International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology

International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology

ISSN: 2456-7655
Impact Factor: RJIF 5.54
www.newengineeringjournal.com
Volume 2; Issue 1; January 2018; Page No. 20-29

Development, simulation and implementation of a 2.5KVA pure sine wave power inverter for
hazardous environment
Andrew Osemare Okhueleigbe1, Emmanuel Ighodalo Okhueleigbe2
1
Technical Department (Supply Chain), Nigeria Breweries PLC, Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical /Electronic Engineering, Federal University of Petroleum Resources Effurun, Delta State, Nigeria

Abstract
The aim of this paper is based on development, simulation and implementation of a 2.5KVA pure sine wave power inverter for
hazardous environment. This system converts 24V DC voltage from a battery source to 230V AC at a frequency of 50Hz. The
output voltage is regulated so as to keep the output voltage constant as battery voltage decreases, as load demand increases the
inverter stops operation when the battery voltage goes bellow 21V. This work was realized by programming a PIC18f2550
microcontroller chip to produce a SPWM which is used to drive the gates of a MOSFET H-BRIDGE to invert the DC voltage from
the battery to a 24V AC voltage output. The 24V AC output is then passed through a power transformer to realize the 230V AC
output. The microcontroller chip was programmed to perform all the auxiliary functions such as low battery cut-off, over-load
protection and control of the inverter LCD display. The PIC16F873A chip was also programmed to display the state of the inverter
in every operating mode. The system was constructed and tested by connecting a 24V DC battery to the inverter input, and the
inverter gave 230 VAC at the output. Various load ability test was carried out to a load capacity of 2.7 KVA this load were
connected to the output, it was also observed that at 21V DC, the output supply was cut-off in other to protect the battery from
deep discharge.

Keywords: inverter, power, liquid crystal display, transformer, microcontroller

1. Introduction Gana, 2010); (Babarinde, O. et al, 2014). The resulting ac

Reliable and stable electricity is necessary for domestic and power converted from dc to ac voltage can be of any voltage
industries purpose. As a result of instability and insufficiency level and frequency with the use of appropriate transformer,
in the supply of electrical power, this has made the citizenry switches and control unit.
of the country to generate their own power using motor – There are often two methods of converting low voltage dc to a
generating set or inverter in times of power outage. Motor – high voltage ac. The first method involve converting the low
generating set and inverter could be used to power electrical voltage dc voltage into high voltage dc using DC-DC
appliances and machine in homes, industries and offices. As converter, and then the high voltage DC-DC converter output
inverter is more preferred to motor generator set as a result of is converted into ac voltage using pulse width modulation
its noiseless nature and more environmentally friendly (PWM). The other method uses pulse width modulation
compared with generators and its relatively small in size (PWM) to convert the low voltage source into low voltage
(Joshual Abularinwa and Paul Gana, 2010). alternating current AC and the low voltage AC is then step up
An inverter requires dc power source such as battery to to the desired AC voltage using appropriate step - up
produce ac power for powering both domestic and industrial transformer (Banini et al, 2016). This paper focuses on the
load when there is power outage. Therefore the quest for an second method briefly described above and specifically the
alternative energy source cansssnot down played. Renewable transformation of low dc voltage into high voltage AC.
energy source forms the major alternative energy source that
is very sustainable. Example of a renewable energy source is 2. Material and Methodology
solar energy which produces dc power. However domestic and Proteous design suite version 8.0 a powerful simulation
industrial equipment requires ac power. Hence inverters and package was used in drawing and simulation of the inverter
other electrical and control devices are needed to convert and circuit. MikroC compiler was the compiler that was used C-
control the unstable dc power supply into an ac power before programing language was used for programing all PIC
it could be used to pick load. microcontroller. It was also used in writing and compiling of
An inverter is a power electronics device, which is also known the control and display program used in this research. Mikro
as DC to AC converter, it convert dc voltage into ac voltage. programmer was used in burning. Control and display
A direct current is a current that flow in one direction while program. Table 1.0 show the component and materials used in
alternative current is that which flow in both positive and the construction of the project.
negative direction (Joshual Abularinwa and Paul

