GROUP 1A: ALKALI METAL

Hydrogen (H) Lithium (Li) Sodium (Na) Potassium (K) Ammonium (NH4+)
“Inflammable Air” “Earth” “Natrium” “Kalium”
• Lightest element • Lightest metal • Most abundant extracellular fluid/cation • Most abundant and predominant • Hypothetical alkali metal
• Isotopes: • Depressant or diuretic • Promotes fluid retention intracellular cation • Conjugated acid of NH3
➢ Protium – most abundant • Heat exchanger – a/c • EXCESS: Edema • Diuretic and important in muscle • HABER’S PROCESS – commercial
➢ Deuterium – heavy contraction method of ammonia
hydrogen 1. Li Bromide 1. Na acetate • For hypokalemia and muscle paralysis
➢ Tritium – radioactive • Depressant • Diuretic; systemic alkalinizer; antacid 1. NH4+ bromide
2. Li Carbonate 2. Na bicarbonate – “BAKING SODA” 1. K acetate • Depressant; sedative
• Mania or bipolar • Systemic antacid • Antacid; diuretic; urinary; systemic 2. NH4+ carbonate – “SAL VOLATILE,
SE: systemic alkalosis; rebound hyperacidity; edema alkalinizer HART’S HORN, PRESTON SALT”
• Carbonating agent 2. K bicarbonate • Expectorant; antacid; respiratory
For effervescent tabs w/ citric acid releases CO2 masking saline taste • Systemic antacid; carbonating agent; stimulant
• Antidote for Zn poisoning bicarbonate source • C: Aromatic NH3 spirit
3. Na dihydrogen phosphate – “FLEET EDEMA” 3. K bromide 3. NH4+ chloride – “MURIATE
• Cathartic; phosphate source; urinary acidifier • Depressant; sedative HARTSHORN”
4. Na metabisulfite – preferred - or Na bisulfite 4. K carbonate – “POTASH, SALT OF PETER, • Expectorant; diuretic; systemic
• Water soluble antioxidant PERLASH” acidifier in alkalosis
5. Na carbonate anhydrous – “SODA ASH” • Antacid; carbonating agent; 4. Ammoniated mercury – “WHITE
• Source of carbonate; carbonating agent carbonate source PRECIPITATE”
• Other forms: 5. K chlorate • Topical antifungal; anti-infective
Na2CO3 . 2 H2O – TRONA (official) • Oxidizing agent; toothpaste; 5. NH4+ iodide
Na2CO3 . 10 H2O – WASHING SODA; SAL SODA; SODA CRYSTAL gargle/mouthwash • Source of Iodine; expectorant;
6. Na citrate 6. K chloride antifungal; antiseptic
• Alkalinizer; buffer; diuretic; expectorant; decrease coagulation time • Electrolyte replenisher IV slow push 6. NH4+ acetate – “SPIRIT OF
• C: Benedict’s solution 7. K citrate MINDERESUS”
7. Na chloride – “ROCK SALT, TABLE SALT, SOLAR SALT (PUREST FORM)” • Diuretic; expectorant; diaphoretic • Syptic – stops wound bleeding
• Electrolyte replenisher; preservative; tonicity adjuster 8. K hydroxide – “CAUSTIC POTASH, LYE
8. Na hydroxide – “ CAUSTIC SODA, SODA, LYE” POTASH”
• Saponifying agent • Saponifying agent (soft soap)
9. Na fluoride 9. K iodide
• Anticariogenic – 2% solution • Expectorant; antiseptic; antifungal;
10. Na phosphite iodine solubilizer
• Reducing agent 10. K nitrate – “SALT PETER, SALITRE, SALT
11. Na hypochlorite – “DAKIN’S SOLUTION, CHLOROX” PRUNELLE”
• Oxidizing agent; disinfectant; bleach • Diuretic, meat preservative
12. Na Iodide 11. K permanganate – “MINERAL
• Expectorant; antifungal; iodine solubilizer; ameliorating agent for goiter CHAMELEON”
13. Na lactate • Oxidizing agent; antiseptic Cesium (Cs)
• Antacid; diuretic • Volumetric solution in • Catalyst in polymerization of resin
14. Na nitrite permanganometry forming material
• Vasodilator; meat preservative; antidote for cyanide poisoning 12. K dihydrogen phosphate
15. Na nitrate – “CHILE SALT PETER” • Cathartic
• Preservative 13. K bitartrate – “CREAM OF TARTAR”
16. Na sulfate – “GLAUBER’S SALT” • Laxative; cathartic
• Cathartic 14. K Na tartrate – “ROCHELLE SALT, SAL
17. Na tartrate SIGNETTE”
• Primary standard for Karl Fischer for water content determination • Cathartic; sequestering agent; strong
18. Na thiocyanate oxidizing agent
• Hypotensive agent 15. Sulfurated potash – “LIVER OF SULFUR”
19. Na thiosulfate – “HYPOCHLOR, PHOTOGRAPHER’S HYPO, ANTICHLOR” • Mixture of:
• Treatment for cyanide poisoning with NaNO2; antidote for iodine ➢ K sulfide, K polysulfide, K thiosulfate
poisoning • Preparation of white lotion7 ++ ZnSO4
• Standard used for iodometry and permanganometry

