(1) Classify the heat engine in detail

---→ A heat engine is a machine, which converts heat energy into mechanical energy. The
combustion of fuel such as coal, petrol, diesel generates heat. This heat is supplied to a
working substance at high temperature. By the expansion of this substance in suitable
machines, heat energy is converted into useful work. Heat engines can be further divided
intotwo types:
(i) External combustion and
(ii) Internal combustion.
In a steam engine the combustion of fuel takes place outside the engine and the steam
thus formed is used to run the engine. Thus, it is known as external combustion engine. In
thecase of internal combustion engine, the combustion of fuel takes place inside the engine
cylinder itself.
The IC engine can be further classified as: (i) stationary or mobile, (ii) horizontal or
verti-cal and (iii) low, medium or high speed. The two distinct types of IC engines used for
eithermobile or stationary operations are: (i) diesel and (ii) carburettor.

Q 4) Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of two stroke engine over four
stroke cycle engine.
1) The two-stroke cycle engine gives one working stroke for each revolution of
the crankshaft. Hence theoretically the power developed for the same engine
speed and cylinder volume is twice that of the four-stroke cycle engine, which
gives only one working stroke for every two revolutions of the crankshaft.
However, in practice, because of poor scavenging, only 50-60% extra power is
developed.
2) Due to one working stroke for each revolution of the crankshaft, the turning
moment on the crankshaft is more uniform. Therefore, a two-stroke engine
requires a lighter flywheel.
3) The two-stroke engine is simpler in construction. The design of its ports is
much simpler and their maintenance easier than that of the valve mechanism.
4) The power required to overcome frictional resistance of the suction and exhaust
strokesis saved, resulting in some economy of fuel.
5) Owing to the absence of the cam, camshaft, rockers, etc. of the valve
mechanism, the mechanical efficiency is higher.
Disadvantages:
1. The scavenging being not very efficient in a two-stroke engine, the dilution of
the charges takes place which results in poor thermal efficiency.
2. The two-stroke spark ignition engines do not have a separate lubrication
system and normally, lubricating oil is mixed with the fuel. This is not as
efrective as the lubrication of a four-stroke engine. Therefore, the parts of the
two-stroke engine are subjected to greater wear and tear.
3. In a spark ignition two-stroke engine, some of the fuel passes directly to the
exhaust. Hence, the fuel consumption per horsepower is comparatively higher.
4. With heavy loads a two-stroke engine gets heated up due to the excessive heat
pro- duced. At the same time the running of the engine is riot very smooth at
light loads.
5. It consumes more lubricating oil because of the greater amount of heat generated.
10) Define and explain key terminology associated with electric vehicles, such as kWh,
regenerative braking, and range anxiety.
1. kWh (Kilowatt-hour): kWh is a unit of energy measurement used to quantify the capacity of an
electric vehicle's battery. It represents the amount of energy that can be used over one hour at a
rate of one kilowatt. In the context of EVs, a higher kWh rating indicates a greater energy capacity,
allowing the vehicle to travel further on a single charge. For example, a 60 kWh battery can provide
60 kilowatts of power for one hour or 30 kilowatts for two hours.
2. Regenerative Braking: This technology is pivotal in electric vehicles to recover kinetic energy
during braking that would otherwise be lost as heat in traditional vehicles. When the vehicle
decelerates or brakes, regenerative braking converts some of the kinetic energy into electrical
energy, which is then stored in the battery. This process improves the vehicle's efficiency and
extends its range by reducing energy wastage during braking.
3. Range Anxiety: Range anxiety refers to the fear or concern that an electric vehicle's battery will
run out of charge before reaching the destination or a charging station. It stems from early
concerns about the limited range of EVs and the availability of charging infrastructure. Advances in
battery technology and the expansion of charging networks have alleviated some of these concerns,
but it remains a psychological barrier for potential EV adopters.
4. Charging Station: A charging station is a facility where electric vehicles can recharge their
batteries. They come in various types, including Level 1 (standard household outlets), Level 2
(higher voltage for faster charging), and DC fast chargers (rapid charging). The accessibility and
availability of charging stations are critical for the convenience and practicality of owning
an EV, especially for long-distance travel and urban commuting.
5. Battery Management System (BMS): The BMS is a crucial component that manages and protects
the battery pack in an electric vehicle. It monitors key parameters such as voltage, temperature,
and state of charge (SOC). The BMS ensures safe operation by preventing overcharging, over-
discharging, and overheating, thereby optimizing battery performance, longevity, and reliability.

