Solution to Mulungshi University MSM112 Tutorial Sheet 3

Max Wong
April 17, 2024

1 Note
Typo is inevitable. If you think there is a typo please tell me.

2 Solutions
1.
v = kRr2 − kr3
dv
= 2kRr − 3kr2
dr
dv
When = 0,
dr
2kRr − 3kr2 = 0
2kR 2R
r = 0 or r = =
3k 3

d2 v
= 2kR − 6kr
dr2
2R
When r = ,
3
d2 v
= 2kR − 4kR = −2kR < 0
dr2 r= 2R
3

2R
Then maximum is attained at r = .
3
2. (a) Let x inches be the base length and h inches be the height. From given information,

x2 + 4xh = 108
108 − x2
h=
4x
x(108 − x2 ) x3
Then, volume = x2 h = = 27x − .
4 4
Let V cm3 denote the volume. Then,
dV 3x2
= 27 −
dx 4
dV
When = 0,
dx
3x2
= 27
4
x2 = 36
x=6

d2 V 3x
=−
dx2 2

1
 d2 V
= −9 < 0
dx2 x=6

Maximum is attained at x = 6.
108 − 62
When x = 6, h = = 3.
4(6)
A box with 6 in. × 6 in. × 3 in. dimensions will maximize the volume.
(b) Let d(x) be the distance from the point (x, 4 − x2 ) to the point (0, 2).
p p
d(x) = x2 + (4 − x2 − 2)2 = x2 + (2 − x2 )2
d2 = x2 + 4 − 4x2 + x4 = x4 − 3x2 + 4
When the distance is minimized, the distance squared is also minimized. Let D = d2 .

dD
= 4x3 − 6x
dx
d2 D
= 12x2 − 6
dx2
dD
When = 0,
dx
4x3 − 6x = 0
r
3
x = 0 or x = ± (reject negative)
2
d2 D
When x = 0, 2
= −6 < 0. Maximum is attained.
r dx 2
3 d D
When x = , = 12 > 0. Minimum is attained.
2 dx2 !
r
3 5
Then, the point , on the curve y = 4 − x2 is closest to (0, 2).
2 2
(c) Let r meters be the radius of the circle and x meters be the side length of the square.

4x + 2πr = 100
50 − πr
x=
2
Therefore, the area A(r) is

(50 − πr)2 π2
 
2 2 2
A(r) = x + πr = + πr = π + r2 − 25πr + 625
4 4

π2
 
′
A (r) = 2π + r − 25π
2
When A′ (r) = 0,  π
2+ r = 25
2
50
r=
4+π
100π 100π 400
A total of 2πr = meters of wire should be used for the circle and 100 − = meters of wire should
4+π 4+π 4+π
be used for the square.

2
 (d) i. Let x and y be the numbers.
xy = 147
147
y=
x
 
147
x + 3y = x + 3 is minimum
x
 
147 441 882
Let f (x) = x + 3 . Then f ′ (x) = 1 − 2 and f ′′ (x) = 3 .
x x x
When f ′ (x) = 0,
x2 = 441
x = ±21 (reject negative)
882
Note f ′′ (21) = > 0. Then minimum of x + 3y is attained at x = 21.
213
147
y= =7
21
The numbers are 21 and 7.
ii. Let x and y be the numbers.
x3 + y = 500
y = 500 − x3
xy = 500x − x4 is maximum
Let f (x) = 500x − x4 . Then f ′ (x) = 500 − 4x3 and f ′′ (x) = −12x2 .
When f ′ (x) = 0,
x3 = 125
x=5
′′
f (5) = −12(25) < 0. So maximum is attained at x = 5.
y = 500 − 53 = 375.
The numbers are 5 and 375.
3. (a) Let x meters be the amount of fencing parallel to the river and y meters be the distance from the river to the parallel
fencing.

