LEARNING FROM OTHERS AND

REVIEWING THE LITERATURE

At the end of this module, you are expected to

1. Select relevant literature

2. Cite related literature using standard style
3. Synthesize information from relevant literature
4. Write coherent review of literature
5. Follow ethical standards in writing related
literature
6. Presents written review of literature
Activity 1
Directions: Read each item carefully.
Write TRUE if the statement is true
and write FALSE if the statement if
false. Write your answers in your
Activity Notebook.
1. Review of Related Literature is one of the major
activities in research that makes you examine or
study again the concepts or ideas related to your
research that people managed to publish in books,
journals or other reading materials in the past.
2. RRL is an important component of research
regardless of the type of research.
3. Examining of the written works
related to your study is necessary.
4. Finding out the connection of your
study to the current conditions or
situations in the world is the purpose
of RRL.
5. Knowing more about theories or
concepts underlying your research work
and to learn from them with respect to
your own research study must be
observed.
6. To discover the relation of your
research with the previous research
studies is not totally important.
7. Printed books, journals, magazines and
Newspaper are examples of reading material to be
used in RRL.
8. RRL does not offer concepts, ideas
and information for the study.
9. RRL is an analysis of man’s written or
spoken knowledge of the world to determine
the connection of your research with what
people already know about it.
10. Conceptual review is an analysis of
concepts or ideas to give meaning to some
national or world issues.
Traditional Review of Literature

Ridley (2008) The Traditional

Review of Literature which summarize
present forms of knowledge on a
specific subject and aims to give a
new understanding of an existing
work.
It expects you to state your intentions
in conducting the review and to name
the sources of information and it
provides a concise summary of
information and data findings that
describe current knowledge and facts
that offers a rationale for conducting
future researchers. (Ridley, 2008).
• An important area of a literature
review is an understanding of a gap.

• The gap will hopefully ensure that

the research will likely have valuable
practical and theoretical
implications.
THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF
TRADITIONAL
REVIEW
1. Conceptual Review –
Analysis of concepts or ideas
to give meaning to some
national or world issues.
2. Critical Review – focuses
on theories or hypotheses
and examines meanings and
results of their application
to situations.
3. State-of-the-Art
Review – makes the
researcher deal with the
latest research studies on
the subject.
4. Expert Review–
encourages a well-known
expert to do the RRL
because of the influence of a
certain ideology, paradigm,
or belief on him.
5. Scoping Review – prepares a
situation for a future research
work in the form of project
making about community
development, government policies,
and health services, among others.
Systemic Review of Literature
• As indicated by its name “systemic”
which means methodical.
• It’s a style of RRL that involves
sequential acts of a review of
related literature.
• Unlike traditional review that has
no particular method.
 steps in doing
Systemic Review
of Literature
(Ridley, 2012)
1. Have a clear understanding of the
research questions.

2. Plan your manner of obtaining the

data

3. Do the literature search

4. Using a certain standard,
determine which data, studies or
sources of knowledge are valuable or
not to warrant the reasonableness
of your decision to take some data
and junk the rest.
5. Determine the methodological
soundness of the research
studies.
6. Summarize what you have
gathered from various sources of
data
• A systemic review of literature is a
rigorous way of obtaining data from
written works.
• It is a bias-free style that the researcher
wanting to be a research expert should
experience.
• This is vital for students undergoing
literature review.
• It should be done in a systematic way
ensuring that they search for relevant texts on
their topic.
• Identifying the literature that will address
students review question that initially students
must develop a strategy to articulate the focus
of literature that will seek to answer their
questions.
What is Meta-analysis in Relation to RRL?

• Meta-analysis is a statistical method that involves

combining and analyzing data from multiple studies to
identify patterns, relationships, and overall effects.

• In the context of a Review of Related Literature (RRL),

meta-analysis plays a crucial role in synthesizing findings
from various sources.
Example of Meta-Analysis in Relation to RRL

• Imagine you're researching the effectiveness of

mindfulness techniques on reducing
workplace stress.
• Your RRL would involve reviewing various
studies on mindfulness, workplace stress, and
their interrelation
Steps:
1.Identify Relevant Studies: Gather studies that have
investigated mindfulness techniques and workplace stress.
2.Evaluate Studies: Assess the quality and relevance of each
study.
3.Extract Data: Collect data from these studies, such as
sample sizes, methodologies, and results.
4.Perform Meta-Analysis: Use statistical methods to
combine the data from these studies to draw a more
comprehensive conclusion about the overall effectiveness of
mindfulness techniques on reducing workplace stress.
Outcome:
The meta-analysis might reveal that, overall,
mindfulness techniques significantly reduce
workplace stress, providing stronger evidence
than any single study could offer. This
outcome can then be used to justify further
research or to inform practical applications
in workplace wellness programs.
 How to write a
concise review of
related literature?
• Doing the review of related literature is
not the usual enumeration of
references.
• Presentation of the data gathered
should be by topic based on the given
objectives of the research.
• The literature should not be too
detailed or brief.
• Text should be based on the current edition

• American Psychological Association (APA)

• Modern Language Association of America
(MLA)
• Chicago Manual of Style and other
standards relevant to one’s discipline
(Ridley, 2012).
The type of reference style will depend on the research
studies of the student namely:

1) APA -American Psychological Association

• Psychology, Education and other Social Sciences
• The APA referencing style is also called the "author-
date" style.
• The text citation contains the author/s and the year of
publication.
• Use only the surname of the author(s) followed by a
comma and the year of publication.
 APA STYLE
1. APA Style (7th edition)
Used primarily in social sciences, psychology, and education.
1.1 In-text Citations
• Format: (Author's Last Name, Year)
Example: (Smith, 2020)

• For direct quotes: (Author's Last Name, Year, p. Page Number)

Example: (Smith, 2020, p. 15)
38
Example:

I Am a Filipino is a descriptive essay which creates a

main impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of
a Filipino (Macajelos, 2014, 247).

