© 2023 IJRAR November 2023, Volume 10, Issue 4 www.ijrar.

org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)

NANOTECHNOLOGY: A EMERGING ERA

1Sayyad Sohel Shaikhfarid, 2Tamboli Aslam, 3Pathan Sadaf, 4Tamboli Arfin,5Dr. Shaikh Gazi
Shri Sai Janvikas Pratisthan’s R P College of Pharmacy, Dharashiv (Osmanabad), India.
Abstract

The intrinsic limits of traditional medicine in cancer therapy has promoted the devolopment and application of
nanotechnology based nanomedicine for more effective and safer treatment . Nanomedicines has achieved considerable growth in
treatment of cancer and other diseases such as CVD , skin diseases etc. Use of nanomedicine based formulation increasing
considerably . The use of nanomedicine has promoted controlled drug delivery . Nanomedicine for targeted drug delivery
promoted effective targeting in complex diseases . Naomedicine show increased efficacy and reduced toxicity . These properties
of nanomedicine making them an ideal candidate for the treatment of complex and difficult to treat disease . Nanoparticles using
carriers like micelles , liposomes , neosomes , buckminster fullerence C60 and their derivatives and carbon nano tubes for more
effective targetting . in recent years several nanoparticle based nanomedicine got approval by US FDA , CDSCO and EMA for
clinical trial . Number of medicine got approval for clinical use and large number is under devolopment phase .
Key words : Nano C60 , CNTs , SWCNTS , MWCNTS , TNF- α, MTP-PE , FDA EMF , CDSCO , Nanocrystals , LNPs ,
Polymeric Nanoparticle , NDDS .
Introduction
Nowadays , use of nanotechnology is under development phase . In recent years, nanomedicines have been extensively used
in antitumor therapy as increasing research focuses on efficient and low-toxic Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) . Among
them, liposomes are a hot spot with various antitumor liposomes being marketed .World is working to obtain medicine of nano
size for effective treatment of cancer , HIV AIDS , CVD etc. Approximately 1.92 million new cancer cases and 0.61 million new
cancer deaths will be estimated in developed countries in 2022. Nanotechnology using particles of size range between 1nm to
1000nm . Biodegradable nanoparticle with particle size below 1 micro meter have many advantage in drug delivery .
Nanoparticles can penetrate small capillaries easily and allow enhanced accumulation of nanomedicine at target site .
Nanoparticles can target tumor cell passively . Nanoparticle can be delivered to target by localized catheter based infusion or by
attaching tissue specific targeting ligand . Nanotechnology using nanoparticles to deliver drug , heat ,light , and other substance to
specific cell in human body . Nanoparticles used in the system of nanomedicine is allowing detection and treatment of disease
within targeted cell .
Cancer therapy
Cancer is one of the disease causing large number of deaths world wide . To avoid large number of deaths cancer therapy is
being used . Cancer therapy is saving large number deaths . But the biggest disadvantage of cancer therapy is that it affects entire
body due to non specificity of chemotherapeutic agent . Cancer is the complex and non completely understood phenomenon .
Complex phenomenon of cancer is still not completely understand under studies . Cancer is considered as disease of many disease
. One of the known indication of cancerous cell is that their division and multiplication is rapid and uncontrolled . The target of
traditional chemotherapeutic agent is to destroy rapidly dividing cells . This mechanism have life altering side effects which
affect normal continuously dividing cells such as hair follicles , intestinal epithelium , and nails which cause loss of hair ,
destruction of nails and many other side effects on normal continuously dividing cells .
Use of nanoparticles in chemotherapy has opened new opportunities for chemotherapy . Use of nanoparticles along with
medicine for controlled drug delivery system and targeted drug delivery system at tumor site has decreased or eventually nullified
adverse effect of chemotherapeutic agent on healthy cells .
Micelles , neosomes , and liposomes are working as carrier for targeted drug delivery of chemotherapeutic agent. These
carriers can carry both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs to the target this increase the concentration of active ingredient at the site
of tumor or cancer cell (target) and improve the efficacy of nanoparticle containing chemotherapeutic agent.
Carbon nanotube (cnts) is one of the recent system of nanotechnology based nanomedicine providing assurance for treatment
of cancer . Cnts are cylindrical framework classified as Single Walled Carbon Nanotubes (swcnts) and Multi Walled Carbon
Nanotubes (mwcnts) . Cnts have very hydrophobic (lipophilic) hollow interior, water insoluble drugs can easily be loaded them.
The large surface area allows for outer surface functionalization and can be done specifically for a particular cancer receptor as
well as contrast agents . fig.1 represent a typical Carbon Nanotube.

