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The Advancements and Challenges in Digital Pharmacy: A Literature Review

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Advances in Bioresearch
Adv. Biores., Vol 16 (1) January 2025: 151-157
©2025 Society of Education, India
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Print ISSN 0976-4585; Online ISSN 2277-1573
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DOI: 10.15515/abr.0976-4585.16.1.151157
Bioresearch
REVIEW ARTICLE

The Advancements and Challenges in Digital Pharmacy: A

Literature Review
Anas Ali Alhura1; Afrah Alhur2; Remas Ibrahim 3;Abdulaziz Asir 3; Afnan Althobaiti4;
Manal Aboud3; Nabilah Ghazwani 5;Raneem Sheikh 6; Aisha Alameer 6; Boshra Essa3;
Deema Alshuqayhi 4;Taher Alzahrani7; Shoug Abdulaziz 4;Arwa Althobaiti 4;Hams Alhazmi 6
1College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Department of Health Informatics, University
of Hail, Hail, Hail Province, Saudi Arabia
2College of Applied Medical Sciences, Department of Clinical Nutrition, University of Hail, Hail, Hail
Province, Saudi Arabia
3College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
4College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
5College of Pharmacy, Alosrah International Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
6College of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
7Dept of Pharmacy, Dr.Suliman Alhabib Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT
Digital pharmacy, a fusion of healthcare and technology, has revolutionized the pharmaceutical sector by enabling
remote dispensing, patient counseling, and medication adherence monitoring through digital platforms. This literature
review explores the advancements, applications, and challenges of digital pharmacy by synthesizing findings from
systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials, and case studies. While digital pharmacy systems enhance patient care
by improving medication adherence, streamlining operations, and enabling personalized medicine, they also face
barriers such as regulatory hurdles, digital literacy disparities, and concerns about data privacy. Future research should
focus on integrating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) for enhanced pharmaceutical services and
addressing barriers to ensure equitable healthcare access.
Keywords: Digital Pharmacy, Electronic Prescriptions, Medication Management, Health Informatics, Mobile Health
Applications, Telepharmacy

Received 21.11.2024 Revised 29.12.2024 Accepted 12.01.2025

How to cite this article:
Anas Ali A; Afrah A;Remas I;Abdulaziz A; Afnan A; Manal A; Nabilah G; Raneem S; Aisha A; Boshra E; Deema A; Taher
A; Shoug A; Arwa A; Hams A. The Advancements and Challenges in Digital Pharmacy: A Literature Review. Adv.
Biores. Vol 16 [1] January 2025. 151-157

INTRODUCTION
The integration of technology into pharmacy practice, termed digital pharmacy, is reshaping healthcare
delivery. It encompasses a range of services, including electronic prescriptions (e-prescriptions),
telepharmacy, medication management apps, and AI-driven decision support systems. Digital pharmacy
offers significant benefits, such as improving medication adherence, reducing errors, and providing
patient-centered care [1-3]. However, the adoption of digital pharmacy solutions is not without
challenges, including regulatory frameworks, infrastructure disparities, and data privacy concerns. This
review provides an overview of the current landscape of digital pharmacy, examining its applications,
benefits, and limitations.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Literature Review Approach
This literature review adopts a systematic and rigorous approach to examine the advancements and
challenges in digital pharmacy comprehensively. Our methodology is designed to ensure methodological
rigor and a high-quality synthesis of the relevant literature.