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Table 1: materials and electronic components

S/N Material Description Quantity
1 Resistors ½ WATT 16
2 Resistors 5 WATT 3
3 Transformer 3000VA 1
4 MOSFETs IRFP260N 12
5 MOSFET driver IR2112 2
6 Microcontroller PIC16F873A 1
7 Microcontroller PIC18F2550 1
8 Relay 12V AC 2
9 Transformer 230/12 2
10 Current transformer 1
11 DB Case 1
12 Bolts and nuts 24
13 Capacitors 104 13
14 Crystal 8MHz 1
15 LCD 2 BY 16 1
16 Diode IN4001 15
17 Diode IN4148 8
18 Transistor 2N2222 4
19 Capacitor 47uF 22
20 Capacitor 4.7uf 1
21 Capacitor 4700Uf 4
22 connectors 30 ampare 1
23 Cooling fan 33 watt 2
24 Rg45 wire 10 yards
25 Soldering lead 10 yards
26 78XX Voltage regulator 3
27 IC socket 40,16,14,4 pins 5

The method employed in this paper, was first programing a of a full H-bridge configuration in other to enable an
microcontroller to generate four control signal (two sinusoidal alternating voltage to flow in the low voltage winding of a
pulse width modulating SPWM signal and two other step up transformer to obtain 230V AC the output voltage is
complimentary square wave signal) and then MOSFET driver fed back to the micro controller to adjust the duty cycle of the
was used to amplify the power of the signals. The four control SPWM signal for voltage regulation of the output. The block
signals from the MOSFET driver are used to switch the gates diagram of the inverter is as shown below in figure1

Fig 1: block diagram of inverter system.

3. Theory and Calculations used to produce the other two complimentary signals. For the
3.1 Oscillation Unit production of the SPWM signals, 32 samples were used for
A PIC 18F2550 micro controller was chosen for generation of this project simulate half cycle of sinusoidal wave. For
SPWM signal. The PORT C of this microcontroller has 2 calculating the value of the duty cycle for the samples, the
outputs that produce PWM, while another PORT could be formula 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 × 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑑𝑢𝑡𝑦

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𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒; i.e. duty cycle The software PWM created uses the delay function in the
microC compiler, to get a frequency of 50Hz by making a pin
𝐷 = 250𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑤𝑡 = 250sin (𝑛𝛥𝜃) 1
of the microcontroller to remain high during the period of
Where sampling the half wave and then goes off, while another pin
D is duty cycle goes high during the remaining half cycle.
n - number of samples
𝛥𝜃 - angle (Period of sine wave) =
250 is the maximum duty cycle.
n = 0,1,2,3,…,32 = 0.02s 3

o
2 For a half cycle = = 0.01s 4
The corresponding angles are gotten by dividing the angle for
one half cycle by total number of samples (32).
5

A duty cycle is in simple terms the ratio of the time on to

period of the PWM; so each of the duty cycles previously
calculated show how long the pins should stay high relative to
how long they should stay low.
Hence any pin of the microcontroller could be made to stay
high for that period of time as calculated for each duty cycle
value, and stay off for the rest of the period.
Fig 2: graph of sine wave against duty cycle

3.2 Pic Microcontroller Architecture

Source: (data sheet of PIC18F2550 microcontroller)

