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DCMT - M3 Ktunotes - in

The document provides an overview of DC machines and transformers, focusing on the construction, operation, and types of DC motors. It explains key concepts such as back EMF, torque production, and the significance of starters in DC motors. Additionally, it covers the performance characteristics of different types of DC motors including separately excited, permanent magnet, and self-excited motors.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views53 pages

DCMT - M3 Ktunotes - in

The document provides an overview of DC machines and transformers, focusing on the construction, operation, and types of DC motors. It explains key concepts such as back EMF, torque production, and the significance of starters in DC motors. Additionally, it covers the performance characteristics of different types of DC motors including separately excited, permanent magnet, and self-excited motors.

Uploaded by

rizwan.muabla
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 53

DC Machines & Transformers

Abel George

http://www.free-power
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Agenda
Through understanding of syllabus
Syllabus, revise

Online webinar on same topic


Write notes and submit it.

Tutorial session
Assignment problems, Doubt Clearance.

Test on topic
After completion of half-of the topic.

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Syllabus!!
Understanding of Complete Syllabus.

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DC Motors
Module 3

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DC Motor
• DC motor is a machine which converts Electrical energy into Mechanical energy(
DC Input)
•These motors are used to drive generators, fans and pumps.

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Principle of Operation

DC motor operates on the principle that, a mechanical force


acts on a current carrying conductor placed in a magnetic
field.
If the conductor is free to move, it moves in the direction of force,
which is determined by Flemings Left Hand rule.

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Construction of DC Motor
Magnetic Field System (Stator)

Yoke

1. Protects the machine (Frame)


2. Mechanical support to poles
3. Low reluctance path
4. Cast Iron/ Cast Steel/ Rolled Steel

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Construction of DC Motor
Magnetic Field System (Stator)

Pole Core
1. Pole core acts as electromagnet with field winding wound to produce flux
when excited
2. Pole core is laminated to reduce Eddy Current
3. Pole core offers low reluctance path
4. Pole core material used can be Cast Iron/ Cast Steel/ Rolled Steel

Pole Shoe

1. Pole shoe supports field coils


2. Pole shoe increases the cross sectional area of magnetic circuit
3. Pole shoe is laminated to reduce Eddy Current
4. Pole shoe offers low reluctance path
5. Pole shoe material used can be Cast Iron/ Cast Steel/ Rolled Steel

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Construction of DC Motor
Magnetic Field System (Stator)

Field Windings

1. Connected around the pole shoe.


2. Pole direction is found by using Maxwell's right hand grip rule.
3. Copper is preferred than Aluminum for bending easily.
4. Forms as the electromagnet as it is excited.

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Construction of DC Motor
Armature (Rotor)

Armature Core

1. Slots to accommodate armature windings. (Conductors)


2. Lamination to reduce Eddy Current Loss
3. Low reluctance path
4. Cast Iron/ Cast Steel/ Rolled Steel

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Construction of DC Motor
Armature (Rotor)

Armature Windings

1. Armature conductors are connected to form armature windings


2. Voltage/ Magnetic Flux is induced when conductor is moved in magnetic
field for generator and motor respectively.
3. Connection taken to external circuit
4. Copper for better conductivity

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Construction of DC Motor
Commutator & Brushes

Commutator
1. Mechanical rectifier which collects current from brushes and supply it to
armature conductors
2. Copper segments with mica insulation in between.
3. Provides Unidirectional Torque.

Brushes

1. Gives Current from to armature conductors through commutator


2. Carbon or Graphite
3. Wearing can happen with time.

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Construction of DC Motor
Shaft

Shaft

1. To transfer mechanical power from the machine to the load.


2. Attached to rotating parts like armature core, commutator, cooling fans etc.
3. Mild steel in case of low applications and Nickel, Nickel- Chromium in case
of heavier applications.

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Working of DC Motor
Working
• When armature windings are connected to a DC supply, an electric current sets up in the winding.
• Magnetic field may be provided by field winding (electromagnetism) or by using permanent magnet
• In this case, current carrying armature conductors experience a force due to the magnetic field.
• Commutator is made segmented to achieve unidirectional torque.
• Otherwise, the direction of force would have reversed every time when the direction of movement
of conductor is reversed in the magnetic field.
•This is how a DC motor works.
.