NNDR – 4D PHARMACY
 GROUP 1B: COINAGE METAL
Copper (Cu) Silver (Ag) Gold (Au)
“Cuprum” “Argentum, Shining, Bright” “Aurum, Shining Down, King of ALL Metal”
• Essential trace element • Oligodynamic property – germicidal • Most malleable and ductile
• Enhance physiological utilization of Fe • Toxicity • Best conductor of electricity
• Only reddish metal ➢ Argyria – antidote is NSS • Dissolved by
• 3rd most malleable and 3rd best conductor ➢ Aqua regia (3 HCl + 1 HNO3)
• Component ➢ Selenic acid
➢ Hemocyanin A. Soluble Ag Compound • Arthritis and gout
➢ Cytochrome oxidase 1. Ag nitrate – “ LAPIZ INFERNULARIZ, LUNAR CAUSTIC, INDELIBLE INK, • SE: Dermatitis
• 2 Important Alloys CAUSTIC PENCIL”
➢ BRASS – Cu + Zn • Treatment of warts 1. Aurothioglucose
➢ BRONZE – Cu + Sn • eye antiseptic for babies of mom with gonorrhea • IM treatment of gout and RA
• Protein precipitant 2. Ammonium Ag nitrate – “Howe’s Solution” 2. Gold sodium thiomalate
• Toxicity • Dental protective • IM treatment of gout and RA
➢ Wilson’s disease – antidote is Penicillamine • desensitizing agent 3. Auranofin
• Only PO preparation
B. Insoluble Ag Compound • SE: glossitis
1. Cu sulfate – “BLUE VITRIOL, BLUE STONE” 1. Ag iodide
• Antidote for phosphorus poisoning • Poisonous disinfectant
• ++ Fe – increases hematinic activity 2. Ag Proteinate
• Component • MILD Silver Proteinate – Argyrol
➢ Benedict’s ➢ Antiseptic for the eye
➢ Barfoed’s • STRONG Silver Proteinate – Protargol
➢ Fehling’s ➢ Germicidal for ear and throat
➢ Bordeaux mixture – algaecide and fungicide • COLLOIDAL Silver Proteinate – Collargol, Neo-silvol
2. Cu aceto acetate – “PARIS GREEN” ➢ General germicidal
• Insecticide
3. Copper (II) citrate
• CUPRIC CITRATE
• Astringent – 8% solution
 GROUP 2A: ALKALINE EARTH METAL
Beryllium (Be) Magnesium (Mg) Calcium (Ca)
• Not employed in medicine since it is the most • Lightest of all structurally important metal • 2nd most abundant cation in extracellular fluid
toxic metal • 2nd most abundant • Vitamin D for max absorption
• Used in fluorescent lamp • Component • Blood coagulating factor
 Chlorophyll • Important for muscle contraction, release of neurotransmitter, and primary
 Grignard’s element of bones and teeth
Strontium (Sr) • Natural sources • Deficiency:
 Silicate – talc, asbestos  Osteoporosis
• Manufacture of flares  Carbonate – magnesite, dolomite  Rickettsia
 Sulfate – kieserite  Hypocalcemia
1. Sr chloride • Laxative, depressant  Osteomalacia
• Temp desensitizing agent • Flares
• Natural Ca channel blocker 1. Ca bromide
• Antidote: Ca gluconate • Sedative; depressant
2. Ca carbonate – “PRECIPITATED CHALK, PREPARED CHALK”
Barium (Ba) • Antacid, ingredient in toothpaste and dentrifice
• HEAVY 1. Mg carbonate – “MAGNESIA, DOLMITE” 3. Ca chloride – “MURIATE OF LIME”
• Toxicity • Antacid; laxative • Ca replenisher
➢ Baritosis – antidote is Epsom salts 2. Mg hydroxide – “MILK OF MAGNESIA, MAGNESIA MAGMA”  Very irritating to IV – gluconate or lactate is preferred
• Antacid; laxative 4. Ca gluconate
1. Ba sulfate 3. Mg oxide – “CALCINED MAGNESIA” • Ca supplement and replenisher
• Radiopaque substance for GIT imaging • Antacid; laxative 5. Ca hydroxide – “SLAKE LIME, CALCIUM HYDRATE”
2. Ba hydroxide • component of universal antidote • Antacid
