THIRD DIVISION

[G.R. No. 198967. March 7, 2016.]

JOSE EMMANUEL P. GUILLERMO , petitioner, vs. CRISANTO P.

USON, respondent.

DECISION

PERALTA, J : p

Before the Court is a petition for review on certiorari under Rule 45 of

the Rules of Court seeking to annul and set aside the Court of Appeals
Decision 1 dated June 8, 2011 and Resolution 2 dated October 7, 2011 in CA-
G.R. SP No. 115485, which affirmed in toto the decision of the National Labor
Relations Commission (NLRC).
The facts of the case follow.
On March 11, 1996, respondent Crisanto P. Uson (Uson) began his
employment with Royal Class Venture Phils., Inc. (Royal Class Venture) as an
accounting clerk. 3 Eventually, he was promoted to the position of
accounting supervisor, with a salary of Php13,000.00 a month, until he was
allegedly dismissed from employment on December 20, 2000. 4
On March 2, 2001, Uson filed with the Sub-Regional Arbitration Branch
No. 1, Dagupan City, of the NLRC a Complaint for Illegal Dismissal, with
prayers for backwages, reinstatement, salaries and 13th month pay, moral
and exemplary damages and attorney's fees against Royal Class Venture. 5
Royal Class Venture did not make an appearance in the case despite
its receipt of summons. 6
On May 15, 2001, Uson filed his Position Paper 7 as complainant.
On October 22, 2001, Labor Arbiter Jose G. De Vera rendered a
Decision 8 in favor of the complainant Uson and ordering therein respondent
Royal Class Venture to reinstate him to his former position and pay his
backwages, 13th month pay as well as moral and exemplary damages and
attorney's fees.
Royal Class Venture, as the losing party, did not file an appeal of the
decision. 9 Consequently, upon Uson's motion, a Writ of Execution 10 dated
February 15, 2002 was issued to implement the Labor Arbiter's decision.
On May 17, 2002, an Alias Writ of Execution 11 was issued. But with the
judgment still unsatisfied, a Second Alias Writ of Execution 12 was issued on
September 11, 2002.
Again, it was reported in the Sheriff's Return that the Second Alias Writ
of Execution dated September 11, 2002 remained "unsatisfied." Thus, on
November 14, 2002, Uson filed a Motion for Alias Writ of Execution and to
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 Hold Directors and Officers of Respondent Liable for Satisfaction of the
Decision. 13 The motion quoted from a portion of the Sheriff's Return, which
states:
On September 12, 2002, the undersigned proceeded at the
stated present business office address of the respondent which is at
Minien East, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan to serve the writ of execution.
Upon arrival, I found out that the establishment erected thereat is not
[in] the respondent's name but JOEL and SONS CORPORATION, a
family corporation owned by the Guillermos of which, Jose Emmanuel
F. Guillermo the General Manager of the respondent, is one of the
stockholders who received the writ using his nickname "Joey," [and
who] concealed his real identity and pretended that he [was] the
brother of Jose, which [was] contrary to the statement of the guard-
on-duty that Jose and Joey [were] one and the same person. The
former also informed the undersigned that the respondent's (sic)
corporation has been dissolved.
On the succeeding day, as per [advice] by the [complainant's]
counsel that the respondent has an account at the Bank of the
Philippine Islands Magsaysay Branch, A.B. Fernandez Ave., Dagupan
City, the undersigned immediately served a notice of garnishment,
thus, the bank replied on the same day stating that the respondent
[does] not have an account with the branch. 14
On December 26, 2002, Labor Arbiter Irenarco R. Rimando issued an
Order 15 granting the motion filed by Uson. The order held that officers of a
corporation are jointly and severally liable for the obligations of the
corporation to the employees and there is no denial of due process in
holding them so even if the said officers were not parties to the case when
the judgment in favor of the employees was rendered. 16 Thus, the Labor
Arbiter pierced the veil of corporate fiction of Royal Class Venture and held
herein petitioner Jose Emmanuel Guillermo (Guillermo), in his personal
capacity, jointly and severally liable with the corporation for the enforcement
of the claims of Uson. 17 CAIHTE