Fig 3: Internal block diagram of the PIC18F2550

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PIC18F2550 has RISC Harvard architecture. Harvard appliances to industrial instruments, remote sensors, electrical
architecture is a newer concept than von Neumann. It rose out door locks and safety devices. It is also ideal for smart cards
of the need to speed up the work of a microcontroller. In as well as for battery-supplied devices because of its low
Harvard architecture data bus and address bus are separate. power consumption
Thus a greater flow of data is possible through the central So Fig. 4 and figure 5 shows the flow chart of SPWM signal
processing unit and of course a greater speed of work (A. generation and control and display respectively. In figure 4
Mamun et al, 2013). Separating a program from data memory flow chart “initialize variables” means initialize the user
makes it further possible for instructions not to have to be 8- defined memory cell; “initialize port” initializes the ports in
bits for instructions which allows for all instructions to be one software by which the ports work as output ports. After that
word instructions. It is also typical for Harvard architecture to “Initialize PCPWM” initializes the modules which are used to
have fewer instructions than von-Neumann's, and to have generate PWM. Then’s et al., interrupts” initializes all
instructions usually executed in one cycle. Microcontrollers interrupts which are associated with all kinds of desired
with Harvard architecture are also called "RISC interrupts. Then
microcontrollers". Fig.3 presents the internal block of the “Initialize Sine Look up Table” stores the sampling value of
PIC18F2550. RISC stands for Reduced Instruction Set sine wave. Those sampling value will go in PDC register. And
Computer. Microcontrollers with von-Neumann's architecture the PTMR register will generate the Triangular wave. Then
are called 'CISC microcontrollers', which stands for Complex the signal becomes Sinusoidal PWM signal with dead time.
Instruction Set Computer. PIC18F2550 is a RISC The microcontroller checks whether the generation is
microcontroller that means it has a reduced set of instructions; completed or not, if yes, take another sampling of the sine
more precisely 35 instructions. PIC18F2550 perfectly fits wave table, if not, it waits until completion (A. Mamun et al
many uses, from automotive industries and controlling home 2013).

Source: A Mamun et al,. 2013

Fig 4: Flow chart for SPWM signal generation

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology

Fig 5: inverter control program flow chart.

3.3 MOSFET Driver and H-Bridge Circuit MOSFET driver operates from a signal input given from the
MOSFET Driver microcontroller and takes its power from the battery voltage
For the MOSFET switch to be turned on the voltage at the supply that the system uses. The driver is capable of operating
gate terminal must be 10V higher than the drain terminal both the high side and low side MOSFET, but in order to get
voltage. The drain of the high side device is connected to 24V the extra 10V for the high side device, an external bootstrap
DC power which is to be inverted into the 230V AC power. capacitor is charged through a diode from the 18V power
This is a problem because the 24V is the highest voltage in the supply when the device is off. Because the power for the
system therefore, to drive MOSFETs in the H-Bridge, driver is supplied from the low voltage source, the power
MOSFET driver IC is used with a bootstrap capacitor consumed to drive the gate is small. When the driver is given
specifically designed for driving a half-bridge. For this design the signal to turn on the high side device, the gate of the
the IR2110 MOSFET driver was chosen, it is rated at 600V, MOSFET has an extra boost in charge from the bootstrap
with a gate driving current of 2A and a gate driving voltage of capacitor, surpassing the needed 10V to activate the device
10-20V. The turn on and turn off times are 120ns. The and turning the switch on.

Fig 6: IR 2110 connection with high side left and low side left (half) H-Bridge source (IR 2110 data sheet retrieve from
www.datasheetcatalog.com).

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Bootstrap Capacitor in the specific circuit and is about equal to the voltage across
The bootstrap diode and capacitor are the only external the power rail. The current rating of the diode is the product of
components strictly required for operation in a standard PWM gate charge times switching frequency. The high temperature
application. Local decoupling capacitors on the VCC (and reverse leakage characteristic of this diode can be an
digital) supply are useful in practice to compensate for the important parameter in those applications where the capacitor
inductance of the supply lines. has to hold the charge for a prolonged period of time. For the
The voltage seen by the bootstrap capacitor is the VCC supply same reason it is important that this diode have an ultra-fast
only. Its capacitance is determined by the following recovery to reduce the amount of charge that is fed back from
constraints: the bootstrap capacitor into the supply.
1. Gate voltage required to enhance MGT In order to improve decoupling a decoupling capacitors has to
2. IQBS - quiescent current for the high-side driver circuitry be connected directly across the VCC and COM pins as
3. Currents within the level shifter of the control IC shown in figure 12. The diode chosen for this design is the
4. MGT gate-source forward leakage current In4148 diode which meets the specifications given above.
5. Bootstrap capacitor leakage current
H-Bridge MOSFET Selection
Factor 5 is only relevant if the bootstrap capacitor is an The number of MOSFET in each side of the H-bridge required
electrolytic capacitor, and can be ignored if other types of for the inverter is calculated by computing the maximum
capacitor are used. Therefore, it was ignored since only non- current Imax required which is given by
electrolytic capacitors were used.
The minimum bootstrap capacitor value was calculated from
the following equation: I 3.12

