LABORATORY 3

CHARACTERISTICS OF DC MACHINES

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINES ENGINEERING

MODULE CODE: 5EN505

STUDENT NUMBER: 100648566

UNIVERSITY OF DERBY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Objective:
The objective of this lab is to analyze the characteristics of the DC machine and apply speed
control to the DC machine.

Introduction:
DC motors are electrical machines that convert direct current (DC) electrical energy into
mechanical energy. They are widely used in various applications, including industrial
automation, robotics, household appliances, and electric vehicles. This lab report will explore
the principles of operation, construction, and characteristics of DC motors [1].

Working of a DC motor is based on the principle of electromagnetism. When a current flow

through a conductor placed in a magnetic field, a force is exerted on the conductor. This force
is proportional to the current, the strength of the magnetic field, and the length of the conductor.
In a DC motor, this force causes a rotor to rotate, generating mechanical energy [2].

DC motors have several characteristic properties that make them suitable for various
applications. These include [4]:

1. Variable speed: The speed of a DC motor can be easily controlled by adjusting the
voltage applied to the armature.
2. High torque: DC motors can produce high torque at low speeds, making them ideal for
applications requiring strong starting power.
3. Compact size: DC motors are available in a wide range of sizes, from small motors used
in toys to large motors used in industrial applications.
4. Reversible: The direction of rotation of a DC motor can be reversed by simply reversing
the polarity of the voltage applied to the armature.

Methodology:
In this lab initially the calculations will be done in which the armature resistance, field winding
resistance, armature inductance and field winding induction were found after that the torque
and speed of motor calculations will be done theoretically.

The Simulink model given in the lab was made and using different value of mechanical torque
the speed vs torque graphs were made and their behavior was analyzed. After performing later
task, the efficiency vs mechanical load calculations were done and graph was represented. The
mechanical output power and input power were found for various mechanical loads.

The armature speed was controlled using the armature resistance because as the resistance
increases keeping the current constant the current decrease. The armature speed was also
controlled using armature source voltage [3].

Theoretical Calculations:
Keeping in view the characteristics of DC Machines, 200 V DC supply was considered for both
armature and field windings. Shaft speed of 8566 RPM was used and Armature resistance was
calculated as given below.

Considering N = 8566 RPM

𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎 = (0.2 + )Ω
12000

8566
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎 = (0.2 + )Ω
12000

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑎 = 0.9138Ω

𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐿𝑎 = (5 + ) 𝑚𝐻
2000

𝑁
𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐿𝑎 = (5 + ) 𝑚𝐻
2000

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐿𝑎 = 9.283𝑚𝐻

𝑁
𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑓 = (40 + )Ω
100

8566
𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑓 = (40 + )Ω
100

𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑅𝑓 = 125.66Ω

 𝑁
𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑓 = (5 + )𝐻
1000

8566
𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑓 = (5 + )𝐻
1000

𝐹𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑓 = 13.566𝐻

𝑁
𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 = (500 + ) 𝑚𝐻
20

8566
𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 = (500 + ) 𝑚𝐻
20

𝑀𝑢𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 = 928.3𝑚𝐻

Simulink Model

For Mechanical Torque = 0 Nm.

Figure 1 Test Circuit

 Figure 2 Plot between Torque and Speed

Simulation Calculations:

Armature Current Ia 3.571A

Field Current IF 1.83A
Speed (rad / sec) 133.4 rad / sec
Torque (Nm) 6.067 Nm
Mechanical Torque (Nm) 0 Nm

Theoretical Calculation:

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑤

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝐼𝑓

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 = 928.3𝑚𝐻 ∗ 1.83

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 = 1.698

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑤

𝐸
𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑤 =
𝐾𝐸
 230
𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑤 =
1.698

𝑴𝒂𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝑺𝒑𝒆𝒆𝒅 = 𝒘 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑎

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒 = 1.698 ∗ 3.571

𝑬𝒍𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒓𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑻𝒐𝒓𝒒𝒖𝒆 = 𝑻𝒆 = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟔𝟔𝑵𝒎

The theoretical speed is almost same as the simulated value with only 1.5% error in reading
while the torque calculations for both simulated and theory is same.

For Mechanical Torque = 5 Nm.

