HOW TO ANSWER “DOUBLE BARREL” QUESTIONS OR HIGH ORDER QUESTIONS

GEOMORPHOLOGY/EARTH STRUCTURE
1. Explain how Block Mountains may benefit local people.
Answer
- There are lakes around block mountains, which provide water supply for
irrigation, livestock, HEP, industrial and domestic use
- Scenic beauty for tourism and recreation
- Fertile soils for crop production
- Pasture for livestock
- Forests for timber production
- Minerals for mining
- Rain on leeward side for water supply
2. Explain why volcanoes are associated with earthquakes.
Answers
- They occur at the same location e.g. around the Pacific Ring of Fires/Pacific
Ocean
- They both occur at plate boundaries
- They both occur at the zone of subduction/zone of instability/zone of
weakness
- They both occur at constructive margins
3. Explain how the eruption of an ash and cinder cone may negatively affect people.
Answers
- Dust/ash or cinder can bury people
- Ash can destroy property
- Acid rain destroys crops and buildings
- Acid ash destroys crops/affects arable farming/destroys livestock
- Ash may make water unfit to drink
- Dust and ash will lead to breathing problems
- Fire outbreaks kill people/destroy property/pasture/livestock
- Mudslide and rock fall may kill people and destroy property
4. Suggest why some earthquakes cause less destruction than others.
Answers
- Sparsely populated area
- Area less built/less infrastructure
- Area is inland/far away from sea
- Occurrence during daytime
- Early warning - Deep focus
- Preparedness
- Flexible building/earthquake proof building
- Dry season

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- Hard rocks/strong rock structure

5. Explain how mountains such as the Andes influence human activities. Answers:
- The mountains have rivers which provide water for domestic use, irrigation,
fishing, and for industrial use.
- Mountains have more rainfall on the windward side for crop production
- There are fertile soils for crop production
- There are forests for lumbering, fire wood, and medicine
- Some mountains have minerals for mining
- The scenic beauty of mountains attract tourism
- High mountains block communication
6. Explain how a rift valley may influence human activities.
Answers
- The beautiful scenery of the rift valley influences tourism.
- Rift valleys have fertile soils for arable farming
- There is pasture for livestock
- Presence of minerals for mining
- There are forests for lumbering
- Rift valleys are associated with lakes which provide water for domestic use,
HEP, irrigation and fishing.
- There are hot springs and geysers for geo thermal power.
7. State reasons why some people live in places where volcanoes may erupt.
Answers
- People live there are attractive features for tourism
- Presence of fertile soils for arable farming
- Availability of pastures for pastoral farming
- Presence of lakes for domestic water supply, fishing, irrigation
- Presence of geysers and hot springs for geo thermal power
- Presence of minerals for mining
- Forests for lumbering
- Relief rainfall for water supply
- Gentle slopes for easy construction/ settlement
8. Explain why the intensity of an earthquake may vary from one place to another.
Answers
- Distance from the sea – the intensity will be more when close to the
epicentre
- Distance from collision zone/Plate boundary – the closer to the plate
boundary the more the intensity
- Magnitude – the higher the magnitude the more the intensity
- Depth of focus – the deeper the focus the less intensity

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- Magnitude – the higher the magnitude the more the intensity

- Type of building material – flexible/earthquake proof material lowers the
intensity
- Population density – high density areas have a high earthquake intensity
- Remoteness – intensity will be high in areas that are far away from rescue
teams and health facilities
- Level of preparedness – Intensity will be low in areas with more
technology to predict earthquakes
Distance from the sea – intensity will be more in areas that are close to the
sea
9. Explain why slopes of some volcanoes have few or no settlements.
Answers
- Some slopes may have active volcanoes which makes it dangerous to settle
- Some slopes are too steep, making it difficult to settle and farm
- Slopes may have acidic, thin, infertile soils that are not suitable for
farming/crop growth
- Slopes may be cold and uncomfortable
- The slope may have little rainfall and make farming difficult/ limited water
supply
10. Explain how the rift valley might benefit the people living in and around it.
Answers
- Fertile soils for arable farming
- Pasture for pastoral farming
- Minerals for mining
- Lakes for domestic and industrial water supply
- Rain on the windward side for water supply
- Scenic beauty of mountains for tourism/recreation/water sports
11. Explain how Block Mountains influence human activities.
Answers
- Mountains have fertile soils for cultivation
- Associated with relief rainfall for water supply
- Availability of minerals for mining
- There are forests for lumbering
- Pasture for livestock
12. Explain how rift valleys influence human activities (Answers are same as for
question 6)
13. Explain why some people live on the slopes of some volcanoes, whereas other
volcanoes are free from settlement.
Answers
Free from settlement

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- Some slopes may have active volcanoes which makes it dangerous to settle
- Some slopes are too steep, making it difficult to settle and farm
- Slopes may have acidic, thin, infertile soils that are not suitable for
farming/crop growth
- Slopes may be cold and uncomfortable
- The slopes may have little rainfall and make farming difficult/ limited water
supply.

