DCMT - M3 Ktunotes - in
DCMT - M3 Ktunotes - in
Abel George
http://www.free-power
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Agenda
Through understanding of syllabus
Syllabus, revise
Tutorial session
Assignment problems, Doubt Clearance.
Test on topic
After completion of half-of the topic.
Yoke
Pole Core
1. Pole core acts as electromagnet with field winding wound to produce flux
when excited
2. Pole core is laminated to reduce Eddy Current
3. Pole core offers low reluctance path
4. Pole core material used can be Cast Iron/ Cast Steel/ Rolled Steel
Pole Shoe
Field Windings
Armature Core
Armature Windings
Commutator
1. Mechanical rectifier which collects current from brushes and supply it to
armature conductors
2. Copper segments with mica insulation in between.
3. Provides Unidirectional Torque.
Brushes
Shaft
. Eb = V − I a Ra
Power = Eb I a , Eb I a = VI a − I a Ra
2
Pm = Eb IDownloaded
a , Watts from Ktunotes.in
Torque Equation
Production of Torque in a DC Machine
•When field magnets are excited and current is sent through the armature conductors, force is
experienced to rotate the armature.
• Applying Flemings Left Hand rule in the below figure, the force acting on each conductor is found to
be in clockwise direction (conductors near N pole has current moving out from the plain and conductors
near S pole has current moving into the plain)
• These forces in armature conductor add up to produce the driving torque which causes rotation of the
armature.
1. Series Motor
•In a series wound motor has the field winding connected in series with the armature.
•The whole current applied to the motor passes through the field windings as well as the armature.
V = Eb + I a ( Ra + Rse )
V = Eb + I a Ra
Performance Characteristics of DC Shunt Motor
•Medium starting torque.
•Constant Speed Motor(Speed does not vary as load is increasing)
V = Eb + I a Ra
V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
1
I a ( starting ) = = 100 full load current
0.01
V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
At no load
V
I a0 =
R + Ra
TI a
•A 3 point starter is a device that helps in the starting and running of a DC shunt motor or Compound
When T , N Eb motor.
•L, F and A are the three points.
V − Eb1 •When supply is given, current pass through OLR to stud number 1, and NVC, field current is given.
I a1 = , I a 0 I a1 •Current pass through OLR to stud number 1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and run, to supply armature current
R + Ra •Magnetised NVC will hold the soft iron piece of starter handle from moving back at Run position.
Removing R1 •When power goes or open circuited, the spring will bring back the starter handle to off position as
NVC gets demagnetised.
V − Eb1 •When load crosses the permissible limit of motor, OLR gets magnetised and short circuit the
Ia2 = triangular iron piece.
R + Ra − R1 •Current then will bypass NVC which gets demagnetised and brings starter handle to OFF position.
•Initially If and flux will be high to produce Tst but as Ia increases If decreases and flux generated will
become rated Downloaded
flux. from Ktunotes.in
Starter
1. Three point starter
Disadvantages
•The 3 point starter suffers from a serious drawback for motors with a large variation of speed by
adjustment of the field rheostat.
•To increase the speed of the motor field resistance can be increased.
•Therefore current through the shunt field is reduced.
•Field current becomes very low which results in holding electromagnet too weak to overcome the
force exerted by the spring.
•The holding magnet may release the arm of the starter during the normal operation of the motor and
thus disconnect the motor from the line.
•This is not desirable.
•To avoid this tripping of motor, 4 point starter is used.
V − Eb
Ia =
Ra
At No load
V
I a0 =
R + Ra
•A 4 point starter is a device that helps in the starting and running of a DC shunt motor or Compound
TI a motor where L, N, F and A are the Four points.
•When supply is given, current pass through OLR to stud number 1, and field current is given directly.
When T , N Eb •Current pass through OLR to stud number 1, R1, R2, R3, R4, R5 and run, to supply armature current.
•Even if field control is done for speed control of motor, NVC does not get demagnetised.
V − Eb1 •Magnetised NVC will hold the soft iron piece of starter handle from moving back at Run position.
I a1 = , I a 0 I a1 •When power goes or open circuited, the spring will bring back the starter handle to off position as
R + Ra NVC gets demagnetised.
Removing R1 •When load crosses the permissible limit of motor, OLR gets magnetised and short circuit the
triangular iron piece.
V − Eb1 •Current then will bypass NVC which gets demagnetised and brings starter handle to OFF position.
Ia2 = •NVC always produce a force which is strong enough to hold the handle in its ‘RUN’ position, against
R + Ra − R1 the force of the spring, under all the operational conditions.
•Such a current is adjusted through No Voltage Coil with the help of fixed resistance R connected in
series withDownloaded
the NVC using fourthfrom
point ‘N’.Ktunotes.in
Losses in a DC Motor
• As total input is not received at output of DC motor, its understood that losses happen when
electromechanical energy conversion is happening
a. Copper Losses
•All windings have some resistance and hence there are copper losses associated with current flow in
them.
•They generate heat proportional to the resistance of the conductor.
Armatureloss = I a Ra
2
•Copper losses can be divided into
1. Armature Copper Loss( Copper loss occurring due to resistance of armature winding)
Shuntloss = I sh Rsh
2
• This loss is about 20%-30 % of full load losses.
• Armature Copper loss is variable.
Seriesloss = I se Rse
2
2. Shunt Copper Loss( Copper loss occurring due to resistance of shunt field winding)
3. Series Copper Loss( Copper loss occurring due to resistance of series field winding)
• Both these loss is about 30%-40 % of full load losses.
• Field Copper losses are constant.
Downloaded from Ktunotes.in
Losses in a DC Motor
b. Mechanical Losses
•Losses due to mechanical friction of the machine.
•Mechanical losses can be divided into
1. Friction Loss( Due to bearing and brushes)
This loss is about 20%-30 % of full load losses.
2. Windage loss( Due to friction caused by air circulated for cooling purpose)
We = kB 2 max f 2t 2V (Watts )
Rd 1 Rd 2 Rd 3
I se1 I se 2 I se3
N1 N 2 N 3
Copper Losses:
Motor Input at no Load (Va I ao ) = Pi 0 + Pwf + I ao Ra
2
a) Armature Copper Losses/ Variable Loss Pv = I a 2 Ra
b) Field Copper Losses,Pf = I sh / se Rsh / se
2
Rotational Loss ( Pi 0 + Pwf ) = Va I ao − I ao Ra
2
Core Loss
Constant Loss(Pk ) = (Va I ao − I ao Ra ) + I f R f
2 2
a) No load Core loss, Pi 0
Mechanical Losses Total Loss = Constant Loss + Variable Loss
a) Windage and Friction Losses, Pwf
•Since the input power doesnt supply load, it is used to overcome the losses such as
1. Iron Loss (Core Loss)
2. Friction Loss (Constant Loss)
3. Windage Loss (Constant Loss)
4. Armature Copper Loss I a 0 Ra = ( I 0 − I sh ) Ra
2 2