Figure 3: Test Circuit

 Figure 4 Plot between Speed and Torque

Simulation Calculations:

Parameter Result
Armature Current Ia 6.506 A
Field Current IF 1.83 A
Speed (rad / sec) 131.9 rad/sec
Torque (Nm) 11.05 Nm
Mechanical Torque (Nm) 5 Nm

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑤

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 = 𝐿𝑎𝑓 𝐼𝑓

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 = 928.3𝑚𝐻 ∗ 1.83

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐾𝐸 = 1.698

𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟 − 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐸 = 𝐾𝐸 𝑤

 𝐸
𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑤 =
𝐾𝐸

230
𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑤 =
1.698

𝑀𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝒘 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓. 𝟒𝟓 𝒓𝒂𝒅/𝒔𝒆𝒄

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒 = 𝐾𝑇 𝐼𝑎

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒 = 1.698 ∗ 6.506

𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 = 𝑻𝒆 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟒𝟕𝑵𝒎

The theoretical speed is almost same as the simulated value with only 2.6% error in reading
while the torque calculations for both simulated and theory is same.

Mechanical Output Power:

When Mechanical Torque = 0 Nm

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼𝑎 − (𝐼𝑎 )2 𝑅𝑎

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 230 ∗ 3.571 − (3.571)2 ∗ 0.9138

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 821.33 − 11.65

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 809.68𝑊

When Mechanical Torque = 5 Nm

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼𝑎 − (𝐼𝑎 )2 𝑅𝑎

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 230 ∗ 6.506 − (6.506)2 ∗ 0.9138

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 1496.38 − 11.65

𝑀𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇 = 1457.7𝑊

Input Output Power:

When Mechanical Torque = 0 Nm

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼𝑎

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 = 230 ∗ 3.571

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 = 821.33𝑊

When Mechanical Torque = 5 Nm

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 = 𝑉 ∗ 𝐼𝑎

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 = 230 ∗ 6.506

𝐴𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝐼𝑁 = 1496.38𝑊

Efficiency:

When Mechanical Torque = 0 Nm

𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑃𝐼𝑁

809.68
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
821.33

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 98.58%

When Mechanical Torque = 5 Nm

𝑃𝑂𝑈𝑇
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
𝑃𝐼𝑁

1457.7
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = ∗ 100
1496.38

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 97.41%

Efficiency Graph:

When Mechanical Torque = 0 Nm

Figure 5 Plot of Efficiency for Toque at 0Nm

Efficiency Graph:

When Mechanical Torque = 5 Nm

Figure 6 Plot of Efficiency for Toque at 5Nm

Speed against Resistor Values:

Resistor Values Speed

20Ω 152.1 rad/sec
40Ω 172.1 rad/sec
60Ω 191.9 rad/sec
80Ω 210.9 rad/sec
100Ω 228.9 rad/sec
120Ω 245.3 rad/sec
140Ω 259.7 rad/sec
160Ω 271.8 rad/sec
180Ω 281.6 rad/sec
200Ω 289.1 rad/sec
 Resistance Vs Speed
350

300

250
Speed rad/sec

200

150

100

50

0
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Resistance (ohms)

Figure 7 Resistance Vs Speed

It can be seen from the graph that as the field resistance increases the speed of the motor
increases as can been shown from the graph above.

Armature Speed Control:

Voltage Speed
0V 0 rad/sec
20V 8.584 rad/sec
40V 20.33 rad/sec
60V 32.07 rad/sec
80V 43.81 rad/sec
100V 55.55 rad/sec
120V 67.29 rad/sec
140V 79.03 rad/sec
160V 90.77 rad/sec
180V 102.5 rad/sec
200V 114.3 rad/sec
220V 126 rad/sec
230V 131.9 rad/sec
 Armature Voltage VS Speed
150
Speed rad/sec

100

50

0
0 50 100 150 200 250
Voltages (V)

Figure 8 Armature Voltage VS Speed

When the armature voltage increases the current increase due to which the speed of the motor
shaft increase as can be seen from the above graph and table.

Discussion and analysis:

After conducting all the experiments above it has been seen that as the armature voltage
increases the speed of the motor increases linearly and when the armature resistance increases
keeping the armature voltage constant the speed also increases. This validates the role of
current in regulating the motor's output power. Moreover, the motor's speed and torque were
affected by increasing the load.

The efficiency of the motor is 98.5% at no load but when the load increases the efficiency of
the motor decreases as can be seen by putting a load at the shaft exerting 5Nm torque the
efficiency of the motor reduces to 97.41%. Proper load matching is needed so that the
efficiency of the motor does not drop too much.

