SOCIAL ISSUES AND SCHEMES

ˆ There is no provision for Direct Benefit Transfer

Women and Child (DBT) or creation of capital assets under the Beti
Bachao Beti Padhao.
Development
ˆ So how it aims to achieve targets ?
ˆ Capacity building
ˆ Social and Behaviour Change Communication
ˆ Participation and inclusion
ˆ Reward and Recognition
ˆ Innovation

NARI ADALATS
ˆ This new intervention will help provide women
with an alternate grievance redressal mechanism
for resolving cases of harassment, violence and
SAMBAL- SAFETY AND SECURITY OF WOMEN curtailment of rights or entitlements at the Gram
(100% Centrally funded) Panchayat level.
ˆ Nari Adalat which translates to women collective
ONE STOP CENTRE :
is a group which will comprise of women who
ˆ Integrated support and assistance to women are committed and have active participation in
affected by violence and in distress both in social advocacy.
private and public spaces under one roof.
ˆ Target group and beneficiaries will be all women
BETI BACHAO BETI PADHAO and girls who are aggrieved or in need of
assistance from the local community
ˆ Services under the Scheme
ƒ Alternate dispute resolution and grievance
redressal
ƒ Counseling, pressure group tactics and
evidence-based decision making
ƒ Negotiation, mediation, and reconciliation
with mutual consent for speedy, accessible,
and affordable justice
ƒ Social facilitation and handholding for
women-centric organizations
ƒ Engaging with citizens and raising awareness
on women‟s rights, legal options,and different
schemes as well as receiving feedback from
publi
ˆ Nari Adalat will be implemented at the Gram

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 Panchayat level. PALNA –CRECHE SCHEME
ˆ The implementation of the Nari Adalat would ˆ The erstwhile National Creche Scheme has been
be done on pilot basis in 2023-24 in selected few reorganised and renamed as Palna Scheme
States/UTs, the participation of the states/UTs under the sub scheme ‘Samarthya’ of ‘Mission
will be decided in consultation with them. Shakti’
ˆ The members or Nyaya Sakhis will be nominated ˆ The scheme focuses on children of 6 months to
/ selected by the Gram Panchayat. 6 years, of working women in rural and urban
ˆ The Nyaya Sakhis will amongst themselves areas who are employed for a minimum period
select the head of the Nari Adalat, referred to as of 15 days in a month, or six months in a year
the „Mukhya Nyaya Sakhi‟ (MNS). ˆ This initiative aims to provide safe day-care
ˆ The MNS will be responsible for all the activities facilities, enhancing the cognitive, nutritional,
and functioning of Nari Adalat in their respective and health development of children.
jurisdiction. ˆ Two extra creche workers will be provided at
ˆ The tenure of Mukhya Nyaya Sakhi will generally Anganwadis.
be of six months after which a new MNS would ˆ Two types of creches :
be selected by Nyaya Sakhi. ƒ Anganwadi cum creches : Combine existing
ˆ Lastly, there would be no legal status given anganwadi services with dedicated creche
to the forum as the goal of Nari Adalat is facilities
reconciliation and grievance redressal through ƒ Stand Alone Creches : These were running
mutual consent and creating awareness of rights under erstwhile National Creche Scheme.
and entitlements.
ˆ Hub for Empowerment of Women :
SAMARTHYA – EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN ƒ Set up at National, State and District levels.
(SHARED B/W CENTRE AND STATES)
ƒ Facilitate inter sectoral convergences of
SHAKTI SADAN schemes and programs.
ˆ Integrated Relief and Rehab homes that PM MATRU VANDANA YOJANA
incorporates Swadhar Greh and Ujjawala
ˆ The Government of India is implementing
Scheme.
the Pradhan Mantri Matru Vandana Yojana
ˆ Home for destitute, distressed. Marginalised and (PMMVY) with effect from 1st January 2017.
victims of trafficking.
ˆ The PMMVY Scheme is being implemented as
ˆ Bank accounts opened for residents per provisions under Section 4 of the National
ˆ Rs 500 deposited per month Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013 which provides
ˆ Money cannot be withdrawn during stay at for financial support for pregnant and lactating
home. mothers is to improve the health and nutrition
for mother and child as well as compensation for
ˆ Unmarried girls and boys upto 12 years age wage loss, if any.
allowed to stay
ˆ The Objectives of the PMMVY is to provide cash
SAKHI NIWAS incentive for partial compensation for the wage
loss so that the woman can take adequate rest
ˆ Working women hostels
before and after delivery of the first child.
ˆ Promote availability of safe and conveniently
ˆ The scheme also seeks to promote positive
located accommodation for working women.
behavioural change towards girl child by

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 providing additional cash incentive for the ˆ All pregnant women and lactating mothers
second child, if that is a girl child. in regular employment with the central
ˆ Under this component free of charge meal, during Government or State Government or public
pregnancy and six months after the childbirth, Sector Undertaking or those who are in receipt of
through the local Anganwadi is envisaged so as similar benefits under any law for the time being
to meet the nutritional standards; in force shall not be entitled to benefits under
PMMVY.
ˆ Maternity benefit of not less than rupees five
thousand, in two instalments will be provided SAKSHAM ANGANWADI AND POSHAN 2.0
to women belonging to socially and economically
disadvantaged sections of society. THREE VERTICALS :
ˆ However, any additional incentive available under ˆ Nutrition support for POSHAN and for
any other scheme such as JananiSurakshaYojana adolescent girls
(JSY) shall continue to be availed. ˆ Early childhood care and education
ˆ The criteria for determining socially and ˆ Anganwadi infrastructure including modern,
economically disadvantaged sections of society upgraded Saksham anganwadis.
wil be the following:
ˆ Beneficaries :
ƒ Women belonging to scheduled castes and
ƒ Children upto age 6
scheduled tribes;
ƒ Adoloscent girls
ƒ Women who are partially (40%) or fully
disabled (Divyang Jan) ƒ Pregnant women and lactating mothers
ƒ Women holder of BPL ration Card ˆ Nutrition Support for POSHAN through
Supplementary Nutrition Programme (SNP)
ƒ Women Beneficiaries under PradhanMantri
for children of the age group of 06 months to 6
Jan AarogyaYojana (PMJAY) under
years, pregnant women and lactating mothers
Ayushman Bharat.
(PWLM);
ƒ Women holding E-shram card
ˆ for Adolescent Girls in the age group of 14 to 18
ƒ Women farmers who are beneficiaries under years in Aspirational Districts and North Eastern
Kisan Samman Nidhi Region (NER);
ƒ Women holding MGNREGA Job Card ˆ Early Childhood Care and Education [3-6 years]
ƒ Women whose net family income is less than and early stimulation for (0-3 years);
Rs. 8 Lakh per annum ˆ Anganwadi Infrastructure including modern,
ƒ Pregnant and Lactating AWWs/ AWHs/ upgraded Saksham Anganwadi;
ASHAs ˆ Poshan Abhiyaan
ƒ Any other category as may be prescribed by
the Central Government

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HEALTH SERVICES: POSHAN VATIKAS:
ˆ Iron syrup for 6 months to 5-year-old child: 1 ml ˆ POSHAN Vatikas (kitchen gardens and nutri-
twice in a week gardens) shall be set up at or near Anganwadi
ˆ IFA tablets during pregnancy and post-pregnancy Centres, wherever possible and in Government
led schools and Gram Panchayat lands.
ˆ 12 months to 5-year-old child: De-worming
tablet once in 6 months FOR REGISTRATION :
ˆ Pregnant Women: 1 de-worming tablet during
ˆ A child’s Aadhaar card shall not be mandatory
second trimester
and benefits can be accessed using the mother’s
ˆ Vitamin A supplementation for 9 months to Aadhaar card.
5-year-old child bi-annually
ˆ Diarrhoea management: ORS, Zinc POSHAN TRACKER APP:
Supplementation. ˆ It is a job-aid to the Anganwadi worker for
efficient delivery of services along with reflection
DIET DIVERSITY:
of their efforts.
ˆ Local dietary inputs and fresh produce (green
ˆ It enables dynamic identification of stunting,
vegetables, fruits, medicinal plants and herbs),
wasting, under-weight prevalence among
fortified rice and millets shall be actively
children and last mile tracking of nutrition
encouraged.
service delivery.
ˆ Millets should be mandatorily supplied at least
once a week and suitably integrated in Take POSHAN BHI, PADHAI BHI (PBPB):
Home Ration (not raw ration) and Hot Cooked ˆ It is a path breaking ECCE program high-quality
Meals (HCM) in a palatable form. pre-school network at AWCs in alignment with
the new NEP 2020.

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KISHORI HEALTH CARDS ˆ It also provides information of services under
ˆ Kishori Health Cards for Adolescent Girls are the scheme i.e. nutrition provision, Iron and
maintained at the AWC under the Scheme for Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation, deworming,
referral services and immunization etc.
ˆ Adolescent Girls (SAG).
ˆ It records the information about the weight,
height, Body Mass Index (BMI) along.

ˆ Poshan abhiyaan is different from pm shakti SURROGACY

poshan shakti nirman(pm poshan)

PM POSHAN
ˆ Poshan abhiyaan is different from pm shakti
poshan shakti nirman(pm poshan) we will read
ˆ It is a practice whereby one woman bears and
in health and nutrition
gives birth to a child for an intending couple.
SAKSHAM ANGANWADI AND POSHAN 2.0 ˆ Gestational Surrogacy – Surrogate carries child
for intending couple through implantation of
embryo in womb and child is not genetically
related to mother.
ˆ Traditional Surrogacy – Insemination of
surrogate mother with intended father’s sperm
making her biological mother of the child.
ˆ Altruistic Surrogacy – No monetary
compensation other than medical expenses and
insurance coverage during pregnancy.
ˆ Commercial surrogacy – Monetary reward or
benefit.