xy = 405000
405000
y=
x
810000
Length of fencing = x + 2y = x + meters.
x
810000 810000 1620000
Let f (x) = x + . Then f ′ (x) = 1 − and f ′′ (x) = > 0.
x x2 x3
′ 2
When f (x) = 0, x = 810000. i.e., x = ±900 (reject negative).
405000
Then x = 900, y = = 450. The dimensions 900 m × 450 m will require the least fencing.
x
(b) i.
f (x) = 2 sin x − cos 2x, x ∈ [−2π, 2π]
f ′ (x) = 2 cos x + 2 sin 2x = 2 cos x(1 + 2 sin x)
When f ′ (x) = 0,
1
cos x = 0 or sin x = −
2
π 3π 7π 11π π 5π
x = ± ,± , , ,− ,−
2 2 6 6 6 6
The following table summarizes the behaviour of the function in the given interval:
π
x 2 − π2 3π
2 − 3π
2
7π
6
11π
6 − π6 − 5π
6 −2π 2π
f (x) 3 −1 −1 3 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 −1.5 −1 −1
3
Hence, the absolute minimum is − and the absolute maximum is 3.
2

3
 ii.
f (x) = 5 − 2x2 , x ∈ [−3, 1]
f ′ (x) = −4x
When f ′ (x) = 0, x = 0.
The following table summarizes the behaviour of the function in the given interval:

x 0 −3 1
f (x) 5 −13 3
Hence, abs. min. = −13, abs. max. = 5.
iii.
x 3
f (x) = =1− , x ∈ [−1, 6]
x+3 x+3
3
f ′ (x) =
(x + 3)2
No solution to f ′ (x) = 0.
The following table summarizes the behaviour of the function in the given interval:

x −1 6
f (x) − 21 2
3

1 2
Hence, abs. min. = − , abs. max. = .
2 3
iv.
2
f (x) = 3x 3 − 2x, x ∈ [−1, 1]
1
f ′ (x) = 2x− 3 − 2
When f ′ (x) = 0,
1
x− 3 = 1
x=1
Sharp point at x = 0.
The following table summarizes the behaviour of the function in the given interval:

x 1 −1 0
f (x) 1 5 0

Hence, abs. min = 0, abs. max = 5.

4. (i)
p(s) = s2 − 2s − 8

p′ (s) = 2s − 2
When p′ (s) > 0, s > 1.
When p′ (s) < 0, s < 1.
Hence, p is increasing on (1, ∞) and decreasing on (−∞, 1).
(ii) p
f (x) = x 16 − x2
Domain is x ∈ [−4, 4].
p x2 16 − 2x2
f ′ (x) =
16 − x2 − √ =√
16 − x2 16 − x2
√
When f ′ (x) > 0, 16 − 2x2 > 0. Then |x| < 2 2.
√
When f ′ (x) < 0, |x| > 2 2.
√ √ √ √
Hence, f is increasing on (−2 2, 2 2) and decreasing on (−4, −2 2) ∪ (2 2, 4).

4
 x2 + 1
(iii) r(x) = . Domain is x ∈ R\{±1}.
x2 − 1
 
d 2 4x
r′ (x) = 1+ 2
=−
dx x −1 (x2 − 1)2
When r′ (x) > 0, x < 0. When r′ (x) < 0, x > 0.
Hence, r is increasing on (−∞, −1) ∪ (−1, 0) and decreasing on (0, 1) ∪ (1, ∞).
9
(iv) h(t) = t + . Domain is t ̸= 0.
t
9
h′ (t) = 1 − 2
t
When h′ (t) > 0, t2 > 9, i.e. |t| > 3.
When h′ (t) < 0, |t| < 3.
Hence, h is increasing on (−∞, −3) ∪ (3, ∞), decreasing on (−3, 0) ∪ (0, 3).
(v)
g(θ) = sin2 θ + sin θ, θ ∈ [0, 2π]

g ′ (θ) = 2 sin θ cos θ + cos θ = cos θ(1 + 2 sin θ)