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Database Search
We conducted a targeted search across prominent databases including Web of Science (WoS), PubMed,
and Scopus. These databases were selected for their extensive coverage of medical, healthcare, and
informatics research, ensuring the inclusion of a wide range of relevant studies. The search was limited to
peer-reviewed, English-language articles published between 2015 and 2023.
Search Keywords
To refine the search, we used a combination of primary and secondary keywords. Keywords such as
“Digital Pharmacy,” “Electronic Prescriptions,” “Telepharmacy,” “Medication Adherence Technologies,”
“Health Informatics,” and “Mobile Health Applications” were employed along with Boolean operators
(AND/OR) to capture both broad and specific studies relevant to the role of digital pharmacy.
Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
Inclusion criteria were defined to focus on studies examining digital pharmacy interventions specifically
designed to improve pharmacy services and patient outcomes. This included research on e-prescriptions,
telepharmacy services, medication management applications, and the integration of AI in pharmacy
practice. Systematic reviews, randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and observational studies with robust
methodologies were included.
Exclusion criteria were applied to remove non-peer-reviewed studies, conference abstracts, editorials,
and reports lacking empirical evidence. Studies that did not directly address digital pharmacy or were
focused solely on general health technology without a clear link to pharmacy practices were also
excluded.
Article Selection
The initial search identified a total of 70 articles. These articles were screened by reviewing their titles
and abstracts for relevance. After the removal of duplicates and the application of inclusion and exclusion
criteria, 54 articles remained for detailed review. Ultimately, 46 studies met all inclusion criteria and
were included in the synthesis, ensuring that only the most relevant and methodologically sound studies
were considered.
Critical Appraisal
To ensure the reliability and validity of the included studies, a critical appraisal was conducted using
established evaluation tools. The PRISMA Guidelines (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews
and Meta-Analyses) were utilized to maintain transparency in the study selection process. Additionally,
the GRADE Framework (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) was
used to assess the quality of evidence, ensuring that only studies meeting high methodological standards
were included in the review.
Data Extraction and Synthesis
Data were systematically extracted according to a predefined framework. Key details such as types of
digital pharmacy interventions (e.g., e-prescriptions, telepharmacy, AI-driven tools), target populations
(e.g., patients with chronic conditions, elderly patients), outcomes measured (e.g., improved medication
adherence, enhanced operational efficiency), and study designs were captured.
The findings were synthesized to provide a comprehensive overview of how digital pharmacy is
transforming healthcare through innovative technologies and practices, as well as the challenges that
need addressing to optimize its impact across various healthcare settings.
Visualization
A flowchart (Figure 1) was created to visually represent the study selection process, aligning with
PRISMA guidelines. This flowchart aids in demonstrating the methodical approach to identifying,
screening, and excluding studies during the review process.

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 Figure 1: flowchart of review process

APPLICATIONS OF DIGITAL PHARMACY

E-Prescriptions:
E-prescriptions are a cornerstone of digital pharmacy, transforming traditional prescription processes. By
converting prescriptions into digital format, they eliminate the risks of handwriting errors and ensure
secure and precise transmission of prescription details from healthcare providers to pharmacies[1-6].
Research underscores the substantial impact of e-prescriptions in reducing medication errors by up to
85%, significantly boosting workflow efficiency and safety in medication dispensing [6-9]. These systems
facilitate quicker patient service and reduce waiting times, contributing to improved patient outcomes
and pharmacy operations.
Telepharmacy:
Telepharmacy represents a critical innovation in providing pharmaceutical services remotely, proving
particularly vital during health emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. By enabling pharmacists to
conduct remote counseling and medication dispensing, telepharmacy has drastically improved healthcare
access in underserved and rural areas. Patients benefit from increased accessibility to pharmaceutical
care and convenience, leading to higher satisfaction levels and adherence to treatment regimes. Studies,
such as one conducted by [10-16], illustrate the pivotal role telepharmacy has played in maintaining
continuity of care during crises, emphasizing its potential as a permanent healthcare model[17-22].
Mobile Health Applications
Mobile applications in digital pharmacy play an essential role in enhancing patient engagement and
medication management. Applications like Medisafe offer features such as medication reminders, drug

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interaction alerts, and adherence tracking. These functionalities are particularly beneficial for patients
with chronic diseases, where consistent medication adherence is crucial. Research by [23-28]
demonstrates that such mobile health applications can lead to a significant 20% increase in adherence
rates among chronic disease patients, showcasing the apps' ability to support better health outcomes
through technology[29].
AI and Machine Learning:
Artificial intelligence and machine learning are redefining the capabilities of digital pharmacy by
providing advanced decision support, predicting medication adherence, and personalizing treatment
plans based on patient data. AI tools analyze vast amounts of healthcare data to recommend the most
effective treatment options, minimizing the trial-and-error approach often associated with complex
medical treatments [30-34]. For instance, AI algorithms can predict a patient's adherence patterns and
suggest customized intervention strategies, thereby enhancing the accuracy and effectiveness of
treatments. Hamine et al. (2015) highlighted how AI-driven platforms could dynamically adapt to patient
needs, optimizing therapy regimens and improving overall healthcare delivery [35-37].

