuming five or more drinks
Drug therapy​: Administration of drugs to treat on one occasion.
emotional disorders.

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Structural changes in adolescents’s information he is to play in society. Also called identity

processing: increase in declarative, procedural, versus role confusion.
and conceptual knowledge and expansion of the Fidelity​: Sustained loyalty, faith, or sense of
capacity of working memory. belonging that results from the successful
Functional changes in adolescents’s information resolution of Erikson’s identity versus identity
processing: progress in deductive reasoning confusion psychosocial stage of development.
Formal operations​: Piaget’s final stage of Identity statuses​: ​Marcia​’s term for states of
cognitive development, characterized by the ego development that depend on a presence or
ability to think abstractly. absence of crisis and commitment.
Hypothetical-deductive reasoning​: Ability, Crisis​: Marcia’s term for period of conscious
believed by Piaget, to accompany the stage of decision making related to identity formation.
formal operations, to develop, consider, and test Commitment​: Marcia’s term for personal
hypotheses. investment in an occupation or system of beliefs.
Declarative knowledge​: Acquired factua! Identity achievement​: Identity status, described
knowledge stored in long-term memory. by Marcia, that is characterized by commitment
Procedural knowledge​: Acquired skills stored to choices made following a crisis, a period
in long-term memory. spent in exploring alternatives.
Conceptual knowledge​: Acquired interpretive Foreclosure​: Identity status, described by
understandings stored in long-term memory. Marcia, in which a person who has not spent
Preconventional morality​: First level of time considering alternatives (that is, has not
Kohlberg’s theory or moral reasoning in which been in crisis) is committed to other people’s
control is external and rules are obeyed in order plans for his or her life.
to gain rewards or avoid punishment or out of Moratorium​: Identity status, described by
self-interest. Marcia, in which a person is currently
Conventional morality (or morality of considering alternatives (in crisis) and seems
conventional role conformity)​: Second level in headed for commitment.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning in which Identity diffusion​: Identity status, described by
standards of authority figures are internalized. Marcia, that is characterized by absence of
Postconventional morality (or morality of commitment and lack of serious consideration of
autonomous moral principles)​: Third level of alternatives.
Kohlberg’s theory of moral reasoning, in which Sexual orientation​: Focus of consistent sexual,
people follow internally held moral principles and romantic, and affectionate interest, either
can decide among conflicting moral standards. heterosexual, homosexual, or bisexual.
Active engagement​: Personal involvement in Sexually transmitted infections (STIs)​:
schooling, work, family, or other activity. Infections and diseases spread by sexual
contact.
Chapter 12 Psychosocial Development in
Adolescence Chapter 13 Physical and Cognitive Development
in Emerging and Young Adulthood
Identity​: According to Erikson, a coherent
conception of the self, made up of goals, values, Emerging adulthood​: Proposed transitional
and beliefs to which a person is solidly period between adolescence and adulthood
committed. commonly found in industrialized countries.
Identity versus identity confusion​: Erikson’s Risky Drinking​: Consuming more than 14
fifth stage of psychosocial development, in drinks a week or 4 drinks on any single day for
which an adolescent seeks to develop a men and more that 7 drinks a week or 3 drinks
coherent sense of self, including the role she or on any single day for women.

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Alcoholism​: Chronic disease involving Normative-stage models​: Theoretical models