Live on slope

- Fertile soils for cultivation

- Scenic beauty for tourism
- Gentle slopes that are suitable for settlements and farming
- Presence of pasture for livestock
- Presence of forests for lumbering
- Extinct volcano that is safe to settle and farm

CLIMATE
14. Explain how the natural vegetation adapts to the Savannah climate.
Answers
- Umbrella crowns to provide shade for the roots because summers are
hot
- Needle/spiny/prickly/small leaves to reduce transpiration due to hot
summers
- Big trunks to store water during the long dry season
- Long tap roots to reach underground water during the long dry season
- Bulbous roots to store water
- Loose leaves/deciduous to reduce transpiration
15. Explain how cloud cover and humidity affect the weather in the Hot Desert
regions.
Answers
- Earth and solar radiation high due to absence of clouds/dry air
- Heat is not absorbed due to lack of clouds/dry air and it becomes very
hot during the day
- Air loses heat quickly at night because of lack of clouds/dry air and it
becomes cool at night/lower temperature
- High/large diurnal temperature

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16. Suggest how farmers living in the region (hot Desert) could deal with problems caused
by the climate.
Answers
- Arable farmers: Irrigate, use drought resistant varieties of crops, use
pesticides, herbicides, fertilisers, early ploughing at the beginning of the rainy
season
- Pastoral farmers: Drill bore holes, feed livestock, Harvest rain water, provide
shade for the livestock, use pesticides and insecticides to kill pests, keep
drought resistant breeds
17. Explain how the cutting down of the rainforests has affected the environment.
Answers
- When the rainforest is cut down, it becomes less dense and a thick
undergrowth of secondary forest emerges.
- Soil erosion occurs, causing deep gullies and loss of fertile soils
- Few trees remain resulting in reduced transpiration, less rainfall, increase in
carbon dioxide and global warming
- Disturbance of animal habitat leading to migration of animals.
18. Explain how the climatic conditions in the hot deserts affect human activities.
Answers
- Low rainfall – low crop production
- Extreme temperatures – low crop production
- Low rainfall with less livestock diseases – more pastoral farming
- Low rainfall – nomadic hunting and gathering
- Low rainfall – irrigation along water sources
Low rainfall – camels as mode of transport

19. Suggest why the impact caused by tropical storms varies from one country to
another.
Answers
- People may not cooperate by refusing to be evacuated
- Rescue efforts made difficult by the extensive damage
- No protective measures for some houses because people cannot afford -
Poor communication delay rescue teams
- Lack of electricity make evacuation difficult.
20. Explain how the equatorial rainforest changes with distance from the equator.
Answers
- The forest become less dense because of the reduction in the amount of
rainfall
- Trees become shorter due to less competition for sunlight

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- Grass grows taller due to abundance of sunlight

- Reduction in the species since some species cannot stand less rainfall
- Small leaves in order to reduce transpiration
- Leaves have few stomata to reduce transpiration
- Few lianas because of abundant sunlight
- Few aerial roots due to less rainfall
21. Explain the relationship between climate (Mediterranean) and human activities
around Cape Town.
Answers
- People in the Mediterranean region practice orchard farming e.g. citrus
fruits. The fruit trees have long tap roots to tap water during the dry season
- Winter crops, mainly wheat are cultivated because of the winter rain
- Sheep, goats and a few cattle are kept in the cooler mountain areas
- Viticulture/abundance of grapes are supported by the long summers
- There is market gardening (e.g. flowers)due to moderate temperatures and
long summers
- Tourism due to long summers
22. Explain how savanna vegetation benefits the local people.
Answers
- There are grasslands for pastoral farming
- Savannah Parkland is home to wildlife for tourism
- Grass and woodland used for building material
- Woodland for firewood
- Shrubs/woodland/trees for food e.g. wild fruits
- Woodland/trees/shrubs for medicine
- Woodland/trees for shade
23. Explain how tropical rainforests are adapted to the equatorial climate.
Answers
Tall trees to reach the sunlight
Lianas to reach the sunlight
- Little undergrowth due to shortage of sunlight
- Broad leaves rapid transpiration
- Dense forest due to high rainfall and high temperatures throughout the year
- Continuous growth due to lack of seasonal change
- Leathery leaves to withstand great heat
- Smooth trunks since there is no need to protect against cold
24. Explain why rainfall occurs along the cold and warm fronts.