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SURROGACY REGULATION ACT 2021 SURROGACY CLINICS
ˆ Clinics must apply for registration within a
WHERE SURROGACY IS ALLOWED :
period of 60 days from the date of appointment
ˆ For intending couple who suffer from proven of the appropriate authority.
infertility.
ˆ Registration shall be renewed after every 3 years.
ˆ Altruistic and not for commercial purposes.
ˆ National Surrogacy board and State Surrogacy
ˆ Not for producing children for sale, prostitution boards.
or other forms of exploitation
ˆ For any condition or disease specified through AMENDMENT IN RULES IN 2023 :
regulation. ˆ It stipulates that the donor eggs could not be used
for gestational surrogacy (In-Vitro Fertilization).
Intending couple must have a certificate of
essentiality and certificate of eligibility issued by ˆ It is a type of assisted reproductive technology
appropriate authority. (ART) where sperm and an egg are fertilized
outside of the human body.
CERTIFICATE OF ELIGIBILITY : ˆ The fertilized egg is inserted in the uterus of the
ˆ The intended couple shall be a legally married surrogate mother who keeps the child in her
Indian man and woman for at least 5 years. womb for that couple.
ˆ The man shall be between the ages of 26-55 years SURROGACY REGULATION AMENDMENT
and the woman shall be between the ages of 25- RULES 2024 :
50 years.
ˆ The married couples to use a donor gamete on
ˆ The intending couple shall not have any previous the condition that a District Magistrate Board
biological, adopted, or surrogate child. certifies that either the husband or the wife
suffers from a medical condition.
CERTIFICATE OF ESSENTIALITY :
ˆ Eligibility condition- It outlines that the child to
ˆ It is issued by District Medical Board when either
be born through surrogacy must have at least
the wife or the husband or both husband and wife
one gamete from the intending parents.
have any medical conditions which indicates the
necessity of gestational surrogacy. ˆ This implies that a married couple where both
partners are unable to use their gametes due
ˆ An order will be passed by Magistrate’s court
to an existing medical condition cannot opt for
that the custody of the child will be given to the
surrogacy.
intending parent.
ˆ There is a separate rules for single women.
ˆ Insurance will also be provided to the surrogate
mother for the period of 16 months ˆ Single women opting for surrogacy should be a
divorcee or a widow.
SURROGATE MOTHER ELIGIBILITY :
ˆ Single women undergoing surrogacy must use
ˆ A close relative of the intending couple self-eggs and donor sperms to avail surrogacy
ˆ A married woman having a child of her own procedure.
ˆ 25 to 35 years old ˆ Surrogacy cannot be accessed by single persons,
live-in couples, and LGBTQ couples.
ˆ A surrogate only once in her lifetime
ˆ Commissioning of surrogacy is prohibited in
ˆ Possess a certificate of medical and psychological
India by foreigners or OCI or PIO cardholders,
fitness for surrogacy
but NRIs holding Indian citizenship can avail
surrogacy.

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ˆ Number of attempts of any surrogacy procedure CONSENT AND INSURANCE COVERAGE:
on surrogate mother shall not be more than 3 ˆ Both the donor and the couple must provide
times. written, informed consent for such ART
ˆ A surrogate mother may be allowed for abortion treatments.
during surrogacy in accordance with MTP Act, ˆ In the event that the female donor is lost,
1971. damaged, or dies, the couple requesting an ART
ASSISTED REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGY operation must insure the donor.
ACT ˆ The National and State Board formed under the
ˆ ART - All techniques used to obtain a pregnancy Surrogacy Act 2021 are also expected to regulate
by handling the sperm or egg cell outside the ART services.
human body and transferring the embryo into ˆ These boards are to advise the government on
the woman’s reproductive tract. These include policy, review and monitor implementation of
- sperm donation, in-vitro-fertilisation (IVF) the law, and formulate a code of conduct for
(where the sperm is fertilised in a lab), and ART clinics and banks.
gestational surrogacy (child is not biologically ˆ Offences under this Act include abandoning
related to surrogate). or exploiting children born through ART; sale,
ˆ Regulations for banks and ART clinics: purchase, or trade of embryos; exploiting the
ƒ All ART clinics and banks need to register couple or donor in any form; and transfer of an
with the National Registry of Banks and embryo into a male or an animal.
Clinics of India, which will keep a central ˆ Such offences are punishable with imprisonment
database containing information on these up to 8 to 12 years and a fine up to Rs 10 to 20
establishments. lakhs.
ƒ These clinics’ and banks’ registrations are ˆ Clinics and banks are prohibited from advertising
good for five years, after which they can be or offering sex-selective ART.
extended for an additional five. ˆ Such an offence is punishable with imprisonment
ƒ If the institution breaks any of the Act’s rules, ranging between 5 to 10 years or/and a fine of Rs
it could be suspended or revoked. 10 to 25 lakhs.

CONDITIONS FOR SPERM DONATION & ART MEDICAL TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY

SERVICES: AMEDNMENT ACT 2021
ˆ A registered ART bank can screen, collect and MEDICAL TERMINATION OF
store semen from men aged between 21 and 55 PREGNANCY(AMENDMENT) ACT 2021
years. It can also store eggs from women aged ˆ Confidentiality to be strictly maintained
between 23 and 35 years.
ˆ Pregnancy termination anytime during
ˆ Under the Act, female donors need to be married pregnancy in cases of substantial foetal
with at least one child of their own, aged at least abnormalities - medical boards to be constituted
three. to decide cases of termination of pregnancy
ˆ A child born via an ART procedure will be beyond 24 weeks of gestation period.
deemed to be the couple’s biological child in the ˆ Increased the upper gestation limit from 20 to 24
eyes of the law and is entitled to all such rights. weeks for special categories of women
The donor does not retain any parental rights
ˆ Failure of contraception: Condition extended to
over the child.
unmarried women also

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ˆ Opinion of one RMP for MTP up to 20 weeks and ƒ Demand or request for sexual favours
two RMPs for 20 – 24 weeks ƒ Sexually coloured remarks
ƒ Showing pornography
ƒ Any other unwelcome phyisical, verbal or non
verbal conduct.
ˆ Internal complaints committee for every
employer with 10 or more employees
ˆ ICC has similar powers to civil court
ˆ Minimum 4 members with atleast 50 percent
women and one external member.
ˆ Complaint within three months of incident.
ˆ ICC may allow matter to be settled through
conciliation.
ˆ Punishment of Rs 50000 for non compliance.
ˆ Domestic workers protected.Local complaints
committee.

MISSION VAATSALYA
ˆ Prior to 2009-10, there were three schemes being
implemented under the Ministry namely,
ƒ Programme for Juvenile Justice for Children
in need of care and protection, and Children
in conflict with Law;
ƒ Integrated Programme for street children;
ƒ Scheme for assistance to homes for children
(Shishu Greh).
ˆ All the three schemes were incorporated in a
single centrally sponsored scheme called the
Integrated Child Protection Scheme (ICPS).
ˆ The ICPS was implemented by the Ministry since
2009-2010.
ˆ The scheme was then renamed as “Child
Protection Services” Scheme in 2017.
ˆ The CPS Scheme has been now subsumed under
POSH ACT
Mission Vatsalya from 2021-22 onwards.
ˆ Act gave legislative backing to Vishaka
ˆ Being implemented as a centrally sponsored
Guidelines laid down by Supreme Court in 1997
scheme as per prescribed cost sharing ratio
ˆ Sexual harassment includes any one or more of between centre and state/UT governments.
the following unwelcome acts/behaviour
ƒ Physical contact and advances

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MISSION VATSALYA SCHEME (SARA), which will support the Central Adoption
ˆ Mission Vatsalya, in partnership with states and Resource Authority (CARA) in promoting in-
districts, will execute a 24×7 helpline service for country adoption and regulating inter-country
children, as defined under JJ Act, 2015. adoption.
ˆ Components under Mission Vatsalya include: ˆ SARA shall coordinate, monitor and develop the
ƒ Improve functioning of statutory bodies work related to non-institutional care including
ƒ Strengthen service delivery structures adoption in the state.
ƒ Upscale institutional care and services ˆ JUVENILE JUSTICE (CARE AND
ƒ Encourage non-institutional community- PROTECTION OF CHILDREN) ACT, 2015
based care ƒ Being implemented as a centrally sponsored
ƒ Emergency outreach services scheme as per prescribed cost sharing ratio
ƒ Training and capacity building between centre and state/UT governments.
ˆ The staff in special units will have to know sign
MAJOR GUIDELINES RELEASED BY THE language, Braille, etc, according to the new
CENTRE guidelines.
ˆ States will have to retain the official name as
ˆ State governments are required to take up the
given by the Centre to reap benefits under
exercise to grade each child care institution (CCI)
Mission Vatsalya. Only a correct translation to
at fixed intervals.
the local language is permissible.
ˆ The grading will be done based on infrastructure,
ˆ Guidelines detail the process by which funds
quality of services, wellbeing of children,
will be disbursed to states under various heads
especially in terms of health and education,
by defining institutionalised arrangements.
restoration and rehabilitation of children, etc.
ˆ Funds to states will be approved through
the Mission Vatsalya Project Approval Board RMNCAH+
(PAB).
ˆ Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK)
ˆ It will be chaired by the WCD Secretary who
ˆ Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram(RKSK)
will scrutinise and approve annual plans and
financial proposals received from states and UTs ˆ Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK)
for release of grants. ˆ Universal Immunisation Programme
ˆ Secretaries of the departments of Home Affairs, ˆ Mission Indradhanush (MI)
Social Justice and Empowerment, Panchayati Raj, ˆ Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
Rural Development, Housing and Urban Affairs, ˆ Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan
Labour, Youth Affairs and Sports, Department of (PMSMA)
School Affairs and Literacy, and the Niti Aayog ˆ Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (NSSK)
CEO, will be PAB members. ˆ National Programme for Family planning
ˆ At state level there will be a committee headed ˆ LaQshya’ programme (Labour Room Quality
by the Chief Secretary to monitor, review and Improvement Initiative
promote convergence in the implementation of
the scheme. There will also be a district-level JANANI SHISHU SURAKSHA YOJANA
committee. ˆ Government of India has launched Janani Shishu
Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) on 1st June, 2011.
PROMOTING ADOPTION:
ˆ Guidelines state that Mission Vatsalya will
support State Adoption Resource Agencies

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 JANANI SURAKSHA YOJANA
Health and Nutrition ˆ It is a safe motherhood intervention under the
National Health Mission. It is being implemented
RMNCAH+N - REPRODUCTIVE, MATERNAL, with the objective of reducing maternal and
NEWBORN, CHILD, ADOLESCENT HEALTH neonatal mortality by promoting institutional
AND NUTRITION delivery among poor pregnant women.
ˆ Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakaram (JSSK) ˆ Launched in 2005.
ˆ Rashtriya Kishor Swasthya Karyakram(RKSK) ˆ JSY is a centrally sponsored scheme, which
ˆ Rashtriya Bal Swasthya Karyakram (RBSK) integrates cash assistance with delivery and
post-delivery care.
ˆ Universal Immunisation Programme
ˆ 100% funded by Centre.
ˆ Mission Indradhanush (MI)
ˆ The Yojana has identified Accredited Social
ˆ Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY)
Health Activist (ASHA) as an effective link
ˆ Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan between the government and pregnant women.
(PMSMA)
ˆ Navjaat Shishu Suraksha Karyakram (NSSK)
ˆ National Programme for Family planning
ˆ LaQshya’ programme (Labour Room Quality
Improvement Initiative

Indicator NFHS 4 NFHS 5

TFR 2.2 2.0
Full immunization in 62% 76%
kids aged 12-23 months
Sex Ratio 991 1020
Infant morality rate 40.7 35.2
Neo natal mortality rate 29.5 24.9 ELIGIBILITY
U5MR 49.7 41.9
Anaemia in women age 53.1% 57.7%
15-49
Anaemia in children aged 58.6% 57.7%
6-59 months
Institutional Births 78.9% 88.6%
Stunting (low height for 38.4% 35.5%
age)
Wasting (weight for 21% 19.3%
height)
Underweight (weight for 35.8% 32.1%
age)

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Janani Shishu Suraksha Karyakram RASHTRIYA KISHOR SWASTHYA
KARYAKRAM
ˆ Launch – 2014
ˆ Universal coverage of all adoloscents age 10 to
19 years

6 THEMES :
ˆ Nutrition
ˆ Sexual reproductive health
ˆ Substance misuse
ˆ Non - communicable diseases
ˆ Mental health
ˆ Injuries and violence.