dependence on use of alcohol, causing that describe psychosocial development in terms
interference with normal functioning and of a definite sequence of age-related changes.
fulfillment or obligations. Intimacy versus isolation​: Erikson’s sixth
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)​: Disorder stage of psychosocial development, in which
producing symptoms of physical discomfort and young adults either form strong, long-lasting
emotional tension for up to 2 weeks before a bonds with friends and romantic partners or
menstrual period. face a possible sense of isolation and
Infertility​: Inability to conceive a child after 12 self-absorption.
months of sexual intercourse without the use of Timing-of-events model​: Theoretical model of
birth control. personality development that describes adult
Schaie seven stages of age-related cognitive psychosocial development as a response to the
development: expected or unexpected occurrence and timing
- Acquisitive (childhood and adolescence) or important life events.
- Achieving (young adulthood) Normative life events​: In the timing-of-events
- Responsible (middle adulthood) model, commonly expected life experiences that
- Executive occur in customary times.
- Reorganizational (late adulthood) Social clock​: Set of cultural norms or
- Reintegrative expectation for the times of life when certain
- legacy-creating important events, such as marriage, parenthood,
Reflective thinking​: Type of logical thinking that entry into work, and retirement, should occur.
becomes more prominent in adulthood, involving Trait models​: Theoretical models of personality
continuous, active evaluation of information and development that focus on mental, emotional,
beliefs in the light of evidence and implications. temperamental, and behavioural traits, or
Postformal thought​: Mature type of thinking attributes.
that relies on subjective experience and intuition Five-factor model​: Theoretical model of
as well as logic and allows room for ambiguity, personality, developed and tested by Costa and
uncertainty, inconsistency, contradiction, McCrae, based on the “Big Five” factors
imperfection, and compromise. underlying clusters of related personality traits:
Emotional intelligence (EI)​: Salovey and neuroticism, extraversion, openness to
Mayer’s term for the ability to understand and experience, conscientiousness, and
regulate emotions; an important component of agreeableness.
effective, intelligent behaviour. Typological approach​: Theoretical approach
Substantive complexity​: Degree to which a that identifies broad personality types, or styles.
person’s work requires thought and independent Ego-resiliency​: Dynamic capacity to modify
judgement. one’s level of ego-control in response to
Spillover hypothesis​: Hypothesis that there is environmental and contextual influences.
a carryover of cognitive gains from work to Ego-control​: Self-control and the self-regulation
leisure that explains the positive relationship of impulses.
between activities in the quality of intellectual Fictive skin​: Friends who are considered and
functioning. behave like family members.
Triangular theory of love​: Sternberg’s theory
that patterns of love hinge on the balance
Chapter 14 Psychosocial development in
among three elements: intimacy, passion, and
Emerging and Young Adulthood
commitment.
Recentering​: Process that underlies the shift to
an adult identity.

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ability to remember and use learned information;

it is largely dependent on education and culture.
Chapter 15 Physical and Cognitive Development
Encapsulation​: In Hoyer’s terminology, the
in Middle Adulthood
process that allows expertise to compensate for
Presbyopia​: Age-related, progressive loss of declines in information-processing ability by
the eyes’ ability to focus on nearby objects due bundling relevant knowledge together.
to loss of elasticity in the lens. Literacy​: In an adult, ability to use printed and
Myopia​: Nearsightedness. Bijziend, dus ver weg written information to function in society, achieve
niet scherp kunnen zien. goals, and develop knowledge and potential.
Presbycusis​: Age-related, gradual loss of
hearing, which accelerates after age 55,
Chapter 16 Psychosocial Development in Middle
especially with regard to sounds at higher
Adulthood
frequencies.
Basal metabolism​: Use of energy to maintain Individuation​: Jung’s term for emerge of the
vital functions. true self through balancing or integration of
Vital capacity​: Amount of air that can be drawn conflicting parts of the personality.
in with a deep breath and expelled. Generativity versus stagnation​: Erikson’s
Menopause​: Cessation of menstruation and of seventh stage of psychosocial development, in
ability to bear children. which the middle-age adult develops a concern
Perimenopause​: Period of several years during with establishing, guiding, and influencing the
which a woman experiences physiological next generation or else experiences stagnation
changes of menopause; includes first year after (a sense of inactivity or lifelessness).
end of menstruation; also called climacteric. Generativity​: Erikson’s term for concern of
Erectile dysfunction​: Inability of a man to mature adults for finding meaning through
achieve or maintain an erect penis sufficient for contributing to society and leaving a legacy for
satisfactory sexal performance. future generations.
Hypertension​: Chronically high blood pressure. Interiority​: Neugarten’s term for a concern with
Diabetes​: Disease in which the body does not inner life (introversion or introspection), which
produce or properly use insulin, a hormone that usually appears in middle age.
converts sugar, starches, and other foods into Midlife crisis​: In some normative-crisis models,
energy needed for daily life. stressful life period precipitated by the review
Mammography​: Diagnostic X-ray examination and reevaluation of one’s past, typically
of the breasts. occurring in the early to middle 40s.
Hormone therapy (HT)​: Treatment with artificial Turning point​: Psychological transitions that
estrogen, sometimes in combination with the involve significant change or transformation in
hormone progesterone, to relieve or prevent the perceived meaning, purpose, or direction of
symptoms caused by decline in estrogen levels a person’s life.
after menopause. Midlife review​: Introspective examination that
Stress​: Response to physical or physiological often occurs in middle age, leading to
demands. reappraisal and revision of values and priorities.
Stressors​: Perceived environmental demands Ego-resiliency​: The ability to adapt flexibly and
that may produce stress. resourcefully to potential sources of stress.
Fluid intelligence​: Type of intelligence, Identity process theory (IPT)​: Whitbourne’s
proposed by Horn and Vattell, that is applied to theory of identity development based on
novel problems and is relatively independent of processes of assimilation and accommodation.
educational and cultural influences. Identity schemas​: Accumulated perceptions of
Crystallized intelligence​: Type of intelligence, the self shaped by incoming information from
proposed by Horn and Cattell, involving the