Q 3) Analyze the methods used to calculate rolling resistance and the challenges involved in
these calculations.
This method calculates rolling resistance using theoretical models and formulas based on tire
characteristics and load conditions.
1. Empirical Measurement Method ;- This method involves direct measurement of rolling resistance
using test equipment
and procedures.
2. Theoretical Calculation Method :- This method calculates rolling resistance using theoretical models
and formulas based
on tire characteristics and load conditions.
Formula: Fr=Cr×N
3. On-Road Testing :-Rolling resistance is measured during actual vehicle operation under real-world
driving conditions.
Q 12) Explain the significance of torque required on the drive wheel vehicle dynamics.
Acceleration and Performance: Torque directly impacts how quickly a vehicle can accelerate.
Higher torque allows for quicker acceleration and better performance, especially when starting from
a standstill or overtaking.
1. Hill Climbing: Sufficient torque is needed to climb inclines without losing speed or stalling.
Vehicles with higher torque can handle steeper gradients more effectively.
2. Towing and Payload Capacity: Vehicles with high torque can tow heavier loads and handle
larger payloads without excessive strain on the engine or drivetrain.
3. Fuel Efficiency: The amount of torque required affects fuel consumption. Engines need to
produce enough torque to meet performance demands without excessively high RPMs,
which can affect fuel efficiency.
4. Drivetrain Design: Understanding torque requirements helps in designing and selecting
appropriate drivetrains, gear ratios, and differential settings to optimize vehicle
performance.

Q 6) Explain the principles of calculating acceleration force and its application in vehicle
dynamics.
a. Performance Metrics:
 Acceleration Time: The time it takes for a vehicle to reach a specific speed from a standstill.
This is a key performance metric for sports and high-performance vehicles.
 Throttle Response: Measures how effectively the vehicle’s throttle system translates driver
input into acceleration.
b. Driving Experience:
 Acceleration Feel: The perceived acceleration force affects the driving experience and
comfort. Smooth, controlled acceleration is crucial for passenger comfort.
 Handling and Stability: Rapid acceleration can impact vehicle handling and stability.
Proper management of acceleration force ensures safe and balanced driving.
c. Fuel Efficiency and Energy Consumption:
 Fuel Consumption: Higher acceleration forces require more power, which translates into
higher fuel consumption for internal combustion engines.
 Energy Use: For electric vehicles, acceleration forces impact battery energy consumption
and range.
d. Vehicle Design:
 Engine and Transmission: Vehicles are designed with specific acceleration requirements
in mind, influencing engine specifications and transmission design.
 Suspension and Chassis: The vehicle’s suspension and chassis must be engineered to
handle the forces generated during acceleration, ensuring stability and control.
Q9) Explain the Working Principle of Solar Power Operated Electric Vehicles and it’s
advantages
1. Solar Energy Collection: PV panels installed on the vehicle capture sunlight and convert it into
electrical energy.
2. Energy Conversion and Storage: The electrical energy generated by the PV panels is regulated by
the charge controller and stored in the battery pack.
3. Energy Utilization: The stored electrical energy is converted by the inverter into a form usable by
the electric motor, which then drives the vehicle.
4. Auxiliary Functions: Excess energy can be used to power auxiliary functions such as air
conditioning, lighting, and infotainment systems. Advantages of Solar Power Operated Electric
Vehicles
● Renewable Energy Source: Utilizes an abundant and renewable source of energy –sunlight.
● Zero Emissions: No tailpipe emissions during operation, contributing to reduced air pollution
and greenhouse gases.

(Q)Examine the essential components of an electric vehicle and their functions

1. Battery Pack
● Energy Storage: Stores electrical energy in chemical form. This is the primary
source of power for the EV.
● Power Supply: Delivers electrical energy to the electric motor and other vehicle
systems.
2. Electric Motor
● Propulsion: Converts electrical energy from the battery into mechanical energy to
drive the wheels.
● Efficiency: Provides instant torque and smooth acceleration.
3. Power Electronics
● Inverter: Converts direct current (DC) from the battery into alternating current (AC)
for the motor, if applicable.
● Controller: Manages the flow of electrical power between the battery, motor, and
other components, optimizing performance and efficiency.
● Converter: Steps down or steps up voltage levels as needed for different vehicle
systems.
4. Charging Port
● External Power Connection: Allows the vehicle to connect to an external power
source for charging the battery.
● Communication: Coordinates with the charging station to ensure proper and safe
charging levels.
5. Vehicle Control Unit (VCU)
● Central Control: Manages and coordinates the operation of various vehicle systems,
including energy management, motor control, and safety systems.
● Communication: Interfaces with other electronic control units (ECUs) and sensors
throughout the vehicle.