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Back EMF
• When the armature of a motor is rotating, the conductors are also cutting the magnetic flux lines
and hence according to the Faradays law of Electromagnetic Induction, an EMF induces in the
armature conductors.
• The direction of this induced EMF is such that it opposes the armature current (Ia)(Lenz’s Law)
• Thus this EMF is known as Back EMF(Eb).
•Magnitude of the Back EMF can be given by EMF equation of a generator.
ZNP
Eb = , Volts
60 A
• Magnitude of back EMF is directly proportional to speed of the motor.

Significance of Back EMF

• Consider the load on a dc motor is suddenly reduced.


• In this case, required torque will be small as compared to the current torque.
• Speed of the motor will start increasing due to the excess torque.
• Hence, being proportional to the speed, magnitude of the back EMF will also increase.
• With increasing back EMF armature current will start decreasing.
• Torque being proportional to the armature current, will decrease until it becomes sufficient .
•Thus, speed of the motor will regulate.
• On the other hand, if a dc motor is suddenly loaded, the load will cause decrease in the speed.
• Due to decrease in speed, back EMF will also decrease allowing more armature current.
• Increased armature current will increase the torque to satisfy the load requirement.
• Hence, presence of the back EMF makes a dc motor ‘self-regulating’.
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Voltage and Power Equations
•Voltage Equation of a DC Motor
V = Eb + I a Ra
V = Applied Voltage
Eb = Back EMF
I a = Armature Current
Ra = Armature resis tan ce
Factors affecting Speed
ZNP
Eb =
60 A
E 60 A
N= b
PZ
P, Z , andA − Fixed
E
N b

Mechanical Power delivered

. Eb = V − I a Ra
Power = Eb I a , Eb I a = VI a − I a Ra
2

VI a = Power ' sup plied ' to' armature


I a Ra = Armature' copper" loss
2

 Pm = Eb IDownloaded
a , Watts from Ktunotes.in
Torque Equation
Production of Torque in a DC Machine
•When field magnets are excited and current is sent through the armature conductors, force is
experienced to rotate the armature.
• Applying Flemings Left Hand rule in the below figure, the force acting on each conductor is found to
be in clockwise direction (conductors near N pole has current moving out from the plain and conductors
near S pole has current moving into the plain)
• These forces in armature conductor add up to produce the driving torque which causes rotation of the
armature.

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Torque Equation
Torque Equation
•r= average radius of armature(m)
•Z= Total number of conductors
•B= Flux Density(Wb/m)=
•i= Current in each conductor=Ia/A, Ia= Armature Current, A= Number of parallel paths
•l= Length of conductor(m)
•F= Force experience in armature conductors(N)= F = Bil sin( ), = 90

Torque due to one conductor= F  r ( N − m)


Total armature torque= Z  F  r ( N − m)  I 2rl
Ta = ZBilr ; B = ; i = a ; a =
a A P
.
 Ia
Ta = Z lr
2rl A
P
P I a
Ta = Z lr
2rl A
P I a
Ta = Z ( N − m)
2 A
P
Ta = 0.159ZI a ( )( N − m)
A
TI a
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Types of DC Motors

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Types of DC Motors
Separately Excited
•Field magnet winding and armature conductor windings are supplied from an independent external
DC source or battery.

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Types of DC Motors
Permanent Magnet
•Permanent magnets are used instead of Field wound electromagnets.

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Types of DC Motors
Self Excited
•A DC Motor whose field winding is connected either in series or in parallel or partly in series, partly in
parallel to the armature winding.
•There are three types of self-excited motors depending upon the manner in which the field
winding is connected to the armature, namely;
(i) Series Motor
(ii) Shunt Motor
(iii) Compound Motor

1. Series Motor
•In a series wound motor has the field winding connected in series with the armature.
•The whole current applied to the motor passes through the field windings as well as the armature.

V = Eb + I a ( Ra + Rse )

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Types of DC Motors
Performance Characteristics of Series Motors
•As armature current increases with load, the speed comes down sharply.
•Speed is dangerously high at no load.

Applications of Series Motors


•Heavy duty applications like electric railways, rolling mills, cranes etc.

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Types of DC Motors
2. Shunt Motor
•Field winding is connected in parallel with the armature.
•The current is offered in two paths, one through armature and the other through field coils.

V = Eb + I a Ra
Performance Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
•Medium starting torque.
•Constant Speed Motor(Speed does not vary as load is increasing)

Applications of Shunt Motors


•Driving constant speed line shafts, vacuum cleaners, compressors, etc.