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Answers
- Warm, moist air rises over cold air
- Warm air expands, cools
- Condensation take place, rainfall
25. Explain how over exploitation of the forests may affect the environment.
Answers
- Imbalance in oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere/increase in CO₂
- Global warming/increase in temperature
- Decline in rainfall
- Extinction of animals/migration of animals
- Soil erosion – trees compact soil particles together/act as wind breakers
- Decline in aesthetic value – forests beautify the environment
- Desertification/spread of desert conditions
- Extinction of forest species
26. Describe how the equatorial rainforest has adapted to the climate.
Answers
- Tall trees to reach sunlight, lianas to reach sunlight, little undergrowth due to
shortage of sunlight, broad leaves for rapid transpiration, dense forest due to
high temperatures throughout the year, continuous growth due to lack of
seasonal change, leathery leaves to withstand great heat, smooth trunks
since there is no need to protect against cold.

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF WATER AND WETLANDS

27. Explain how E.I.A is important in project development.
- It asses the possible impact that may be caused by the development of a
project
- It prevents environmental destruction
- Reduces unnecessary expenses
- Education/informed decisions
- It involves the local community
- Solves/avoids social conflict
28. Suggest why some people would be against E.I.A in project development.
Answers
- It may delay development
- May stop development
- May cause conflicts
- May be costly/expensive

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Needs skilled manpower

Time consuming

29. Explain how increasing water demand has put pressure on water sources.
Answers
- Improved agriculture/horticulture requires more water for irrigation
- Improved standard of living leads to more demand for water
- Water system toilets/watering of gardens/swimming pools demand more
water
- Improved social services increase usage of water in
hospitals/schools/recreational facilities
- Increased development of infrastructure leads to increased demand of water
for construction of roads and buildings
- Increased population
- Increased mining activities
- Increased industries
- Improved farming
30. Explain how human activity may disturb the hydrological cycle.
Answers
- Cutting down of trees reduces transpiration
- Disposal of waste into rivers reduces evaporation
- Air pollution leads to acid rain
- Damming of rivers reduces run-off/ increases evaporation
- Buildings/ tarred roads/paving reduces percolation and increases run-off
31. Explain why the use of water in rural areas is low.
Answers
- Rural areas have small populations hence water demand is low
- There are few industries in rural areas and the demand for water is low
- Low standard of living in rural areas hence there are few activities that need
water
- Few infrastructural development leading to low water demand
- Less irrigation that require low water demand
- Rural areas have few services and the demand for water is low

32. Explain why there is shortage of water in some parts of Botswana.

Answers
- Unreliable water/low rainfall – low recharge
- High temperature – high evaporation
- Temporary/seasonal water sources – limited supply of water
- Saline water – makes production expensive/expensive to make water potable
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- Deep water table – expensive to drill

- Sandy soils – high infiltration
- Vandalism – limited supply
- Flat land – few suitable dam sites
Pollution – costly to purify
Drought – low recharge
33. Explain why water is considered scarce and costly to obtain in Botswana.
Answers
- Low/unreliable rainfall – shortage of water
- High evaporation – high transpiration
- Recurring droughts – shortage of water
- Sandy soils – high infiltration
- Increase in population – increased utilisation
- Salty water – expensive to make potable
- Deep water table – expensive to abstract/drill
- Flat terrain – expensive to construct dams
- Pollution – expensive to purify
- Most rivers are seasonal – limited water supply
34. Explain how the presence of a dam and a reservoir can negatively affect the
environment.
Answers
- Diseases due to large volume of stagnant water
- Flooding if the dam overflows or breaks
- Lack of fertile soil/arable land occupied by the dam
- Loss of pastures occupied by the dam
- Loss of animals due to clearance of vegetation
- Less water downstream as water will be blocked by the dam upstream
- Silting due to reduced water flow
35. Explain why the use of water in urban areas has increased.
Answers
- Increase in population/urbanisation/rural-urban migration
- Increase in industries/industrialisation
- Increased irrigation/horticulture/backyard gardening
- Increased mining
- Increased social amenities
- Improved lifestyle/better standard of living
- Increase in infrastructure development/urban growth 36. Explain
how the Okavango Delta benefits the people of Botswana.