And then dividing the maximum current of the inverter by

maximum current capacity of each MOSFET.
3.20

Where:
I A
Qg = Gate charge of high-side FET = 63nC f = frequency of
operation = 3200Hz
ICbs (leak) = bootstrap capacitor leakage current = 250μA Number of MOSFET = = 2.5 3.13
Iqbs (max) = Maximum VBS quiescent current = 230μA
VCC = Logic section voltage source = 24V Number of MOSFET on each side of the H-bridge
Vf = Forward voltage drop across the bootstrap diode = 0.4V approximately = 3 MOSFETs
VLS = Voltage drop across the low-side FET = 1.8V In the H-bridge design 3 MOSFETs are used on each side of
VMin = Minimum voltage between VB and VS = 10V the bridge therefore bringing it all to a total of 3 x4 = 12
Qls = level shift charge required per cycle (typically 5nC for MOSFETs.
500 V/600 V MGDs and 20nC for 1200 V MGDs) So each side of the bridge is able to conduct at least a
The values substituted into this equation were found either in maximum current of 125A required for maximum power of
driver datasheet for IR2110 IC or IRFP260N MOSFET 2.5KVA, for this design the MOSFET Irfp260n was chosen,
datasheet. Using these numbers minimum bootstrap having a maximum rating of 50A. three of the MOSFETs
capacitance value was calculated as where paralleled together on each side, so that the input
capacity is now 150A. This is enough to handle the current
sufficiently.

Gate Resistor Selection

≥ 0.048𝜇𝐹 If the gate of MOSFET switches of the H-bridge are driven
directly without a gate resistor the MOSFETs switch at a high
The capacitor value obtained from the above equation is the speed. However the amplitude of the negative voltage spike
absolute minimum required, however due to nature the increases also which is not desirous because it can cause
bootstrap circuit operation, a low value of capacitor can lead damage to the switches. Selecting an appropriate resistor value
to overcharging which could in turn damage the IC. Therefore, just provides a good trade-off between the spike amplitude
to minimize the risk of overcharging and further reduce ripple and the turn-off speed. the di/dt may have to be reduced by
on the Vds voltage the capacitor value obtained is multiplied reducing the switching speed by means of the gate resistor.
by a factor of 15 to get a capacitor value of 0.7μF, but the For this design resistors values of 100 ohms were chosen.
design a capacitor value of 47 f was used. Figure 7 shows the circuit diagram containing the dc link
capacitor, MOSFET driver and H- bridge configuration.
Bootstrap Diode Figure 8Show the H-Bridg construction.
The bootstrap diode must be able to block the full voltage seen

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Secondary number of turns = 1.04 × (𝑇𝑃𝑉 × 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑦

𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒)
Secondary winding area = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟 𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 ⁄ 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞.
𝑐𝑚
Actual calculated values

Core area = 1.152 √(2500) = 1.152 50 = 57.6 cm2

Turns per volt = 1⁄(4.44 × 10−4 × 57.6 × 1.3 × 50) = ⁄1.66 = 0.6
Fig 7: h- bridge dc link capacitor and MOSFET driver circuite drawn
with protcus
Primary winding current = A

Primary copper wire thickness = 10 SWG

Number of turns for primary winding= 24 × 0.6 = 14.4

Secondary winding current = A

Fig 8: DC link capacitor and H- bridge circuit. Secondary number of turns = 0.6 × 230 = 138 turns

Transformer Calculations Primary copper wire thickness = 17 SWG

In the design of the 2.5KVA inverter transformer, the size of
the lamination was obtained from the following formulas Output Filter
listed below so that it can provide enough magnetic flux for The final component require to output a pure sine wave
stepping 24V AC to 230V AC at the require power rating. voltage is a low pass filter. It is necessary because the output
of the H-bridge circuit is actually a sinusoidal voltage encoded
into 3.2kHz pulse width modulated signal. It require the
transformer’s secondary winding inductance and a shunt
capacitor to demodulate the SPWM signal to obtain pure sine
wave voltage. The figure below show the circuit of low pass
filter. Since the required output frequency is 50Hz the cutoff
frequency of the low pass filter is designed to filter out all
frequency greater than 50Hz. The calculation is as shown
below.