Guillermo filed, by way of special appearance, a Motion for

Reconsideration/To Set Aside the Order of December 26, 2002. 18 The same,
however, was not granted as, this time, in an Order dated November 24,
2003, Labor Arbiter Niña Fe S. Lazaga-Rafols sustained the findings of the
labor arbiters before her and even castigated Guillermo for his unexplained
absence in the prior proceedings despite notice, effectively putting
responsibility on Guillermo for the case's outcome against him. 19
On January 5, 2004, Guillermo filed a Motion for Reconsideration of the
above Order, 20 but the same was promptly denied by the Labor Arbiter in an
Order dated January 7, 2004. 21
On January 26, 2004, Uson filed a Motion for Alias Writ of Execution, 22
to which Guillermo filed a Comment and Opposition on April 2, 2004. 23
On May 18, 2004, the Labor Arbiter issued an Order 24 granting Uson's
Motion for the Issuance of an Alias Writ of Execution and rejecting
Guillermo's arguments posed in his Comment and Opposition.
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 Guillermo elevated the matter to the NLRC by filing a Memorandum of
Appeal with Prayer for a (Writ of) Preliminary Injunction dated June 10, 2004.
25

In a Decision 26 dated May 11, 2010, the NLRC dismissed Guillermo's

appeal and denied his prayers for injunction.
On August 20, 2010, Guillermo filed a Petition for Certiorari 27 before
the Court of Appeals, assailing the NLRC decision.
On June 8, 2011, the Court of Appeals rendered its assailed Decision 28
which denied Guillermo's petition and upheld all the findings of the NLRC.
The appellate court found that summons was in fact served on
Guillermo as President and General Manager of Royal Class Venture, which
was how the Labor Arbiter acquired jurisdiction over the company. 29 But
Guillermo subsequently refused to receive all notices of hearings and
conferences as well as the order to file Royal Class Venture's position paper.
30 Then, it was learned during execution that Royal Class Venture had been

dissolved. 31 However, the Court of Appeals held that although the judgment
had become final and executory, it may be modified or altered "as when its
execution becomes impossible or unjust." 32 It also noted that the motion to
hold officers and directors like Guillermo personally liable, as well as the
notices to hear the same, was sent to them by registered mail, but no
pleadings were submitted and no appearances were made by anyone of
them during the said motion's pendency. 33 Thus, the court held Guillermo
liable, citing jurisprudence that hold the president of the corporation liable
for the latter's obligation to illegally dismissed employees. 34 Finally, the
court dismissed Guillermo's allegation that the case is an intra-corporate
controversy, stating that jurisdiction is determined by the allegations in the
complaint and the character of the relief sought. 35
From the above decision of the appellate court, Guillermo filed a
Motion for Reconsideration 36 but the same was again denied by the said
court in the assailed Resolution 37 dated October 7, 2011.
Hence, the instant petition.
Guillermo asserts that he was impleaded in the case only more than a
year after its Decision had become final and executory, an act which he
claims to be unsupported in law and jurisprudence. 38 He contends that the
decision had become final, immutable and unalterable and that any
amendment thereto is null and void. 39 Guillermo assails the so-called
"piercing the veil" of corporate fiction which allegedly discriminated against
him when he alone was belatedly impleaded despite the existence of other
directors and officers in Royal Class Venture. 40 He also claims that the Labor
Arbiter has no jurisdiction because the case is one of an intra-corporate
controversy, with the complainant Uson also claiming to be a stockholder
and director of Royal Class Venture. 41
In his Comment, 42 Uson did not introduce any new arguments but
merely cited verbatim the disquisitions of the Court of Appeals to counter
Guillermo's assertions in his petition.
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 To resolve the case, the Court must confront the issue of whether an
officer of a corporation may be included as judgment obligor in a labor case
for the first time only after the decision of the Labor Arbiter had become final
and executory, and whether the twin doctrines of "piercing the veil of
corporate fiction" and personal liability of company officers in labor cases
apply.
The petition is denied.
In the earlier labor cases of Claparols v. Court of Industrial Relations 43
and A.C. Ransom Labor Union-CCLU v. NLRC , 44 persons who were not
originally impleaded in the case were, even during execution, held to be
solidarily liable with the employer corporation for the latter's unpaid
obligations to complainant-employees. These included a newly-formed
corporation which was considered a mere conduit or alter ego of the
originally impleaded corporation, and/or the officers or stockholders of the
latter corporation. 45 Liability attached, especially to the responsible officers,
even after final judgment and during execution, when there was a failure to
collect from the employer corporation the judgment debt awarded to its
workers. 46 In Naguiat v. NLRC, 47 the president of the corporation was
found, for the first time on appeal, to be solidarily liable to the dismissed
employees. Then, in Reynoso v. Court of Appeals, 48 the veil of corporate
fiction was pierced at the stage of execution, against a corporation not
previously impleaded, when it was established that such corporation had
dominant control of the original party corporation, which was a smaller
company, in such a manner that the latter's closure was done by the former
in order to defraud its creditors, including a former worker. DETACa

