Arthritis
Name: Annalesa Barker
USI: 1028306
What is Arthritis?
Arthritis is a general term, derived from
the Greek words arthro-, meaning “joint,”
and -itis, meaning “inflammation.”
Inflammatory/degenerative disease
Etiology
Injury
Abnormal metabolism
Inheritance
Infections
Immune system dysfunction
History of Arthritis
Reference to arthritis is found in texts at least as far as 4500
BC. A text dated 123 AD first describes symptoms that
appear similar to rheumatoid arthritis. The details were
noted among skeletal remains of Native Americans.
The first recognized description of rheumatoid arthritis was
in 1859 by the French physician Dr. Augustin Jacob Landré.
One of the most important publications on arthritis was
by William Musgrave called the De Arthritide
Symptomatica in 1715.
Types of Arthritis
The most common types include:
Osteoarthritis (OA)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Psoriatic arthritis (PSA)
Fibromyalgia
Gout.
All of them cause pain in different ways.
Osteoarthritis
A slowly evolving articular disease that appears to
originate in the cartilage and affects the underlying
bone, soft tissues and synovial fluid
Aka ‘wear and tear’ arthritis
Characterized as Progressive cartilage loss
Occurs more frequently in women
Risk factors-Age, joint trauma, injury, obesity
Pain varies from person to person and can range from
mild to severe.
Joints mostly affected-hips, knees, hands, the spine
Osteoarthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis
Autoimmune disease caused by a triggered
immune response
Inflammation in the synovia leads to the
degeneration of cartilage and bone
Usually in bilateral joints
Risk factors- Hormones, genetics,
environmental factors
associated with fatigue and prolonged stiffness
after rest.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Psoriatic arthritis (PSA)
An autoimmune inflammatory disease.
Associated with skin condition called
psoriasis.
Risk factors- age, family history, and
having psoriasis
Can also cause inflammation in eyes,
heart, kidneys or lungs
Psoriatic arthritis (PSA)
Fibromyalgia
Considered a central pain syndrome. This means
that the brain and spinal cord process pain signals
differently.
Characterized by widespread pain. It may come
and go or be constant.
Associated with other symptoms, such as fatigue,
sleep problems, inability to concentrate and mood
troubles.
Fibromyalgia
Gout
A form of inflammatory arthritis
Causes agonizing pain and area becomes red, hot
and swollen
When body produces too much uric acid or if you
are unable to remove the excess fast enough.
Excess uric acid forms crystals in your joints.
Usually strikes in the large joint of the big toe, but
can also affect other joints.
Gout
Epidemiology
Arthritis affects more than one in four adults.
Newer adjusted estimates for 2015 suggest that arthritis
prevalence in the U.S. has been substantially
underestimated, especially among adults younger than age
65.
For people aged 18 to 64, about one in three people (both
men and women) have doctor-diagnosed arthritis and/or
report joint symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of
arthritis.
For people over 65, the numbers are much worse: More than
one in two men may have arthritis. More than two in three
women may have arthritis.
Pathogenesis
Osteoarthritis
Cartilage undergoes a remodeling process, stimulated by joint
movement or use.
process is altered by a combination of mechanical, cellular, and
biochemical processes, resulting in abnormal reparation of cartilage.
characterized by progressive cartilage loss, accompanied by an
increased thickness of the subchondral plate, osteophytes (new bone
at joint margins) and subchondral bone cysts.
Leads to decreased thickness of articular cartilage and, over time,
bone remodeling and enhanced cartilage deterioration.
Rheumatoid arthritis
RA is an autoimmune disease. The initial triggers of RA are
unclear; hormones, genetics and environmental factors may
all play a role.
Cells of the immune system produce autoantibodies and
inflammatory cytokines, creating a cascade of inflammation
resulting in the formation of pannus; the pannus invades and
destroys cartilage and bone.
Complex process of inflammatory mediators being released
in the affected joint.
Risk factors
Family history.
Age. ( affects all ages)
Your sex. ( more prevalent in women)
Previous joint injuries.
Overweight and Obesity.
Occupation
Clinical features
Pain in one or more joints
Swelling in one or more joints.
warmth/redness in and around the joint.
Stiffness/morning stiffness.
Constant or recurring pain
Difficulty using or moving a joint
Diagnosis
Physical examination
Medical history
X rays
imaging studies like CT scans and MRI of joints
Extracting and analyzing inflammation levels in your
blood and joint fluids.
Physical Examination
joint malalignment
Crepitus
Reduced range of motion
Synovitis
Joint involvement /symmetrical
Joint destruction
Extra articular manifestations
Rehabilitative Treatment
Physical therapy:
shown to be effective in arthritis of the knee to improve physical
function, reduce pain, increase isometric muscle strength, gait speed
and stride length and improve the quality of life.
Massages
Providing patients with walking aids
Electrotherapy
Manual therapy
Hot/cold packs / Stretching and strengthening exercises
Weight management training
Hydrotherapy
Acupuncture(dry needling)
Thermotherapy
Prognosis
Based on how advanced the disease was when the patient
was first diagnosed.
The age of the patient when first diagnosed or at disease-
onset.
how active the disease is currently. Is it in a flare,
a remission, or is it managed well with treatment.
Without appropriate treatment- chronic pain, disability and
mortality decrease can be negative outcomes.
Bibliography
https://
www.news-medical.net/health/What-is-Arthritis.aspx
https://
www.arthritis.org/Documents/Sections/About-Arthritis/
arthritis-facts-stats-figures.pdf
https://
emedicine.medscape.com/article/331715-overview#a6
https://
www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/7621.php#early_sig
ns
https://www.healthline.com/health/arthritis#symptoms
https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/arthriti