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intimate relationships, work-related situations, Caregiver burnout​: Condition of physical,

and community and other experiences. mental, and emotional exhaustion affecting
Identity assimilation​: Whitbourne’s term for adults who provide continuous care for sick or
effort to fit new experience into an existing aged persons.
self-concept. Kinship care​: Care of children without parents
Identity accommodation​: Whitbourne’s term in the home of grandparents or other relatives,
for adjusting the self-concept to fit new with or without a change of legal custody.
experience.
Identity balance​: Whitbourne’s term for a
Chapter 17 Physical and Cognitive Development
tendency to balance assimilation and
in Late Adulthood
accommodation.
Gender crossover​: Gutmann’s term for reversal Primary aging​: Gradual, inevitable process of
of gender roles after the end of active parenting. bodily deterioration throughout the life span.
Social convoy theory​: Theory, proposed by Secondary agin​g: Aging process that results
Kahn and antonucci, that people move through from disease and bodily abuse and disuse and
life surrounded by concentric circles of intimate are often preventable.
relationships on which they rely for assistance, Activities of daily living (ADLs)​: Essential
well-being, and social support. activities that support survival, such as eating,
Socioemotional selectivity theory​: Theory, dressing, bathing, and getting around the house.
proposed by Carstensen, that people select Functional age​: Measure of a person’s ability to
social contacts on the basis of the changing function effectively in his or her physical and
relative importance of social interaction as a social environment in comparison with others of
source of information, as an aid in developing the same chronological age.
and maintaining a self-concept, and as a source Gerontology​: Study of the aged and the
of emotional well-being. process of aging.
Marital capital​: Financial and emotional benefits Geriatrics​: Branch of medicine concerned with
built up during a long-standing marriage, which processes of aging and medical conditions
tend to hold a couple together. associated with old age.
Empty nest​: Transitional phase of parenting Life expectancy​: Age to which a person in a
following the last child’s leaving the parents’ particular cohort is statistically likely to live
home. (given his or her current age and health status),
Revolving door syndrome​: Tendency for on the basis of average longevity of a
young adults who have left home to return to population.
their parents’ household in times of financial, Longevity​: Length of an individual’s life.
martital, or other trouble. Life span: The longest period that members of a
Filial maturity​: Stage of life, proposed by species can live.
Marcoen and others, in which middle-aged Senescence​: Period of the life span marked by
children, as the outcome of a filial crisis, learn to declines in physical functioning usually
accept and meet their parents’ need to depend associated with aging; begins at different ages
on them. for different people.
Filial crisis​: In Marcoen’s terminology, Genetic-programming theories​: Theories that
normative development of middle age, in which explain biological aging as resulting from a
adults learn to balance love and duty to their genetically determined developmental timetable.
parents with autonomy within a two-way Variable-rate theories​: Theories that explain
relationship. biological aging as a result of processes that
Sandwich generation​: Middle-aged adults involve damage to biological systems and that
squeezed by competing needs to raise or launch vary from person to person.
children and to care for elderly parents.