Conclusion:
After conducting various experiments in the lab, we have observed a direct relationship
between voltage and speed. The rotational speed of the DC motor increased in proportion to
the applied voltage. This confirms the principle that adjusting the voltage can control the speed
of a DC motor. Additionally, we have discovered a positive correlation between current and
torque. A higher current flowing through the armature produced greater torque, resulting in a
stronger rotational force. This validates the role of current in regulating the motor's output
power. Moreover, the motor's speed and torque were affected by increasing the load. With a
higher load, the speed decreased while the current and torque increased. This highlights the
interdependence between the load and motor performance, necessitating proper load matching
for optimal operation.
 LABORATORY 4

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUCTION MACHINES

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL MACHINES ENGINEERING

MODULE CODE: 5EN505

STUDENT NUMBER: 100648566

UNIVERSITY OF DERBY

COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

 Objective:
This lab aims to analyze the characteristics of an induction machine and to apply speed control
to an induction machine.

Introduction:
An induction motor is an asynchronous AC electric motor. This means that the rotor, the
rotating part of the motor, does not rotate at the same speed as the rotating magnetic field in
the stator, the stationary part of the motor. The difference in speed, called slip, is what causes
the rotor to produce torque and rotate [1].

The stator of an induction motor is made up of coils of wire wound around a laminated iron
core. When AC is applied to the stator coils, a rotating magnetic field is created. This rotating
magnetic field induces a current in the rotor bars, which are conducting bars embedded in the
rotor slots. The induced current in the rotor bars creates a magnetic field that interacts with the
stator's magnetic field, causing the rotor to rotate [3].

Induction motors have a simple design with few moving parts, making them reliable and easy
to maintain. Induction motors are typically 85-90% efficient, meaning they convert most of the
electrical energy they consume into mechanical energy. Induction motors require very little
maintenance, making them a cost-effective choice for many applications. The speed of an
induction motor can be controlled easily by varying the frequency of the AC power supply [2].

Theoretical Calculations:
The torque speed calculations of the 2 pole pair induction machine were driven by 400 VRMS
phase to phase and the stator resistance and stator induction were calculated. The parameter N
is taken as 8566.

𝑁
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = (8000 − ) 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2

8566
𝑁𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃 = (8000 − ) 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
2

𝑵𝒐𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒍 𝑷𝒐𝒘𝒆𝒓 = 𝑷 = 𝟑𝟕𝟏𝟕𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒕𝒔

 𝑁
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑅𝑆 = (0.4 + )Ω
15000

8566
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑅𝑆 = (0.4 + )Ω
15000

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑹𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝟎Ω

𝑁
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑆 = (2.5 + ) 𝑚𝐻
4000

8566
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑆 = (2.5 + ) 𝑚𝐻
4000

𝑺𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑳𝑺 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟏𝟓𝒎𝑯

𝑁
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑅𝑆 = (0.3 + )Ω
20000

8566
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑅𝑆 = (0.3 + )Ω
20000

𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝑹𝒆𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆, 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑹𝑺 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟐𝟖𝟑 Ω

𝑁
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑟 = (2.2 + ) 𝑚𝐻
3500

8566
𝑅𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑟 = (2.2 + ) 𝑚𝐻
3500

𝑹𝒐𝒕𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑳𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟔𝟒𝟕𝟒 𝒎𝑯

𝑁
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑚 = (30 + ) 𝑚𝐻
200

8566
𝑀𝑎𝑔𝑛𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝐶𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝐼𝑛𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒, 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑚 = (30 + ) 𝑚𝐻
200

𝑴𝒂𝒈𝒏𝒆𝒕𝒊𝒄 𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒆 𝑰𝒏𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏, 𝒑𝒆𝒓 𝒑𝒉𝒂𝒔𝒆, 𝒔𝒕𝒂𝒓 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝑳𝒎 = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟖𝟑 𝒎𝑯

 Methodology:
First the 3-phase voltage source is set at 400V rms phase to phase with 50Hz frequency and 2
poles are selected for squirrel cage and then the speed torque characteristics was analyzed.
After performing above experiment the 3-phase voltage is set to 200V rms phase to phase with
25 Hz frequency and 2 poles are selected for squirrel cage and then the speed torque
characteristics was analyzed. After performing above experiment the 3-phase voltage is set to
200V rms phase to phase with 25 Hz frequency and 2 poles are selected for squirrel cage and
then the speed torque characteristics were analyzed.