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Fig.1 carbon nanotubes

Buckminster fullerence C60 and its derivatives are evaluated for treatment of cancer . Fullerence can bind 6 electrons thus act
as an excellent scavenger of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) . Fullerence nonocrystal is termed as Nano C60 . Fig. 2 shows a
typical NANO C 60. Nano C60 can enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutic agent and thus a Nano-C60 adjunct
chemotherapy can be further evaluated . Another study using complex of fullerence C60 with Doxorubicin and concluded that
volume of tumor of treated rats is 1.4 times lower than that of group of untreated rats .

fig.2 nano c60

Large number of mononuclear phagocytes are present at the site of tumor and hence this site become area with a high
macrophage present . Fig. 3 represent macrophages. Macrophages release proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α for
increasing inflammations . Nanoparticle based namomedicine use this mechanism for targeting tumor with mechanism of
targeting cell and activating bestow tumor suppressive property for cancer therapy .
Activation of macrophages is a means of augmenting anti-tumor immune response by induction of proinflammatory
medications such as TNF-α, IL-8 , and NITRIC OXIDE (NO) . MTP-PE (muramyltripeptide phosphatidylethanolamine) is a
synthetic glycopeptide that can activate monocyte and macrophages promoting tumor regression . A liposomal MTP-PE
formulation is approved for the treatment of Non-metastatic Osteosarcoma (OS) in Europe , Israel , and Mexico .

fig. 3 macrophages
Application of nanotechnology based nanomedicine
1. Qdots identify the location of cancer cells in the body .
2. Deliver chemotherapeutic drugs directly to cancer cell to minimize damage to healthy cells .
3. IR light is concentrated by nanoshell to destroy cancer cell with minimum damage to surrounding healthy cell .
4. Nanotubes can be used in broken bones to provide structure for new bone material to grow .
5. Nanoparticle attach to infected cell with various disease and allow physician (Doctor) to identify, in blood sample and
gives idea about particular disease . for effective treatment .
What are the consideration to develope nanomedicine
Development process is very complex and this requires consideration of different aspects that may not only chemistry ,
manufacturing , and control aspect but also economic and regulatory aspect . The chemistry, manufacturing, and control
considerations are a great challenge in the product development and manufacturing scale-up of nanomedicine-based formulations
. Therefore preformulation study of nanomedicine is very necessary. These studies avoid costly failure of product in phase 1 of
clinical trials . Preformulation studies ensures reproducibility during confrmatory studies as well as safety and efficacy during
human clinical trials. For development as commercial formulation of nanomedicine , it is necessary to determine their physical ,
chemical , and functional properties of such medicine . Lin et al. (2014) reported that nanomedicine characterization should
involve an understanding of the particle size, zeta potential, purity, viscosity, and pH of the different components used in
formulation of nanomedicine . For further development, it is necessary to establish acceptable levels of confidence in the
biological functions of nanomedicines .

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Developed nanomedicine
US FDA has approved 13 nanomedicine in 2015 . According to studies of 2021 it has been cleared that 100 nanomedicine are
already in market and 563 nanomedicine are in different phases of development . Prime focus of nanomedicine is the treatment of
cancer and infectious disease along with some other disease such as Cardio Vascular Disorders(CVD) , skin diseases , endocrine
and metabolic disease and many more complex diseases . The most prevalent categories of nanomedicines available in the market
as well as in different phases of clinical trials include lipid-based nanoparticles (33%), antibody–drug conjugates (15%), protein
conjugates (10%), and polymeric nanoparticles (10%) .fig. 4 represent an overview of nanomedicine under development.

overview of nanomedicine under development

Phase 1 Phase 2 launched Phase 1/2 Phase 3 Discontinued

Clinical Stage AIND Filled Pre Registered Phase 2/3

fig.4 overview of nanomedicine under development .

A. Liposomes and Lipid Nanoparticles (LNPs)

From last some years liposomes and liposome nanoparticles are acting as important carriers for nanomedicine in
novel drug delivery systems (NDDSs). In 1985 first liposome was entered in clinical trials .

