A renewable resource is a natural resource which will restore or restock the portion which is diminished by the usage and

consumption. The
resources that cannot be depleted even after the continuous utilisation is known as renewable resources. As a result, it is sustainable despite
its consumption by human kinds. Renewable resources for the production of energy are also considered especially important for their potential
to replace non-renewable resources. Also renewable resources can offer a cleaner energy solutions than those given by the non-renewable
resources such as coal and fossil fuels. The need for renewable resources is increasing as the human population continues to grow wider. The
energy that is created by renewable resources is considered for all intents and purposes unlimited because of the ability of these resources to
rebuild naturally. Renewable resources can reduce the strain on the limits supply of fossil fuels, which are considered as non-renewable
resources.
The main five types of renewable resource are:
1. Solar energy
Solar energy is an energy that is taken from sunlight. Solar energy has been harnessed for a long time to grow crops, dry food and stay
warm. According to Weinstein, the solar energy can be utilized through anything from small solar panels on an individual house to massive
solar farms covering thousands of acers. The suns radiation can be used to make photovoltaic cells which helps them to transform solar
energy to electric energy.
2. Wind energy
Wind energy is mainly used or utilized with the large turbine arrays in open water or on the mountain ridges. Wind energy works by
converting mechanical energy into electricity. Wind energy is also generated when the wind turns the blades of the turbine, which takes
helps from an electric generator to produce electricity.
3. Hydropower energy
Hydropower energy is coming from the fast-moving water like rivers or the water that is dropping down rapidly from a higher point.
Hydropower has been used over thousands of years and also it is the largest renewable energy resource in the U.S.
4. Geothermal energy
According to the U.S energy information administration the breakdown of radioactive particles in the earths core produces geothermal
energy which can be used for everything. The heat within the earths core is comparable to the heat on the suns surface.
5. Biomass energy
The organic materials from plants and animals constitutes biomass substances like wood, crops, sewage etc. Weinstein said that while
biofuels are technically renewable because we can always plant more trees biomass can create energy since it has absorbed the energy
from the sun.
Advantages of renewable resources
 These energy resources can never run out because the sources are continuously filles by the nature itself. Solar energy can never run
out until the sun exist in the solar system

 When compared to non-renewable resources like fossil and fuels ,renewable energy sources are easily available to human and are
believable because these energy is equally share on the planet.

 Renewable energy resources are nature friendly because they are produces naturally and they do not release and kind of harmful gases
or pollutants

Disadvantages of renewable resources

 Renewable energy source are not available continuously because these sources are natural forces that depend completely on the
weather condition.
 The productivity of renewable resources is low because every types of energy needs a particular kind of technology to convert into
electricity.

 The warehouse cost of renewable energy is very high, and also it needs a lot of space for its implementation.

3. Air pollution is a problem for all of us. However, some groups of people that are especially sensitive to common air pollutants such as
particulates and ground-level ozone. Sensitive populations include children, older adults, people who are active outdoors, and people with
heart or lung diseases, such as asthma. If you are sensitive to air pollution, you need to be very aware of steps you can really take to protect
your health. All of those significant impacts can increase if their causes are Fastly followed. the more majority of them result from excessive
contaminating and uncontrolled mechanical activity. The negative effects of the air pollution and toxins have a very poor effect on human
health and the environment.
Effects of Air pollution on the environment
 Global warming
 A hazardous atmospheric variation is probably the most toughest consequence for researches and preservationists. Climate change refers
to a long-term shifts in temperature and weather pattern. But since the 1800s, human activities have been the main problem of climate
change, primarily due to the burning of fossil fuels like coal, oil and gas. Burning fossil fuels produces greenhouse gas emissions that act like
a blanket wrapped around the Earth, trapping the sun’s heat and raising temperatures. The main greenhouse gases that are causing climate
change include carbon dioxide and methane.
 Acid Rain
Acid rain is one of the outcomes of air pollution. The gases produced from the burning of fuels react with the oxygen in the air and water
vapour transforming into acids that fall onto the earths surface as rain. This acidification of the earth and the surface water has devastating
effects on ecosystem and poses a serious threat to living beings. The gases released by the companies, power plant and transport are
exceptionally poisonous.
 Environmental change
Environmental change is another result of a hazardous atmospheric deviation. At the point when the temperature of the planet rises, there
is an inflammation in the standard climatic cycles, quickening the progression of these cycles in noticeable manner
 Smoking fog effect
The smoke occurs when a murky atmosphere is present over the urban areas and fields. That mist of fog is a heap of toxins and can be of
mainly two types and that is sulphurous exhaust cloud and photochemical brown haze both are dangerous and harmful to well-beings. The
two types of brown haze are an outcome of modern and metropolitan activity
 Degradation of fields
Soil degradation is a major global problem. Degradation is a process where land becomes less healthy and productive because of the
combination of human activities or natural situations. The reason for the land degradation is numerous and complex.