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Types of DC Motors
3. Compound Motor
•Field winding is connected in parallel and series with armature

•In Cumulative compound Total = Series + Shunt


•In Differential Compound Total = Series − Shunt

a. Short Shunt DC Motor


•Shunt field winding is only parallel to the armature winding and not the series field winding.

b. Long Shunt DC Motor


•Shunt field winding is parallel to both the armature winding and the series field

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Questions

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Starter
Voltage equation of DC shunt motor is

V = Eb + I a Ra
V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
1
I a ( starting ) = = 100 full load current
0.01

Need for a starter


•If motor is connected without load, a heavy current flows through armature conductors, which
damages the armature.
•Here a high resistance in series with armature is to be added to reduce this high starting current.
•Once the motor starts gaining speed, the back EMF is generated and hence the series resistance can
be gradually cut.
•When motor attains its rated speed, entire resistance can be cut from the armature circuit.
•This process can be done by a starter.
1. The Three point starter
2. The four point starter

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Starter
1. Three point starter

V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
At no load
V
I a0 =
R + Ra
TI a
•A 3 point starter is a device that helps in the starting and running of a DC shunt motor or Compound
When T , N   Eb  motor.
•L, F and A are the three points.
V − Eb1 •When supply is given, current pass through OLR to stud number 1, and NVC, field current is given.
I a1 = , I a 0  I a1 •Current pass through OLR to stud number 1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and run, to supply armature current
R + Ra •Magnetised NVC will hold the soft iron piece of starter handle from moving back at Run position.
Removing R1 •When power goes or open circuited, the spring will bring back the starter handle to off position as
NVC gets demagnetised.
V − Eb1 •When load crosses the permissible limit of motor, OLR gets magnetised and short circuit the
 Ia2 = triangular iron piece.
R + Ra − R1  •Current then will bypass NVC which gets demagnetised and brings starter handle to OFF position.
•Initially If and flux will be high to produce Tst but as Ia increases If decreases and flux generated will
become rated Downloaded
flux. from Ktunotes.in
Starter
1. Three point starter
Disadvantages
•The 3 point starter suffers from a serious drawback for motors with a large variation of speed by
adjustment of the field rheostat.
•To increase the speed of the motor field resistance can be increased.
•Therefore current through the shunt field is reduced.
•Field current becomes very low which results in holding electromagnet too weak to overcome the
force exerted by the spring.
•The holding magnet may release the arm of the starter during the normal operation of the motor and
thus disconnect the motor from the line.
•This is not desirable.
•To avoid this tripping of motor, 4 point starter is used.

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Starter
2. Four point starter

V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
At No load
V
I a0 =
R + Ra
•A 4 point starter is a device that helps in the starting and running of a DC shunt motor or Compound
TI a motor where L, N, F and A are the Four points.
•When supply is given, current pass through OLR to stud number 1, and field current is given directly.
When T , N  Eb  •Current pass through OLR to stud number 1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and run, to supply armature current.
•Even if field control is done for speed control of motor, NVC does not get demagnetised.
V − Eb1 •Magnetised NVC will hold the soft iron piece of starter handle from moving back at Run position.
I a1 = , I a 0  I a1 •When power goes or open circuited, the spring will bring back the starter handle to off position as
R + Ra NVC gets demagnetised.
Removing R1 •When load crosses the permissible limit of motor, OLR gets magnetised and short circuit the
triangular iron piece.
V − Eb1 •Current then will bypass NVC which gets demagnetised and brings starter handle to OFF position.
 Ia2 = •NVC always produce a force which is strong enough to hold the handle in its ‘RUN’ position, against
R + Ra − R1  the force of the spring, under all the operational conditions.
•Such a current is adjusted through No Voltage Coil with the help of fixed resistance R connected in
series withDownloaded
the NVC using fourthfrom
point ‘N’.Ktunotes.in
Losses in a DC Motor
• As total input is not received at output of DC motor, its understood that losses happen when
electromechanical energy conversion is happening

a. Copper Losses
•All windings have some resistance and hence there are copper losses associated with current flow in
them.
•They generate heat proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
Armatureloss = I a Ra
2
•Copper losses can be divided into
1. Armature Copper Loss( Copper loss occurring due to resistance of armature winding)
Shuntloss = I sh Rsh
2
• This loss is about 20%-30 % of full load losses.
• Armature Copper loss is variable.
Seriesloss = I se Rse
2
2. Shunt Copper Loss( Copper loss occurring due to resistance of shunt field winding)
3. Series Copper Loss( Copper loss occurring due to resistance of series field winding)
• Both these loss is about 30%-40 % of full load losses.
• Field Copper losses are constant.
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Losses in a DC Motor
b. Mechanical Losses
•Losses due to mechanical friction of the machine.
•Mechanical losses can be divided into
1. Friction Loss( Due to bearing and brushes)
This loss is about 20%-30 % of full load losses.
2. Windage loss( Due to friction caused by air circulated for cooling purpose)

c. Core Losses(Iron Losses)