• CO2 absorbent 4. Mg trisilicate • saponifying agent
• Prolonged antacid action • added to infant formula to prevent curdling in presence of gastric contents
• antacid itself promoting milk digestion
5. Mg sulfate – “EPSOM SALT” • ++ NaOH/KOH
• PO cathartic  SODA LIME
Radium (Rn) • IM anticonvulsant  Used as CO2 absorbent, metabolism test, oxygen therapy, and
• Marie Curie • antidote to B toxicity anesthesia
• Radioactive element used for cancer • Toxicity 6. Ca oxalate
radiotherapy and diagnostics ➢ Depression of deep tendon reflex • Ca supplement
➢ Depression of respiratory system 7. Ca oxide – “LIME, QUICKLIME”
6. Hydrated Mg silicate – “TALC, SOAPSTONE, FRENCH CHALK” 8. Ca phosphate
• Softest mineral • Source of Ca and P
• Filtering, clarifying, and dusting agent 9. Tricalcium phosphate – “BONE ASH”
7. Mg citrate – “LEMONADA PURGANTI” • Antacid
• Laxative 10. Ca chlorate – “CHLORINATED LIME, CHLORIDE, LIME”
• saline cathartic • Disinfectant; bleach
8. Combination of Mg hydroxide and Al hydroxide – “MAGALDRATE” 11. Dihydrated Ca sulfate – “PLASTER OF PARIS, GYPSUM TERRA ALBA”
• Antacid • Rodenticide
• preparation of surgical cast and dental impression
12. Hemihydrated Ca sulfate – “PLASTER OF PARIS”
• Supportive cast and dental impressions
 GROUP 2B: VOLATILE METAL
Zinc (Zn) Cadmium (Cd) Mercury (Hg)
“Quicksilver, Messenger of God”
• Present in insulin • Astringent • Diuretic; antiseptic; treatment of syphilis, cathartic, parasiticidal/fungicidal
• Astringent; antiseptic; antiperspirant; protectant • Manufacture of stink bomb • Industry
• Deficiency • Poisoning  Thermometer
 Parakeratosis – antidote is Na bicarbonate  Itai-itai – painful bone disease – antidote is BAL  Amalgams
• Affects the brain
1. Zinc chloride – “BURNETTS DISINFECTANT FLUID” 1. Cadmium chloride • Disease
• Disinfectant; antiseptic; dentin desensitizer; corrosive • Emetic; treatment of tinea infection  Minamata – from fish – antidote is EDTA
2. Zinc oxide – “ZINC WHITE, LASSAR’S PASTE” 2. Cadmium sulfide – “YELLOW SULFIDE”
• Antiseptic; astringent; topical protectant • Anti-seborrheic 1. Mercurous chloride – “CALOMEL”
3. Zinc dioxide 3. Cadmium sulfate • Cathartic, local antiseptic
• Antiseptic • Ophthalmic antiseptic 2. Mercuric chloride – “CORROSIVE SUBLIMATE”
4. Zinc sulfide – “WHITE LOTION, WHITE SULFIDE” • Disinfectant
• Parasiticide; topical protectant; antiseptic 3. Mercuric iodide
5. Heptahydrated Zinc sulfate – “WHITE VITRIOL” • Stimulant of indolent ulcer
• Emetic; astringent 4. Mercurous iodide
• Used in preparation of white lotion • Treatment of syphilis
6. Hydrated Zinc silicate – “NATURAL CALAMINE” 5. K mercuric iodide
• Topical protectant • Nesslers reagent
7. Zinc eugenol cement • Antiseptic component of Mayer’s reagent
• Dental protective 6. Mercuric aminochloride – “WHITE PRECIPITATE”
• Topical antiseptic
7. Mercuric oxide – “YELLOW PRECIPITATE”
• Ophthalmic antiseptic
 GROUP 3A: METALLOID
Boron (B) Aluminum (Al) Gallium (Ga)
• +3 oxidation state • Most abundant metal • Treatment of cancer related to hypercalcemia by binding with transferrin
• Industry • 3rd most abundant element • Used as substitute for Hg in manufacturing arc lamp
 Vulcanizing • Astringent; aluminum foil used for burn patient