MAJOR COMPONENTS
ˆ Adolescent Friendly Health Clinics (AFHCs)
across various levels of public health institutions
in all the States.
ˆ Weekly Iron Folic Acid Supplementation (WIFS)
Programme for school going adolescent boys and
girls and out of school adolescent girls across the
country.
ˆ Peer Educator Programme in select 200 districts,
based on Composite Health Index and identified
as High Priority Districts (HPDs).
AIM : ˆ The Menstrual Hygiene Scheme that provides
funds to the States/UTs for procurement of
ˆ Eliminate out-of-pocket expenses for institutional
sanitary napkins for Adolescent Girls (aged 10-
delivery of pregnant women and treatment of
19 years).
sick infants.
RASHTRIYA BAL SWASTHYA KARYAKRAM
BENEFICIARY :
(RBSK)
ALL PREGNANT WOMEN
ˆ This program involves screening of children
ˆ free diet for 3 days during normal delivery and 7 from birth to 18 years of age for 4 Ds-
days for C-section.
ƒ Defects at birth,
ˆ free transport from home to institution, between
ƒ Diseases,
facilities in case of a referral and drop back home.
ƒ Deficiencies and
ˆ all antenatal &post-natal complications of
pregnancy ƒ Development delays
ˆ all sick newborns and infants (up to one year ˆ spanning 32 common health conditions for early
of age) accessing public health institutions for detection and free treatment and management,
treatment. including surgeries at tertiary level.

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COVERAGE ˆ Pneumococcal Pneumonia
ˆ The services aim to cover children of 0-6 years of ˆ Japanese Encephalitis
age in rural areas and urban slums in addition ˆ A child is said to be fully immunized if
to children enrolled in classes 1st to 12th in child receives all due vaccine as per national
Government and Government aided Schools. immunization schedule within 1st year age of
ˆ The early intervention centers are to be child.
established at the District Hospital level across ˆ The two major milestones of UIP have been the
the country as District Early Intervention Centers elimination of polio in 2014 and maternal and
(DEIC). neonatal tetanus elimination in 2015.
ˆ The purpose of DEIC is to provide referral ˆ Mission Indradhanush (MI) was launched in
support to children detected with health December 2014 and aims at increasing the full
conditions during health screening, primarily for immunization coverage to children to 90%.
children up to 6 years of age group
ˆ Under this drive focus is given on pockets of
UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAM low immunization coverage and hard to reach
areas where the proportion of unvaccinated and
ˆ Expanded Programme on Immunization was
partially vaccinated children is highest.
launched in 1978. It was renamed as Universal
Immunization Programme in 1985 when its ˆ A total of six phases of Mission Indradhanush
reach was expanded beyond urban areas. have been completed covering 554 districts
across the country.
ˆ In 1992, it became part of Child Survival and
Safe Motherhood Programme and in 1997 it was ˆ It was also identified as one of the flagship
included in the ambit of National Reproductive schemes under Gram Swaraj Abhiyan (16,850
and Child Health Programme. villages across 541 districts) and Extended Gram
Swaraj Abhiyan (48,929 villages across 117
ˆ Since the launch of National Rural Health Mission
aspirational districts).
in 2005, Universal Immunization Programme
has always been an integral part of it. PRADHAN MANTRI SURAKSHIT MATRITVA
ˆ Under UIP, immunization is providing free of ABHIYAN (PMSMA)
cost against 12 vaccine preventable diseases: ˆ The Pradhan Mantri Surakshit Matritva Abhiyan
has been launched by the Ministry of Health &
NATIONALLY AGAINST 9 DISEASES –
Family Welfare (MoHFW), Government of India.
1. Diphtheria,
ˆ The program aims to provide assured,
2. Pertussis, comprehensive and quality antenatal care, free
3. Tetanus, of cost, universally to all pregnant women on the
4. Polio, 9th of every month.

5. Measles, OBJECTIVES OF THE PROGRAM

6. Rubella, ˆ Ensure at least one antenatal checkup for
7. Severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, all pregnant women in their second or third
trimester by an OBGY specialist/physician.
8. Hepatitis B
ˆ Improve the quality of care during ante-natal
9. Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by
visits. This includes ensuring provision of the
Hemophilus Influenza type B
following services:
ˆ Sub-nationally against 3 diseases –
ˆ All applicable diagnostic services
ˆ Rotavirus diarrhoea,

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ˆ Screening for applicable clinical conditions ˆ To improve Quality of care during the delivery
ˆ Appropriate management of any existing clinical and immediate post-partum care, stabilization of
condition such as Anaemia, Pregnancy induced complications and ensure timely referrals, and
hypertension, Gestational Diabetes etc. enable an effective two-way follow-up system.

ˆ Appropriate counselling services and proper ˆ To enhance satisfaction of beneficiaries visiting

documentation of services rendered the health facilities and provide Respectful
Maternity Care (RMC) to all pregnant women
ˆ Additional service opportunity to pregnant attending the public health facility.
women who have missed ante-natal visits
ˆ Identification and line-listing of high risk FOLLOWING FACILITIES WOULD BE TAKEN
pregnancies based on obstetric/ medical history UNDER LAQSHYA INITIATIVE ON PRIORITY:
and existing clinical conditions ˆ All government medical college hospitals.
ˆ Appropriate birth planning and complication ˆ All District Hospitals & equivalent health
readiness for each pregnant woman especially facilities.
those identified with a risk factor or a co-morbid ˆ All designated FRUs and high case load CHCs
condition with over 100 deliveries/60 (per month) in hills
ˆ Special emphasis on early diagnosis, adequate and desert areas.
and appropriate management of women with
malnutrition SURAKSHIT MATRITVA AASHVASAN
(SUMAN)
NAVJAAT SHISHU SURAKSHA KARYAKRAM
LAUNCHED IN 2019
(NSSK)
ˆ SUMAN promotes safe pregnancy, childbirth
LAQSHYA
and immediate postpartum care with respect
LABOUR ROOM QUALITY IMPROVEMENT and dignity by translating the entitlements into
INITIATIVE a service guarantee which is more meaningful to
ˆ To reduce maternal and newborn mortality & the beneficiaries.
morbidity due to APH, PPH, retained placenta, ˆ Goal – To end all preventable maternal and
preterm, preeclampsia & eclampsia, obstructed newborn deaths
labour, puerperal sepsis, newborn asphyxia, and
sepsis, etc.

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NATIONAL PROGRAM FOR FAMILY Uttar Pradesh, Assam, Chhattisgarh, Madhya
PLANNING Pradesh, Rajasthan & Jharkhand), is scaled up in
ˆ India was the first country in the world to have all districts of the seven high focus states as well
launched a National Programme for Family as six north-estern states of the country with
Planning in 1952. an aim to ensure availability of contraceptive
products to the clients at all the levels of Health
ˆ Nationwide, the small family norm is widely
Systems.
accepted (the wanted fertility rate for India as a
whole is 1.6: NFHS-5) and the general awareness ˆ Providing more choices through newly introduced
of contraception is almost universal (98.8% contraceptives : Injectable Contraceptive MPA
among women and men: NFHS-5). (Antara Programme) and Centchroman

ˆ As per NFHS-V TFR for India is 2.0. The NFHS-V IYB TID BITS
Survey shows 66.7% use of Contraceptives
ˆ Mother’s Absolute Affection program –
among married women (ased 15-49 years)and
Intensified program to bring undiluted focus on
prevalence of modern method 56.5%
promotion of breastfeeding and other infant and
ˆ Mission Parivar Vikas was initially for 146 high young child feeding practices.
priority districts in the 7 high focus states (Bihar,

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KEY COMPONENTS : ˆ Beneficiaries :
ˆ Awareness generation ƒ Pre school children (6 – 59 months)
ˆ Promotion of breastfeeding and interpersonal ƒ Children (5-9 years)
counselling at community level ƒ Adoloscent girls and Boys (10-19 years)
ˆ Skilled support for breastfeeding at delivery ƒ Pregnant and lactating women
points
ƒ Women of reproductive age (15 – 49 years)
ˆ Monitoring
ˆ Award and recognition 6 INTERVENTIONS UNDER ANAEMIA MUKT
BHARAT :
MUSQAAN INITIATIVE : ˆ Prophylactic Iron Folic Acid Supplementation
ˆ Intends to improve child friendly health service ˆ Periodic Deworming
delivery in public health facilities.
ˆ Intensified Year round behavious change
ˆ Launched in 2021 communication campaign including delayed
ˆ Objectives : cord clamping
ƒ Reduce preventable mortality and morbidity ˆ Testing and treatment of anaemia using digital
of children below 12 years of age methods and point of care treatment
ƒ Enhance quality of care as per National ˆ Mandatory provision of iron folic acid fortified
Quality Assurance Standards foods in public health programs
ƒ Provide child friendly services to newborn ˆ Addressing non nutritional causes of anaemia in
and children in humane and supportive endemic pockets with special focus on malaria,
environment. hemoglobinopathies and fluorosis.

NATIONAL DEWORMING DAY : 6 INSTITUTIONAL MECHANISMS :

ˆ To combat Soil Transmitted Helminth infections, ˆ Interministerial coordination
Minstry has adopted single day strategy called ˆ National Anemia Mukt Bharat unit
national deworming day.
ˆ National Centre for Excellence and advanced
ˆ Being implemented since 2015 research for Anemia control
ˆ Single dose of Albendazole tablet is administered ˆ Convergence with other ministries
ˆ Children and adoloscents of age 1-19 years ˆ Anemia Mukt Bharat Dashboard
ˆ Biennally (except RAJASTHAN AND MP- ˆ One Stop Shop for Anemia
ANNUALLY)
SOCIAL AWARENESS AND ACTIONS TO
ˆ Schools and anganwadi centres.
NUETRALISE PNEUMONIA SUCCESSFULLY
ˆ Anaemia Mukt Bharat : (SAANS)
ˆ Launched in 2018 LAUNCHED IN 2019
ˆ Achieve envisaged target of 3 percent reduction THREE TIER STRATEGY
in anaemia prevalence every year under
ˆ National childhood pneumonia management
POSHAN Abhiyaan.
guideline on treatment and management of child
ˆ 6x6x6 approach pneumonia
ˆ Skill building and training of service providers
for identification and management of pneumonia

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ˆ 360 degree communication of SAANS campaign the country i.e. a beneficiary can visit any
to ensure greater awareness empanelled public or private hospital in India to
avail cashless treatment.
AYUSHMAN BHARAT
ˆ National Health Authority (NHA) is the apex
ˆ What is Ayushman Bharat Scheme? body responsible for implementing India’s
ˆ It is the world’s largest health assurance scheme. flagship public health insurance/assurance
ˆ Year of Launch – 2018 as recommended by the scheme called “Ayushman Bharat Pradhan
National Health Policy, 2017 Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana” & has been entrusted
with the role of designing strategy, building
ˆ Ministry - Ministry of Health and Family Welfare technological infrastructure and implementation
(MoHFW) of “National Digital Health Mission” to create a
ˆ Aim – To achieve the vision of Universal Health National Digital Health Eco-system.
Coverage (UHC) which encompasses promotive, ˆ National Health Authority is the successor of the
preventive, curative, palliative and rehabilitative National Health Agency, which was functioning
care. as a registered society since 23rd May, 2018.
ˆ Funding – Centrally Sponsored Scheme Pursuant to Cabinet decision for full functional
(expenditure incurred in premium payment autonomy, National Health Agency was
will be shared between Central and State reconstituted as the National Health Authority
governments) on 2nd January 2019
ˆ Coverage - Targets over 10 crore families ˆ An attached office of the Ministry of Health and
(approximately 50 crore beneficiaries) based on Family Welfare with full functional autonomy,
SECC (Socio-Economic Caste Census) NHA is governed by a Governing Board chaired
ˆ Implementing Agency – National Health by the Union Minister for Health and Family
Authority (NHA) Welfare.