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Answers
- Aesthetic value attracts tourism
- Reeds provide raw material, building material
- The river provides fish and water lily (tswii)for food
- Grasses for pasture
- Water for socio economic activities
- Water channels for transport
- Fertile alluvial soils for arable farming
37. Describe how human activities can lead to changes in the appearance and value of
wetlands.
Answers
- Water level drops
- Loss of biodiversity/ecosystem disturbance
- Aesthetic value deterioration
- Pollution
- Disappearance/ reduction/ extinction of some species
- Reduced employment/income - Reduced government revenue
- Slow development e.g. roads
- Migration of people and animals
- Reduction in tourism activity

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF RANGELANDS

38. Explain how changes that occur on the rangelands may affect pastoral farmers.
Answers
- Death of livestock due to lack of pasture
- Loss of income due to low quality livestock /loss of livestock
- Low quality beef due to poor pasture
- Increased poverty/low living standards due to loss of livestock
- Need for supplementary feeding due to reduced vegetation
- Shortage of food (milk, meat) due to lack of pasture
39. Describe how the community might help reduce rangeland degradation.
Answers
- By practicing ranching/fencing
- Supplementary feeding
- Controlled stocking rate
- Paddocking/rotational grazing
- Education and research on rangeland management
- Zero grazing
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- Construction of fire breaks

- Afforestation
- Seeding
40. Explain how pastoral farmers could use rangelands sustainably.
Answers
- Construction of fire breakers to control veld fires
- Rotational grazing/paddocking to relieve the rangeland
- Ranching to reduce livestock in communal areas/control grazing
- Education to ensure awareness on rangeland management
- Limiting stocking rates to avoid/reduce overgrazing
- Supplementary feed to reduce dependence on rangelands 41.
Explain how climate and human activities cause rangeland degradation.
Answers -
Climate:
• Drought/little/low rainfall make grass to wilt/die. Grass/forage
becomes unpalatable
• High temperatures cause grass to wilt and die
Human activities
• Overstocking results in overgrazing
• Deforestation leads to extinction of desirable species and
replacement by undesirable species
• Veld fires leads to extinction of desirable species and replacement
by undesirable species
• Settlements leads to depletion of
42. Explain how veld products can be used in a sustainable way.
Answers
- Proper harvesting methods help to avoid destruction of resources
- Education promotes conservation
- Seasonal harvesting allows regeneration of veld products
- Use of quotas controls harvesting
- Replanting rehabilitates or allows re-growth of plants
- Research helps to develop new methods of harvesting
- Fencing veld products areas promotes conservation and
regrowth/rehabilitation

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43. Explain how mismanagement of forests may affect the environment.

Answers
- Deforestation results in extinction of plant species, migration of animals, low
transpiration, soil erosion, flooding, increased surface runoff, less oxygen and
more carbon dioxide and less oxygen
- Veld fires result in bare land with little grass/ no grass cover
- Pollution results in an imbalance in atmospheric gases, loss of aesthetic
value, health hazard
*44. Describe how the government of Botswana protects forests.
Answers
- Issuing of licences for harvesting
- Provision of hunting of endangered species
- Hunting seasons
- Anti-poaching units
- Prosecution
- Forest reserves/National parks/Game reserves/fencing
- Education on wildlife conservation
- Community involvement
*45. Suggest why it is important to conserve natural resources such forests and wildlife.
Answer
- Tourism
- To promote sustainable development
- To balance the ecosystem
- To create employment
- To prevent soil erosion
- Source of food
- They provide raw material/ building material
Source of medicine
- For trophies and decoration
- For shade, wind breakers
- For education and research

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF FOREST AND VELD PRODUCTS

46. Suggest why commercialisation of veld products maybe harmful to the
environment.
Answer
- May lead to soil erosion
- There will be increase in earth radiation
- Extinction of some species

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- Destruction of ecosystem/ destruction of animal habitat

- Appearance of secondary species
- Desertification
- Depletion of veld products
47. Explain why commercialisation of veld products is important for local communities.
Answers
- Generates employment/income
- Improved supply of quality and quantity of medicine
- Improved quantity of medicine and food
- Improved quantity of raw material
- Reduces rural urban migration
- Empowers locals, especially women
- Increased community bondage
- Improves standard of living
- Improves preservation of culture
- Improves rural development e.g. local industries.
48. Explain why commercialisation of forests is important to the government and local
communities in Botswana.
Answers
- Creation of employment leads to improved standard of living
- Government gains foreign exchange which pays for imports
- Commercialisation of forests diversifies the economy reducing dependency
on one economy
- Forests are a source of raw material, and this attracts more industries
- Taxation leads to source of government revenue
- Self-sufficiency in forest products leads to reduced imports

MANUFACTURING AND PROCESSING INDUSTRIES

49. Suggest how the government and other stakeholders may encourage the
development of small scale industries.
Answers
- Improvements of roads and railway to facilitate service delivery
- Assist people with loans and grants in order to start businesses
- Intensive training of people in order to arm them with skills of production
- Liaise with foreign investors who can assist with extensive marketing
- Provide market
- Provide power and water
Provide telecommunication network

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- Tax incentives/ tax holidays/ tax rebates