B. Drug Nanocrystals (NCs)

Nanocrystals can carry hydrophobic drugs. Nanocrystals have more advantages over liposome and lipid nanoparticles
such as high drug loading capacity , long term stability , enhanced release , easy barrier penetration , and easily scalable
techniques . NCs are the most promising nanomedicine for long-lasting activity against diseases due to their extremely
high drug-loading capacity , long term stability and enhanced release .

C. Polymeric Nanoparticle
Polymers are long chain high molecular weight compound . Pharmaceuticals uses biodegradable polymers .
Polymeric nanomedicines usually refer to nanoparticles loaded with active compounds encapsulated into the polymeric
core or adsorbed onto the surface of the polymeric core . Polymers used for nanomedicines are maybe natural , synthetic
or semisynthetic depending upon compatibility or stability with active ingredient . Along with nanocrystals and lipid
nanoparticles , polymeric nanoparticles playing an important role in nanomedicines .

Below table represents approved nanomedicine along with their carrier , trade name, drug agent, approval year,
application , and route of administration .
table 1 approved nanomedicine
Carrier Trade Name Approval Drug Agent Clinical Approving Route Of
Year Application Agency Administration
Liposome And Ambisome® 1990 Amphotericin B Fungal EMA Intravenous
LNP Infection/Anti-
Leishmanial
Epaxal® 1993 Inactivated Hepatitis A EMA Intramuscular
Hepatitis A
Virus (Strain
RGSB)
Abelcet® 1995 Amphotericin B Invasive Severe FDA Intravenous
Fungal Infections
Doxil®/Caely 1995/199 Doxorubicin Ovarian Cancer FDA/EMA Intravenous
x® 6 And KS
Amphotec® 1996 Amphotericin B Severe Fungal FDA Intravenous
Infections
Daunoxome® 1996 Daunorubicin KS Infected With FDA Intravenous
HIV
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Inflexal® V 1997 Inactivated Influenza EMA Intramuscular
Hemagglutinin
Of Influenza
Virus Strains A
And B
Depocyt® 1999 Cytarabine Neoplastic FDA Spinal
Meningitis
Visudyne® 2000 Verteporfin Choroidal FDA Intravenous
Neovascularizatio
n
Myocet ® 2001 Doxorubicin Combination EMA Intravenous
Therapy With
Cyclophosphamid
e In Metastatic
Breast Cancer
Lipusu® 2003 Paclitaxel Ovarian Cancer NMPA Intravenously
Guttae
Depodur™ 2004 Morphine Pain Management FDA Epidural
Sulfate
Mepact® 2009 Mifamurtide Non-Metastatic EMA Intravenous
Osteosarcoma
Exparel® 2011 Bupivacaine Pain Management FDA Intravenous
Marqibo® 2012 Vincristine ALL FDA Intravenous
Onivyde™ 2015 Irinotecan Metastatic FDA Intravenous
Pancreatic Cancer
Vyxeos® 2017 Daunorubicin AML-MRC And FDA Intravenous
And Cytarabine T-AML
Shingrix® 2017 Recombinant Against Shingles FDA Intramuscular
VZV And Post-
Glycoprotein E Herpetic
Neuralgia
Onpattro™ 2018 Sirna Polyneuropathy FDA Intravenous
Caused By Hattr
Arikayce® Kit 2018 Amikacin NTM Lung FDA Inhalation
Disease Caused Administration
By MAC
Mosquirix® 2021 Recombinant Malaria EMA Intramuscular
CSP
Comirnaty® 2021 BNT162b2 COVID-19 FDA Intramuscular
Mrna-1273 2021 Mrna-1273 COVID-19 FDA Intramuscular

Nanocrystals Gris-PEG® 1998 Griseofulvin Ringworm FDA Oral

(Ncs) Infections
Rapamune® 2000 Rapamycin/Siro Immunosuppressi FDA Oral
limus ve Therapy In
Renal
Transplantation
Avinza® 2002 Morphine Chronic Pain FDA Oral
Sulfate
Ritalin LA® 2002 Methylphenidat Attention-Deficit- FDA Oral
e Hydrochloride Hyperactivity
Disorder
Emend® 2003 Aprepitant Chemotherapy- FDA Oral
Induced Nausea
And Vomiting
Tricor® 2004 Fenofibrate Hypercholesterole FDA Oral
mia
Triglide® 2005 Fenofibrate Hypercholesterole FDA Oral
mia
Megace®ES 2005 Megestrol Anorexia FDA Oral
Acetate
Naprelan® 2006 Naproxen Inflammation FDA Oral
Sodium
Cesamet® 2009 Nabilone Nausea And FDA Oral
Vomiting
Invega 2009 Paliperidone Schizophrenia FDA Intramuscular
Sustenna® Palmitate
Invega 2015 Paliperidone Schizophrenia FDA Intramuscular
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Trinza® Palmitate
Aristada 2018 Aripiprazole Schizophrenia FDA Intramuscular
Initio® Lauroxil
Invega 2021 Paliperidone Schizophrenia FDA Intramuscular
Hafyera® Palmitate
Cabenuva® 2021 Cabotegravir HIV-1 Infection FDA Gluteal
Intramuscular
Apretude® 2021 Cabotegravir HIV-1 Infection FDA Gluteal
Intramuscular