ˆ Implementing Agency – National Health ˆ It is headed by a Chief Executive Officer

Authority (NHA) (CEO), an officer of the rank of Secretary to the
Government of India, who manages its affairs.
ˆ Components - It has 2 components covering all 3
types of care to the people. ˆ The CEO is the Ex-Office Member Secretary of
the Governing Board.
ˆ Health and wellness Centres (HWC) – It covers
primary care hospitalisation by providing AYUSHMAN BHARAT DIGITAL MISSION
comprehensive health care, including for non-
ˆ Government of India has launched Ayushman
communicable diseases and maternal and child
Bharat Digital Mission (ABDM) with a vision to
health services.
create national digital health ecosystem. It aims
ˆ Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) to develop a platform enabling interoperability
– To provide a health cover of Rs. 5 lakhs per of health data within the health ecosystem to
family per year for secondary and tertiary care create longitudinal Electronic Health Record
hospitalization. (EHR) of every citizen.
ˆ It covers up to 3 days of pre-hospitalization and ˆ To ensure participation of citizen, Ayushman
15 days post-hospitalization expenses such as Bharat Health Account (ABHA) numbers
diagnostics and medicines. (erstwhile known as Health IDs) are created.
ˆ There is no restriction on the family size, age or ABHA is Unique Health Identifier as a random
gender. 14-digit number and may be issued digitally or
in the form of a hardcopy.
ˆ Benefits of the scheme are portable across

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ˆ Creation of ABHA number is voluntary.

BUILDING BLOCKS : ˆ The most salient feature of the PHR, and the one
ˆ ABHA number : In order to issue the UHID, that distinguishes it from the EMR and EHR,
the system must collect certain basic details is that the information it contains is under the
including demographic and location, family/ control of the individual.
relationship, and contact details. Ability to ˆ The functions that are supported by a Personal
update contact information easily is the key. The Health Record-System (PHR) will enable an
ABHA number will be used for the purposes individual to manage information about his or
of uniquely identifying persons, authenticating her healthcare.
them, and threading their health records (only ˆ This includes viewing of a longitudinal record,
with the informed consent of the patient) across comprising of all health data, lab reports,
multiple systems and stakeholders. treatment details, discharge summaries across
ABHA MOBILE APP : one or multiple health facilities.

ˆ A PHR is an electronic record of health-related KEY FEATURES OF THE ABHA MOBILE

information on an individual that conforms to APPLICATION ARE :
nationally recognized interoperability standards ˆ Creation of ABHA Address
and that can be drawn from multiple sources
ˆ Discovery of Health Information
while being managed, shared, and controlled by
the individual.

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ˆ Linking of health records/ with a given ABHA HEALTH FACILITY REGISTRY (HFR)
Address ˆ It is a comprehensive repository of health
ˆ View Health Records facilities of the nation across different systems of
ˆ Management of consents medicine.
ˆ It includes both public and private health
HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS REGISTRY facilities including hospitals, clinics, diagnostic
(HPR)
laboratories and imaging centers, pharmacies,
ˆ It is a comprehensive repository of all healthcare etc.
professionals involved in delivery of healthcare ˆ Enrolling in the Health Facility Registry will
services across both modern and traditional enable them to get connected to India’s digital
systems of medicine. health ecosystem.
ˆ Enrolling in the Healthcare Professionals
Registry will enable them to get connected to
India’s digital health ecosystem. n n n n

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 EDUCATION
linguistic, gender or such other factor, as may
IYB TID BITS be specified by the appropriate Government,
by notification
ˆ The Ministry of Education in India was
established in 1985 by the 174th amendment to ˆ Child belonging to weaker section :
the Government of India (Allocation of Business) ƒ child belonging to such parent or guardian
Rules, 1961. whose annual income is lower than the
ˆ The ministry has launched several initiatives minimum limit specified by the appropriate
aimed at improving the education of students Government
from underprivileged sections of society. ˆ Capitation fee
ˆ These initiatives include ƒ means any kind of donation or contribution
ƒ Formation of national monitoring committees or payment other than the fee notified by the
for minorities and for the education of SCs, school
STs, and persons with disabilities. ˆ Section 3
ˆ It also supports students through various schemes ƒ Right of Child to free and compulsory
like the National Means-cum-Merit Scholarship education :
Scheme, National Scheme of Incentive to Girls ƒ Child with multiple disabilities can opt for
for Secondary Education, a special scholarship home based education
for Jammu and Kashmir, and a scheme providing
ˆ Section 4
interest subsidy on educational loans.
ƒ Admission of children who dropped out or
ˆ The ministry comprises two departments:
out of school children in age appropriate class.
ƒ Department of School Education and Literacy
ˆ Section 7
ƒ Department of Higher Education.
ˆ The Central Government shall—
ˆ It focuses on preventing discrimination in
ƒ develop a framework of national curriculum
education, has established an ombudsman, and
with the help of academic authority specified
developed an anti-ragging web portal to support
under section 29;
the comprehensive development of children
through strong educational foundations. ƒ develop and enforce standards for training of
teachers;
RTE ACT
ƒ provide technical support and resources to the
ˆ Major definitions : State Government for promoting innovations,
ˆ Child belonging to disadvantaged group : researches, planning and capacity building.
ƒ [a child with disability or] a child belonging ˆ Section 13 :
ƒ to the Scheduled Caste, ƒ No capitation fee and screening procedure for
admission.—
ƒ the Scheduled Tribe,
ƒ No school or person shall, while admitting a
ƒ the socially and educationally backward class
child, collect any capitation fee and subject the
or
child or his or her parents or guardian to any
ƒ such other group having disadvantage owing screening procedure.
to social, cultural, economical, geographical,

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ˆ Section 16 : Teacher Ratio, as specified in the Schedule, is
ƒ There shall be a regular examination in the maintained in each school.
fifth class and in the eighth class at the end of ˆ Recent Change :
every academic year. ƒ Primary Level : One Special Education teacher
ƒ If a child fails in the examination referred to for every ten pupils with disabilities
in sub-section (1), he shall be given additional ƒ Upper Primary level : One Special education
instruction and granted opportunity for re- teacher for every fifteen pupils with
examination within a period of two months disabilities.
from the date of declaration of the result
ˆ The appropriate Government may allow schools MINISTRY OF EDUCATION
to hold back a child in the fifth class or in the ˆ Pupil-Teacher Ratio. - Within three years from
eighth class or in both classes, in such manner and the date of commencement of this Act, the
subject to such conditions as may be prescribed, appropriate Government and the local authority
if he fails in the re-examination. shall ensure that the Pupil-Teacher Ratio, as
ˆ Prohibits Physical punishment and mental specified in the Schedule, is maintained in each
harassment to child. school.
ˆ Section 21 ˆ 2012 Amendment: It was amended in 2012
to make it subject to Article 29 and 30 of the
ˆ School Management Committee
Constitution (The provisions of the Act shall
ƒ A School Management Committee consisting not apply to Madrasas, Vedic Pathshalas and
of the elected representatives of the local educational institutions primarily imparting
authority, parents or guardians of children religious instructions).
admitted in such school and teachers:
NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY 2020
ƒ Provided that at least three-fourth of members
(NEP 2020)
of such Committee shall be parents or
guardians: ˆ The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 in
India focuses on several key reforms aimed at
ƒ fifty per cent. of Members of such Committee
universalizing access to school education from
shall be women.
pre-school to secondary levels, with a goal to
ˆ The School Management Committee shall achieve a 100% gross enrollment ratio by 2030.
perform the following functions, namely:—
ˆ It introduces a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure
ƒ monitor the working of the school; that expands the educational framework to
ƒ prepare and recommend school development include children ages 3 to 18, integrating three
plan; years of pre-schooling.
ƒ monitor the utilisation of the grants received ˆ The curriculum will be made more holistic and
from the appropriate Government or local flexible, with the National Council of Educational
authority or any other source; and Research and Training (NCERT) developing a
ƒ perform such other functions as may be National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework
prescribed. for Early Childhood Care and Education
(NCPFECCE) for children up to 8 years.
ˆ Section 25
ˆ The policy also emphasizes the use of the
ƒ Pupil-Teacher Ratio. - Within three years mother tongue, local, or regional languages as
from the date of commencement of this the medium of instruction up to at least grade
Act, the appropriate Government and the 5 and preferably through grade 8, incorporating
local authority shall ensure that the Pupil-

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 Sanskrit and other classical Indian languages as ˆ Samagra Shiksha - an overarching programme
optional subjects. for the school education sector extending from
ˆ Foreign languages and Indian Sign Language pre-school to class 12 has been, therefore,
will be standardized and included in the prepared with the broader goal of improving
curriculum to enhance accessibility and diversity school effectiveness measured in terms of
in language education. equal opportunities for schooling and equitable
learning outcomes.
ˆ Higher education, the NEP aims to increase
the gross enrollment ratio to 50% by 2035 and ˆ It subsumes the three erstwhile Schemes of Sarva
establishes the Higher Education Commission of Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA), Rashtriya Madhyamik
India (HECI) as the single overarching authority, Shiksha Abhiyan (RMSA) and Teacher Education
which excludes medical and legal education. (TE).

ˆ HECI will consist of four verticals responsible ˆ The Scheme will be implemented as a Centrally
for regulation, standard setting, funding, and Sponsored Scheme by the Department through a
accreditation. single State Implementation Society (SIS) at the
State/UT level.
ˆ To implement these ambitious reforms, initiatives
such as Students’ and Teachers’ Holistic ˆ At the National level, there would be a Governing
Advancement through Quality Education Council headed by Minister of Education and
(SARTHAQ) and the expansion of e-learning a Project Approval Board (PAB) headed by
through Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge Secretary, Department of School Education and
Sharing (DIKSHA) have been introduced. Literacy.