- Cooperatives/community trusts
- Speed up process for setting up industry e.g. land registration
50. Explain why the beef industry in Botswana is not yet fully exploited.
Answers
- Distant markets lead to high transport costs
- Occurrence of diseases affects supply of raw materials and markets
- Strict EU conditions result in low production
- Corruption and mismanagement within Lobatse BMC leads to losses and
possible closure
- Completion from other countries affects beef industry
51. Explain how large-scale industries could boost the economy of Botswana. Answers
Increase in foreign exchange A big foreign exchange reserve
Increased employment Better standard of living
Increase in skills development Increase in skilled work force
Improvement in infrastructure Attract more industries/improve
efficiency in service delivery
Increase in self-sufficiency in goods Reduction in imports
produced
Payment of taxes Increase in government revenue
Increase in economic diversification Reduce reliance on one or few
economic sectors

52. Explain why it could be beneficial for countries such as Botswana to create more
labour intensive industries.
Answers
• Creation of employment
• Improvement in standard of living
• Skills training
• Empowerment of locals
• Less dependence on agriculture
• Poverty eradication
53. Explain why the growth of industries has been slow in Botswana.
Answers
• Small internal market
• Lack of capital
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• Lack of skills/lack of technology

• Small raw material base
• Far from the sea ports/landlocked Shortage of power/expensive power
• Competition for market with neighbouring countries
• Roads not well developed.
54. Explain how industries benefit the economy of the countries in which they are
located.
Answers
Create employment Therefore improved standard of
living/reduces poverty
Source of foreign exchange Pays for imports
Diversify the economy Reduce dependence on one economic
activity
Boost other industries Therefore increasing job opportunities
Taxation Generates government revenue
Taxation Develops infrastructure
Develops skills Empower locals
Source of raw materials Boost/attracts other industries
Self-sufficiency in goods produced Reduces imports

55. Describe how the government of Botswana promotes industrial development.

Answers

• Financial assistance through CEDA/NDB/youth grants etc.

• Advertising abroad through BEDIA
• Training/education through LEA
• Provides industrial sites/factory shells
• Provides serviced plots/water/power/telephones
• Few foreign exchange control restrictions
• Tax holidays
• Easy terms on money transferred

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56. Explain how the Iron and Steel industry benefits the economy of the country in
which it is located.
Answers

Employment As more job opportunities arise

Foreign exchange From exports
Diversification of the economy As a different industry operates
Development of infrastructure To cater for the new industry
Reduces imports/self sufficiency As goods are produced locally
Government revenue From taxes
Improves standard of living As people are employed
Skills acquisition/training To be able to carry out new jobs

AGRICULTURE
57. Explain how the government can help subsistence arable farmers to increase crop
production.
Answers

• Financial assistance to meet costs

• Provide fertiliser to improve soil fertility
• Hire tractors to facilitate ploughing
• Provide certified seeds
• Provide pesticides/herbicides to control pests and diseases
• Education on modern farming to improve farmers’ skills
• Fencing to protect crops from destruction by animals
• Provide market
• Move wild animals from farmlands to reduce crop destruction/conflicts
• .
58. Explain how subsistence pastoral farmers can improve their production.
Answers

• Paddocking
• Ranching/fencing
• Using skilled labour
• Supplementary feeding
• Artificial insemination
• Financial assistance/loans
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• Education/training
• Drilling boreholes
• Disease control/vaccination/dipping
59. Suggest why subsistence farmers find it difficult to increase their yields.
Answers
• Lack of rain/drought
• Shortage of water
• Extreme temperatures
• Infertile soils
• Lack of money
• Shortage of land for ranches
• Shortage of skilled labour/lack of skills
• Outbreak of diseases
60. Explain how plantation farming benefits local community.
Answers
Employment Improves standard of living/reduce
poverty
Self sufficiency Reduces imports
Farmers gain skills Empowerment of farmers
Improvement of infrastructure Improve service delivery
Source of raw materials Attract other industries

61. Explain how commercial arable farming has a negative impact on

the environment. Answers
Clearing of large areas of land Massive soil erosion/disturbance of the
ecosystem/loss of habitat for
animals/migration of animals
Over cultivation Soil exhaustion/soil erosion/destroys soil
structure
Irrigation Salinization of the soil
Pesticides and fertiliser Pollute the soils/air/water

62. Explain how physical factors affect arable farming. Answers

Little rainfall/drought, high rainfall Crops die, rapid growth
Low temperatures, high temperatures Crops die

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High altitude, low altitude Crops die due to low temperature,

favours plant growth
Fertile soils, poor soils Rapid growth, crops die because of lack
of nutrients
Steep slopes, Flat land Thin soil for crops, water runs down the
slope so fast
Flat land Favours the use of machinery
Poor water holding capacity Crops die