The rulings of this Court in A.C. Ransom, Naguiat, and Reynoso ,

however, have since been tempered, at least in the aspects of the lifting of
the corporate veil and the assignment of personal liability to directors,
trustees and officers in labor cases. The subsequent cases of McLeod v.
NLRC, 49 Spouses Santos v. NLRC 50 and Carag v. NLRC, 51 have all
established, save for certain exceptions, the primacy of Section 31 52 of the
Corporation Code in the matter of assigning such liability for a corporation's
debts, including judgment obligations in labor cases. According to these
cases, a corporation is still an artificial being invested by law with a
personality separate and distinct from that of its stockholders and from that
of other corporations to which it may be connected. 53 It is not in every
instance of inability to collect from a corporation that the veil of corporate
fiction is pierced, and the responsible officials are made liable. Personal
liability attaches only when, as enumerated by the said Section 31 of the
Corporation Code, there is a wilfull and knowing assent to patently unlawful
acts of the corporation, there is gross negligence or bad faith in directing the
affairs of the corporation, or there is a conflict of interest resulting in
damages to the corporation. 54 Further, in another labor case, Pantranco
Employees Association (PEA-PTGWO), et al. v. NLRC, et al. , 55 the doctrine of
piercing the corporate veil is held to apply only in three (3) basic areas,
namely: (1) defeat of public convenience as when the corporate fiction is
used as a vehicle for the evasion of an existing obligation; (2) fraud cases or
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 when the corporate entity is used to justify a wrong, protect fraud, or defend
a crime; or (3) alter ego cases, where a corporation is merely a farce since it
is a mere alter ego or business conduit of a person, or where the corporation
is so organized and controlled and its affairs are so conducted as to make it
merely an instrumentality, agency, conduit or adjunct of another
corporation. In the absence of malice, bad faith, or a specific provision of law
making a corporate officer liable, such corporate officer cannot be made
personally liable for corporate liabilities. 56 Indeed, in Reahs Corporation v.
NLRC, 57 the conferment of liability on officers for a corporation's obligations
to labor is held to be an exception to the general doctrine of separate
personality of a corporation.
It also bears emphasis that in cases where personal liability attaches,
not even all officers are made accountable. Rather, only the "responsible
officer," i.e., the person directly responsible for and who "acted in bad faith"
in committing the illegal dismissal or any act violative of the Labor Code, is
held solidarily liable, in cases wherein the corporate veil is pierced. 58 In
other instances, such as cases of so-called corporate tort of a close
corporation, it is the person "actively engaged" in the management of the
corporation who is held liable. 59 In the absence of a clearly identifiable
officer(s) directly responsible for the legal infraction, the Court considers the
president of the corporation as such officer. 60
The common thread running among the aforementioned cases,
however, is that the veil of corporate fiction can be pierced, and responsible
corporate directors and officers or even a separate but related corporation,
may be impleaded and held answerable solidarily in a labor case, even after
final judgment and on execution, so long as it is established that such
persons have deliberately used the corporate vehicle to unjustly evade the
judgment obligation, or have resorted to fraud, bad faith or malice in doing
so. When the shield of a separate corporate identity is used to commit
wrongdoing and opprobriously elude responsibility, the courts and the legal
authorities in a labor case have not hesitated to step in and shatter the said
shield and deny the usual protections to the offending party, even after final
judgment. The key element is the presence of fraud, malice or bad faith. Bad
faith, in this instance, does not connote bad judgment or negligence but
imports a dishonest purpose or some moral obliquity and conscious doing of
wrong; it means breach of a known duty through some motive or interest or
ill will; it partakes of the nature of fraud. 61
As the foregoing implies, there is no hard and fast rule on when
corporate fiction may be disregarded; instead, each case must be evaluated
according to its peculiar circumstances. 62 For the case at bar, applying the
above criteria, a finding of personal and solidary liability against a corporate
officer like Guillermo must be rooted on a satisfactory showing of fraud, bad
faith or malice, or the presence of any of the justifications for disregarding
the corporate fiction. As stated in McLeod, 63 bad faith is a question of fact
and is evidentiary, so that the records must first bear evidence of malice
before a finding of such may be made.
It is our finding that such evidence exists in the record. Like the A.C.
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 Ransom, and Naguiat cases, the case at bar involves an apparent family
corporation. As in those two cases, the records of the present case bear
allegations and evidence that Guillermo, the officer being held liable, is the
person responsible in the actual running of the company and for the
malicious and illegal dismissal of the complainant; he, likewise, was shown to
have a role in dissolving the original obligor company in an obvious "scheme
to avoid liability" which jurisprudence has always looked upon with a
suspicious eye in order to protect the rights of labor. 64
Part of the evidence on record is the second page of the verified
Position Paper of complainant (herein respondent) Crisanto P. Uson, where it
was clearly alleged that Uson was "illegally dismissed by the
President/General Manager of respondent corporation (herein petitioner)
Jose Emmanuel P. Guillermo when Uson exposed the practice of the said
President/General Manager of dictating and undervaluing the shares of stock
of the corporation." 65 The statement is proof that Guillermo was the
responsible officer in charge of running the company as well as the one who
dismissed Uson from employment. As this sworn allegation is uncontroverted
— as neither the company nor Guillermo appeared before the Labor Arbiter
despite the service of summons and notices — such stands as a fact of the
case, and now functions as clear evidence of Guillermo's bad faith in his
dismissal of Uson from employment, with the motive apparently being anger
at the latter's reporting of unlawful activities.
aDSIHc