SCHEMES FOCUS ON QUALITY OF EDUCATION

ˆ Higher education, the NEP aims to increase ˆ Enhanced focus on improving quality of
the gross enrollment ratio to 50% by 2035 and education by focus on the two T’s – Teachers and
establishes the Higher Education Commission of Technology
India (HECI) as the single overarching authority, ˆ Enhanced Capacity Building of Teachers and
which excludes medical and legal education. School Heads
ˆ HECI will consist of four verticals responsible ˆ Focus on strengthening Teacher Education
for regulation, standard setting, funding, and Institutions like SCERTs and DIETs to improve
accreditation. the quality of prospective teachers in the system
ˆ To implement these ambitious reforms, initiatives ˆ SCERT to be the nodal institution for in-service
such as Students’ and Teachers’ Holistic and pre-service teacher training – will make
Advancement through Quality Education training dynamic and need-based.
(SARTHAQ) and the expansion of e-learning ˆ Support for Rashtriya Avishkar Abhiyan to
through Digital Infrastructure for Knowledge promote Science and Maths learning in schools.
Sharing (DIKSHA) have been introduced.
ˆ Support Padhe Bharat Badhe Bharat Programme
to develop foundational skills at primary level.
Schemes – School Education ˆ Provision of library grants for every school
ranging from Rs. 5000 to Rs. 20000.
SAMAGRA SHIKSHA
FOCUS ON DIGITAL EDUCATION
ˆ The Union Budget, 2018-19, has proposed to
treat school education holistically without ˆ Support ‘Operation Digital Board’ in all
segmentation from pre-nursery to Class 12. secondary schools over a period of 5 years, which
will revolutionize education- easy to understand,

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 technology based learning classrooms will FOCUS ON REGIONAL BALANCE
become flipped classrooms. ˆ Promote Balanced Educational Development
ˆ Enhanced use of digital technology in education ˆ Preference to Educationally Backward Blocks
through smart classrooms, digital boards and (EBBs), LWE affected districts, Special Focus
DTH channels Districts (SFDs), Border areas and the 117
ˆ Digital initiatives like UDISE+, Shagun, to be aspirational districts identified by Niti Aayog
strengthened
COMPONENTS :
ˆ Strengthening of ICT infrastructure in schools
from upper primary to higher secondary level. ˆ Early Childhood Care and Education
ˆ NIPUN Bharat Mission for Foundational Literacy
STRENGTHENING OF SCHOOLS (FLN)
ˆ Enhanced Transport facility to children across ˆ Access and Retention in School Education
all classes from I to VIII for universal access to ˆ Civil Works
school ˆ Quality and Innovation interventions
ˆ Composite school grant increased from Rs. ˆ Gender and Equity
14,500-50,000 to Rs. 25,000- 1 Lakh and to be ˆ Inclusive Education
allocated on the basis of school enrolment.
ˆ Strengthening Teacher Education
ˆ Specific provision for Swachhta activities – ˆ Vocational Education
support ‘Swachh Vidyalaya’
ˆ ICT and digital initiatives
ˆ Improve the Quality of Infrastructure in ˆ Community Mobilization
Government Schools
ˆ Management and monitoring
FOCUS ON INCLUSION
APAAR ID
ˆ Allocation for uniforms under RTE Act enhanced
from Rs. 400 to Rs. 600 per child per annum. ˆ APAAR – Automated Permanent Academic
Account Registry is a special ID system for all
ˆ Allocation for textbooks under the RTE Act, students in India, starting from childhood.
enhanced from Rs. 150/250 to Rs. 250/400 per
child per annum. Energized textbooks to be ˆ Each student would get a lifelong APAAR ID.
introduced. ˆ Registration – It is voluntary, not mandatory.
ˆ Allocation for Children with Special Needs ˆ A consent form needs to be signed by the student
(CwSN) increased from Rs. 3000 to Rs. 3500 per or parents in case of minors regarding the usage
child per annum. Stipend of Rs. 200 per month of their Aadhaar data which will be used to
for Girls with Special Needs from Classes 1 to 12. verify the name and date of birth.
ˆ Objective - ‘One nation, One Student ID’ stems
FOCUS ON SKILL DEVELOPMENT
from the NEP 2020 to track academic progress
ˆ Exposure to Vocational Skills at Upper Primary from preprimary to higher education.
Level would be extended.
ˆ To serve as a gateway to Digilocker, a digital
ˆ Vocational education for Class 9-12 as integrated system where students can store their important
with the curriculum and to be made more documents and achievements digitally.
practical and industry oriented.
ˆ To reduce fraud and duplicate educational
ˆ Reinforce emphasis on ‘Kaushal Vikas’ certificates with a single, trusted reference for
educational institutions.
ˆ Working – Every student with APAAR ID be

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 linked to the Academic Bank of Credit (ABC), a ƒ Launch of NISHTHA ECCE for-master
digital storehouse of information of the credits trainers/ resource persons for training of
earned by students throughout their learning preschool teachers/Anganwadi workers
journey. ƒ Conduct of Foundational Learning Study
ˆ On course completion, it is digitally certified and (FLS)
securely stored. ƒ Creation of DIKSHA FLN portal for availability
ˆ Only 1st party sources will be allowed to deposit of FLN resources
credits into the system, ensuring authenticity. ƒ Conduct of 100 Days Reading Campaign
ˆ On changing schools, the data in the ABC gets ƒ Development of Guidelines for Parent
transferred to new school just by sharing the Participation in Home-based Learning during
APAAR ID School Closure and Beyond
UMMEED ƒ Development of Guidelines for Community
Engagement in Foundational Learning;
ˆ Understand, motivate, manage, empathise,
Training of Academic Task Force (ATF) and
empower and Develop
District Task Force Members (DTFs)
ˆ Prevent suicide among school students and
ƒ National Conference on Initiatives in
destigmatize mental health concerns.
Foundational Learning: Voices from the
ˆ Formation of School Wellness teams(SWT) and Ground to exchange best practices, share
immediate response to vulnerable students. status and understand challenges
NIPUN BHARAT : ƒ Continuous tracking and monitoring
(monthly, quarterly, annually) of the mission
ˆ the Government of India launched the National
implementation in all the states and UTs.
Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy
on 5th July, 2021 to attain its objectives by 2026- SCHEMES IN NEWS 2023-24
27. The mission is known as the
NIPUN BHARAT :
ˆ ‘National Initiative for Proficiency in Reading
with Understanding and Numeracy’ (NIPUN
Bharat).
ˆ As per the National Education Policy (NEP) 2020,
the highest priority for the school education
system is to achieve universal acquisition of
foundational literacy and numeracy skills at
primary level by 2025.
ƒ So far, following major initiatives have been
taken under NIPUN Bharat Mission-
ƒ Constitution of National Steering Committee
for the implementation of NIPUN Bharat
Mission
ƒ Development of Vidya Pravesh Guidelines
and Module for Grade I
ƒ Launch of NISHTHA-FLN for teachers and PRERANA PROGRAM
school heads of preschool to Grade V ˆ Launched by Department of School Education &
Literacy, Ministry of Education

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ˆ It is a week-long residential program for selected Government aided and local body schools, but
students of class IX to XII. also children studying in EGS and AIE centres.
ˆ A batch of 20 selected students (10 boys and 10 ˆ In September 2004 the scheme was revised to
girls) will attend the program, every week from provide cooked mid day meal with 300 calories
various parts of the country and 8-12 grams of protein to all children studying
ˆ It aims to offer a meaningful, unique, and in classes I - V in Government and aided schools
inspiring experience to all participants, thereby and EGS/ AIE centres.
empowering them with leadership qualities ˆ In July 2006 the scheme was further revised to
provide assistance for cooking cost
PRADHAN MANTRI POSHAN SHAKTI
NIRMAN (PM POSHAN) ˆ From 2008-09 i.e w.e.f 1st April, 2008, the
programme covers all children studying in
ˆ Aim : Providing one hot cooked meal in Government,
Government and Government aided schools
(Revamped version of Mid Day meal Scheme) PM SHRI
ˆ Centrally sponsored scheme ˆ PM SHRI will provide high-quality education
ˆ School children from 1 to 8 standard.
st th in an equitable, inclusive and joyful school
environment that takes care of the diverse
ˆ The concept of Tithi Bhojan will be encouraged
background, multilingual needs, and different
extensively.
academic abilities of children and makes them
ˆ Tithi Bhojan is a community participation active participants in their own learning process
programme in which people provide special as per the vision of NEP 2020.
food to children on special occasions/festivals.
ˆ PM SHRI Schools will provide leadership to other
School Nutrition Gardens in schools to give
schools in their respective regions by providing
children first-hand experience with nature and
mentorship.
gardening.
ˆ The PM SHRI  Schools will be developed
ˆ The harvest of these gardens is used in the
as Green schools, incorporating environment
scheme providing additional micro nutrients.
friendly aspects like solar panels and LED lights,
ˆ School Nutrition Gardens have already been nutrition gardens with natural farming, waste
developed in more than 3 lakh schools. management, plastic free, water conservation and
ˆ Social Audit mandatory harvesting, study of traditions/practices related
to protection of environment, climate change
HISTORY OF MID DAY MEAL : related hackathon and awareness generation to
ˆ With a view to enhancing enrollment, retention adopt sustainable lifestyle.
and attendance and simultaneously improving ˆ Pedagogy adopted in these schools will be more
nutritional levels among children, the National experiential, holistic, integrated, play/toy-based
Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary (particularly, in the foundational years) inquiry-
Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a driven, discovery-oriented, learner-centred,
Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August discussion-based, flexible and enjoyable.
1995, initially in 2408 blocks in the country.
ˆ Focus will be on learning outcomes of every
ˆ By the year 1997-98 the NP-NSPE was introduced child in every grade. Assessment at all levels
in all blocks of the country. will be based on conceptual understanding and
ˆ It was further extended in 2002 to cover not application of knowledge to real life situations
only children in classes I -V of Government, and will be competency-based.

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ˆ Assessment of the resources available and their VIDYA SAMIKSHA KENDRA
effectiveness in terms of availability, adequacy, ˆ The ability to effectively collect, monitor,
appropriateness, and utilisation for each of the correlate, and analyse data will lead to timely
domains and their key performance indicators actions to implement schemes.
will be done and gaps will be filled in a systematic
and planned manner. ˆ Various initiatives of the Ministry of Education
like UDISE, Student Database, NAS, NIPUN
ˆ Linkage with Sector Skill Councils and local BARAT, Teacher Database, DIKSHA etc. are
industry for enhancing employability and efficient systems working in silos.
providing better employment opportunities will
be explored. ˆ Integrating various data sets and breaking
through the barrier of operating in silos will help
ˆ A School Quality Assessment Framework us effectively leverage different entities towards
(SQAF) is being developed, specifying the key a common goal.
performance indicators to measure outcomes.
ˆ To monitor the real-time status of various
ˆ Quality evaluation of these schools at regular projects/ activities under the ambit of Samagra
interval will be undertaken to ensure the desired Shiksha.
standards.
ˆ To keep track of enrolled students including
ˆ Maximum two schools (one Elementary & one learning outcomes, Dropouts, support required
Secondary/Senior Secondary) would be selected by teachers and schools, etc.
per block/ULB
ˆ To monitor and track field level academic and
ˆ Its objective is to establish over 14,500 PM SHRI non-academic activities at state level and also
Schools, overseen by the Central Government, empower administrators and teachers in the
State/UT Governments, local bodies, as well field to take data driven decisions.
as Kendriya Vidyalaya Sangathan (KVS) and
Navodaya Vidyalaya Samiti (NVS). ˆ To identify and analyse improvement areas for
decision making and implementation that needs
ˆ These schools aim to create an inclusive and urgent attention.
welcoming atmosphere for every student,
ensuring their well-being and providing a secure ˆ To improve the academic performance of
and enriching learning environment. students and to enhance the accountability of
teachers in schools and effective utilisation of the
ˆ The goal is to offer a diverse range of learning available resources.
experiences and ensure access to good physical
infrastructure and appropriate resources for all ˆ To setup centralized helpdesk for grievance
students. redressal mechanism for stakeholders of School
ecosystem.
ˆ Kendriya Vidyalayas (KVs) and Jawahar
Navodaya Vidyalayas (JNVs) come entirely ˆ To develop Centralized dashboard providing the
under the Centre’s Ministry of Education. real-time performance indicators of Schools.