•Due to rotating armature in the magnetic field.
•Core losses can be divided into
1. Hysteresis Loss( Heat loss due to magnetic properties of the Armature)
This is due to the reversal of magnetization of the armature core.

Wh = B1.6 max fV (Watts)


2. Eddy Current Loss( Due to the Current generated by cutting magnetic flux by armature conductors)
Current produced due to the EMF generated is called Eddy Current.
Power loss happens in the form of heat

We = kB 2 max f 2t 2V (Watts )

Total Loss= Variable armature Copper loss+ Constant Loss(Wc)


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Efficiency of a DC Motor
• Efficiency is the ratio of output power(mechanical) to input power(electrical).
Output
η=
Input
Useful Mechanical Power Output Useful Mechanical Power Output
ηm = =
Mechanical Power Developed E b Ia
Mechanical Power Developed E b I a
ηe = =
Total Electrical PowerInput VI
Useful Mechanical Power Output
ηc = = η m  ηe
Total Electrical PowerInput
Input Of Motor = Output Of Motor + Total Losses
Input Of Motor = VI + (I 2 a R a + Wc )
Input Of Motor = VI + ((I + I sh ) 2 R a + Wc )
Input Of Motor = VI + ((I)2 R a + Wc )
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Efficiency of a DC Motor
Output VI 1
η= = =
Input VI + ((I)2 R a + Wc ) 1 + (( I ) R + Wc )
a
V VI
Efficiency is maximum when denominator is minimum.
I W
( ) Ra + c = 0
V VI
I 2 a R a = Wc
Variable Loss = Constant Loss
1. A 250 V DC long-shunt, compound motor takes a current of 82 A at full load. Calculate the output
power and the efficiency, given the following details:
armature resistance = 0.09 Ω
shunt field resistance = 125 Ω
series field resistance = 0.04 Ω
total of all other losses = 750 W

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Speed Control of DC Motor
• Speed of DC Motors can be changed over a wide rage by various methods but that is not generally
possible with AC Motors.
ZNP
Back EMF, E b = , Volts.....(1)
60 A
Eb
N .....(2) NT = Constant
 P=
2NT
60
V - I a Ra
N .....(3)

a. Field Control/ Flux Control
b. Armature Control
c. Voltage Control
1
N .....(4)
 a. Field Control/ Flux Control
• By varying If(Field Current), Flux can be varied and thus speed can be varied. I f ,  , N 
T = m − a .....(5) • Therefore this method can be used for speed control above rated speed.
Disadvantages
TI a .....(6) • As flux is reduced, Armature Reaction effect is increased which results in poor commutation which
leads to sparking at the brushes.
1 • As NT is constant, Power is also constant which makes the machine Constant Power Drive with
N .....(7)
T field control.
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Speed Control of DC Motor
N 2 Eb 2 1
Field Control in Shunt Motor =  ......(9)
• By varying If(Field Current) with Rf, flux also reduces. N1 2 Eb1
V N 2 Eb 2 1
If = .....(8) =  ......(10)
Rsh + R f N1 Eb1 2
As V and Rsh are constant, I f can be varied by varying R f Where Eb 2 , 2 and N 2 is related to R f

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Speed Control of DC Motor
Field Control in Series Motor
1. Diverter Control
• By varying Rd(Diverter resistance), Ise(field Current) can be reduced hence flux can be reduced.
• The lowest speed obtainable is when diverter is open or zero current passes through the diverter.
• As we already know the lowest speed obtainable is the rated speed of motor so this method helps
only for speed control above rated speed.
I a = I d + I se .....(11) N 2 Eb 2 1
=  ......(13)
By Current division rule, N1 2 Eb1
Rd N 2 Eb 2 I a
I se = I a  , less than I a .....(12) =  ......(14)
Rse + Rd N1 I se Eb1
N 2 Eb 2 I a
=  ......(15)
N1 Eb1 I se
Where Eb 2 , 2 and N 2 is related to R d

Rd 1  Rd 2  Rd 3
I se1  I se 2  I se3
N1  N 2  N 3

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Speed Control of DC Motor
Field Control in Series Motor
2. Tapped Field Control
• In this method the field current is reduced by decreasing the number of turns of the coil and thus re
duces the flux which will increase the speed.
• With full turns of the field winding, the motor runs at normal speed and as the field turns are
cut out, speeds higher than normal speed are achieved.