63. Explain how arable farming benefits Botswana’s economy. Answers

Reduces imports/promotes self Increased food production
sufficiency
Generates income/employment Improves standard of living/reduces
rural-urban migration
Brings in foreign exchange A big foreign reserve
Improves local skills Empowerment of the locals
Encourages sustainable development Continued food production
Source of raw materials Attracts other industries
Diversifies the economy Reduce reliance on one or few sectors
Improves infrastructure Improve service delivery

64. Explain why plantation farming may create problems for a country
and its people.
Answers
• Over production of one crop
• Fluctuation of prices/demand
• Neglect of subsistence farming
• Migration of people
• Soil exhaustion
• Land clearance which leads to soil erosion
• Deforestation
• Pollution from fertilisers
• Profits leave country
• Economy dominated by foreign company
• Exploitation of workers
• Competition for land

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• Multinational firm can pull out anytime

MINING

65. Explain how the mining of iron ore benefits the economy of a country. Answers
Employment/jobs Improved standard of living
Improved infrastructure Improved service delivery
Attracts other industries Creates more jobs
Self-sufficiency in iron and steel Reduces imports
products
Bring foreign exchange Used for buying imports
Raw materials Attracts other industries
Tax/government revenue Development of the country
Training Improves skills
Diversify the economy Reduces dependence on one economic
sector

66. Suggest how production of oil has affected politics in the Middle East.
Answers
• Conflict/wars e.g. the gulf war
• Influence of rich countries on the choice of governments in producer
countries e.g. the toppling of Saddam Hussain
• Political instability in the country
• Dictatorship
• Revenue from sales used to sponsor terrorism
• Corruption

67. Explain how the economy of Botswana could be affected by the declining projected
government revenue from diamonds
Answers
Unemployment Fall in the standard of living
Closure of diamonds mines Development of ghost towns
Lack of government revenue Slow development of the country
Fall in foreign exchange reserves Economy will fall
Increase in unemployment Increases in crime
Economic meltdown/insufficient Political instability
services
Lack of money/insufficient services Increase in pollution
Poverty Environmental degradation
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.
68. Explain how mining contributes to the economy of Botswana. Answers
Job creation Better standard of living
Improved infrastructure Improved service delivery
Provide raw materials Attracts other industries
Batswana acquire skills Trained personnel
Increased exports Brings in foreign exchange
Generates government revenue Leads to the development of the
country

69. Explain how crude oil has affected the politics of the Middle Eastern
countries.
Answers
• Corruption/misappropriation of funds for development
• Abuse of power e.g. one party’s state during Saddam’s rule
• Interference by foreign powers e.g. USA in Iraq
• War may result e.g. Desert Storm
• Destruction of property
• OPEC influence on oil prices
• Political instability
• Refugees e.g. Iraq, Kuwait

TOURISM
70. Describe how the tourism industry may disadvantage the local community.
Answers
• Wild animals destroy property/crops/kill and injure people
• Low paying jobs offered/exploitation of workers/well-paying jobs for
foreigners
• Tour operating companies are foreign therefore money/profits leaves the
country
• Large pieces of land are taken up by parks/competition for land
• Foot and mouth disease(caused by buffaloes) can cripple the beef industry
• Erosion of culture/cultural disintegration
• Easy spread of diseases
• Increase in social ills e.g. drug abuse, prostitution, juvenile delinquency •
Pollution/littering of areas
• Seasonal jobs /business
71. Explain how the tourism industry may benefit the economy of the country in which
it is found.

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Answers
Employment Improved standard of living/reduce poverty
Source of foreign exchange Pays for imports
Diversify the economy Reduces dependency on one economic activity
Boost/attract other industries Increasing job opportunities
Taxation Creates government revenue
Taxation Develops infrastructure
Develops skills Empowers locals
Raw materials Boost or attract other industries
Improves infrastructure Improves service delivery
Self-sufficiency in goods produced Reduces imports

72. Explain how coastal tourism impacts on the economy of the country in which it is
found.
Answers
Creates employment Raises the standard of living/reduce poverty
Development of infrastructure Improves service delivery
Brings in foreign exchange Which is used to pay for imports
Earns government revenue Used for development of infrastructure
Education/research for sustainable Acquisition of skills
development
Diversifies the economy Reduce reliance on one economic activity
Provides market for craft industries Stimulate development of other industries

73. Explain how the government of Botswana is improving the tourism sector of
the economy. Answers
Tourism Boards Market Botswana tourist product/promote
investment in the tourism sector
Financial assistance To develop more tourist attractions
Education To increase participation in tourism sector
Research To identify the needs of tourism
Improvement of infrastructure For better service delivery
Advertisement To attract more people
Anti-poaching units To conserve animals(which are tourist
attractions)
Increase tourist attractions To widen market/to attract more tourists
Tourism policy To promote sustainability

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Ensure political stability/peace To attract more tourists

