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KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
End Semester Examination
August/September, 2016
Level : B. Tech. Course : MEEG 306
Year : III Semester : II
Exam Roll No. : Time: 30 mins. F. M. : 20
Registration No.: Date :
SECTION “A”
[20 Q. 1 = 20 marks]
Cross[×] mark the most appropriate answer.
1. The portion of the internal energy of a system associated with the phase change of the
system is called______________
[ ] molecular energy [ ] latent heat [ ] sensible heat [ ] bond energy
2. The specific volume of ___________ substance does not change with temperature and
pressure.
[ ] Identical [ ] Newtonian [ ] Uniform [ ] Incompressible
3. Thermal conductivities of ____________ is highest.
[ ] pure crystals [ ] pure metals [ ] metal alloys [ ] gases
4. For a rotating shaft at 10 rps and 10 N force, radius is given as 0.1 m, the shaft work
equals _______
[ ]1J [ ] 6.28 J [ ] 49 J [ ] 62.8 J
5. The ratio of mechanical energy increase of working fluid to that of mechanical energy
input in a system is called __________efficiency.
[ ] mechanical [ ] turbine [ ] pump [ ] rotor
6. Which of the following substance typically have lower thermal contact resistance?
[ ] glycerin [ ] silicone oil [ ] helium [ ] air
7. Fin length that cause efficiency to drop below _____ percent usually cannot be justified
economically.
[ ] 50 [ ] 60 [ ] 70 [ ] 80
8. Studies show that error involved in 1 D fin analysis is negligible when hδ/k is _______
[ ]0 [ ] <0.1 [ ] <0.2 [ ]<0.3
9. The relationship between the conduction shape factor and the thermal resistance is given
by__________
[ ] S = k×R [ ] S = 1/(k×R) [ ] S = (k×R)1/2 [ ] S = 1/2(k×R)
10. The thickness of thermal boundary layer at any location along the surface at temperature
Ts and initial temperature T∞ is the distance from the surface at which the temperature
difference equals ________________
[ ] 0.99 (Ts - T∞) [ ] 0.99 (T∞ - Ts) [ ] 0.99 T∞ [ ] zero
11. For a fluid layer that represents heat transfer across the layer by pure conduction value of
_______ is 1.
[ ] Nu [ ] Pr [ ] Gr [ ]β
12. Which of the following substance typically have higher value of Prandtl Number?
[ ] Liquid metals [ ] Gases [ ] Water [ ] Glycerin
13. The part of drag that is due directly to wall shear stress is called ________________
[ ] Drag Coefficient [ ] Standard Drag [ ] Pressure Drag [ ] Skin friction Drag
14. Most boiling heat transfer equipment in practice operate slightly below ______________
to avoid any disastrous burnout.
[ ] Maximum Heat Flux [ ] Leidenfrost Point
[ ] Film Boiling [ ] Nucleate Boiling
15. ___________________ is not helpful in enhancing the nucleate boiling heat transfer and
maximum heat flux.
[ ] mechanical agitation [ ] surface vibration
[ ] surface polishing [ ] finned surface
16. The area density for a compact heat exchanger is at least _____________
[ ] 600 m2/m [ ] 600 m2/m3 [ ] 700 m2/m [ ] 700 m2/m3
17. The error in using the arithmetic mean temperature difference is less than 1 percent, when
∆T1 differs from ∆T2 by no more than _________ percent.
[ ] 60 [ ] 50 [ ] 40 [ ] 30
18. Increase in the NTU, has ____________ effect on the size of heat exchanger.
[ ] No [ ] Decreasing [ ] Increasing [ ] Indifferent
19. The value of _____________ constant is 6.626069 × 10-34 J.s.
[ ] Boltzmann‟s [ ] Planck‟s [ ] Wien‟s [ ] Kirchhoff‟s
20. The unit of solid angle is ______________
[ ] Radian [ ] Dimensionless [ ] Stanton [ ] Steradian
KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY
End Semester Examination
August/September, 2016
Level : B. Tech. Course : MEEG 306
Year : III Semester : II
Time : 2 hrs. 30 mins. F. M. : 55
SECTION “B”
Attempt ALL questions. Formula sheet is attached with the question paper; any extra data sheet
is not allowed. Assume suitable data if necessary.