1. Boric acid 1. Alum

• SAL SATIVUM • Ammonium salt -
• Toxicity • Potassium salt -
➢ Lobster appearance 2. Aluminum chloride
➢ Used for buffer: ophthalmic solution 2%; antiseptic; tonicity • Astringent, antiseptic, deodorant
adjuster 3. Aluminum hydroxide – “AMPHOJEL, CREMALIN GEL”
2. Sodium borate • Acid protectant
• BORAX, SODIUM TETRABORATE, DOBELLS SOLUTION • Disadvantage:
• Antiseptic; eyewash, wet dressing for wounds ➢ Constipation
➢ Phosphate deficiency
4. Aluminum phosphate – “PHOSPHAGEL”
• Antacid, astringent, demulcent
• Advantage:
➢ Doesn’t interfere w phosphate absorption
5. Aluminum carbonate
• Treatment of phosphatic caliculci
6. Aluminum oxide – “ALUMINA”
• Treatment of silicosis
7. Aluminum silicate
• KAOLIN
 CHINA CLAY, NATIVE HYDRATE, ALUMINUM SILICATE
 Adsorbent in diarrhea
• BENTONITE
 SOAP CLAY, MINERAL SOAP, NATIVE COLLOIDAL
HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE
 Suspending agent; pumice; volcanic origin; dental
abrasive

GROUP 3B: SCANDIUM SUBGROUP

• Scandium, Yttrium Lanthum, Actinum, Lanthanide, and Actinide
• Oxidation state of +2 or +3
• Metal physical properties
• Oxides are basic
• Quite reactive
 GROUP 4A: CARBON FAMILY
Carbon (C) Silicon (Si) Tin (Sn) Lead (Pb)
“Stannum” “Plumbum”
• Manifestation • 2nd most abundant element • Lower oxidation – electrostatic • Most metallic of the group
➢ Crystalline – graphite, diamond • Forms inert oxides which occurs in nature • Higher oxidation – covalent • Astringent; protein precipitant
➢ Amorphous – coal, anthracite • Used in preparation of tin can • Poisoning
➢ Carbon dioxide 1. Silicon dioxide  Plumbism – antidote is EDTA or Ca versenate
➢ Treatment of acne, warts, corns, callus, and • Toxicity: silicosis 1. Stannous fluoride – “TIN DIFLUORIDE” • Source of poisoning
eczema 2. Glass • Anticariogenic 8% solution  Lead pipes
➢ Most potent respiratory stimulant • Na2CO3 + pure silica • Topical fluoride application  Paints
3. Kaolin 2. Stannous oxide  Batteries
1. Carbon trioxide • Adsorbent • Germicide for staph infection  Canned goods
• Antacid; effervescent tablet 4. Purified silaceous earth
2. Carbon monoxide • Absorbent 1. Lead (II) acetate – “LEAD ACETATE, SUGAR OF LEAD, GOULARD’S
• 210x greater affinity to hemoglobin that 5. Bentonite POWDER”
oxygen leading to asphyxia then death • Suspending agent • Astringent; antiseptic
• Treatment 6. Talc 2. Lead oxide
➢ 100% oxygen • Clarifying; dusting agent • Litharge
➢ Artificial air (He 80%; Oxygen 20%) 7. Attapulgite – “POLYMAGMA, DIATABS,
➢ Hyperbaric oxygen QUINTESS”
• Adsorbent
8. Simethicone – “POLYMERIC DIMETHYL SILIXANE”
• Antiflatulence