Source: Joshua Abolarinwa and Paul Gana. Design and

Development of Inverter with AVR Using Switch Mode Square
Wave Switching Scheme
Fig 9: A typical transformer.

The following calculations were made in designing the

transformer, for a 2.5KVA :
Core area (CA) = 1.152 × √(𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 × 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡 Source: (maina benard mburu. a pure sine wave inverter for house
𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡) backup)
Calculating turns per volt (TPV)
Fig 10: passive low pass filter.

TPV = Fc
Where
Primary winding current = Fc – cutoff frequency
L – secondary winding inductance
C – shunt capacitor

Number of turns = TPV × primary volts Since the secondary side of the transformer has an inductance
Primary winding area = 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠⁄𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑠 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑞. 𝑐𝑚 all that was needed was just a shunt capacitor. From the earlier

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calculations Transformer core area a = 0.00057.6m2 3.6 Battery Sense

The battery is sensed by using a voltage divider of 100k to 1k,
From the core used B = 1.3T So that flux linkage ɸ = × 𝑎 ɸ hence reducing the value of voltage reaching the controller pin
= 1.3 × 0.00057.6 = 0.0007488 by 100. This circuit could be able to measure up to 500V. this
is required to be able to cut off the output when the voltage is
The secondary winding inductance L = N less than the acceptable voltage of 22V and to cut off charging
when the voltage is above the acceptable 29V.
L = 138 H

Hence the minimum capacitor value needed for the low pass
filter is given by;

C µ

3.4 Mode of Operation of the Inverter

The inverter has two mode of operation; the main mode and
the oscillation mode.

In oscillation mode: provided the battery voltage are greater

Fig 13: battery sensing circuit
than the threshold value of 21V the microcontroller sends the
oscillation signals to the MOSFET driver H-bridge 3.7 Current Sense Circuit
arrangement to convert the input DC to an AC which is then The PIC 18F2550 microcontroller uses current transformer
stepped to 230V. (CT) to measure the current flowing in the low voltage
In mains mode the circuit is expected to charge the batteries; winding of the inverter transformer. The rectified output
in this mode, the low side MOSFETs are switched to ensure voltage of the CT is reduced by voltage divider resistor
charging. Power from the mains is stepped down by a small network to a factor 100. This is very necessary to cut of the
transformer and then rectified to DC, the output is connected supply during an overload condition. The maximum current to
to pin 26 of ADC module of the PIC18F2550 microcontroller. be drawn from this design is 104A \

Fig 11: mains sensing circuit

3.5 Output Voltage Sense

Fig 14: current sense circuit
The circuit shown in figure 9 is used for providing feedback to
the microcontroller for regulating the output voltage by
3.8 LCD Display Circuit
adjusting the duty cycle of the sinusoidal pulse width
The circuit used for the display of the LCD involves the use of
modulated SPWM signal. The output voltage sense is
the PIC16F873A chip, the chip receives control signals from
achieved by using a step down transformer to step down the
the main control chip, PIC18F2550, along with the “inverter
output voltage to a safe working voltage for the
on” signal and “mains on” signal. These signals put together
microcontroller, and is then passed through a voltage divider
are used to display the current state of the inverter. The table
for scaling.
below gives the signal truth table and their functions.
The step down transformer used, steps down the voltage from
230V to 12V, this voltage is then passed Table 2: truth table of LCD display
Inverter Mains Bit 1 Bit 2 Function
1 0 1 0 Display low battery
1 0 0 1 Display over load
0 1 1 0 Display charging
0 1 0 1 Display float charging
0 1 1 1 Display fully charged

Fig 12: output voltage sensing circuite

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International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Technology