4.A population is the total sum of individuals that reside in a particular area. The total number of individuals that live in an area can either
increase or decrease over time, which leads to population growth. Population development can be positive or negative depending on if definite
factors cause the number of individuals to increase or decrease. rapid population growth occurs whenever a population continues to increase
in size at a consistent pace. meanwhile generally there are a few population factors that affect the size of a population, including natality,
mortality, and migration.
Factors affecting population growth
High birth rates and reduced death rates: with the development in the world of medicines and technology the standard of living has
significantly improved. There are many immunisations, antibiotics clean water, air and better food production available to people which has
increased their longevity.
Social customs, beliefs literacy level, and needs: in some parts of the world where the literacy rate is low people are not informed about the
benefits of having fewer children. Some need more children so that their offspring can help them in agriculture, growing crops, or other
fieldworks. Some are bounded by the desire to have a male child. So they keep bearing children till they have a boy in their family.
Public health programmes: many government health program have improved the living conditions and life expectancy of people.
Fertility rates: total fertility rate is defined as the number of children a woman can give birth to in a lifetime. Some countries it is experienced
rapid population growth temporarily with an increase in the average fertility rates of women in that country. After that the rapid growth, the
TFR comes down. Currently the average global fertility rate is 2.5 children per woman. In the pre-modern era the average fertility rate used to
be 6.5 to 7 children and the decline in this rate can be attributed to education and increasing labour market participation, which ahs
empowered woman so that they can exercise their rights in deciding how many kids they wanted to have and another reason for the lowering
in the fertility is the rising cost of bringing up children.
Decline in maternal mortality rate and infant mortality rate: IMR and MMR have declined all around the world due to the availability of more
health centres and health programs. The infant mortality rate is the number if children under 1 year of age dying per 1000 live births in a
particular year.
Rise in food production: After World War II there has been a steep rise in food production with the advent of the green revolution.

6. Large amounts of urban energy consumption and consequent environmental impacts are posing great pressure on sustainable
development. Urban energy systems of the future should be designed in an integrated approach featuring enhanced economic and
ecological performances. This work aims to develop a generic tool to support the optimal design of integrated urban energy systems.
Methods of energy systems engineering are utilized to compose the tool, including superstructure-based modelling, mixed-integer linear
programming, multi-objective optimization, and stochastic programming. The model is applied to facilitate the design of a newly planned
urban region in North China. Results reveal trade-offs between system cost, carbon emission, and water consumption. Capability of
integrated design is illustrated via multi-energy synthesis, process integration, and multi-regional interconnection. Considering uncertainties
 of renewables, more energy generation, conversion, and storage capacity are needed. The total cost expectation also increases. Ignoring
uncertainties rooted in integrated urban energy systems might result in sub-optimal design.
Energy is considered the lifeblood of modern society. However, the traditional way of energy production and consumption has caused
severe environmental problems, such as global climate change
Global and national targets of low-carbon development must be realized at the urban level. Thus, urban energy systems face a dual
challenge – to reduce the negative externalities and, at the same time, satisfy the growing energy demand. The forms of urban energy
systems are continuously evolving. In the past, urban areas were regarded as energy consumers only. Power systems, gas systems,
heating systems, and cooling systems were designed individually and operated separately.
Conflicts exist between economic and environmental criteria, and even between environmental criteria such as carbon emission and
water consumption.
Optimal design and planning need multi-energy coupling, process integration, multi-regional interconnection, and design and operation
coordination.
Uncertainty rooted in urban energy systems requires more energy generation, conversion, storage capacity, and higher cost to secure
energy supply.