When g ′ (θ) > 0,
1 1
(cos θ > 0 and sin θ > − ) or (cos θ < 0 and sin θ < − )
2 2
 π   7π 3π   11π 
θ ∈ 0, ∪ , ∪ , 2π
2 6 2 6
When g ′ (θ) < 0,    
π 7π 3π 11π
θ∈ , ∪ ,
2 6 2 6
       
 π 7π 3π 11π π 7π 3π 11π
Hence, g is increasing on 0, ∪ , ∪ , 2π and decreasing on , ∪ , .
2 6 2 6 2 6 2 6
(vi)
f (u) = 12u − u3
f ′ (u) = 12 − 3u2
When f ′ (u) > 0, u2 < 4, i.e., |u| < 2.
When f ′ (u) < 0, |u| > 2.
Therefore, f is increasing on (−2, 2) and decreasing on (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞).
(vii)
k(α) = sin α − 1, α ∈ [0, 2π]

k ′ (α) = − cos α
 
π 3π
When k ′ (α) > 0, cos α < 0, i.e., α ∈ , .
2 2
 π  
3π
When k ′ (α) < 0, α ∈ 0, ∪ , 2π .
2 2
   π   3π 
π 3π
Hence, k is increasing on , and decreasing on 0, ∪ , 2π .
2 2 2 2
5. (i)
f (x) = −2x2 + 4x

f ′ (x) = −4x + 4
When f ′ (x) = 0, x = 1. Critical number is 1.

5
 When f ′ (x) > 0, x < 1. When f ′ (x) < 0, x > 1. Hence f is increasing on (−∞, 1) and decreasing on (1, ∞).

x <1 1 >1
f ′ (x) >0 0 <0
Hence, relative maximum is attained at x = 1.

f ′′ (1) = −4 < 0
Indeed a maximum point.
(ii)
f (x) = 5 − |x − 5|
Critical number at x = 5.
Increasing on (−∞, 5) and decreasing on (5, ∞).
Not possible to use first derivative test since the function is not differentiable at x = 5, however, relative maximum is
attained at x = 5.
(iii)
x2 9
f (x) = 2
=1+ 2
x −9 x −9
Domain is x ∈ R\{±3}

18x
f ′ (x) = −
(x2 − 9)2
When f ′ (x) = 0, x = 0. Critical number is x = 0.
When f ′ (x) > 0, x < 0 and when f ′ (x) < 0, x > 0.
Hence, f is increasing on (−∞, −3) ∪ (−3, 0) and decreasing on (0, 3) ∪ (3, ∞).

x <0 0 >0
f ′ (x) >0 0 <0
Then relative maximum is attained at x = 0.

54(x2 + 3)
f ′′ (x) =
(x2 − 9)3

54(3)
f ′′ (0) = <0
−93
Indeed a relative maximum.
(iv)
x 5
f (x) = =1+
x−5 x−5
Domain is x ̸= 5.

5 2
f ′ (x) = −
(x − 5)
No critical points. f ′ (x) < 0 always.
Hence, f is decreasing on (−∞, 5) ∪ (5, ∞).
No relative extrema since no critical points.
(v) √
y = sin x − 3 cos x, x ∈ [0, 2π]

dy √
= cos x + 3 sin x
dx
dy 1 5π 11π
When = 0, tan x = − √ , i.e., x = or x = are the critical numbers.
dx 3 6 6