Or (Macajelos, 2014) stated that “I Am a Filipino is a

descriptive essay which creates a main impression, an
over-all effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino.”
 APA STYLE
1.2 Reference List (Works Cited)
•Book:
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the work. Publisher.
Example: Smith, J. (2020). Understanding education systems. Academic Press.
•Journal Article:
Format: Author's Last Name, First Initial. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the
Journal, Volume(Issue), Pages.
Example: Johnson, A. B. (2019). Learning styles in education. Journal of Learning,
45(3), 200-215.
40
2) MLA: Arts and Humanities;
• MLA format follows the author-page method of in-text
citation.
• This means that the author's last name and the page
number(s) from which the quotation or paraphrase is
taken must appear in the text, and a complete reference
should appear on your Works Cited page.
• The author's name may appear either in the sentence
itself or in parentheses following the quotation or
paraphrase, but the page number(s) should always appear
in the parentheses, not in the text of your sentence.
 MLA STYLE
2. MLA Style (9th edition)
Used mainly in the humanities, like literature, arts, and
cultural studies.

2.1 In-text Citations

•Format: (Author's Last Name Page Number)
•Example: (Smith 15) 42
 MLA STYLE
2.3 Works Cited Page
•Book:
Format: Author's Last Name, First Name. Title of the Book. Publisher, Year.
Example: Smith, John. Understanding Education Systems. Academic Press, 2020.

•Journal Article:
Format: Author's Last Name, First Name. "Title of the Article." Title of the Journal, vol. Volume,
no. Issue, Year, pp. Pages.
Example: Johnson, Anna B. "Learning Styles in Education." Journal of Learning, vol. 45, no. 3,
2019, pp. 200-215.

43
Example:
Macajelos stated that “I Am a Filipino is a descriptive
essay which creates a main impression, an over-all
effect, feeling, or image of a Filipino” (249).

What will appear in the bibliography are the

following:
Macajelos, Esteria. English of the New Generation.
Quezon City:Sunshine Interlinks Publishing House
Incorporated, 2014.
3) Chicago: History and many other subjects in
scholarly and non-scholarly work.

Example:
Macajelos (2014, 249) stated that: I Am a Filipino
is a descriptive essay which creates a main
impression, an over-all effect, feeling, or image of a
Filipino.
•Why do I need to cite?
•To uphold the intellectual property and avoiding
plagiarism should be observed in the research work.

•To attribute the prior or unoriginal work and ideas

to the correct sources is also needed and allowing
the readers to determine independently whether the
reference materials support the author's argument
in the claimed way and helping the reader gauge
the strength and validity of the material that the
author had used.
 ENGAGEMENT ACTIVITY!
Directions. In your notebook, answer
briefly the following questions.
1. What is review of literature?
2. What are the purposes for conducting
related literature?
3. Why do you need to re-examine /review the
literature related to your study?
4. Is RRL necessary in the study? Explicate
your answer.
5. How does proper citation contribute to
the integrity and trustworthiness of
academic research?

6. What are the potential consequences for

both the researcher and the academic
community if proper citation practices are
not followed?
1. What is the purpose of a Review of Related
Literature (RRL)?
• The purpose of an RRL is to discuss published
information in a particular subject area, provide a
description, summary, and critical evaluation of
scholarly articles, books, and other sources relevant
to a particular issue, area of research, or theory, and
highlight the significance of previous work.
2. What are the different types of Traditional
Review of Literature identified by Ridley (2008)?
The different types of Traditional Review are:
1. Conceptual Review
2. Critical Review
3. State-of-the-Art Review
4. Expert Review
5. Scoping Review
3.What distinguishes a Systemic Review of Literature from a
Traditional Review of Literature?

• A Systemic Review of Literature involves sequential acts and

a methodical approach to reviewing related literature, with
steps including understanding research questions, planning data
collection, conducting a literature search, evaluating data, and
summarizing findings. In contrast, a Traditional Review does not
follow a specific method and aims to summarize present knowledge
on a specific subject.
4. How does Meta-analysis relate to a Review of
Related Literature (RRL)?
• Meta-analysis is a type of RRL that re-examines and
combines the results of two or more statistical
studies to create a grand total, indicating stronger
effects of the research outcome.
• It strengthens the impact of the independent
variable on the dependent variable by presenting
combined results as one.
5. Why is it important to cite sources in
academic research?

• It is important to cite sources to uphold

intellectual property, avoid plagiarism, attribute
prior work and ideas to the correct sources, allow
readers to independently verify reference materials,
and help readers gauge the strength and validity of
the material used in the research.
Ethical Standard
in Writing
Related Literature
• Research ethics are standardized rule that
guide the design to conduct research.
• The term ethics refers to questions of right
or wrong.
❖ When researchers think about ethics,
they must also ask themselves if it is
right to conduct a particular study or
carry out certain procedures (Ridley,
2012).
• What is Plagiarism?

It is committed when authors present the

words, data or ideas of others with the
implication that they are their own without
attribution. This act is against the
intellectual property right law. It is a
form of research MISCONDUCT.
Ethics in Literature Review

1. Discuss intellectual property frankly

2. Be conscious of multiple roles
3. Follow informed consent rules
4. Respect confidentiality and privacy
5. Tap into ethics resources
Directions. Make a flow chart about the process of writing a
literature review. You may draw your flow chart like this:
Process in Literature Review