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Speed Control of DC Motor
Field Control in Series Motor
3. Series Parallel Control
• Basically used in DC fans.

MMFs = 4 N se  I a MMFp = 2(2 N se 


Ia
)
2
MMFp = 2 N se  I a
1
MMFp = (4 N se  I a )
2
1 1
MMFp = ( MMFs ); p = (s ); N p = 2( N s )
2 2
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Speed Control of DC Motor
Armature Control
• This method is based on the fact that by varying the voltage available across the armature, the
back EMF and hence the speed of the motor can be changed.
• This is done by inserting a variable resistance Re (known as controller resistance) in series with
the armature as shown in Figure.
NV − I a Ra .....(1)
NV − I a ( Ra + Re ).....(2)
Re , I a ( Ra + Re ) , V − I a ( Ra + Re ) , N 
• This method is used for speed below rated speed
• Armature reaction is low compared to field control method as flux is constant.
Re , N ,  - Constant, I a − Constant
TI a − Constant
N 2 - N1
• The machine acts as constant torque drive. Speed Regulation = 100
N1
Armature Control in Shunt Motor
N1 - N 2
N 2 V − I a ( Ra + Re ) Speed Regulation = 100.....(4), as N 2  N1
= .....(3) N1
N1 V − I a Ra
N2 I R I R
N 2 V − I a Re I R Speed Regulation = 1 − , ie,1 − (1 − a e ) = a e .....(5)
= = 1 − a e .....(4) N1 V V
N1 V V
EI E V − I a Ra I R N
No Load Speed - Rated Load Speed = b a = b = = 1− a a = 2
Speed Regulation = 100 VI a V V V N1
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fromSpeed Ktunotes.in
Speed Control of DC Motor
Armature Control in Series Motor
•In this method, a variable resistance is directly connected in series with the supply to the complete
motor as shown in Figure.
•This reduces the voltage available across the armature and hence the speed falls.
•By changing the value of variable resistance, any speed below the normal speed can be obtained.
N 2 V − I a ( Ra + Re + Rse )
= .....(6)
N1 V − I a ( Ra + Rse )
N 2 V − I a Re I R
= = 1 − a e .....(7)
N1 V V
N2 I R I R
Speed Regulation = 1 − , ie,1 − (1 − a e ) = a e .....(8)
N1 V V
Eb I a Eb V − I a Ra I R N
= = = = 1 − a a = 2 .....(9)
VI a V V V N1

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Braking of DC Motor
• The motor and its load may be brought to rest by using either;
(i) mechanical (friction) braking
(ii) electric braking.
• In mechanical braking, the motor is stopped due to the friction between the moving parts of the
motor and the brake shoe i.e. kinetic energy of the motor is dissipated as heat.
• Mechanical braking has several disadvantages including non-smooth stop and greater stopping time.
• Electric Braking is divided into three

a. Rheostatic or Dynamic braking


b. Plugging
c. Regenerative braking

a. Rheostatic or Dynamic braking


• In this method, the armature of the running motor is disconnected from the supply and is connected
across a variable resistance R and the field winding is left connected to the supply.
• The armature, while slowing down, rotates in a strong magnetic field and, therefore, operates as a
generator, sending a large current through resistance R.
• This causes the energy possessed by the rotating armature to be dissipated quickly as heat in the re
sistance and motor is brought to standstill quickly.
•If the value of R is decreased as the motor speed decreases, the braking torque may be maintained
at a high value, and at a low value of speed, the braking torque becomes small and the final stopping
of the motor is due to friction.
• This type of braking is used extensively in connection with the control of elevators and hoists and in
other applications in which motors
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from started, stopped and reversed frequently.
Braking of DC Motor
Torque Speed Relationship

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Braking of DC Motor
b. Plugging
• In this method, connections to the armature are reversed so that motor tends to rotate in the
opposite direction, thus providing the necessary braking effect.
• As a result the current in the armature reverses.
• During the normal running of the motor Fig. (i), the back Eb opposes the applied voltage V.
• However, when armature connections are reversed, back Eb and V act in the same direction around
the circuit so a voltage equal to V + Eb is imposed across the armature circuit.
• Since Eb ~ V, the imposed voltage is approximately 2V.
• In order to limit the current to safe value, a variable resistance R is inserted in the circuit at the time
of changing armature connections.
• When the motor comes to rest, the supply must be cut off otherwise the motor will start rotating in th
e opposite direction.