6
 dy dy
When > 0, x ∈ (0, 5π 11π 5π 11π
6 ) ∪ ( 6 , 2π), and when dx < 0, x ∈ ( 6 , 6 ).
dx
5π 11π 5π 11π
Hence y is increasing on (0, )∪( , 2π) and decreasing on ( , ).
6 6 6 6
x < 5π
6
5π
6 > 5π
6 < 11π
6
11π
6 > 11π
6
′
f (x) >0 0 <0 <0 0 >0
5π 11π
So relative maximum at x = and relative minimum at x = .
6 6
d2 y √
2
= − sin x + 3 cos x
dx
5π d2 y 11π d2 y 5π
When x = , 2
= −2 < 0, and when x = , 2
= 2 > 0. So indeed relative maximum at x = and relative
6 dx 6 dx 6
11π
minimum at x = .
6
(vi)
sin x
y= , x ∈ [0, 2π]
1 + cos x
Domain is x ̸= π.
x 1 x
By trig identities y = tan . y ′ = sec2
2 2 2
No critical points. y ′ > 0 for any x ∈ [0, 2π]\{π}.
Hence, y is increasing on (0, π) ∪ (π, 2π).
No relative extrema since no critical points.
(vii)
y = sin x cos x + 5, x ∈ [0, 2π]
1
By trig identities y = sin 2x + 5. Then y ′ = cos 2x.
2
π 3π 5π 7π
When y ′ = 0, cos 2x = 0, i.e., x = or x = or x = or x = .
4 4  4 4
 π   3π 5π   7π
When y ′ > 0, x ∈ 0, ∪ , ∪ , 2π .
4 4 4 4
   
π 3π 5π 7π
When y ′ < 0, x ∈ , ∪ , .
4 4 4 4
 π        
3π 5π 7π π 3π 5π 7π
Hence, y is increasing on 0, ∪ , ∪ , 2π and decreasing on , ∪ , .
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
x < π4 π
4 > π4 < 3π
4
3π
4 > 3π
4 < 5π
4
5π
4 > 5π
4 < 7π
4
7π
4 > 7π
4
′
f (x) >0 0 <0 <0 0 >0 >0 0 <0 <0 0 >0
π 5π 3π 7π
So by First Derivative Test, relative maximums at x = and x = , and relative minimums at x = and x = .
4 4 4 4
y ′′ = −2 sin 2x

π 5π
y ′′ ( ) = y ′′ ( ) = −2 < 0
4 4
3π 7π
y ′′ ( ) = y ′′ ( ) = 2 > 0
4 4
Same conclusion by Second Derivative Test.
6. (a)
x5 − 4x3 + 3x
f (x) = = x(x2 − 3) = g(x) for any |x| =
̸ 1
x2 − 1
f (x) = g(x) except at the points x = 1 and x = −1, where f (x) will be undefined.

g(x) = x3 − 3x

7
 g ′ (x) = 3x2 − 3
When g ′ (x) = 0, x = 1 or x = −1.
When g ′ (x) > 0, x2 > 1, i.e., |x| > 1.
When g ′ (x) < 0, x2 < 1, i.e., |x| < 1.
√
When g(x) = 0, x = 0 or x = ± 3.
Also, note that g(−x) = −g(x), so g is an odd function, i.e., the graph of g(x) is rotational symmetric about the
origin.
The graph of g(x) is:

The graph of f (x) is the graph of g(x), having taken away the points at x = ±1, i.e.,

(b)
f (x) = cos2 x − sin2 x
By trig identities we have f (x) = g(x) = cos 2x for any x ∈ R. Therefore, the graphs of f and g are identical.

8
 1
Note that f ′ (x) = − sin 2x.
2
When f (x) = 0,
sin x = 0 or cos x = 0
nπ
x= ,n ∈ Z
2
nπ
Critical points at x = , n ∈ Z.
2
1
f ′′ (x) = − cos 2x
4
 nπ  1
f ′′ = − (−1)n
2 4
 nπ  2n + 1
So f ′′ is positive when n is odd and negative when n is even. Hence, minimum points are attained at π
2 2
and maximum points are attained at nπ, where n ∈ Z.
 
2n + 1
Note that f π = −1 and f (nπ) = 1 for any n ∈ Z.
2
The graph of f is:

7. Let t = sin x + cos x, then we have

1+t
| sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + csc x| = t+
sin x cos x
2(1 + t)
= t+ 2
t −1
2
= t+
t−1
√ √ √
Note that by trig we have t = 2 cos x − π4 , so − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2.