ˆ They are fully funded by the Union government ˆ Increase accountability among all the field level
under central sector schemes. staffs / administrators & monitor the real-time
status towards various projects components /
ˆ While KVs largely cater to children of central activities under the ambit of School Education.
government employees posted in states and UTs,
JNVs were set up to nurture talented students in ˆ To improve the academic performance of
rural parts of the country students and to enhance the accountability of
teachers in schools and effective utilisation of the
available resources.

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ˆ To setup centralized helpdesk for grievance ˆ It will work on bringing the school boards across
redressal mechanism for stakeholders of School the States and the Union Territories on a common
ecosystem. platform.
ˆ To develop Centralized dashboard providing the ˆ As a first step, a workshop on school assessments,
real-time performance indicators of Schools. examination practices and equivalence of boards
ˆ Increase accountability among all the field level across the country was organised by the Ministry
staffs / administrators & monitor the real-time of Education and PARAKH in New Delhi.
status towards various projects components / ˆ PARAKH will act as a common platform for
activities under the ambit of School Education. interaction of all concerned stakeholders in order
to develop a holistic approach that ensures a fair
STARS assessment system which promotes equity in
ˆ Strengthening Teaching-Learning and Results performance and equivalence in assessment of
for States (STARS) Project was approved by students.
the Cabinet in 2020 and to be implemented as a
centrally sponsored scheme. DIGITISATION INITIATIVES
DIKSHA :
ˆ It became effective since 2021 for a period of five
years up to FY: 2024-25 ˆ Initiative of National Council for Education
Research and Training (NCERT), Ministry of
ˆ STARS project would be implemented under
Education
Department of School Education and Literacy,
Ministry of Education with the financial support ˆ DIKSHA is an online platform and mobile
of World Bank application under the Education Ministry that
offers e-content for schools.
ˆ It is being implemented in six identified States
Himachal Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, ˆ While it already includes assistive technologies
Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Kerala for learners with visual or hearing challenges, it
primarily serves as a static content repository.
ˆ The STARS project also aims to focus on
initiatives of PM e-Vidya, Foundational Literacy ˆ National e-Governance Division (NeGD) of
and Numeracy Mission and National Curricular the Ministry of Electronics and Information
and Pedagogical Framework for Early Childhood Technology (MeitY) in India is planning to
Care and Education as part of the Atmanirbhar integrate Personalized Adaptive Learning
Bharat Abhiyan. (PAL) into its existing Digital Infrastructure for
Knowledge Sharing (DIKSHA) platform.
UMMEED GUIDELINES
ˆ Personalised Adaptive Learning (PAL) = PAL is
ˆ Released by Ministry of Education (MoE) a software-based approach that aims to provide
ƒ UMMEED (Understand, Motivate, Manage, each student with an individualized learning
Empathise, Empower, Develop) experience based on their unique needs and
abilities
ƒ guidelines to address the critical issue of
student suicides in schools. ˆ The integration of PAL into DIKSHA is expected
to revolutionize the platform by leveraging
PARAKH GUIDELINES artificial intelligence (AI) to cater to the specific
ˆ PARAKH has been set up as the organisation learning needs of students.
under NCERT. ˆ For example, if a student makes a mistake while
learning a concept, the AI system will flag it and
guide the student back to a basic video explaining
the correct approach

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SWAYAM : ˆ Leadership Development of Educational
ˆ To take the best teaching learning resources to Administrators
all, including the most disadvantaged ˆ Institutional restructuring & reforms
ˆ Repository of more than 300 high quality ˆ Capacity building & preparation, data collection
Massive Open Online Courses developed by & planning
academicians from top ranked institutions and ˆ RUSA IS NOW PM-USHA
offered free of cost.
PM-USHA SCHEME
NISHTHA :
ˆ Pradhan Mantri Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan
ˆ NISHTHA is a capacity building programme for (PM-USHA) Scheme is the new name for the
“Improving Quality of School Education through Ministry of Education’s scheme to improve the
Integrated Teacher Training”. quality of higher education in State Universities.
ˆ It aims to build competencies among all the ˆ Aim – To improve quality through curricular &
teachers and school principals at the elementary programme changes, teacher training, physical
stage. and digital infrastructure, accreditation, and
enhancing employability, while ensuring equity,
Schemes Higher Education access, and inclusion.

and Adult Education ˆ States are required to sign a MoU with the
Centre which mandates the implementation of
the National Education Policy in order to avail
RASHTRIYA UCCHATAR SHIKSHA funds for the next 3 years, under the Centre’s
ABHIYAAN
flagship scheme for State-run higher education.
ˆ Centrally Sponsored scheme ˆ Nearly 40% of the PM USHA budget must be
ˆ Launched in 2013 borne by the States themselves, and no extra
ˆ Aims at providing strategic funding to eligible funds have been earmarked for NEP reforms.
state higher educational institutions. ˆ The MoU makes it mandatory for States to
ˆ Up gradation of existing autonomous colleges to undertake the administrative, academic,
Universities accreditation, and governance reforms detailed
in the NEP.
ˆ Conversion of colleges to Cluster Universities
ˆ These include an academic credit bank, entry and
ˆ Infrastructure grants to Universities
exit flexibility, and the Samarth e-governance
ˆ New Model Colleges (General) platform.
ˆ Upgradation of existing degree colleges to model ˆ PM-USHA carries forward the vision of the earlier
colleges Rashtriya Uchstar Shiksha Abhiyan (RUSA), to
ˆ New Colleges (Professional) improve the access, equity and quality of higher
education in States.
ˆ Infrastructure grants to colleges
ˆ It reduces the fragmentation of resources by
ˆ Research, innovation and quality improvement
streamlining the number of scheme components
ˆ Equity initiatives to 6.
ˆ Faculty Recruitment Support ˆ Focus Areas
ˆ Faculty improvements ƒ Equity, Access and Inclusion
ˆ Vocationalisation of Higher Education ƒ Developing teacher quality and Learning

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 Process will support improving student skills and
ƒ Accreditation of non accredited institutions employability by focusing on better research,
and improving accreditation entrepreneurship, and innovation; and improve
governance in technical institutions
ƒ ICT based digital infrastructure
ˆ The World Bank has approved a USD 255.5
ƒ Enhancing employability through million loan for improving the quality of
multidisciplinarity. technical education in government-run
institutions in India
ˆ Over the next five years, the project will
support around 275 government-run technical
institutions in selected states across the country,
benefitting more than 350,000 students each year
ˆ Department of Higher Education (DHE), Ministry
of Education (MoE) is the lead implementing
agency in India

GIAN
ˆ Global Initiative of Academic Networks
(GIAN) Programme
MALVIYA MISSION
ˆ The programme was launched in 2015 under
ˆ In association with Ministry of Skill Development Ministry of Education as a Joint Teaching
& Entrepreneurship (under the University Program with reputed International Faculty
Grants Commission (UGC))
ˆ Purpose: Tapping the talent pool of scientists
ˆ It is proposed by restructuring of existing and entrepreneurs internationally to encourage
schemes of capacity building of teachers under their engagement with the institutes of Higher
the Department of Higher Education Education in India
ˆ This initiative aims to provide tailored training ˆ Eligibility: All Government (State or Central)
programs for teachers and enhance the quality higher education Institutions / University
of education at higher educational institutions which are in top 200 in NIRF overall rankings
(HEIs) and having at least NAAC ‘A’ grade (3.0 and
ˆ The program will capacitate 15 lakh teachers above)
across India through 111 Malaviya Mission ˆ The scheme connects India’s top institutions and
centres, formerly known as Human Resource Central universities with global faculty
Development Centers (HRDCs)
ˆ IIT Kharagpur is the nodal institution and
ˆ It seeks to make educators future-ready, improve national coordination.
training quality, build leadership skills, and
align with the goals of the National Education SPARC
Policy (NEP). ˆ Scheme for Promotion of Academic and Research
Collaboration (SPARC) aims at improving the
MULTIDISCIPLINARY EDUCATION AND
research ecosystem of India’s Higher Educational
RESEARCH IMPROVEMENT IN TECHNICAL
EDUCATION PROJECT (MERITE) Institutions by facilitating academic and research
collaborations between Indian Institutions and
ˆ The Multidisciplinary Education and Research the best institutions in the world from 28 selected
Improvement in Technical Education Project nations to jointly solve problems of national

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 and/or international relevance. ˆ One tangible aim is to increase India’s market
ˆ The scheme proposes to enable productive share of global education exports to 2 percent.
academic co-operation by supporting the ˆ Ministries :
following critical components that can catalyze ˆ MoE + MEA+MHA+Ministry of commerce and
impact making research, namely: Industry
ˆ Visits and long-term stay of top international ˆ 30 plus countries selected from South East Asia,
faculty / researchers in Indian institutions to middle EAST and AFRICA.
pursue teaching and research ˆ Features
ˆ Visits by Indian students for training and ƒ Close coordination with Indian missions
experimentation in premier laboratories abroad
worldwide ƒ Branding activities
ˆ Joint development of niche courses, world-class ƒ Centralised admission portal that acts as
books and monographs, translatable patents, single window
demonstrable technologies or action research
ƒ Call centre for support
outcomes and products
ƒ Algorithm for allocation of seats to meritorious
ˆ Consolidation of Bilateral co-operation through
candidates
academic and research partnerships through
Indo-X Workshops in India INDIAN KNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
ˆ Publication, Dissemination and Visibility ˆ IKS is an innovative cell under Ministry of
through a high profile annual international Education at All India Council for Technical
Conference in India Education (AICTE)
ˆ Patents, products, scaled up pilot plants/ ˆ Established to promote interdisciplinary research
demonstration units on all aspects of IKS, preserve and disseminate
ˆ The expected outcomes include IKS for further research and societal applications
ƒ tangible results in terms of large quantity of ˆ Raja Mantri Chor Sipahi, Posham Pa, Gilli Danda
high quality research publications, etc. are among 75 indigenous games that will be
introduced in schools under IKS initiative taste,
ƒ solution to key national and international
flavor, and shape
problems, development of niche courses,
ˆ Recently, Sarp-Rajju, Jadui Pitara and 5
ƒ high quality text books and research
other indoor games were developed by
monographs,
Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) to promote
ƒ imbibing of best practices from top interdisciplinary research on aspects of
international academicians and researchers, indigenous knowledge
ƒ strong bilateral co-operation, and
NEW INDIA LITERACY PROGRAMME
ƒ improved world reputation and ranking of
Indian Institutions. ˆ Recently ,the Government of India announced
a New India Literacy Programme for the year
STUDY IN INDIA – INTERMINISTERIAL 2022-23 to 2026-27
INITIATIVE
ˆ The NILP has been approved for the next five
ˆ To make India a preferred education destination financial years (2022-27) in order to integrate
for foreign students. all the aspects of adult education with the
ˆ CENTRAL SECTOR SCHEME National Education Policy, 2020 (NEP) Centrally
Sponsored Scheme
ˆ Implemented by EdCIL India limited

