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FIXED POINT THEOREMS OF INTEGRAL TYPE CONTRACTION IN COMPLETE -

METRIC SPACE

Conference Paper · January 2023

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 FIXED POINT THEOREMS OF INTEGRAL TYPE CONTRACTION IN
COMPLETE 𝒃𝟐 -METRIC SPACE

K. DINESH 1*, A. GAYATHRI2, R.KRISHNAKUMAR3

1
Assistant Professor, PG & Research Department of Mathematics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Trichy
[email protected]
2
Assistant Professor, PG & Research Department of Mathematics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Trichy
[email protected]
3 Assistant Professor & HOD, PG & Research Department of Mathematics, Urumu Dhanalakshmi College, Trichy
[email protected]

Abstract: The aim of this paper is to establish the structure of b2-metric spaces, as a
generalization of 2-metric spaces and b metric spaces via Integral type contraction. Some fixed
point results for various contractive-type mappings in the context of b2-metric spaces are already
discussed. In this paper, we establish some new integral type contraction defined on Complete
b2-metric spaces and prove some new fixed point theorems for these mappings. Our results are
generalizations of previous research’s. The concept of metric spaces has been generalized in
many directions. The notion of a b-metric space was studied by Czerwik in 1993 and many fixed
point results were obtained for single and multivalued mappings by Czerwik and many other
authors. On the other hand, the notion of a 2-metric was introduced by Gähler in 1963, having
the area of a triangle in ℝ2 as the inspirative example. Similarly, several fixed point results were
obtained for mappings in such spaces. Note that, unlike many other generalizations of metric
spaces introduced recently, 2-metric spaces are not topologically equivalent to metric spaces and
there is no easy relationship between the results obtained in 2-metric and in metric spaces.In this
paper, we discuss some results in Complete 𝑏2 -Metric Space. In 2002, Branciari in introduced a
general contractive condition of integral type. Branciari analyze the existence of fixed points for
mappings defined on complete metric spaces (X,d) satisfying a general contractive inequality of
integral type. This condition is analogous to Banach-Caccioppoli’s one; in short, we study
mappings f : X → X for which there exists a real number c ∈]0,1[, such that for each x,y ∈ X we
d(fx,f y) 𝑑(𝑥,𝑦 )
have 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑐 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡, where 𝜁(𝑡) : [0,+∞[→ [0,+∞] is a Lebesgue-integrable
mapping which is summable on each compact subset of [0,+∞[, nonnegative and such that for
ε
each ε > 0, 0 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 > 0.

AMS classification: 52M20, 45N99

Keywords: Fixed point, Integral type contraction, Complete b2 metric space

1
 1. PRELIMINARIES
Definition 2.1: Let𝑋 be a non-empty set and 𝑇: 𝑋 → 𝑋 a self-map. We say that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 is a fixed
point of 𝑇 if 𝑇 𝑥 = 𝑥.

Definition 2.2: For 𝑛 ≥ 2, let 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , … , 𝑓𝑛 are function from 𝑋 into itself . If there exists an
element 𝑥 in 𝑋 such that 𝑓1 𝑥 = 𝑓2 𝑥 = … = 𝑓𝑛 𝑥 =𝑥. Then 𝑥 is called a common fixed
point of 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , … , 𝑓𝑛 .
Definition 2.3: Let 𝑋 be a non-empty set and 𝑠 ≥ 1 be a given real number. A function
𝑑: 𝑋 × 𝑋 → 𝑅 + is a 𝑏2 - metric on X if for all𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋, the following conditions hold:
1) 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦 = 0 if and only if𝑥 = 𝑦.
2) 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑥 .
3) 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦 ≤ 𝑠 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑦 .
In this case, the pair (𝑋, 𝑑) is called a𝑏- metric space.

Definition 2.4: Let 𝑋 be a non-empty set and 𝑑: 𝑋 × 𝑋 × 𝑋 → 𝑅 be a map satisfying the

following conditions:
1) For every pair of distinct point 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋, there exixts a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑑(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧) ≠ 0.
2) If at least two of three points 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are the same , then 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0
3) The symmetry :
𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑦, 𝑥 for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋.
4) The rectangle inequality :𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑎 for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋.
Then 𝑑 is called a 2-metric on 𝑋 and (𝑋, 𝑑) is called a 2-metric space.
Now, We introduce new generalized metric spaces , called 𝑏2 –metric spaces, as a generalization
of both 2-metric and 𝑏- metric spaces.