2 √ √
Define f (t) = t + , for − 2 ≤ t ≤ 2.
t−1
2
f ′ (t) = 1 −
(t − 1)2
When f ′ (t) = 0,
(t − 1)2 = 2
√
t = 1 ± 2 (reject positive)

The following table summarizes the behaviour of the function in the given interval:

√ √ √
t − 2 2 1− 2
√ √ √
f (t) 2 − 3 2 ∼ −2.243 2 + 3 2 ∼ 6.243 1 − 2 2 ∼ −1.828
√ √ √
|f (t)| 3 2 − 2 ∼ 2.243 2 + 3 2 ∼ 6.243 2 2 − 1 ∼ 1.828
√
Hence, the minimum value of | sin x + cos x + tan x + cot x + sec x + csc x| is 2 2 − 1.

9
8. (i)
f (x) = x4 + 1
f ′ (x) = 4x3
When f ′ (x) = 0, x = 0.
Critical number is x = 0.
When f ′ (x) > 0, x > 0.
When f ′ (x) < 0, x < 0.
Hence, the function is increasing on (0, ∞) and decreasing on (−∞, 0).
By First Derivative Test, relative minimum is attained at x = 0. i.e., relative minimum = 04 + 1 = 1.
(ii)
g(x) = x4 + 2x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)2

g ′ (x) = 2(x2 + 1)(2x) = 4x(x2 + 1)

When g ′ (x) = 0, x = 0. Critical number is x = 0.
When g ′ (x) > 0, x > 0.
When g ′ (x) < 0, x < 0.
Hence, g is increasing on (0, ∞) and decreasing on (−∞, 0).
By First Derivative Test, relative minimum is attained at x = 0, i.e., relative minimum = 04 + 2(02 ) + 1 = 1.
(iii)
h(x) = x4 − 2x2 + 1 = (x2 − 1)2

h′ (x) = 4x(x2 − 1)
When h′ (x) = 0,
x = 0 or x = ±1
When h′ (x) > 0, −1 < x < 0 or x > 1.
When h′ (x) < 0, x < −1 or 0 < x < 1.
Hence, h is increasing on (−1, 0) ∪ (1, ∞) and decreasing on (−∞, −1) cup(0, 1).

h′′ (x) = 8x2 − 4

h′′ (0) = −4 < 0
h′′ (1) = 4 > 0
h′′ (−1) = 4 > 0
Therefore, relative minima are attained at x = ±1 and relative maximum is attained at x = 0.

h(1) = h(−1) = 0
h(0) = 1
Therefore relative minima are both 0 and relative maximum is 1.
9. (i)
2x2 + 1
f (x) =
3x2 − 12

4x(3x2 − 12) − 6x(2x2 + 1) 54x 6x

f ′ (x) = 2 2
=− 2 2
=− 2
(3x − 12) (3x − 12) (x − 4)2

6(x2 − 4)2 − 6x(4x)(x2 − 4) 6(3x2 + 4)

f ′′ (x) = − =
(x2 − 4)4 (x2 − 4)3
When f ′′ (x) > 0, x2 − 4 > 0 i.e. |x| > 2.
When f ′′ (x) < 0, |x| < 2.

10
 Therefore, the graph of f is concave upward on (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞) and concave downward on (−2, 2).
Graph:

(ii)
f (x) = x4 − 3x3

f ′ (x) = 4x3 − 9x2

f ′′ (x) = 12x2 − 18x
3
When f ′′ (x) > 0, x < 0 or x > .
2
3
When f ′′ (x) < 0, 0 < x < .
2
Hence, the graph of f is concave upwards on (−∞, 0) ∪ ( 23 , ∞), and concave downwards on (0, 23 ).
Graph:

11
(iii)
24
f (x) =
x2 + 12

48x
f ′ (x) = −
(x2 + 12)2
48(x2 + 12)2 − 48x(4x)(x2 + 12) 144(x2 − 4)
f ′′ (x) = − 2 4
=
(x + 12) (x2 + 12)3
When f ′′ (x) > 0, |x| > 2.
When f ′′ (x) < 0, |x| < 2.
Hence, the graph of f is concave upwards on (−∞, −2) ∪ (2, ∞) and concave downwards on (−2, 2).
Graph:

(iv)
2
f (x) = x + , x ∈ [−π, π]
sin x
Domain is [−π, π]\{−π, π, 0}

f (x) = x + 2 csc x
f ′ (x) = 1 − 2 csc x cot x
f ′′ (x) = 2 csc x cot2 x + 2 csc3 x = 2 csc x(cot2 x + csc2 x)
When f ′′ (x) > 0, sin x > 0, i.e., 0 < x < π.
When f ′′ (x) < 0, sin x < 0, i.e., −π < x < 0.
Then the graph of f is concave upwards on (0, π) and concave downwards on (−π, 0).

12
10. (i)
f (x) = x4 − 4x3
f ′ (x) = 4x3 − 12x2
f ′′ (x) = 12x2 − 24x

When f ′′ (x) = 0, x = 0 or x = 2.
Points of inflections are (0, f (0)) = (0, 0) and (2, f (2)) = (2, −16).
When f ′′ (x) > 0, x < 0 or x > 2.
When f ′′ (x) < 0, 0 < x < 2.
Hence, the graph is concave upwards on (−∞, 0) ∪ (2, ∞) and concave downwards on (0, 2).

13
 Graph:

(ii)
f (x) = sin x + cos x, x ∈ [0, 2π]
f ′ (x) = cos x − sin x
f ′′ (x) = − sin x − cos x
When f ′′ (x) = 0,
√ π 
− 2 sin +x =0
4
3π 7π
x= or x =
4 4
Points of inflection are ( 3π 3π 3π 7π 7π 7π
4 , f ( 4 )) = ( 4 , 0) and ( 4 , f ( 4 )) = ( 4 , 0).
3π 7π
When f ′′ (x) > 0, <x< .
4 4
3π 7π
When f ′′ (x) < 0, 0 < x < or < x < 2π.
4 4
Hence, the graph is concave upwards on ( 3π 7π 3π 7π
4 , 4 ) and concave downwards on (0, 4 ) ∪ ( 4 , 2π).
Graph:

(iii)
f (x) = (x − 2)3 (x − 1)
f ′ (x) = 3(x − 2)2 (x − 1) + (x − 2)3 = (x − 2)2 (4x − 5)
f ′′ (x) = 2(x − 2)(4x − 5) + 4(x − 2)2 = 6(x − 2)(2x − 3)

14
 3
When f ′′ (x) = 0, x = 2 or x = .
2
Points of inflection are (2, f (2)) = (2, 0) and ( 32 , f ( 32 )) = ( 32 , − 16
1
).
3
When f ′′ (x) > 0, x < or x > 2.
2
′′ 3
When f (x) < 0, < x < 2.
2
Hence, the graph is concave upwards on (−∞, 32 ) ∪ (2, ∞) and concave downwards on ( 32 , 2).
Graph:

(iv)  π
f (x) = sec x − , x ∈ [0, 4π]
2

f (x) = csc x
′
f (x) = − csc x cot x
f ′′ (x) = csc x(csc2 x + cot2 x)
f ′′ (x) = 0 has no solutions. i.e., no points of inflection.
f ′′ (x) > 0 when sin x > 0, i.e., x ∈ (0, π) ∪ (2π, 3π). f ′′ (x) < 0 when sin x < 0, i.e., x ∈ (π, 2π) ∪ (3π, 4π).
Hence, the graph is concave upwards on (0, π) ∪ (2π, 3π) and concave downwards on (π, 2π) ∪ (3π, 4π).

15