GROUP 4B: TITANIUM SUBGROUP

Titanium (Ti) Zirconium (Zr)
“Titan, Sons of Earth”
• Powerful reducing agent • Same use as Al
• Banned due to granuloma formation
1. Titanium dioxide • Used as antiperspirant; athlete’s foot
• Opacifying agent
• UV ray protectant Former official compounds:
1. Oxide
2. Carbon trioxide
 GROUP 5A: NITROGEN FAMILY
Nitrogen (N) Phosphorous (P) Arsenic (As) Antimony (Sb) Bismuth (Bi)
“Mephitic Air, Azote,Without Life” “Light Carrier, St. Elmo’s Fire” “Lewiste Metal” “Beautiful Meadow”
• Most abundant gas in the air 71% • 2 FORMS • Copper aceto arsenate • Physiologically resembles As toxic • Silvering mirror
compared to the oxygen 29%  WHITE – poisonous  PARIS GREEN • Expectorant • Astringent; antiseptic; internal protective for ulcer
 RED – non poisonous • Choice of professional poisoner • Emetic • Toxicity
1. Nitrogen  Antidote is BAL or • Anthelmintic  Soluble Bi compound – poisonous – antidote is BAL or
• Very stable due to the 3 covalent 1. Phosphate DIMERCAPROL DIMERCAPROL
bonds • Antacid • First component of anti syphilis drug 1. Antimony K tartrate – “TARTAR • Causes dark stool and blue black gums
• Inert atmosphere for readily • Cathartic  ARSEPHENAMINE EMETIC, BROWN MIXTURE”
oxidizable substance • Emetic 1. Bi subcarbonate
• LIQUID NITROEGN – refrigerant 1. Arsenic trioxide • treatment of schistosomiasis • Antacid; astringent; antiseptic
• Black tank • Insecticide 2. Bi subgallate
2. Nitrous oxide – “LAUGHING GAS” • antileukemic • Antacid; astringent; antiseptic
• Inhalation anesthetic 2. Arsenic triiodide 3. Bi subnitrate
• SE: diffusion hypoxia • Primary standard in preparation • Antacid; astringent; antiseptic
• Blue tank of ceric sulfate 4. Bi subcarbonate + Bi hydroxide – “BISMUTH CREAM”
3. Nitrogen dioxide – “NITRITE” • Antacid
• Vasodilator; • Internal protective – for gastric pt
• antidote for cyanide poisoning • Inhibits the growth of H. pyroli
4. Nitrates
• Preservative
5. Aromatic ammonia salt –
“SPIRIT OF HARTSHORN, SPIRIT OF SAL
VOLATILE”
• Respiratory stimulant

GROUP 5B: VANADIUM SUBGROUP

Tantalum (Ta)
• Not affected by any body fluids – body inert
• Sheet form used in repair of bones, nerve, and tissue

GROUP 6A: OXYGEN FAMILY

Oxygen (O) Sulfur (S) Selenium (Se)
Empyreal Air, Dephlogisticated Air, Yne Brimstone, Shubari, Enemy of Copper Selena, Moon
• Most abundant element • Preparation of scabicidal, keratolytic ointment or lotion • Essential trace element
• Treatment of hypoxia; asphyxia • Stimulant; cathartic; depilatory agent; fumigant; anti-dandruff • Promote absorption of Vitamin E
• O2 – molecular • Used as antioxidant
• O3 – ozone
• Green container

