Part 1

DC Circuits

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SYSTEMS OF UNITS

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CHARGE AND CURRENT

• The coulomb is a large unit for charges. In 1 C of charge, there are 1/(1.602
× 10-19) = 6.24 × 1018 electrons. Thus, realistic or laboratory values of
charges are on the order of pC, nC, or µC.
• According to experimental observations, the only charges that occur in
nature are integral multiples of the electronic charge e = -1.602 × 10-19 C.
• The law of conservation of charge states that charge can neither be created
nor destroyed, only transferred. Thus, the algebraic sum of the electric
charges in a system does not change.

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VOLTAGE

POWER AND ENERGY

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The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours (Wh), where 1
Wh = 3,600 J

The Resistance and Resistivity

• materials in general have a characteristic behavior of resisting the flow of

electric charge.
• This physical property, or ability to resist current, is known as resistance and
is represented by the symbol R.

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• The resistance of any material with a uniform cross-sectional area A depends
on A and its length ℓ,

where ρ is known as the resistivity of the material in ohm-meters.

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Ex: Most homes use solid copper wire having a diameter of 1.63 mm to provide
electrical distribution to outlets and light sockets. Determine the resistance of 75
meters of a solid copper wire having the above diameter.
Solution:

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Ohm’s law

Ex: An electric iron draws 2 A at 120 V. Find its resistance

Solution:

Ex: In the circuit shown, calculate the current i, and the power p.
Solution:

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 Review Problems No.1

Ex 1: Find the resistance of a 100-m long tungsten wire which has a circular cross-
section with a diameter of 0.1 mm. the resistivity of tungsten is 5.485*108 Ω.m
Answer: 698 Ω

Ex 2: The essential component of a toaster is an electrical element (a

resistor) that converts electrical energy to heat energy. How much current
is drawn by a toaster with resistance 12 Ω at 110 V?
Answer: 9.167 A.

Ex 3: (a) Calculate current i in Figure below when the switch

is in position 1.
(b) Find the current when the switch is in position 2

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SERIES RESISTORS AND VOLTAGE DIVISION

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PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION

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Ex: Find R eq for the circuit shown below.
Solution:

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Ex: Calculate the equivalent resistance Rab.
Solution:

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WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS

Delta to Wye Conversion

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Wye to Delta Conversion

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Ex: Convert the ∆ network in Figure below to an equivalent Y network.

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 Review Problems No. 2

1. Transform the wye network in Figure below to a delta network.

Answer: Ra = 140Ω, Rb = 70 Ω, Rc = 35 Ω.

2. Find Rab for the circuit in Figure below.

Answer: 11 Ω.

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NODES, BRANCHES, AND LOOPS

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KIRCHHOFF’S LAWS
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL)

Ex: Find the current Io

Solution:

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Kirchhoff’s voltage law (KVL)

Ex: Find v1 and v2 in the circuit

Answer: 12 V, -6 V
Solution:

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METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Maxwell’s loop current analysis (Mesh Analysis)

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 Ex: For the circuit below, find the branch currents I1, I2, and I3 using mesh
analysis.

Solution:

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 Review Problems No.3

Ex: Determine i1 and i2 in the circuit

Ex: Find i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit

Ex: Use KCL to obtain currents i1, i2, and i3 in the circuit shown

Ex : From the circuit in Figure 2.80, find I, the power dissipated by the
resistor, and the power supplied by each source.

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Ex: Determine v1 through v4 in the circuit

Ex: In the circuit in Figure 2.76, obtain v1, v2, and v3.

Ex: Find I and Vab in the circuit

Ex: Calculate the mesh currents i1 and i2 in the circuit below.

Answer: i1 = 2/3 A, i2 = 0 A

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CIRCUIT THEOREMS
SUPERPOSITION

Ex: Use the superposition theorem to find v in the circuit below.

Solution:
Since there are two sources, let v = v1 + v2 where v1 and v2 are the
contributions due to the 6-V voltage source and the 3-A current source,
respectively.

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To obtain v1, we set the current source to zero

we set the voltage source to zero, Using current division,

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Ex: Using the superposition theorem, find vo in the circuit below.
Answer: 12 V.

SOURCE TRANSFORMATION

Ex: Use source transformation to find vo in the circuit in Figure below.

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Solution:

Ex: Find io in the circuit of Figure below using source transformation.

Answer: 1.78 A

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THEVENIN’S THEOREM

Ex: Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in Figure below, to
the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL = 6, 16, and 36 Ω.

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Solution:

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Ex: Using Thevenin’s theorem, find the equivalent circuit to the left of the
terminals in the circuit in Figure below. Then find i.
Answer: VTh = 6 V, RTh = 3 Ω, i = 1.5 A.

NORTON’S THEOREM

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Ex: Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in Figure below.

Solution:

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Ex: Find the Norton equivalent circuit for the circuit in Figure below.
Answer: RN = 3 Ω, IN = 4.5 A.

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MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER

The condition of maximum power transfer is:

Ex: Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit of Figure
below Find the maximum power.

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Solution:

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 Review Problems No.4

Ex1: Apply superposition to find i in the circuit of Fig below.

Ex 2: Given the circuit in Figure below, calculate ix and the power dissipated by
the 10-Ω resistor using superposition.

Ex 3: Apply source transformation to determine vo and io in the circuit in Figure

below.

Ex 4: For the circuit in Figure below, use source transformation to find i.

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Ex 5: Determine RTh and VTh at terminals 1-2 of each of the circuits in Figure
below.

Ex 6: Find the Thevenin equivalent at terminals a-b of the circuit in Figure below.

Ex 7: Find the Norton equivalent of the circuit in Figure below.

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