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ˆ It aims to support the States and Union Territories Medical devices manufacturing, Pharma
in promoting literacy among non-literates in the sector, Electronics/Technology products,
age group of 15 and above Automobile sector etc.
ˆ It is being implemented under overall supervision ƒ Scheme will be preparing skilled manpower
and guidance of the Ministry of Education for connectivity/ logistics industry sectors,
ˆ The New India Literacy Programme (NILP) has identified under Gati Shakti, a national master
following five objectives- plan for Multi-modal connectivity, essentially
a digital platform.
ƒ Foundational Literacy and Numeracy,
ƒ Critical Life Skills, FOREIGN UNIVERSITIES IN INDIA
ƒ Vocational Skills Development, ˆ UGC [Setting up and Operation of Campuses of
Foreign Higher Educational Institutions (FHEIs)
ƒ Basic Education and
in India] Regulations, 2023 released to facilitate
ƒ Continuing Education entry of FHEIs into India, in line with National
ˆ The NLIP Scheme aims to cover a target of 5.00 Education Policy (NEP), 2020.
crore learners during the five years under the ˆ Approval Requirements: FHEIs must obtain
Foundational Literacy and Numeracy component approval from the University Grants Commission
(UGC) before they can:
Education –Additional Info ƒ Establish campuses in India.
ƒ Offer any academic programs.
NATIONAL APPERENTICESHIP TRAINING
ƒ Discontinue any course or program.
SCHEME
ƒ FHEIs are prohibited from offering programs
ˆ Ministry of Education
that do not meet the standards of higher
ˆ The National Apprenticeship Training Scheme education as established in India.
is the flagship programme of the Ministry of
ˆ Eligibility Criteria: To be eligible to operate in
Education for Skilling Indian Youth.
India, FHEIs must either:
ˆ Purpose: It is a one year programme equipping
ƒ Be ranked within the top 500 in global
youth with practical knowledge and skills
university rankings, either overall or in a
required in their field of work.
specific subject.
ˆ The Apprentices will be imparted training
ƒ Possess outstanding expertise in a particular
by industry and commercial organisations.
academic or research area.
ˆ Recent Changes:
ˆ Qualifications: The qualifications and quality
ƒ NATS will now include students from of education offered at Indian campuses of
humanities, science and commerce besides Foreign Higher Education Institutions (FHEIs)
students from engineering stream. must match those granted in their original
ƒ Apprentices who have completed graduate jurisdictions. FHEIs are not permitted to offer
and diploma programmes in Engineering, programs through online or distance learning
Humanities, Science and Commerce will modes.
receive a stipend of Rs. 9,000 and Rs. 8,000 per ˆ Autonomy: FHEIs have the authority to
month, respectively. determine their own admission processes and
ƒ Scheme will also provide apprenticeships in criteria, hire faculty and staff, and set fees that
the emerging areas under ‘Production Linked are transparent and reasonable.
Incentive’ (PLI) such as Mobile manufacturing,

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ˆ Restrictions: The operations of FHEIs must align ƒ the Innovation Fund for funding outstanding
with India’s sovereignty and integrity, state creativity in the areas supported by the
security, diplomatic relations, public order, Foundation,
decency, and morality. FHEIs must obtain prior ƒ the Science and Engineering Research Fund
approval from the Central Government to receive for the continuation of projects initiated under
donations from foreign sources. the 2008 Act, and
ˆ Audit: FHEIs are required to undergo quality ƒ one or more special purpose funds for any
assurance audits and report the findings to the specific project or research.
UGC. Additionally, they must annually submit an
audit report to the UGC, confirming compliance ˆ CAG will audit the accounts of the Foundation
with the Foreign Exchange Management Act annually
(1999), Foreign Contribution (Regulation) Act ˆ Governing Board: NRF will have a Governing
(2010), and other applicable regulations. Board headed by the Prime Minister of India.
ˆ The Board will provide strategic direction to the
ANUSANDHAN NATIONAL RESEARCH
Foundation and monitor the implementation.
FOUNDATION
ˆ Other members of the Board are:
ˆ The Anusandhan National Research Foundation
(ANRF) has been established with Anusandhan ƒ the Union Ministers of Science and Technology,
National Research Foundation (ANRF) 2023 Act. Education as Vice Presidents,
ˆ Functions of NRF: ƒ the Principal Scientific Advisor as Member
Secretary, and
ˆ NRF will be the apex body in the country
to provide strategic direction for research, ƒ Secretaries to the Departments of Science and
innovation, and entrepreneurship in the fields of: Technology, Biotechnology, and Scientific and
Industrial Research
ƒ natural sciences including mathematics,
ˆ Additional members can be added by PM.
ƒ engineering and technology,
ˆ Executive Council: The Foundation will have an
ƒ environmental and earth sciences,
Executive Council to undertake implementation.
ƒ health and agriculture, and
ˆ The Principal Scientific Advisor will be the
ƒ scientific and technological interfaces of chairperson of the Council.
humanities and social sciences.
ˆ Secretaries of different departments are
ˆ Funds for NRF: The Foundation will be appointed as members.
financed through:
ƒ grants and loans from the central government,
Ministry of Tribal Affairs
ƒ donations to the fund,
ƒ income from investments of the amounts PM JANMAN
received by the Foundation, and ˆ The mission comprises of 11 critical interventions
ƒ all amounts with the Fund for Science and through 9 ministries for 3 years
Engineering Research set up under the 2008 ˆ An amount of Rs.15,000 crore will be made
Act. available to implement the Mission in the next
ˆ Following funds will be created : three years under the Development Action Plan
ƒ the Anusandhan National Research for the Scheduled Tribes (DAPST)
Foundation Fund for salaries, allowances, and ˆ It is aimed to improve socioeconomic conditions
administrative purposes, of the PVTGs by saturating PVTG households

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 and habitations with basic facilities such as safe ˆ In 2006, the Government of India renamed the
housing, clean drinking water and sanitation, PTGs as PVTGs
electricity, road and telecom connectivity etc. ˆ Criteria for identifying PVTGs:
11 INTERVENTIONS ARE : ƒ Pre agricultural level of technology;
Housing 4.9 lakh pucca households ƒ Low level of literacy;
ƒ Economic backwardness;
Connectivity 8000 KM roads and installation
ƒ A declining or stagnant population
of mobile towers
Drinking Piped water supply for all ˆ Currently, there are 75 PVTGs spread over 18
water PVTG’s states and the Union Territory of Andaman and
Community 2500 villages with population Nicobar Islands
Water less than 20 households ˆ Odisha has highest number (13) of PVTGs in
VanDhan • Unit of 15 to 20 SHG’s India
Vikas kendra that collect and process
minor forest produce PM ADI ADARSH GRAM YOJANA
such as honey and tam- ˆ Government had modified the earlier scheme of
arind. ‘Special Central Assistance to Tribal Sub-Scheme
• SHG are trained and (SCA to TSS) with nomenclature ‘Pradhan
provided with equip- Mantri Adi Adarsh Gram Yojna (PMAAGY)’, for
ment, working capital implementation during 2021-22 to 2025-26
and marketing support
to add value to the ˆ Aims at mitigating gaps and providing basic
products and sell them infrastructure in villages with significant tribal
at higher prices population in convergence with funds available
Hostel Facil- 500 hostels under different schemes in Central Scheduled
ity Tribe Component
Health Infra- Provide 1000 mobile medical ˆ The main objective of this scheme is to achieve
structure units for 10 districts integrated socio-economic development of
Education Provide vocational education selected villages through convergence approach.
and Training and skilling centres in 60 Aspi- ˆ It includes the following components.
rational PVTG blocks
Infrastruc- Multipurpose Centres, Angan- ƒ Preparing Village Development Plan based on
ture wadi Centres the needs, potential, and aspirations;
Renewable Provide Solar off-grid system ƒ Maximizing the coverage of individual /
Energy and solar lighting in streets family benefit schemes of the Central / State
Electricity Last mile electricity connection Governments;
for 57000 households ƒ Improving the infrastructure in vital sectors
PVTG like health, education, connectivity and
livelihood;
ˆ These are centrally recognized special category
from among the Scheduled Tribes (STs) TRIBAL SUB-PLAN
ˆ First recognized in 1973 as Primitive Tribal ˆ Strategy initially developed by expert committee
Groups (PTGs) based on recommendations of set up by Ministry of Education and Social
the U N Dhebar Commission (1961) Welfare in 1972 for rapid socio economic
development of tribals

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ˆ It was adopted for the first time in FIFTH FIVE schemes including MGNREGA and watershed
YEAR PLAN. development

SALIENT FEATURES : TRIBAL FREEDOM FIGHTERS MUSEUM

ƒ Funds provided under TSP have to be atleast ˆ Ministry has decided to have such museums in
equal in proportion to ST population of each 10 states.
state ˆ Bhagwan Birsa Munda Memorial Udyan was
ƒ Tribals and tribal areas of state UT are given inaugurated in Ranchi in 2021.
benefit in addition to what percolates from ˆ November 15 as Janjatiya Gaurav Divas.
overall plan

NATIONAL SCHEDULED TRIBES FINANCE Other Schemes

AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION
ˆ Set up in 2001 under Ministry of Tribal Affairs PM VISHWAKARMA SCHEME – CENTRAL
SECTOR
ˆ Registered under Section 25 of Companies Act
1956 as not for profit company. ˆ Joint Implementation
ˆ Financial assistance to ST having annual family ƒ Ministry of MSME (NODAL MINISTRY )
income up to double the poverty line. ƒ Minstry of Skill Development and
Entreprenuership
TRIFED
ƒ Department of Financial Services
ˆ Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development
Federation ƒ Implemented for five years up to 2027-28
ˆ The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development ˆ To enable the recognition of artisans and
Federation of India Limited (TRIFED), was set craftspeople as Vishwakarma, making them
up in 1987 as a national level apex body under eligible to avail all the benefits under the Scheme.
the Multi State Cooperative Societies Act, 1984 ˆ To provide skill upgradation to hone their
(MSCS Act, 1984). skills and make relevant and suitable training
ˆ TRIFED functions as a ‘market developer’ for opportunities available to them.
tribal products and as ‘service provider’ to its ˆ To provide support for better and modern tools
member federations to enhance their capability, productivity, and
quality of products and services.
1000 SPRINGS INITITAIVE
ˆ To provide the beneficiaries an easy access to
ˆ United Nations Development Programme collateral free credit and reduce the cost of credit
(UNDP) in collaboration with the MoTA by providing interest subvention.
launched the ‘1000 Spring Initiative’ in 2019 with
an aim to protect and conserve the natural springs ˆ To provide incentives for digital transactions
to improve access to safe and adequate water for to encourage digital empowerment of
the tribal communities living in a difficult and Vishwakarmas.
inaccessible part of rural areas. ˆ To provide a platform for brand promotion
ˆ More than 550 springs have been mapped and market linkages to help them access new
and tagged to web-based ‘GIS enabled Spring opportunities for growth.
ATLAS’. ˆ 18 trades identified.
ˆ This is being done with community participation ˆ Recognition: PM Vishwakarma Certificate and
through convergence of various government ID Card