BENEFITS OF DIGITAL PHARMACY

Improved Medication Adherence:
Digital tools such as SMS reminders, mobile apps, and automated alerts play a crucial role in improving
medication adherence. These tools provide timely and personalized reminders to patients, ensuring they
take their medications as prescribed[38]. According to Santo et al. (2016), interventions like SMS
reminders have significantly increased adherence rates among patients with chronic conditions, leading
to better overall health outcomes and reduced healthcare costs due to fewer complications and
hospitalizations[39].
Enhanced Workflow Efficiency:
Digital pharmacy introduces a high degree of automation in routine tasks such as prescription
management, inventory control, and patient data entry[40]. This reduction in administrative burden
allows pharmacists to devote more time to direct patient care activities, such as counseling and clinical
services, thereby enhancing the quality of care provided[40]. The integration of automated systems
streamlines operations, minimizes errors, and increases the overall efficiency of pharmacy services,
contributing to a more effective healthcare system[41].
Access to Underserved Populations:
Telepharmacy and mobile health applications significantly extend the reach of pharmacy services to
remote and underserved areas, where traditional pharmacy services may be limited or non-existent.
These technologies enable remote consultations, prescription management, and direct delivery of
medications, improving access to essential healthcare services[41]. Chen et al. (2018) highlighted how
mobile health interventions have effectively improved health outcomes in resource-limited settings by
providing critical healthcare access and education[42].

CHALLENGES IN DIGITAL PHARMACY

Regulatory and Legal Barriers:
The landscape of digital pharmacy is often complicated by the lack of uniform regulations across different
regions and countries. This global inconsistency creates significant challenges for the deployment and
scaling of services like telepharmacy and e-prescriptions[42]. Regulatory challenges include differing
standards for data handling, prescription validation, and cross-border healthcare provision, which can
impede the adoption and effectiveness of digital pharmacy solutions [43]
Digital Literacy and Accessibility:
Variations in digital literacy and access to technology significantly affect the adoption and effective use of
digital pharmacy tools. Elderly populations and those in lower socio-economic groups often face
challenges in using digital platforms due to a lack of familiarity with technology or inability to afford
internet-enabled devices[44]. To overcome these barriers, there is a pressing need for developing
intuitive, user-friendly interfaces and providing educational programs that enhance digital skills across
all demographics[45].
Data Privacy and Security:
The increasing reliance on digital platforms for managing sensitive health information raises substantial
concerns about data privacy and security. As more patient data is stored and transmitted digitally, the
risk of data breaches and unauthorized access escalates. Protecting patient information requires robust
cybersecurity measures, including encryption, secure data storage solutions, and strict access

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controls[45]. Labrique et al. (2013) emphasize the importance of incorporating advanced security
protocols to maintain patient trust and ensure the integrity of digital pharmacy systems[46].

FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN DIGITAL PHARMACY

The future of digital pharmacy is promising, with numerous opportunities to enhance its efficacy through
the adoption of cutting-edge technologies. Integrating blockchain technology can revolutionize how data
is managed within the pharmacy sector by providing a secure, immutable ledger for recording
transactions, prescriptions, and patient data. This can significantly reduce fraud, enhance data security,
and improve transparency in drug supply chains [43].
Furthermore, the continued integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) into
digital pharmacy operations is set to transform service delivery. AI can be used to personalize patient
care through advanced analytics that tailor medication plans to individual health profiles, predict patient
adherence, and optimize inventory management based on predictive algorithms [44]. Machine learning
models can analyze vast datasets to uncover trends and insights that improve decision-making processes,
from clinical trials to patient diagnostics and treatment strategies [45].
A collaborative approach is essential for these technologies to reach their full potential. Policymakers,
healthcare providers, and technology developers must work together to create a regulatory environment
that supports innovation while ensuring patient safety and privacy [46]. Building a patient-centric digital
pharmacy ecosystem involves not only technological advancements but also the adaptation of policies
that facilitate technology adoption across diverse healthcare settings.

CONCLUSION
Digital pharmacy stands as a crucial advancement in the evolution of healthcare, driven by technology's
potential to improve service delivery and patient outcomes. It provides innovative solutions that
significantly enhance medication adherence, increase operational efficiency, and extend healthcare access
to underserved populations. Despite its advancements, digital pharmacy encounters notable challenges
such as regulatory hurdles, digital literacy disparities, and privacy issues. These challenges require
strategic attention to ensure that digital pharmacy can fully realize its potential.
Future research and development in digital pharmacy should focus on harnessing advanced technologies
like AI, ML, and blockchain to streamline operations and enhance patient care. Moreover, developing
standardized regulations that promote data privacy and security while supporting global implementation
of digital pharmacy services will be crucial. By addressing these challenges and leveraging emerging
technologies, digital pharmacy can offer a more seamless, secure, and equitable healthcare experience,
ultimately leading to better health outcomes and greater accessibility to essential services.

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