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Student Name Krupaben Jagadishbhai Patel Reasonable Adjustments

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“Health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of
disease or infirmity”. It is the state of being free from illness or injury, and it encompasses physical,
mental, and social well-being, and it is not limited to an individual, but to a global level. Global health is
a multidisciplinary, multisectoral field where various partners from around the world collaborate to
promote population and environmental health (1), however there are many global issues, diseases,
which affect humanity as whole, such as Hypertension, Diabetes, Tuberculosis, pandemics,
cardiovascular diseases, and many more. Tuberculosis is one of the rising global issues, which affects
millions of individuals globally. It is a contagious illness that is one of the world's top causes of death and
a significant contributor to poor health.

Tuberculosis (TB), which is caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is one of the
oldest diseases known to affect humans and a major cause of death worldwide (2). TB occurs in every
part of the world. In 2021, the largest number of new TB cases occurred in the South-East Asian Region,
with 46% of new cases, followed by the African Region, with 23% of new cases and the Western Pacific
with 18% (1). In 2020, 87% of new TB cases occurred in the 30 high TB burden countries. Eight countries
accounted for more than two thirds of the global total: India, Indonesia, China, the Philippines, Pakistan,
Nigeria, Bangladesh and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. (1). As we can clearly see from the world
map, which illustrates how TB is affecting the world globally.

Image: 1 Spread of TB across world in 2020 (3)

 • Effect of Globalization, Global Institutes, and Global health
governance on Tuberculosis.

Globalisation is defined as ‘’a set of global processes that are changing the nature of human interaction
across a wide range of social spheres including the economic, political, cultural and environmental. It
has a complex influence on health. Its effects are mediated by income growth and distribution, economic
instability, the availability of health and other social services, stress and other factors, a review of which
has recently appeared (3). However, for TB, Globalization have no effect on the years of life lost,
highlighting that globalization actually does not contribute to tuberculosis mortality. However,
improving other important determinants such as sanitation, providing safe drinking water and clean
households will reduce the mortality due to tuberculosis, highlighting the need to invest in them (4).
Global institutions also play a significant role for prevention of TB. For example, Tuberculosis Foundation
by KNCV, are providing training and resources such as digital health solutions through online learning,
new frugs treatment regimens, TB Stigma, Diagnosis and treatment of LTBI and many more services.

Along with this, Global health policy is now being influenced by an ever-increasing number of
nonstate and non-intergovernmental actors to include influential foundations, multinational
corporations, multi-sectoral partnerships, and civil society organizations (5). For example, TB Alliance
is a not-for-profit organization dedicated to the discovery, development and delivery of better, faster-
acting and affordable tuberculosis drugs that are available to those who need them. They have treated
1,845 patients in more than 30 countries accessed TB Alliance products for highly drug-resistant TB alone
in 2021 (6). Like this NGO, there are many NGOS, working round the clock for the prevention, for
treatment and cure of TB. These organisations also work at different levels. For example, WHO works
globally to provide treatment to TB affected Patients. They provide services in countries which are highly
affected with TB. WHO is working closely with countries, partners and civil society in scaling up the TB
response. Six core functions are being pursued by WHO to contribute to achieving the targets of the UN
high-level meeting political declaration, SDGs, End TB Strategy and WHO strategic priorities:

• Providing global leadership to end TB through strategy development, political and

multisectoral engagement, strengthening review and accountability, advocacy, and
partnerships, including with civil society;
• Shaping the TB research and innovation agenda and stimulating the generation,
translation and dissemination of knowledge;
• Setting norms and standards on TB prevention and care and promoting and facilitating
their implementation;
• Developing and promoting ethical and evidence-based policy options for TB prevention
and care;
 • Ensuring the provision of specialized technical support to Member States and partners
jointly with WHO regional and country offices, catalyzing change, and building
sustainable capacity;
• Monitoring and reporting on the status of the TB epidemic and progress in financing and
implementation of the response at global, regional and country levels. (1)

• Effect Environment and Economical factor on changing pattern

and nature of tuberculosis.
Environmental TB refers to factors in your environment that can cause and/or increase TB
transmission, and strongly affect the outcome. Environment refers to a person’s location, their living
conditions, personal habits, economic status, access to health care, plus factors in the natural world such
as air and soil pollution. Environmental factors play a strong role in tuberculosis transmission, its
severity, cure rates, and death rates. Understanding these environmental and social factors is vitally
important for TB control and prevention programs (7).

The economic impact of tuberculosis has been widely studied over the past 20 years. Tuberculosis
adversely affects the labour force, exhausts government health budgets, depresses household savings,
and disrupts local economies. However, the overall evidence on the economics of ending tuberculosis
has remained heterogeneous, without a comprehensive assessment of the cost of the tuberculosis
epidemic on economic welfare. The COVID-19 pandemic has reasserted the need to understand these
broader welfare consequences of disease.

• Conclusion

To conclude, it can be said that tuberculosis is a global issue. TB is a global phenomenon,

Globalization may play a vital role in other issues and diseases but there is no effect of social
and economic globalization on TB. Along with this, there are many intuition who provide
training, medication, treatment, and spread awareness that how to prevent TB by proper
sanitization, diet, lifestyle, and medications. There are also organization like WHO, who works
globally for the prevention and treatment of TB.
(1) Health and well-being (no date) World Health Organization. World Health
Organization. Available at: https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/major-
themes/health-and-well-being (Accessed: March 21, 2023).
(2) A, N., AV, D. and PM, B. (2020) A systemic review on tuberculosis. Indian
Journal of Tuberculosis.
(3) Cornia GA, Paniccià R. The mortality crisis of transitional economies. Oxford,
Oxford University Press, 2000.
(4) Sriram, S. and Albadrani, M. (2021) Globalization and life lost due to
tuberculosis: Evidence from a multi-country study, F1000Research. U.S. National
Library of Medicine. (Accessed: March 21, 2023).
(5) Kelley PW. Global health: governance and policy development]. Infectious
disease clinics of North America. 2011 Jun 30;25(2):435-53.
(6) Annual report 2021 (2022) TB Alliance. Available at:
https://www.tballiance.org/annualreport2021 (Accessed: March 21, 2023).
(7) Environmental tuberculosis: Causes and treatment (no date) TeleMed2U.
Available at: https://www.telemed2u.com/infectious-disease/environmental-
tuberculosis (Accessed: March 21, 2023).