Two strategies of water conservation

Rain water harvesting
Rainwater harvesting essentially means collecting rainwater on the roof of building and storing it underground for later use. Not only does this
recharging arrest groundwater depletion. It also raises the declining water table and can help augment water supply. Rainwater harvesting and
artificial recharging are becoming very important issue. It is essential to stop the decline in ground water levels, arrests seawater and prevent
seawater from moving landward and conserve surface water run-off during the rainy season.
Better irrigation practices
Conservation of water in the agricultural sector is essential since water is necessary for the growth of plants and crops. A depleting water and a
rise in salinity due to overuse of chemical fertilizers and pesticides has made matters serious. Various methods f water harvesting and
recharging have been and are applied all over the world to tackle the problem.

7. Wasteland reclamation involves a wide range and techniques that include specific characteristics and context of the degraded land.
Strategies for wasteland Reclamation

 Afforestation and reforestation

Afforestation is the planting or adding of trees in an area where there was never a forest or plantation. This is a method to create a new
forest. This practice is referred to as afforestation and reforestation. Reforestation is the replanting of trees in an area where there was
once a forest which was destroyed or damaged.
 Soil conservation and management
The implementation of soil conservation methods such as terracing contour ploughing and mulching helps to minimalize soil erosion
and improve soil fertility and enhance water retention capacity. Soil conservation is the prevention of loss of the topmost layer of the
soil from erosion or prevention of reduced fertility caused by over usage, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination

 Management of watersheds
The management of watersheds includes the conservation of soil and water and the planting of trees and the collection of water. It is
the process of implementing land use practices and water management practices to protect and improve the quality of the water and
other natural resources within a watershed.
 Integrated land use planning
The implementation of integrated land use planning strategies are considered to be ecological, social, and economic considerations
which is beneficial in collecting land use decisions and minimising adverse problem of the environment.
 Community participation
"Community participation" and "stakeholder engagement are closely related terms, both are known to the process of actively involving
individuals and groups directly affected by a project or decision in the planning, decision-making, and implementation stages, ensuring
their voices are heard and considered

Benefits of wasteland reclamation

 Environmental benefits: wasteland reclamation has so many environmental benefits which includes the restoration of ecosystem
processes and service the enhancement of biodiversity and the improvement of soil and water quality and the mitigation of climate
change through the carbon sequestration.
 Social benefits: wasteland reclamation has so many social benefits as well which includes the making of employment possibilities and
the improvement of economic conditions and the enhancement od community well being especially in rural areas.
 Economic benefits: the process of reclaiming the wasteland results in the generation of economic value through the sustainable
utilisation of land resources, such as agriculture, forestry and ecotourism which in turn contributes to the economies of both the local
and national levels.
1. The energy cycle is the flow of energy through the earth’s environment. The energy cycle is based on the energy flux within the ecosystem.
Plants use energy from the sunlight to give life to new plant materials which include fruits, bulbs, branches, leaves and roots. The role of energy
in the ecosystem is very important because every organism always has needs and they also take energy in different way from other organism.
This process has been done in various energy cycles in the ecosystem. In the nature there is many types and cycles of ecosystem that has
several interrelated energy mechanisms that might affect the human body and all other organism’s life. There are many energy cycles which is
always functioning in the ecosystem like energy cycle, water cycle, carbon cycle, oxygen cycle, nitrogen cycle. The energy cycle is based on the
energy through the ecosystem. The energy from sunlight is converted by plant and then turns them into growing new plants material.
So, the plants can grow by converting the sun energy directly into their tissues, they are known as producer in the ecosystem.so the energy in
the ecosystem can be depicted in the form of a food pyramid or energy pyramid. The food pyramid has a large based plants called producers.
The pyramid has a narrower middle section that depicts the number and biomass of herbivore animals which is known as first order
consumers. Man is one of the animals at the apex of the pyramid
The daily activities of these species that are like food absorption, breathing, promoting tissue growth and covering the body temperature and
blood might absorb a particular portion of this energy. This energy is also used for survival tasks such as searching food, finding a shelter,
breeding and growing up children. herbivores provide food for carnivores. As an outcome the food chains connect various plants and animal
species. The energy is stored in various organic products in the plants and passed on the primary consumers in the food chain when the
herbivores consume the plants as their food. Then the conversion of chemical energy stored in plant products into kinetic energy occurs and
then the degradation of energy will occur through its conversion into heat. In a food chain the energy flow is following a ten percent law. And
according to this law, only a ten percent of the energy is transferred from the one tropic level to the other level rest of it is lost in the
atmosphere. The energy cycle is important for life on earth because it allows energy transferred and transformed between different forms and
different trophic levels. Realizing and understanding energy cycle helps us to recognise the complicated relationships within the ecosystem and
the importance of energy conservation