74. Explain why tourism is growing rapidly in Botswana.

Answers
• Government policy-encourages/supports tourism ventures
• Advertising-attracts more tourists
• Higher wages-people can afford travel
• Education of locals-more can participate in the industry
• Package holidays-cheaper travel/accommodation
• Political stability-good governance/peace/security
• Research/education-more tourist attractions
• Improved infrastructure-transport speeds travel/better accommodation

UTILISATION AND MANAGEMENT OF ENERGY

75. Explain why the potential to produce HEP is not fully exploited in Africa.
Answers
• Small market
• Lack of capital
• Lack of skilled labour
• Alternative sources
• Political instability
76. Explain how the burning of coal for the production of power may be dangerous to
the environment.
Answers
• Dangerous gases bring acid rain/destroy natural vegetation/destroys
ozone layer/air pollution
• Soot destroys natural vegetation, causes air pollution/land pollution •
Ash/burnt coal disposal contaminates water

77. Suggest how shortage of electricity may affect the economy of the country.
Answers
• Slow industrial growth
• Closure of businesses
• Discourages investment
• Slow production
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• Little foreign exchange/few exports

• Unemployment
• Low standard of living
• Investors may leave
• Loss of government revenue
78. Explain why there is little solar energy used in Botswana when conditions are ideal
for its production.
Answers
• Expensive equipment-lack of capital
• Limited supply-can’t run many appliances
• No production of electricity when cloudy-inconvenient
• There are alternatives-cheap/easily available
• Fragile equipment/easy to break-costly
• Lack of education/awareness-no exposure
79. Suggest why scientists and environmentalists think the Three Gorges HEP scheme
might become a nightmare to China.
Answers
• Competition for land/land for settlement taken up
• Destruction of the ecosystem/extinction of some animals and plants
• Silting silt accumulates behind dam wall and fertile soils trapped affecting
agriculture
• River/water disrupted by dam wall affecting areas down stream
• Deforestation (during clearance for the dam/lake
• Earth tremors (due to huge volume of water)
• Displacement of people (to give way for the development of the project)
• Flooding (due to wall breaking/overflowing)
• Outbreak of water borne diseases

80. Explain what the government of Botswana is doing in an effort to address the
problem of power shortage in the country.
Answers
• Expansion of Morupule Power Station
• Education on conservation e.g. through media
• Importation of electricity. e.g. HEP from Zambia to supply Kasane(to increase
supply)
• Use of alternative energy sources e.g. Solar energy project, to relieve the
current supply
• Power cuts/load shedding(to temporarily reduce usage)
• Introduction of prepaid meters(to ensure users are more accountable)
• Increase in tariffs
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81. Explain how Morupule power station benefit the people of Botswana.
Answers
• Employment-during construction and when it is in use
• Development/improvement of infrastructure-need for roads/housing/offices
• Training of locals/skills acquisition-for new jobs
• Better standard of living-as people will be employed
• Diversification of the economy-from reliance on agriculture alone • Attraction
of other industries such as service industries to serve workers.
82. Explain why governments encourage the use of renewable energy.
Answers
• It is readily available
• It is sustainable/inexhaustible/infinite
• Pollution free
• Cheap to produce/low maintenance costs
• Abundant
POPULATION
83. Suggest why there is a larger percentage of people over 65 years of age in
developed countries than in developing countries.
Answers
• Better diet/improved nutrition/increased food supply
• Better health facilities
• Availability of clean piped water
• Better health care/better health services
• Better sanitation
• Better housing
• Less physically difficult life
84. Explain why some developed countries encourage people to have more children.
Answers
• To ire for increase working population
• To increase local market
• To balance ageing population and its problems
• To discourage immigration
• To care for old people
• To increase population
• To utilise available resources

85. Explain how an increase in the number of people in rural areas would
cause problems in those areas. Answers
Description Explanation
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Increased population/overcrowding Puts pressure on resources

Increased unemployment Leads to more crime/social ills/poverty
Shortage of housing Emergence of squatter settlements/high
rentals/expensive land
Competition for land Leads to conflicts
Cultural disintegration Leads to social ills

86. Explain how the problem of HIV/AIDS impacts on the economic and social
development in Botswana. Answers
Social
• As parents die, children look after their siblings
• As parents die, the old lose care-takers
• As parents die, children are left under the care of the aged
• Infected people are stigmatised
• Children are left as orphans

Economic

• Poverty as bread winners die

• Government expenditure increases as medication and food have to be
provided
• Development slows down as money is diverted to AIDS programmes
• Skilled labour is lost due to death
• Low productivity at work place