Definition 2.5: Let 𝑋 be a non-empty set, 𝑠 ≥ 1 be a given real number and 𝑑: 𝑋 × 𝑋 × 𝑋 → 𝑅

be a map satisfying the following conditions:
1) For every pair of distinct points 𝑥, 𝑦 ∈ 𝑋, there exixts a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋 such that 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≠ 0.
2) If at least two of three points 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 are the same , then 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 0.
3) The symmetry :
𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑥, 𝑧, 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑧 = 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑦, 𝑥 for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋.
4) The rectangle inequality :
𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ≤ 𝑠[𝑑 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑎 ]for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋.
Then 𝑑 is called a 𝑏2 -metric on 𝑋 and (𝑋, 𝑑) is called a 𝑏2 -metric space with parameter 𝑠.
Obviously, for 𝑠 = 1 , 𝑏2 -metric reduces to 2-metric.

2
Definition 2.6: Let 𝑥𝑛 be a sequence in a 𝑏2 -metric space 𝑋, 𝑑 .
1) 𝑥𝑛 is said to be 𝑏2 -convergent to 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 , written as lim𝑛 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥, if for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋,
lim𝑛 𝑑 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑥, 𝑎 = 0.
2) 𝑥𝑛 is said to be 𝑏2 - Cauchy sequence in 𝑋 for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋, lim𝑛 𝑑(𝑥𝑛 , 𝑥𝑚 , 𝑎) = 0.
3) (𝑋, 𝑑) is said to be 𝑏2 - complete if every 𝑏2 - Cauchy sequence is a 𝑏2 – convergent sequence.

Definition 2.7: Let (𝑋, 𝑑) and (𝑋′, 𝑑′) be two 𝑏2 - metric spaces and let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑋′ be a mapping .
Then 𝑓 is said to be a 𝑏2 - continuous at a point 𝑧 ∈ 𝑋 if for a given 𝜀 > 0, there exists 𝛿 > 0
such that 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 and 𝑑 𝑧, 𝑥, 𝑎 < 𝛿 for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 imply that 𝑑′ 𝑓𝑧, 𝑓𝑥, 𝑎 < 𝜀. The mapping
𝑓 is 𝑏2 - continuous on 𝑋 if it is 𝑏2 -continuous at all𝑧 ∈ 𝑋.

Definition 2.8: Let (X, d) be a metric space and T: X → X be function, ζ: 0, ∞ → 0, ∞ be

Lebesgue-integrable mapping, if there exist α ∈ [0,1) such that for all p, q ∈ X

𝑑(𝑇𝑝,𝑇𝑞 ) 𝑑(𝑝,𝑞)
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝛼 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

2. MAIN RESULTS
Theorem 3.1 Let (𝑋, 𝑑) be a complete 𝑏2 - metric space, 𝑠 ≥ 1. Let 𝑓 be a 𝑏2 -continuous
self-map of 𝑋, and let 𝑓: 𝑋 → 𝑋 be a function and 𝜁: 0, ∞ → 0, ∞ be Lebesgue-integrable
mapping such that satisfying
𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑(𝑦,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎)
+𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑥,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

3
 𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓(𝑥),𝑎
+𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 and 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 ≥ 0 with 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 < 1 .Then 𝑓 has a unique fixed point in 𝑋.

Proof:Let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝑋 be an arbitrary and let 𝑥𝑛 𝑛∈𝑁 be a sequence in 𝑋.

Define 𝑥1 = 𝑓 𝑥0 , 𝑥2 = 𝑓 𝑥1 , … , 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑓 𝑥𝑛−1 , 𝑛 = 1,2, …

We have

𝑑 2 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 2 ,𝑎 𝑑 2 𝑓(𝑥 0 ),𝑓(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑓 𝑥 0 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑓 𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑓 𝑥 0 ,𝑎 𝑑(𝑥 1 ,𝑓 𝑥 0 ,𝑎)
≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑓 𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑓 𝑥 0 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑓 𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑓 𝑥 0 ,𝑎
+𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑓(𝑥 0 ),𝑎
+𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
= 𝑎1 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥 1 𝑥 2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 , 𝑥 2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
+𝑎3 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
+𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 2 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 , 𝑥 2 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

Hence,
𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
4
Similarly

𝑑 𝑥 2 ,𝑥 3 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 1 ,𝑥 2 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
2
≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝑛 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

We claim that 𝑥𝑛 is Cauchy sequence in 𝑋.