Fig 15: LCD circuit

3.9 Relay Circuit

The relay circuit is controlled by PIC 18F2550, whenever
there is mains the microcontroller sends signal to the the relay
circuit to switch mains into the inverter circuit for charging,
and also to supply the load. Figure13 and Figure 14 shows the
relay circuit and full circuit diagram respectively for the
power inver

Fig 16: relay circuit

Fig 17: Complete Circuit Diagram

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4. Result and Discussion 6. References

Table 2 below shows the various test that was carried out on 1. Babarinde O, et al. Design and Construction of 1kVA
the inverter. It was observed that at varying load and input Inverter, International Journal of Emerging Engineering
battery voltage (29V - 21V), the output voltage remain Research and Technology. 2014; 2(3):201-212.
constant. This is due to the ability of the control program in 2. Liquid-cyrstal display. (n.d.). Retrieved from Power
the microcontroller to adjust duty cycle of the SPWM signal Inverters. (n.d.). Retrieved
in respect to the feedback received from the output voltage 3. Mamun AA, Design and Implementation of Single Phase
this makes the inverter output voltage to be independent of Inverter International Journal of Science and Research
neither load nor battery voltage. The losses measured was (IJSR), India Online ISSN, 2319-7064.
0.75A this is the current that flows when there is no load on 4. AN-538. (n.d.). Microchip application note.
the inverter. 5. Banini B, et al. Designed power inverter producing 240V
Figure 18 shows the complete construction of the 2.5KVA AC output Merit Research Journal of Engineering, Pure
inverter and Applied Sciences. 2003; 4(1):001-003. Available online
http://www.meritresearchjournals.org/epas/index.htm
Table 2: Tests carried out and results obtained 6. Bond MS. (n. d.). Selecting Film Bus Link Capacitors.
Test Results Obtained UNIVERSITY OF GAVLE, electrical and electronics
1.) 220V was applied across engineering. 526 Industrial Way Eatontown: Electronic
14V was measured across the low Concepts Inc.
the high voltage winding of
voltage side. 7. Engineering and Technology. 2016; 1(1):7-12. doi:
the inverter transformer.
3. The battery voltage was The output voltage remain constant at 10.11648/j.ajset.20160101.12. from Wikipedia: https://en.
varied from 29V to 21V. 230V. wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_inverter rectifiers, I. (n.d.).
5. The inverter was The output voltage drop, and Application note AN-978.
continually loaded to automatically regulate it’s voltage back 8. How-to-calculate-inductance-of-transformer-primary-
2.5KVA. to 230V each time load is increased. coil-magnetization. (n.d.). Retrieved from electro-tech-
6. The inverter was left on for online: http://www.electro-tech-online.com/threads/how-
a period of time without The output voltage remain constant.
loading it.
to-calculateinductance-of-transformer-primary-coil-
The charging speed and voltage magnetization.130811/
7. The inverter was measured across the terminals of the 9. Joshua Abolarinwa, Paul Gana, Design and Development
connected to AC mains. battery was dependent on the supply of Inverter with AVR Using, 2010.
voltage. 10. Leung IF. PWM Techniques: A Pure Sine Wave Inverter.
8. The inverter was left on so Worcester Polytechnic Institute. Photovoltaic Inverter.
At 21V the inverter automatically
the battery could completely American Journal of Science, 2011.
switched off (over drain protection).
discharge. 11. Rectifiers I. (n.d.). IR2101/IR2102 MOSFET driver
10. the inverter was left on datasheet. Retrieved from Wikipedia:
The no load current was 0.75 amps
without loading https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/optocoupler.
12. Switch Mode Square Wave Switching Scheme
Wikipedia:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-
crystal_display

Fig 18: complete construction of 2.5kva

5. Conclusion
The design and construction of a 2.5KVA inverter system
with output voltage regulated is presented with a unique
design constraint that does not only focus attention on
availability and stability of electrical energy delivered to the
load in an event of public utility failure, but incorporate
algorithm for regulating the output voltage with varying
battery voltage and load which make it more unique as
compare to other power inverter available in the market.
In this article, I presented switch mode power supply (SMPS)
using sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) technology.
From the test carried out and results obtained, the system had
performed to the desired design specification. Hence, the set
out objectives were realized.

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