Then, it is also clearly reflected in the records that it was Guillermo

himself, as President and General Manager of the company, who received
the summons to the case, and who also subsequently and without justifiable
cause refused to receive all notices and orders of the Labor Arbiter that
followed. 66 This makes Guillermo responsible for his and his company's
failure to participate in the entire proceedings before the said office. The fact
is clearly narrated in the Decision and Orders of the Labor Arbiter, Uson's
Motions for the Issuance of Alias Writs of Execution, as well as in the
Decision of the NLRC and the assailed Decision of the Court of Appeals, 67
which Guillermo did not dispute in any of his belated motions or pleadings,
including in his petition for certiorari before the Court of Appeals and even in
the petition currently before this Court. 68 Thus, again, the same now stands
as a finding of fact of the said lower tribunals which binds this Court and
which it has no power to alter or revisit. 69 Guillermo's knowledge of the
case's filing and existence and his unexplained refusal to participate in it as
the responsible official of his company, again is an indicia of his bad faith
and malicious intent to evade the judgment of the labor tribunals.
Finally, the records likewise bear that Guillermo dissolved Royal Class
Venture and helped incorporate a new firm, located in the same address as
the former, wherein he is again a stockholder. This is borne by the Sheriff's
Return which reported: that at Royal Class Venture's business address at
Minien East, Sta. Barbara, Pangasinan, there is a new establishment named
"Joel and Sons Corporation," a family corporation owned by the Guillermos in
which Jose Emmanuel F. Guillermo is again one of the stockholders; that
Guillermo received the writ of execution but used the nickname "Joey" and
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 denied being Jose Emmanuel F. Guillermo and, instead, pretended to be
Jose's brother; that the guard on duty confirmed that Jose and Joey are one
and the same person; and that the respondent corporation Royal Class
Venture had been dissolved. 70 Again, the facts contained in the Sheriff's
Return were not disputed nor controverted by Guillermo, either in the
hearings of Uson's Motions for Issuance of Alias Writs of Execution, in
subsequent motions or pleadings, or even in the petition before this Court.
Essentially, then, the facts form part of the records and now stand as further
proof of Guillermo's bad faith and malicious intent to evade the judgment
obligation.
The foregoing clearly indicate a pattern or scheme to avoid the
obligations to Uson and frustrate the execution of the judgment award,
which this Court, in the interest of justice, will not countenance. ATICcS