1.
a. The temperature distribution in a plate of thickness 20 mm is given by T(oC) = 6x2 + 10x
+ 4. Assume no heat generation in the plate, calculate heat flux on two sides of the plate.
Also calculate rate of temperature change with respect to time, if k = 300 W/mK, ρ = 580
kg/m3 and C = 420 J/kgK. [3]
b. A steam pipe of 5 cm inside diameter and 6.5 cm outside diameter is covered with a 2.75
cm radial thickness of high temperature insulation (k = 1.1 W/mK). The surface heat
transfer coefficient for inside and outside surfaces are 4650 W/m2K and 11.5 W/m2K,
respectively. The thermal conductivity of the pipe material is 45 W/mK. If the steam
temperature is 200oC and ambient air temperature is 25oC, determine: [3]
i. Heat loss per meter length of pipe.
ii. Temperature at the interface.
iii. Overall heat transfer coefficients.
c. A square plate heater of 0.8 kW rating and measuring 15 cm by 15 cm is placed between
two slabs A and B and the following data refers to these slabs:
Slab A is 1.8 cm thick with k = 55 W/m oC
Slab B is 1 cm thick with k = 0.2 W/m oC
The outside heat transfer coefficients on the sides of plate A and B are 200 W/m2oC and
45 W/m2oC respectively. If the surrounding environment is at 27oC temperature, make
calculations for the maximum temperature of the system and outside surface temperature
of both slabs. [5]
2.
a. An aluminum heat sink for electronics components has a base of length 50 mm and width
70 mm. The eight aluminum (k = 180 W/mK) fins are attached in such a way that their
width is 70 mm. The fins are 12 mm long, and 3 mm thick. The fins cooled by air at 25oC
with a convective heat transfer coefficient of h = 10 W/m2K. Assuming that the same
value of heat transfer coefficient acts on the tip of the fins as along the rest of the external
surface, determine: [4]
i. The heat flow through the heat sink for a base temperature of 50oC,
ii. The fin effectiveness, and efficiency,
iii. The length of the fin such that the heat flow is 95 % of the heat flow for an infinite
long fin,
iv. The percentage increase in heat transfer with fins.
b. The air at a temperature of T∞, flows over a flat plate with a free stream velocity of u∞.
The plate is maintained at a constant temperature of Ts. The velocity u and temperature T
of air at any location are given by and ( ) ( ) where y is
∞ ∞
the distance measured from the plate along its normal, and δ and δth are the
hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layer thickness, respectively. Find the ratio of heat
transfer coefficient to shear stress at the plate surface using following data: [4]
u∞ = 10 m/s µ(air) = 2.5 × 10-5 kg/ms δ/δth= Pr1/3 Ts = 200oC
Cp(air) = 1000 J/kgK
K(air) = 0.04 W/mK T∞= 50oC
c. A plate fin of 10 mm thickness and 80 mm length is dissipating heat from a surface at
190oC. The fin is exposed to air at 25oC with a convection coefficient of 22 W/m2oC. If
thermal conductivity of the fin is 200 W/moC determine the heat dissipation. Consider 1
m width of fin. Further, to increase the heat dissipation, the following two alternatives
have been suggested with the same material volume. [3]
i. Split the fin into two fins of 5 mm thickness each.
ii. Single fin 5 mm thick and 160 mm long.