For 𝑚 > 𝑛, we have

𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 +𝑑 𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 +𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1
𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑠 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

[𝑎 1𝑛 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 +𝑎 1 𝑛 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑥 𝑚 ] 𝑑 𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
≤𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑎 1 𝑛 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑛 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑥 𝑚
≤ 𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

[𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 + 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑥 𝑚 +𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑎 ]
+𝑠 2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑠𝑎 1 𝑛 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑛 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑥 𝑚
≤𝑠 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑎 1 𝑛 +1 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑛 +1 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑚
2 2
+𝑠 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑠 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑎 1 𝑛 +1 𝑑 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑎
2
+𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
5
 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
𝑛 2 𝑛+1 3 𝑛+2 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑚 −2
≤ ( 𝑠𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + ⋯+ 𝑠 𝑎1 ) 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 𝑥 𝑚
𝑛 2 𝑛+1 3 𝑛+2 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑚−2
+ ( 𝑠𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + ⋯+ 𝑠 𝑎1 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 𝑚 −1 ,𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑎
𝑚 −𝑛
+𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
𝑛 2 𝑛+1 3 𝑛+2 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑚 −2
≤ ( 𝑠𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + ⋯+ 𝑠 𝑎1 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑥 𝑚
𝑛 2 𝑛+1 3 𝑛+2 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑚 −2
+ ( 𝑠𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + ⋯+ 𝑠 𝑎1 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
+𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛 𝑎1 𝑚 −1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎
≤ ( 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑎1 𝑛+1 + 𝑠 3 𝑎1 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛 𝑎1 𝑚 −1 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑥 𝑚
+ ( 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑎1 𝑛+1 + 𝑠 3 𝑎1 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑎1 𝑚 −2 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 0 ,𝑥 1 ,𝑥 𝑚
𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛
≤ 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 … … … … … . (1)
1 − 𝑠𝑎1 0 1 − 𝑠𝑎1 0

As 𝑛, 𝑚 → ∞ in (1), we have𝑑 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑥𝑚 , 𝑎 → 0.

Thus 𝑥𝑛 is a Cauchy sequence in 𝑋.

Since 𝑋 is a complete 𝑏2 - metric space , then there exists point 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 such that𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥 .

Now to show that 𝑥 is a fixed point of 𝑓.Since𝑥𝑛 → 𝑥 as 𝑛 → ∞ using continuity of 𝑓.

We have 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 ) .

Which implies that 𝑥𝑛+1 = 𝑥 .

6
Thus 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥. Hence 𝑥 is a fixed point of 𝑓.

For uniqueness of 𝒙: Let 𝑥, 𝑦 be distinct fixed point of 𝑓.

𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑(𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎)

Then for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 we have 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 and

𝑑 2 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 2 𝑓(𝑥),𝑓(𝑦 ),𝑎

𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑥,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑(𝑦,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎)

≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑥,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑓(𝑥),𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 ,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑(𝑦,𝑥,𝑎)

≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎

= 𝑎4 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎5 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡.

Thus
𝑑 2 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎
[1 − 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 ] 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 0.
0

This implies that 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 ≥ 1 , which is a contraction to 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 < 1 .

Therefore the fixed points are unique.

7
Theorem 3.2: Let(𝑋, 𝑑) be a complete 𝑏2 - metric space. Let 𝑓 and 𝑔 be two

continuous mapping s of 𝑋 into itself , such that

( i)
𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 ( 𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓(𝑥),𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

for all 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 and 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 ≥ 0 with 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 < 1 .

( ii )𝑓𝑔 = 𝑔𝑓, 𝑓(𝑥) ⊂ 𝑔(𝑥) . Then 𝑓 and 𝑔 having a unique common fixed point in 𝑋.

Proof: Let 𝑥0 ∈ 𝑋 be an arbitrary, since 𝑓(𝑥) ⊂ 𝑔(𝑥)

We can choose 𝑥1 ∈ 𝑋 such that

𝑓 𝑥0 = 𝑔 𝑥1 , 𝑓 𝑥1 = 𝑔 𝑥2 , … , 𝑓 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑔 𝑥𝑛+1 , 𝑛 = 1,2, …

Now ,

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

8
for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋

𝑑 2 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎 𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎

≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 ( 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑓(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎
≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 ( 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎
= 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

Then,

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋.
9
Hence ,

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 +1 ),𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +2 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

𝑛+1
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

For 𝑚 > 𝑛 , we have

𝑑(𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑎)
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 𝑔 𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 +𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎 +𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑎
≤𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 0 ,𝑔 𝑥 1 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑚 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 0 ,𝑔 𝑥 1 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 𝑛 +1 ,𝑔 𝑥 𝑚 ,𝑎
𝑛 𝑛
≤ 𝑠𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡] + 𝑠 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0 0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 )