GROUP 6B: CHROMIUM SUBGROUP

Chromium (Cr) Molybdenum (Mo) Uranium (U)
• Essential trace element • Essential trace element • Discovered by Becquerel
• Glucose tolerance factor • Co-factor enzyme • Radioactive element
• Deficiency • For atomic bomb
➢ Hypoglycemia 1. Molybdenum oxide • No pharmaceutical use
• ++ FeSO4 – can be used as hematinic
1. Potassium Chromate
• Powerful oxidizing agent
 GROUP 7A: HALOGEN FAMILY
Fluorine (F) Chlorine as Chloride (Cl) Bromine (Br) Iodine (I) Astatine (At)
• Most reactive of the • DEPHLOGISTICATED • Dark reddish brown fuming liquid with • Used as expectorant and antifungal • Only metallic halogen
electronegative elements MURIATIC ACID suffocating odor • Deficiency • Only synthetic and radioactive
• Strongest oxidizing agent • Most abundant extracellular • Sedative; depressant  Goiter halogen
• Toxicity anion • Poisoning
➢ Fluoresis • Water disinfectant;  Brominism – antidote is NaCl or • Elemental Iodine preparation
➢ Mottled enamel, abnormal • Gas has bleaching NH4Cl  Strong Iodine solution – Lugol’s solution
growth • antiseptic  Skin eruption, psychosis,  Iodine tincture – disinfectant
weakness, headache  Povidone Iodine - Betadine
1. Na Fluoride 1. Hypochlorite • Koppeschaar solution – Br2 10th normal
• Anti-cariogenic at 2% solution • Bleaching agent solution KBrO3 or KBr in water
2. Stannous fluoride 2. Hydrochloric acid
• Anti-cariogenic at 8% solution • Lacks in pt w pernicious
3. Na fluorophosphate anemia
• Anti-cariogenic • For achlorhydria
4. Freon
• Refrigerant, aerosol propel

GROUP 7B: MANGANESE GROUP

Manganese (Mn) Tecnitium (Tc)
• +2 to +7 oxidation states • 1 element produced artificially
st

• Most important trace element • For preparation of radiopharmaceutical

• Occurs usually as oxide MnO2
• Difficult to prepare the pure state
• Co-factor in protein synthesis, phosphorylation, fatty acid, and cholesterol synthesis
• Toxicity
 Parkinson-like
 GROUP 8A: NOBLE GASES
Helium (He) Neon (Ne) Argon (Ar) Krypton (Kr) Xenon (Xe) Radon (Ra)
“Niton”
• Donald duck sound • For advertising • Most abundant noble gas • Least abundant noble gas • Only metallic halogen • NITON
• 2nd lightest gas • Substitute for N in providing • Inhalational anesthetic • Only synthetic and • Synthetic noble gas
• Carrier/diluent of inert atmosphere radioactive halogen • For cervical cancer
medically important
gases and component of
artificial
• Brown container

GROUP 8B: FIRST TRIAD

Iron (Fe) Cobalt (Co) Nickel (Ni) Osmium (Os) Platinum (Pt) and
“Old Nick’s Copper” Palladium (Pd)
• Distributed widely in nature • Essential in development of erythrocytes and • Found in fossil fuel • Heaviest and densest metal • Catalyst in finely divided steel
• Function in divalent and trivalent states to hemoglobin • For fancy jewelry
form Iron (II) and Iron (III) • Component of Vitamin B12 1. Osmic acid
• Present in hemoglobin, transferrin, ferritin, • Deficiency • Staining microorganism for
and cytochrome oxidase enzyme  Megaloblastic anemia microscopic study esp electron
• Most important in engineering microscopy
• Enhances Cu and Vitamin C absorption 1. Co chloride – “LOVER’S INK, SYMPATHETIC INK” 2. Osmium tetroxide
• Toxicity – antidote is deferroxamine • Desiccator indicator • Staining microorganism for
 GIT distress microscopic study esp electron
 Cardiac collapse microscopy

1. Ferrous sulfate – “GREEN VITRIOL”

• Hematinic
• Constipation
2. Ferrous gluconate – “FERGON”
• Less irritating for constipation
3. Ferrous fumarate – “TOLERON”
4. Ferrous carbonate – “CHALYBEATE PILLS,
FERRUNGINOUS PILLS”
• Hematinic
5. Ferric chloride
• Astringent, styptic
• Reagent for tannin detection
6. Basham’s mixture
• Fe + ammonium acetate
• Astringent, styptic
7. Ferric ferrocyanide – “PRUSSIAN BLUE”
8. Ferro ferricyanide – “TURBULL’S BLUE”