Polymeric Genexol® PM 2007 PTX MBC, NSCLC, MFDS, Intravenous

Nanoparticle And Ovarian PDH,
Cancer CDSCO
And DAV
Nanoxel® M 2012 Docetaxel MBC, NSCLC, MFDS Intravenous
And Ovarian
Cancer
Paclical® 2015 PTX Ovarian Cancer RFMPH Intravenous
Abraxane® 2005 PTX Pancreatic Cancer FDA Intravenous
And MBC

Protein-Based Ontak® 1999 Denileukin Cutaneous T-Cell FDA Intravenous

Formulation Diftitox Lymphoma
Therapy

Pegylated Oncaspar® 1994 L-Asparaginase Acute FDA Intravenous

Enzyme Lymphocytic
Leukemia

Nanoemulsion Restasis® 2002 Cyclosporin Severe Keratitis FDA Topical

In Dry Eye
Patient
Estrasorb® 2003 Estradiol Estrogen Therapy FDA Topical

Semi- Feraheme™ 2009 Iron Oxide Anemia Related FDA Intravenous

Synthetic Iron Particles To Chronic
Oxide Kidney Disease
Nanoparticles (CKD)

Iron Injectafer® 2013 Polynuclear Iron Iron Deficiency FDA Oral

Nanoparticles (III) Anemia
Oxyhydroxide
Iron Particles

Monofer 2010 Iron Molecule Iron Deficiency FDA Oral

With Anemia
Unbranched
Carbohydrate
Iron Particles

Polymer- Mircera® 2007 Methoxy CKD Associated FDA Intravenous

Protein Polyethylene Anemia
Conjugate Glycol-Epoetin
Beta
Adynovate® 2015 Recombinant Hemophilia A FDA Intravenous
Anti-
Hemophilic
Factor VIII
Neulasta® 2002 Recombinant Febrile FDA Intravenous
Human Neutropenia
GranulocyteCol
ony Stimulating
Factor (G-CSF)

Pegylated Pegintron® 2001 Interferon Alfa- Hepatitis C FDA Intravenous

Nanoparticles 2b

Pegasys® 2002 Interferon Alfa- Hepatitis B And C FDA Intravenous

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2a Therapy

Polypeptide Copaxone® 1996 Glatiramer Relapsing Or FDA Intravenous

Colloidal Acetate Remitting Type
Formulation Of Multiple
Sclerosis

Albumin- Nanocoll® 1995 Albumin And Breast Cancer FDA Intravenous

Based Stannous And Also
RaDiopharma Melanoma
ceutical
Nanocolloid

Radiopharmac Nanocis® 2000 Chloride As Inflammation FDA Intravenous

eutical Colloid Dehydrates Scintigraphy,
RadioPharmace Bone Marrow
utical Colloid Scintigraphy, And
By Cutaneous
Route For
Lymphatic
Scintigraphy

Conclusion
Nanotechnology is playing a vital role to develop novel treatment and diagnosing models . Use of nanoparticles based
nanomedicine promoted delivery of drugs for longer period of time with less frequent dosing . Number of nanomedicine have
been approved by FDA , CDSCO , MFDS, PDH, And DAV for clinical use of cancer and many more disease treatment . Use of
monocytes and macrophages for targeting cancerous cells has growing importance both scientifically and therapeutically . The
natural capacity of liposome to target macrophages can be enhanced by controlling liposomes physiochemical properties such as
size , charge and lipid composition . After looking at this review we can conclude that nanomedicines has trully targeted the
affected part rather than healthy part in treatment of cancer , and reduced the cytotoxicity of conventional medicines.
Nanomedicines providing new pathways for development of pharmaceuticals world wide . Nanomedicine is a completely Novel
Drug Delivery System .
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