“TRAFFIC LIGHT MONITORING SYSTEM”

EC111- PROJECT REPORT

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Department of Electronics & Communication

CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION
2. DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION
3. MATERIALS , COMPONENTS &EQUIPMENTS
4. RESULT
5. CONCLUSION
6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
7. REFRENCES

 LIST OF FIGURE USED

Figure 1 Traffic light page no.:8

Figure 2 Circuit diagram page no.: 9

 LIST OF TABLE USED

Table 1 Truth table page no.:8

  SYMBOLS USED
No symbols used.

ABSTRACT

DEFINATION: A traffic signal, or stoplight as it is also known, controls vehicle traffic

passing through the intersection of two or more roadways by giving a visual indication to
drivers when to proceed, when to slow, and when to stop.

PURPOSE OF TRAFFIC LIGHT:

1. Maintain a safe flow of traffic

 2. Keep pedestrians and vehicles safe
3. Minimize accident frequency and severity

Advantages & Applications of Traffic Light:

1. Traffic signals help for movement of traffic securely without any collision.
2. They can reduce the number of accidents on roads like pedestrian accident and right-
angle collision of two cars.
3. Signals can increase the capacity of traffic handling at the intersection.
4. The traffic signals help for the safe movement of slow-moving traffic by interrupting
heavy traffic at regular intervals.
5. The indications of the signals can be seen easily in foggy weather or at night time.
Without signalling system, it is very difficult to control traffic by the traffic policeman at
night or in foggy weather or on a rainy day.
6. Traffic control by signals is accurate and economical as compared to traffic police
control.
7. Under favourable conditions, they provide for continuous motion of traffic along a
specified path.

Disadvantages of Traffic Signals

1. They delay the traffic by stopping the vehicles at the intersection during peak hours.
2. During signals breakdown, there are serious and wide-spread traffic difficulties during
peak hours.

Introduction

Defination:

A traffic signal, or stoplight as it is also known, controls vehicle traffic passing through
the intersection of two or more roadways by giving a visual indication to drivers when to
proceed, when to slow, and when to stop. In some cases, traffic signals also indicate to
drivers when they may make a turn. These signals may be operated manually or by a
simple timer which allows traffic to flow on one roadway for a fixed period of time, and
then on the other road-way for another fixed period of time before repeating the cycle.
Other signals may be operated by sophisticated electronic controllers that sense the time
of day and flow of traffic to continually adjust the sequence of operation of the signals.
Traffic engineers use signals to avoid traffic congestion and improve safety for both
motorists and pedestrians alike.

History and origin:

The first traffic light invented was in London in the 1860s, but it was hardly recognizable
—or effective. It had been adapted from the railroad signal system by a railway manager,
John Peak Knight, in 1868. The railroads used red gas lights at night to signal stops and
green gas lights during the daytime. Knight installed a similar gas light, semaphore system
near London’s Westminster Bridge in December of 1868.

The First Traffic Light Patent

In 1923, inventor Garrett Morgan designed an affordable, modern solution to the traffic
light. It would irrevocably change the manufacturing process of traffic lights. The T-pole
design meant that it was visible and safe. He registered the patent in Canada and Great
Britain, too.

Use of traffic light:

Traffic signals are primarily used to control traffic in urban street systems—particularly at
conventional intersections accommodating large traffic volumes, where they allocate
right-of-way to the various traffic streams. They can also meter traffic entering access
lanes onto busy freeways or to indicate the lanes to…

Literature

Existing technology

Modern-Day Traffic Lights:

It’s not something you think about every day, but have you ever wondered how the
traffic light changes when you’re pulling up a quiet intersection? The traffic lights rely on
sensors that tell it that cars are approaching. Traffic lights are programmed to give the
right of way, which is essential to proper flow, especially in busy city intersections.
Adaptive traffic control systems are already making a mark in cities such as Pittsburgh,
where wait time at intersections is believed to have dropped by 40%. The system relies
on video feed and makes autonomous, real-time decisions based on the traffic flow at
any given time. This is all done with the help of artificial intelligence (AI).
 PROJECT: TRAFFIC LIGHT MONITORING SYSTEM

Objective: Traffic light monitoring system using and implement using logic gates.

Materials Required

1. Breadboard.
2. Bulb.
3. Components: Light Emitting Diode, Digital IC’s

• LED’s: Three - Blue, 1 - Red.

• Digital IC’s: 7404 - Inverter, 7408 - Quad 2 input AND, 7432 - Quad 2 input OR, 7400 -
Quad 2 input NAND, 7486 - Quad 2 input XOR and Connecting Wires.

1. General guidelines/precautions:

Throughout these experiments we will use TTL IC’s to build circuits. The steps for wiring a
circuit should be completed in the order described below:

1. Turn the power off before you construct any circuit on the bread board.

2. Make sure that the power is off before you make any changes in the circuit.

3. For connecting power supply, you have to follow the procedure as given below.

(a) Disconnect the power supply to IC’s.

(b) Switch on the power supply.
(c) Set the output voltage as required (e.g. 5 V).
(d) Switch off the power supply.
(e) Connect the power supply to IC’s.
(f) Switch on the power supply.

4. If an error is found and is not spotted before power on. Turn the power off
immediately before you begin to rewire the circuit.

5. Tidy the area that you were working in and leave it in the same condition as it was
before you started

2. Common Causes of Problems:

1. Not connecting the ground and/or power pins for all chips
2. Not turning on the power supply before checking the operation of the circuit.
3. Leaving out wires.
4. Plugging wires into the wrong holes
5. Driving a single gate input with the outputs of two or more gates
6. Modifying the circuit with the power on
3. Procedure:

RED light : Means STOP.

YELLOW light : Means WAIT.
GREEN light : Means GO.

Fig.-1

TRUTH TABLE

A B RED GREEN YELLOW

0 0 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 1
1 0 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1
Table-1
Now using truth table we try to implement a circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Fig.-2

RESULT

From the truth table and the logic circuit diagram we derive the following result:
When the light is red it means that the complete traffic on the road will stop and the
people who wants to cross the road may cross.
When the light is yellow it means that the complete traffic on the road will get ready
and the people who wants to cross the road may cross early before the light turns
green.
When the light is green it means that the complete traffic on the road will start to
move and the people who wants to cross the road may stop and wait until the lights
turns red again.

RED light : Means STOP.

YELLOW light : Means WAIT.
GREEN light : Means GO.

CONCLUSION
After completing this project here, I conclude that with the help of this project, I have
came to an better understanding and came to know how to use gates to show
combination of traffic lights. This project give us brief information of traffic lights.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
After completing this assignment, first of all I would like to acknowledge and, express my
heartfelt gratitude to my subject teacher Dr. Nagesh Ch. and The other mentors of ECE
department under their supreme guidance and supervision, this projecct made by me
was possible.

I also acknowledge the software which I have used to make the digital circuits is the
“Multi sim” software which was recommended to us , I have made the basic logic
gates ,circuit diagram and then verified them using the truth table as given in the
project.
circuit diagram are made by using multisim.

Thank you.

REFRENCE

I have visited many websites and taken help from those I have made this project look
more elegant few of the websites and their link are mention below:

www.Wikipedia .com
Image link: https://www.drivingtesttips.biz/traffic-lights-sequence.html?amp
Article link: https://www.paragraphbuzz.com/short-paragraph-on-importance-traffic-
light