Simulink Model

For Phase to Phase voltage =400rms with 50Hz frequency:

Figure 1 Speed vs Electromagnetic Torque

For Mechanical Torque = 0Nm

Figure 2 Rotor Speed graph

Figure 3 Electromagnetic Torque graph

For Mechanical Torque = 10Nm

 Figure 4 Rotor Speed

Figure 5 Electromagnetic Torque

For Mechanical Torque = 20Nm

Figure 6 Rotor Speed

Figure 7 Electromagnetic Torque

 Mechanical Torque Rotor Speed Electromagnetic Torque
0 Nm 0.0359 rad/sec -0.007235 Nm
10 Nm 48.65 rad/sec 0.01394 Nm
20 Nm 97.46 rad/sec 0.006984Nm

After applying all the parameters of the induction machine and applying the mechanical torque
from 0Nm to 20 Nm it has been seen that the rotor speed increases from 0.03 rad/sec to 97
rad/sec indicating that when mechanical torque increases the rotor speed also increases.

For Phase to Phase voltage =200rms with 25Hz frequency:

For Mechanical Torque = 0Nm

Figure 8 Rotor Speed

 Figure 9 Electromagnetic Torque

For Mechanical Torque = 10Nm

Figure 10 Rotor Speed

 Figure 11 Electromagnetic Torque

For Mechanical Torque = 20Nm

Figure 12 Rotor Speed

 Figure 13 Electromagnetic Torque

Mechanical Torque Rotor Speed Electromagnetic Torque

0 Nm 0.00463 rad/sec -0.00095 Nm
10 Nm 48.74 rad/sec 0.003401 Nm
20 Nm 97.52 rad/sec 0.001717Nm

After applying all the parameters of the induction machine and applying the mechanical torque
from 0Nm to 20 Nm it has been seen that the rotor speed increases from 0.004rad/sec to 97
rad/sec indicating that when mechanical torque increases the rotor speed also increases.
For Phase to Phase voltage =100rms with 12.5Hz frequency:

For Mechanical Torque = 0Nm

Figure 14 Rotor Speed

Figure 15 Electromagnetic Torque

For Mechanical Torque = 10Nm

Figure 16 Rotor Speed

Figure 17 Electromagnetic Torque

For Mechanical Torque = 20Nm

Figure 18 Rotor Torque

Figure 19 Electromagnetic Torque

Mechanical Torque Rotor Speed Electromagnetic Torque

0 Nm 0.0002202 rad/sec 0 Nm
10 Nm 48.77 rad/sec 0.0003144 Nm
20 Nm 97.54 rad/sec 0.0001597Nm
After applying all the parameters of the induction machine and applying the mechanical torque
from 0Nm to 20 Nm it has been seen that the rotor speed increases from 0.0002rad/sec to 97.54
rad/sec indicating that when mechanical torque increases the rotor speed also increases.

Discussion and Analysis:

In the above experiments for different phase-to-phase voltages along different frequencies, it
has been seen that the speed of a squirrel cage motor is directly related to the slip. By
controlling the slip, we can control the motor's speed. Also, the breakdown torque is the
maximum torque the motor can develop before stalling. It occurs at a specific slip (difference
between synchronous and rotor speed) and is crucial for applications requiring high starting
torque.

For different mechanical torque, it has been seen that the rotor speed increases linearly also
pull-up torque is the minimum torque the motor can develop during acceleration. It occurs at a
lower slip than breakdown torque and represents the point where the motor can overcome its
inertia and begin to accelerate.

Conclusion:

The speed-torque characteristics of a squirrel cage induction motor reveal a fascinating

interplay between its design, operating conditions, and performance. Here are some key
takeaways: Breakdown torque and pull-up torque are crucial parameters defining the motor's
starting and acceleration capabilities. Controlling slip allows for varying speed, but impacts
efficiency, torque, and power factor. Different operating regions cater to specific application
needs like constant torque for conveyors or constant power for fans. Through this analysis,
we've gained a deeper appreciation for the squirrel cage induction motor's versatility and
adaptability. Its ability to deliver high starting torque, operate efficiently across various loads,
and adjust its speed makes it a mainstay in countless applications.
 References
1. Aamir, H. O. (2012). Optimal Speed Control for DC Motors using Linear Quadratic
Regulator. Journal of Science and Technology.
2. Ahmad, M. Z., Mohammad, E.-B., Soliman, F. A., and Mohammed, M. S. (2018).
Embedded two Level Direct Adaptive Fuzzy Controller for DC Motor Speed Control. Ain
Shams Engineering Journal , 66-75.
3. Ratnayake, R. M. (2014). Speed Control of Direct Current Motor using Atrificial Neural
Network. Scientific Research Journal, 45-46.
4. Changliang, X., Peijian, G., Tiangna, S., and Mingchao, W. (2014). Speed Control of
Brushless DC Motor using Genetic Algorithm Based Fuzzy Controller.