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Braking of DC Motor
C. Regenerative Braking
• In the regenerative braking, the motor is run as a generator, so, the kinetic energy of the motor is con
verted into electrical energy and returned to the supply.
There are two methods for regenerative braking.
a. Field winding is disconnected from the supply and field current is increased by exciting it from
another source [See Fig. 5.15 (i)].
• As a result, induced Eb exceeds the supply voltage V and the machine feeds energy into the
Supply thus braking torque is provided upto the speed at which induced e.m.f. and supply voltage are
equal.
• As the machine slows down, it is not possible to maintain induced e.m.f. at a higher value than the
supply voltage.
• This method is possible only for a limited range of speed.
b. Field excitation does not change but the load causes the motor to run above the normal speed (e.g
., descending load on a crane).
• As a result, the induced Eb becomes greater than the supply voltage V [See Fig. 5.15 (ii)].
• The direction of armature current I, therefore, reverses but the direction of shunt field current If
remains unaltered.
• Hence the torque is reversed and the speed falls until E becomes less than V.

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Testing of DC Motor
• To perform the electric characteristics of a DC machine after construction, testing is to be done.
• Testing is used for finding Losses, temperature rise and to pre determine the efficiency of DC mach
ine.
• The Important Tests of DC machine are
1. Swineburns Test(Indirect Test)
2. Hopkinsons Test(Regenerative Test)
3. Retardation Test(Running Down Test)

• Losses in a DC machine are,


1. Copper Losses(Armature Copper Loss, Field Copper Loss and Brush loss)
2. Iron Losses/ Core Losses( Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Loss)
3. Mechanical Loss(Windage loss and Frictional Loss)
4. Stray Losses(Miscellaneous Losses)

Copper Losses:
Motor Input at no Load (Va I ao ) = Pi 0 + Pwf + I ao Ra
2
a) Armature Copper Losses/ Variable Loss Pv = I a 2 Ra
b) Field Copper Losses,Pf = I sh / se Rsh / se
2
Rotational Loss ( Pi 0 + Pwf ) = Va I ao − I ao Ra
2

Core Loss
Constant Loss(Pk ) = (Va I ao − I ao Ra ) + I f R f
2 2
a) No load Core loss, Pi 0
Mechanical Losses Total Loss = Constant Loss + Variable Loss
a) Windage and Friction Losses, Pwf

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Testing of DC Motor
A. Swineburne’s Test
• In this method, the D.C Motor run at no load and losses of the machine are determined.
• Once the losses of the machine are known, its efficiency at any desired load can be determined in a
dvance.
• It may be noted that this method is applicable to those machines in which flux is practically constant
at all loads e.g., shunt and compound machines.
The test insists of two steps:
1. Determination of hot resistances of windings
• The armature resistance and shunt field resistance are measured using a battery, voltmeter and
ammeter.
• Since these resistances are measured when the machine is cold(15°C), they must be converted to
values corresponding to the temperature at which the machine would work on full-load.
• Generally, these values are measured for a temperature rise of 40°C above the room temperature
• Let the hot resistances of armature and shunt field be Ra and Rsh respectively.

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Testing of DC Motor
2. Determination of constant losses
• The machine is run as a motor on no-load with supply voltage adjusted to the rated voltage
• The speed of the motor is adjusted to the rated speed with the help of field regulator R as shown is
Fig: 1.
V = Supply Voltage
I 0 = No Load Current
I sh = Shunt Field Current
No Load Armature Current(Ia0 ) = I 0 − I sh
No Load input power to motor = VI 0
No Load input power to Armature = VI a0
= V (I 0 − I sh )

•Since the input power doesnt supply load, it is used to overcome the losses such as
1. Iron Loss (Core Loss)
2. Friction Loss (Constant Loss)
3. Windage Loss (Constant Loss)
4. Armature Copper Loss I a 0 Ra = ( I 0 − I sh ) Ra
2 2

Constant Losses (Wc)= Input –Armature Copper Losses= VI 0 − ( I 0 − I sh ) 2 Ra

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Testing of DC Motor

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Testing of DC Motor
Problem:

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