Which will be the better choice? (Hint: Consider short insulated fin tip)
3.
a. A bare thermocouple is used to measure the temperature of a gas flowing through a hot
duct. The heat transfer coefficient between gas and thermocouple is proportional to u0.8,
where u is the gas velocity and heat transfer rate by radiation from the walls to the
thermocouple is proportional to temperature difference. When the gas is flowing at 5 m/s,
the thermocouple reads 323 K and when it is flowing at 10 m /s, it reads 313 K. Calculate
the appropriate wall temperature at a gas temperature of 298 K. What temperature will
the thermocouple indicate when the gas velocity is 20 m/s? [4]
b. The temperature profile in a thermal boundary layer for flow over a flat plate is given by
( )
( ) and the thickness of thermal boundary layer δth is the
function of x and is given by ( ) where, and .
Develop the expression for local and average heat transfer coefficients. [4]
c. The pipe carrying steam runs in a large room and is exposed to air at a temperature of
30oC. The pipe surface temperature is 200oC. The pipe diameter is 20 cm. If total heat
loss rate from the pipe per meter length is 1.9193 kW/m, determine the pipe surface
emissivity. Use correlation: Nu =0.53 (Gr.Pr)1/4 and the properties of air at 115oC,
Kf = 0.03306 W/m2K, v = 24.93 × 10-6 m2/s, Pr = 0.687. [3]
4.
a. A steam condenser consists of 16 tubes arranged in 4 by 4 array. The tubes are 25 mm in
diameter and 1.2 m long. Water flows through the tube at 65oC while steam condenses at
75oC over the tube surface. Find the rate of condensation, if (a) tubes are horizontal;
(b) tubes are vertical. Take latent heat of steam as 2300 kJ/kg and properties of water at
70oC: [4]
kf= 0.668 W/mK Cp = 4.187 kJ/kgK ρ = 977.8 kg/m3 v = 0.415 × 10-6 m2/s β = 5.7 × 10-3 K-1
b. Calculate nucleate boiling heat transfer coefficient for water boiling on the tube, whose
wall temperature is maintained at 20 oC, above saturation temperature. Assume water to
be at 20 bar. Also calculate the heat transfer coefficient when,
i. Temperature is reduced by 10 oC at 20 bar.
ii. Pressure is reduced by 10 bar at 20 oC temperature difference.
Comment on the result. Use correlation: hA = 5.56 (∆T)3 W/m2K and hp = hA {p/po}0.4
W/m2K. „A‟ corresponds to atmospheric pressure; „p‟ corresponds to fluid pressure.
Assume atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa. [3]
c. A counter flow heat exchanger operates under the following conditions:
Fluid A, inlet and outlet temperatures 80 oC and 40 oC.
Fluid B, inlet and outlet temperatures 20 oC and 40 oC.
The exchanger is cleaned, causing an increase in overall heat transfer coefficient by 10 %
and the inlet temperature of fluid B is changed to 30 oC, what would be the new outlet
temperatures of fluid A and B? Assume heat transfer coefficient and capacity rates are
unchanged by temperature changes. [4]
5.
a. Calculate the following quantities for an industrial furnace (α = ε =1) emitting radiation
at 2650oC. [5]
i. Spectral emissive power at λ = 1.2 µm.
ii. Wavelength at which the emissive power is maximum.
iii. Maximum spectral emissive power.
iv. Total emissive power.
v. Total emissive power of the furnace, if it is treated as gray and diffuse body with an
emissivity of 0.9.
b. Calculate the view factor F1-2 and F2-1 for the following geometries: (a) Sphere within a
cube; (b) Partition within a square duct. [2]
c. Two large parallel plates at temperature 1000 K & 600 K have emissivity of 0.5 and 0.8
respectively. A radiation shield having emissivity 0.1 on one side and 0.05 on the other is
placed between the plates. Calculate the heat transfer rate by radiation per square meter
with and without radiation shield. [4]
; for cylindrical ; For longitudinal
fins Straight fins
;
, Average heat transfer
, Average shear stresss
coefficient
Horizontal
tube Vertical tube
Rate of Energy Absorbed =
αAG