As for Guillermo's assertion that the case is an intra-corporate

controversy, the Court sustains the finding of the appellate court that the
nature of an action and the jurisdiction of a tribunal are determined by the
allegations of the complaint at the time of its filing, irrespective of whether
or not the plaintiff is entitled to recover upon all or some of the claims
asserted therein. 71 Although Uson is also a stockholder and director of
Royal Class Venture, it is settled in jurisprudence that not all conflicts
between a stockholder and the corporation are intra-corporate; an
examination of the complaint must be made on whether the complainant is
involved in his capacity as a stockholder or director, or as an employee. 72 If
the latter is found and the dispute does not meet the test of what qualifies
as an intra-corporate controversy, then the case is a labor case cognizable
by the NLRC and is not within the jurisdiction of any other tribunal. 73 In the
case at bar, Uson's allegation was that he was maliciously and illegally
dismissed as an Accounting Supervisor by Guillermo, the Company President
and General Manager, an allegation that was not even disputed by the latter
nor by Royal Class Venture. It raised no intra-corporate relationship issues
between him and the corporation or Guillermo; neither did it raise any issue
regarding the regulation of the corporation. As correctly found by the
appellate court, Uson's complaint and redress sought were centered alone
on his dismissal as an employee, and not upon any other relationship he had
with the company or with Guillermo. Thus, the matter is clearly a labor
dispute cognizable by the labor tribunals.
WHEREFORE, the petition is DENIED. The Court of Appeals Decision
dated June 8, 2011 and Resolution dated October 7, 2011 in CA-G.R. SP No.
115485 are AFFIRMED.
SO ORDERED.
Velasco, Jr., Perez, Reyes and Jardeleza, JJ., concur.

Footnotes
1. Penned by Associate Justice Josefina Guevara-Salonga, with Associate Justices
Mariflor P. Punzalan-Castillo and Franchito N. Diamante, concurring; rollo, pp.
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 130-142.
The National Labor Relations Commission as well as Labor Arbiter Niña Fe S.
Lazaga-Rafols were excluded as respondents by this Court in its Resolution in
this case dated January 30, 2012, id. at 159-160, citing Section 4 (a), Rule 45
of the 1997 Rules of Civil Procedure.
2. Penned by Associate Justice Josefina Guevara-Salonga, with Associate Justices
Mariflor P. Punzalan-Castillo and Franchito Diamante concurring; id. at 155-
158.
3. Id. at 165.

4. Id.
5. Id. at 24, 167.
6. Id. at 59-61, 77, 80-81, 89-90, 137.
7. Id. at 49-54.
8. Id. at 57-64.

9. Id. at 25, 65, 168.

10. Id. at 65-66.
11. Id. at 67-68.
12. Id. at 69-70.

13. Id. at 71-74.

14. Id. at 72.
15. Id. at 75-79.
16. Id. at 78.
17. Id. at 78-79.

18. Id. at 170.

19. Id. at 80-81.
20. Id. at 170-171.
21. Id. at 171.
22. Id. at 82-83.

23. Id. at 172.

24. Id. at 84.
25. Id. at 172-173.
26. Id. at 86-91.

27. Id. at 92-110.

28. Id. at 130-142.
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 29. Id. at 137.
30. Id.
31. Id.

32. Id. at 138.

33. Id.
34. Id. at 139-140.
35. Id. at 140.
36. Id. at 143-154.

37. Id. at 155-158.

38. Id. at 31.
39. Id. at 32-33.
40. Id. at 36-39.

41. Id. at 40-42, 51 (Uson's Position Paper).

42. Id. at 165-178.
43. 160 Phil. 624 (1975).
44. 226 Phil. 199 (1986).
45. Claparols v. Court of Industrial Relations, supra; A.C. Ransom Labor Union-
CCLU-NLRC, supra.
46. Id.

47. 336 Phil. 545 (1997).