87. Describe and explain the physical and human factors that have led to a
sparse population distribution in the western part of Botswana. Answers
Description Explanation
Little/low/unreliable rainfall Little water for crop farming
Extremes in temperatures Crops wilt and die
Few or no perennial rivers Little water supply
Saline water Little drinking water
Deep water table Expensive to access the water
Sandy/infertile soils Poor plant growth
Lack of pasture in the south western tip Lack of animal feed therefore mostly small stock
Few industries Few job opportunities
Poor infrastructure Low development
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88. Explain why it is important for a country such as Botswana to reduce rural-
urban migration. Answers
Rural areas
To decrease rural poverty
To increase rural development
To improve agricultural production
To reduce female headed households

Urban areas
To reduce unemployment
To reduce development of squatter settlements
To reduce pressure on social services e.g. education
To reduce overcrowding/shortage of accommodation
To reduce crime
To reduce pollution
To reduce poor sanitation
To reduce traffic congestion

89. Explain why the gap between AIDS cases and AIDS deaths widens with time.
Answers
• Free ARVs
• Home based care
• PMTCT program
• Free counselling and testing
• Education
• Use of condoms

90. Explain why some developing countries have high infant mortality rates.
Answers
• Poor sanitation
• Unbalanced diet/poor diet/malnutrition
• Poor health facilities
• Lack of food
• Lack of clean water
• Diseases

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• Low standard of living/poverty

91. Explain why the birth rate is high in some stages of the Demographic Transition
Model.
Answers
Description Explanation
Early marriages High potential for having more children
Traditional beliefs High potential for having more children
Lack of use of contraceptives/poor Families have many children
family planning
Religious beliefs(against contraception) Families have many children
Desire for a child of a particular sex Family keeps trying until many children
Children as source of labour in farming Therefore the more the better
High infant mortality rate So that when one dies others may survive
To look after parents when old Children are seen as a form of security

92. Explain why the CBD attracts many people during the day.
Answers
• Beauty/aesthetic
• People work at the CBD
• People trade at the CBD
• Accessible
• Prestige
• People get services at CBD
93. Suggest how authorities may improve the lives of people living in the low income
residential zone.
Answers
• Provide running/clean/piped water
• Provide electricity
• Provide sanitation
• Provide roads/improve roads
• Upgrade housing/provision of housing
• Provide social services e.g. education, health, entertainment
SETTLEMENT

94. Explain why it may be difficult to live in a squatter settlement. Answers

Lack of security Increase in crime

Poor sanitation Spread of diseases
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Poverty Therefore houses built are of poor quality

Lack of job opportunities Therefore increase in crime/social ills
Clustered housing Therefore easy spread of fires
Lack of running water Therefore poor hygiene
Lack of social facilities Therefore poor service delivery

95. Suggest measures that local authorities can take to deal with problems
caused by squatter settlements.
Answers
• Demolition of shacks/eviction
• Provision of low cost housing
• Development of industries to create jobs
• Provision of services
• Formation of community development groups
• Review of land allocation policy
• Education/awareness/research
• Use of Self-help housing agency
96. Suggest why it might be difficult to implement the National Settlement Policy.
Answers
• Land use conflict
• There is unequal distribution of resources
• Infrastructural development and economic activities are concentrated in
some parts of the country(e.g. the eastern part of Botswana
• Urban areas are more attractive to private investors
• Population is concentrated in the eastern side of the country
• It is difficult to recover costs used to develop infrastructure
• Urban areas grow faster than rural areas
• Sparse population makes it difficult to provide services
• Political influence/corruption
• Cultural/tribal conflict
• Shortage of capital
97. Explain why the poor housing areas are located near the manufacturing areas.
Answers

Cheaper housing/cheaper land Affordable to low income workers

Near working area Easier/cheaper to get to work/hope for employment
Small scale trading To service low income workers

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98. Explain how the government is trying to promote balanced development in rural
areas.
Answers
Strategy Objective
Improve standard of living/to attract more
industries
Improve agriculture Creates employment/encourage food
production
Improve infrastructure(roads/railways) To attract industries to rural areas
Decentralisation of services To control rural urban migration

Remote area dweller allowances Attract government employees to work in rural

areas
Rural industrialisation Create employment/reduce rural urban
migration

99.Explain why squatter settlements develop in towns such as Nairobi.

Answers
Stating explanation
Rural-urban migration resulting in shortage of accommodation
Unemployment therefore people do not afford rented accommodation
Decline in agriculture People are forced to migrate to towns though they have
nowhere to stay
Expensive housing/high Which many people cannot afford
rentals

99. Explain why it was important for countries such as Botswana to formulate a
National Settlement Policy.

Answers

• To promote proper use of land

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• To promote long term strategy for human settlement

• To promote balanced development
• To regulate establishment of settlements
• To promote conservation natural resources
• To facilitate orderly transition from rural to urban settlement

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