≤ ( 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑎1 𝑛+1 + 𝑠 3 𝑎1 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑎1 𝑚 −2 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

+( 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑎1 𝑛+1 + 𝑠 3 𝑎1 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑎1 𝑚 −2 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 −1 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 ),𝑎

+𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 )

≤ ( 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑎1 𝑛+1 + 𝑠 3 𝑎1 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑎1 𝑚 −2 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

+ ( 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 + 𝑠 2 𝑎1 𝑛+1 + 𝑠 3 𝑎1 𝑛+2 + ⋯ + 𝑠 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑎1 𝑚 −2 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

𝑚 −𝑛 𝑚 −1
+𝑠 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

𝑛 2 𝑛+1 3 𝑛+2 𝑚 −𝑛 𝑚 −1
= ( 𝑠𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 +⋯+𝑠 𝑎1 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 +
0

10
 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 )
𝑛 2 𝑛+1 3 𝑛+2 𝑚 −𝑛−1 𝑚 −2
( 𝑠𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + 𝑠 𝑎1 + +𝑠 𝑎1 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 ) 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 0 ),𝑔(𝑥 1 ),𝑎

𝑠𝑎1 𝑛 𝑠𝑎1 𝑛
≤ 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 … (2).
1 − 𝑠𝑎1 0 1 − 𝑠𝑎1 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑔(𝑥 𝑚 ),𝑎
As 𝑛, 𝑚 → ∞in (2), we have 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 → 0.

Thus 𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) 𝑛∈𝑁 is a Cauchy sequence in 𝑋.

Since𝑋 is a complete 𝑏2 - metric space, then there exists point 𝑥 ∈ 𝑋 such that𝑔(𝑥𝑛 ) → 𝑥.

We have 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 = 𝑥 = 𝑔(𝑥𝑛+1 ) = 𝑓(𝑥𝑛 )and by the continuity of 𝑔, 𝑓, we have 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 .

To show that 𝑥is a fixed point of 𝑔 , we have 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑥 .

𝑑 2 𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 2 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = lim 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 𝑛→∞ 0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎

≤ lim [ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑛→∞ 0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑥 𝑛 ,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 ( 𝑥 𝑛 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

+ 𝑎5 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥𝑛 , 𝑓 𝑥 , 𝑎 ]

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑔(𝑥),𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑎

= 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑥,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥 ,𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑥,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 𝑥,𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑔(𝑥),𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑥,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 𝑥,𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑔(𝑥),𝑎
= 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

Thus,

11
 𝑑 2 𝑔(𝑥),𝑥,𝑎
[1 − (𝑎4 + 𝑎5 )] 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 0, (𝑎4 + 𝑎5 ) < 1
0

𝑑 2 𝑔(𝑥),𝑥,𝑎
Hence 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0 for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋.

This implies that 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑥. Therefore 𝑔 𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥.

Thus 𝑥 is a common fixed point of 𝑓 and𝑔 .

For uniqueness of the common fixed point : Let𝑥, 𝑦be two common fixed points of 𝑓 and 𝑔 ,
𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎
so 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 Then from ( i )

𝑑 2 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 2 𝑓(𝑥),𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑎

𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎

≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 ( 𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦),𝑓(𝑥),𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑥,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎

≤ 𝑎1 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎 𝑑 𝑥,𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑(𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎)
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑥,𝑦,𝑎 𝑑 𝑦 ,𝑥,𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

12
 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔 𝑦 ,𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
≤ 𝑎1 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎2 𝜁 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎3 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑓 𝑦 ,𝑎 𝑑𝑔 ( 𝑦 ),𝑓 𝑥 ,𝑎
+ 𝑎4 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0
𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓(𝑥),𝑎
+ 𝑎5 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 𝑔(𝑥),𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑎 𝑑 𝑔(𝑦 ),𝑓(𝑥),𝑎

= (𝑎4 + 𝑎5 ) 𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
0

𝑑 2 𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑥,𝑎
So 1 − 𝑎4 + 𝑎5 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 ≤ 0 for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 , (𝑎4 + 𝑎5 ) < 1.

𝑑 2 𝑔 𝑥 ,𝑥,𝑎
This implies that 0
𝜁(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = 0 , that is 𝑑 𝑔 𝑥 , 𝑥, 𝑎 = 0 for all 𝑎 ∈ 𝑋 ,

Thus 𝑥 = 𝑦 .

4. REFERENCES

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