48. 399 Phil. 38 (2000), citing Claparols v. CIR, supra note 43.
49. 541 Phil. 214 (2007).
50. 354 Phil. 918 (1998).
51. 548 Phil. 581 (2007).

52. Sec. 31. Liability of directors, trustees or officers. — Directors or trustees who
willfully and knowingly vote for or assent to patently unlawful acts of the
corporation or who are guilty of gross negligence or bad faith in directing the
affairs of the corporation or acquire any personal or pecuniary interest in
conflict with their duty as such directors or trustees shall be liable jointly and
severally for all damages resulting therefrom suffered by the corporation, its
stockholders or members and other persons.
When a director, trustee or officer attempts to acquire or acquire, in violation
of his duty, any interest adverse to the corporation in respect of any matter
which has been reposed in him in confidence, as to which equity imposes a
disability upon him to deal in his own behalf, he shall be liable as a trustee
for the corporation and must account for the profits which otherwise would
have accrued to the corporation. (n)
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 53. McLeod v. NLRC, supra note 49, at 238.
54. Further, as added in McLeod, there is personal liability also when directors,
trustees or officers consent or fail to object to the issuance of watered down
stocks, despite knowledge thereof; when they agree to hold themselves
personally and solidarily liable with the corporation; or when they are made
by specific provision of law personally answerable for their corporate action.
(Id. at 242)
55. 600 Phil. 645 (2009).
56. Pantranco Employees Association (PEA-PTGWO), et al. v. NLRC, et al., supra, at
663.
57. 337 Phil. 698 (1997).
58. Carag v. NLRC, supra note 51, at 606-608, citing McLeod v. NLRC, et al., supra
note 49.
59. Naguiat v. NLRC, supra note 47, at 562. A "corporate tort" is described as a
violation of a right given or the omission of a duty imposed by law; a breach
of a legal duty. Such legal duty include that spelled out in Art. 238 of the
Labor Code which mandates the employer to grant separation pay to
employees in case of closure or cessation of operations not due to serious
business losses or financial reverses.
60. Santos v. NLRC, 325 Phil. 145 (1996); Naguiat v. NLRC, supra note 47, at 560.
61. Elcee Farms, Inc. v. NLRC (Fourth Div.) , 541 Phil. 576, 593 (2007).
62. Concept Builders, Inc. v. NLRC, 326 Phil. 955, 965 (1996).

63. Supra note 49, at 242.

64. Claparols v. CIR, supra note 43, at 635-636.
65. Rollo , pp. 50-51.
66. Id. at 59-61, 77, 80-81, 89-90, 137.
67. Id.

68. Id. at 21-44, 92-109.

69. Zuellig Freight and Cargo Systems v. NLRC, G.R. No. 157900, July 22, 2013,
701 SCRA 561.
70. Rollo , p. 72.
71. Barrazona v. Regional Trial Court, Branch 21, Baguio City, 521 Phil. 53 (2006).
72. Real v. Sangu Philippines, Inc. and/or Abe, 655 Phil. 68, 83-84 (2011).
73. Id.; Aguirre v. FQB+7, Inc., G.R. No. 170770, January 9, 2013, 688 SCRA 242,
260, quoting Speed Distribution, Inc. v. Court of Appeals, 469 Phil. 739, 758-
759 (2004), as follows: To determine whether a case involves an intra-
corporate controversy, and is to be heard and decided by the branches of the
RTC specifically designated by the Court to try and decide such cases, two
elements must concur: (a) the status or relationship of the parties; and (b)
the nature of the question that is the subject of their controversy.
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 The first element requires that the controversy must arise out of intra-
corporate or partnership relations between any or all of the parties and the
corporation, partnership, or association of which they are stockholders,
members or associates; between any or all of them and the corporation,
partnership or association of which they are stockholders, members or
associates, respectively; and between such corporation, partnership or
association and the State insofar as it concerns their individual franchises.
The second element requires that the dispute among the parties be
intrinsically connected with the regulation of the corporation. If the nature of
the controversy involves matters that are purely civil in character,
necessarily, the case does not involve an intra-corporate controversy. The
determination of whether a contract is simulated or not is an issue that could
be resolved by applying pertinent provisions of the Civil Code.

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