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Free radicals​: Unstable, highly reactive atoms Sensory memory​: Initial, brief, temporary
or molecules, formed during metabolism, that storage of sensory information.
can cause internal bodily damage. Working memory​: Short-term storage of
Autoimmunity​: Tendency of an aging body to information being actively processed.
mistake its own tissue for foreign invaders and Episodic memory​: Long-term memory of
to attack and destroy them. specific experiences or events, linked to time
Survival curve​: A curve on a graph showing the and place.
percentage of people or animals alive at various Semantic memory​: Long-term memory of
ages. general factual knowledge, social customs, and
Hayflick limit​: Genetically controlled limit, language.
proposed by Hayflick, on the number of times Procedural memory​: Long-term memory of
cells can divide in members of species. motor skills, habits, and ways of doing things,
Reserve capacity​: Ability of body organs and which can be recalled without conscious effort;
systems to put forth 4 to 10 times as much effort sometimes called implicit memory.
as usual under acute stress; also called organ
reserve.
Chapter 18 Psychosocial development in Late
Cataracs​: Cloudy or opaque areas in the lens of
Adulthood
the aye, which cause blurred vision.
Age-related macular degeneration​: Condition Ego integrity versus despair​: According to
in which the center of the retina gradually loses Erikson, the eight and final stage of
the ability to discern fine details; leading cause psychosocial development, in which people in
of irreversible visual impairment in older adults. late adulthood either achieve a sense of integrity
Glaucoma​: Irreversible damage to the optic of the self by accepting the lives they have lived,
nerve caused by increased pressure in the eye. and thus accept death, or yield to despair that
Dementia​: Deterioration in cognitive and their lives cannot be relived.
behavioural functioning due to physiological Coping​: Adaptive thinking or behaviour aimed at
causes. reducing or relieving stress that arises from
Alzheimer’s disease​: Progressive, irreversible, harmful, threatening, or challenging conditions.
degenerative brain disorder characterized by Cognitive-appraisal model​: Model of coping,
cognitive deterioration and loss of control of proposed by Lazarus and Folkman, that holds
bodily functions, leading to death. that, on the basis of continuous appraisal of their
Parkinson’s disease​: Progressive, irreversible relationship with the environment, people
degenerative neurological disorder, choose appropriate coping strategies to deal
characterized by tremor, stiffness, slowed with situations that max their normal resources.
movement, and unstable posture. Problem-focused coping​: In the
Neurofibrillary tangles​: Twisted masses of cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy
protein fibers found in brains of persons with directed toward eliminating, managing, or
Alzheimer’s disease. improving a stressful situation.
Amyloid plaque​: Waxy chunks of insoluble Emotion-focused coping​: In the
tissue found in brains of persons with cognitive-appraisal model, coping strategy
Alzheumer’s disease. directed toward managing the emotional
Cognitive reserve​: Hypothesized fund of response to a stressful situation so as to lessen
energy that may enable a deteriorating brain to its physical or psychological impact.
continue to function normally. Ambiguous loss​: A loss that is not clearly
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)​: defined or does not bring closure.
Intelligence test for adults that yields verbal and Activity theory​: Theory of aging that holds that
performance scores as well as a combined to age successfully a person must remain as
score. active as possible.

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Continuity theory​: Theory of aging, described Assisted suicide​: Suicide in which a physisian
by Atchley, that holds that in order to age or someone elkse helps a person take his or her
successfully people must maintain a balance of own life.
continuity and change in both the internal and Life review​: Reminiscence about one’s life in
external structures of their lives. order to see its significance.
Selective optimization with compensation
(SOC)​: Enhancing overall cognitive functioning
by using stronger abilities to compensate for
those that have weakened.
Aging in place​: Remaining in one’s own home,
with or without assistance, in later life.

Chapter 19 Dealing with Death and

Bereavement
Thanatology​: Study of death and dying.
Hospice care​: Personal, patient-and
family-centered care for a person with a terminal
illness.
Palliative care​: Care aimed at relieving pain
and suffering and allowing the terminally ill to die
in peace, comfort, and dignity.
Terminal drop​: A frequently observed decline in
cognitive abilities near the end of life. Also called
terminal decline.
Grief​: Emotional response experienced in the
early phases of bereavement.
Bereavement​: Loss, due to death, of someone
to whom one feels close and the process of
adjustment to the loss.
Grief work​: Working out of physiological issues
connected with grief.
Passive euthanasia​: Withholding or
discontinuation of life-prolonging treatment of a
terminally ill person in order to end suffering or
allow death with dignity.
Active euthanasia​: Deliberate action taken to
shorten the life of a terminally ill person in order
to end suffering or to allow death with dignity;
also called mercy killing.
Advanced directive (living will)​: Document
specifying the type of care wanted by the maker
in the event of an incapacitating or terminal
illness.
Durable power of attorney​: Legal instrument
that appoints an individual to make decisions in
the event of another person’s incapacitation.

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