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 ƒ Skill Upgradation PM SHRAM YOGI MAANDHAAN
ƒ Toolkit Incentive ˆ Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maan Dhaan (PM-
ƒ Credit Support SYM) = Central Sector Scheme
ƒ Incentive for Digital Transactions ˆ It is implemented through Life Insurance
Corporation of India and CSC eGovernance
ƒ Marketing Support
Services India Limited (CSC SPV)
ˆ An artisan or craftsperson working with hands
ˆ It is a voluntary and contributory pension
and tools and engaged in one of the family-
scheme, under which the subscriber would
based traditional trades specified in Para 2.3,
receive a minimum assured pension of Rs 3000/-
in the unorganized or informal sector, on
per month after attaining the age of 60 years
self-employment basis, shall be eligible for
registration under PM Vishwakarma. ˆ Eligibility
ˆ The minimum age of the beneficiary should be ˆ Unorganised workers (home based workers,
18 years on the date of registration. street vendors, mid-day meal workers, head
loaders, landless labourers and similar other
ˆ The beneficiary should be engaged in the trades
occupations) whose monthly income is Rs
concerned on the date of registration and should
15,000/ per month or less.
not have availed loans under similar credit-
based schemes of Central Government or State ˆ The Subscriber should belong to the entry age
Government for self-employment/ business group of 18-40 years.
development, e.g. PMEGP, PM SVANidhi, ˆ They should not be covered under New Pension
MUDRA, in the past 5 years. Scheme (NPS), Employees’ State Insurance
ˆ However, the beneficiaries of MUDRA and Corporation (ESIC) scheme or Employees’
SVANidhi who have fully repaid their loan, will Provident Fund Organisation (EPFO).
be eligible under PM Vishwakarma. ˆ He/She should not be an income tax payer
ˆ This period of 5 years will be calculated from the ˆ Union Government will give equal matching
date of sanction of the loan. contribution as done by subscriber in the pension
ˆ The registration and benefits under the Scheme account
shall be restricted to one member of the family. ˆ Once the beneficiary joins the scheme at the
ˆ For availing benefits under the Scheme, a ‘family’ entry age of 18-40 years, the beneficiary has to
is defined as consisting of the husband, wife and contribute till 60 years of age
unmarried children. ˆ If the subscriber dies, the spouse of the beneficiary
ˆ A person in government service and his/her shall be entitled to receive 50% of the pension as
family members shall not be eligible under the family pension.
Scheme ˆ Family pension is applicable only to spouse.
ˆ Benefits
LAKHPATI DIDI SCHEME
ƒ ID cards
ˆ In 2021, the Ministry of Rural Development
ƒ Skill upgradation training toolkit worth Rs launched the Lakhpati SHG women initiative
15000
ˆ Under this scheme, women will be provided skill
ƒ Collateral free credit support up to 1 lakh and training so that they can earn over Rs 1 lakh per
up to 2 lakh at concessional interest rate of 5%. year
ƒ Incentive for digital transactions ˆ Drones will be provided to women SHGs for
ƒ Marketing Support. agricultural activities

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ˆ Under the scheme, women will be trained in ˆ Ministry of Power
skills like LED bulb making, plumbing, among ˆ Mission on Advanced and High Impact Research
others
ˆ Facilitate indigeneosus research , development
ˆ Recently, the Government announced that and demonstration of latest and emerging
skill development training will cover two crore technologies in POWER SECTOR.
women under the ‘Lakhpati Didi’ scheme, which
aims to encourage them to start micro-enterprises ˆ In collaboration with MNRE.
ˆ Identify emerging technologies/areas of future
NATIONAL SOCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM relevance for the energy sector.
ˆ CAG performance audit of NSAP. ˆ Create a vibrant & innovative ecosystem and
ˆ Centrally Sponsored Scheme provide a common platform for energy Sector
Stakeholders for various tasks.
ˆ Launched in 1995 includes 5 sub schemes
ˆ Support pilot projects of indigenous technologies
ˆ Beneficiaries :
and facilitate their commercialization.
ˆ SECC 2011
ˆ Leverage foreign alliances and partnerships to
ˆ Both rural and urban areas accelerate R&D.
ˆ Five components ˆ Make our Nation among the leading Countries
ˆ IGNOAPS – in the Power System
ˆ Pension Assistance ˆ Structure of the Mission
ƒ Indira Gandhi National Old Age Pension ƒ The Technical Scoping Committee chaired by
Scheme (IGNOAPS): BPL persons aged 60-79 Central Electricity Authority (CEA)
years are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. ƒ Role: Identify and recommend potential
200 and Rs.500 thereafter. technologies for development, monitoring of
ƒ Indira Gandhi National Widow Pension approved projects, etc.
Scheme (IGNWPS): BPL widows aged 40-59 ƒ The Apex Committee chaired by Union
years are entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. Minister for Power & New and Renewable
200. Energy
ƒ Indira Gandhi National Disability Pension ƒ Role: Look into international collaborations,
Scheme (IGNDPS): BPL persons aged 18-59 approve and monitor the research proposals
years with severe and multiple disabilities are
ƒ Coverage: The proposals for outcomelinked
entitled to a monthly pension of Rs. 200.
funding will be invited from companies /
ˆ Non Pension Assistance organizations across the globe.
ƒ National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS): ˆ Selection of the proposal: To be done through
BPL household is entitled to a one-time Quality cum Cost-Based Selection (QCBS) basis.
assistance amounting to Rs. 10.000 on the
ˆ Patent: The IPR of the technology developed
death of primary breadwinner aged between
would be shared by the Government of India
18 and 64 years.
and the Research Agency.
ƒ Annapurna scheme: 10 kg of food grains per
ˆ Transparency and accountability: Evaluation of
month are provided free of cost to those senior
the mission will be taken up through a credible
citizens who, though eligible, have remained
Third party at the end of the initial period of the
uncovered under IGNOAPS.
Mission.
MAHIR ˆ Funding: Ministry of Power, Ministry of New

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 and Renewable Energy and the Central Public financial year to adult members of any rural
Sector Enterprises under them, and also Centers’ household willing to do public work-related
budgetary resources. unskilled manual work
ˆ At least one-third of beneficiaries have to be
PM SURYA GHAR MUFT BIJLEE YOJANA
women
ˆ PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijlee Yojana is a Central
ˆ Wages must be paid according to the statutory
Scheme that aims to provide free electricity to
minimum wages specified for agricultural
one crore households in India, who opt to install
labourers in the state under the Minimum Wages
roof top solar electricity unit.
Act, 1948
ˆ The households will be able to get 300 units of
ˆ MGNREGA provides legally-backed guarantee
electricity free every month.
for any rural adult to get work within 15 days of
ˆ It was approved by the Union Cabinet on demanding it, failing which an ‘unemployment
February 29th, with an outlay of Rs.75,021 crore. allowance’ must be given
ˆ The scheme provides for a subsidy of 60% of the ˆ The act mandates Gram sabhas to recommend
solar unit cost for systems up to 2 kW capacity the works that are to be undertaken and at least
and 40 percent of additional system cost for 50% of the works must be executed by them
systems between 2 to 3 kW capacity.
ˆ It is the Gram Sabha and the Gram Panchayat
ˆ The subsidy has been capped at 3 kW capacity. which approves the shelf of works under
At current benchmark prices, this will mean Rs MGNREGA and fix their priority
30,000 subsidy for 1 kW system, Rs 60,000 for 2
ˆ Gram Sabha is the principal forum for wage
kW systems and Rs 78,000 for 3 kW systems or
seekers to raise their voices and make demands
higher.
ˆ Ministry of Rural Development (MRD) is
ˆ Eligibility
monitoring the entire implementation of this
ƒ The applicant must be an Indian citizen. scheme in association with state governments
ƒ Must own a house with a roof that is suitable ˆ Social Audit of MGNREGA works is mandatory
for installing solar panels.
ˆ Eligibility criteria for receiving the benefits under
ƒ The household must have a valid electricity MGNREGA scheme:
connection.
ƒ Must be Citizen of India to seek NREGA
ƒ The household must not have availed of any benefits;
other subsidy for solar panels
ƒ Job seeker has completed 18 years of age;
ˆ Households will be able to access collateral-
ƒ Applicant must be part of a local household
free low-interest loan products of around 7% at
(i.e. application must be made with local
present for installation of residential RTS systems
Gram Panchayat);
up to 3 kW.
ƒ Applicant must volunteer for unskilled labour
ˆ The interest rate has been pegged at 0.5% above
the prevailing Repo Rate decided by the Reserve ˆ Central Employment Guarantee Council:
Bank of India from time to time. ƒ The Central Council has been constituted
under Section 10 of the MGNREGA.
MGNREGS
ƒ It is chaired by the Minister of Rural
ˆ Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment
development.
Guarantee Act
ƒ It is responsible for advising the Central
ˆ The primary objective of the scheme is to
Government on MGNREGA related matters,
guarantee 100 days of employment in every

www.sleepyclasses.com 37 1800-890-3043
 and for monitoring and evaluating the ˆ PMGSY phase III was launched in 2019 and has
implementation of the Act. to continue until 2025
ƒ It prepares Annual Reports on the ˆ Phase III involves consolidation of Through
implementation of MGNREGA for submission Routes and Major Rural Links connecting
to Parliament. habitations to Gramin Agricultural Markets
ˆ Funding is shared between the Centre and the (GrAMs), Higher Secondary Schools and
States. Hospitals.

ˆ The funding pattern of the scheme comprises ˆ Under the PMGSY-III Scheme, it is proposed to
100% funding for unskilled labour cost and 75% consolidate 1,25,000 Km road length in the States.
of the material cost by Central Government and
PARTICIPATORY GUARANTEE SYSTEM FOR
rest shall be borne by the State Government. INDIA (PGS-INDIA)
ˆ The wages are revised according to the Consumer ˆ Minister for Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare
Price Index-Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL).
ˆ PGS is process of certifying organic products
ˆ A 60:40 wage and material ratio has to be
ˆ The certification is in the form of a documented
maintained.
logo or a statement
ˆ The employment will be provided within a ˆ PGS certification is only for farmers or
radius of 5 km: if it is above 5 km extra wage will communities that can organise and perform as a
be paid. group.
PRADHAN MANTRI GRAM SADAK YOJANA ˆ Individual farmers or groups of farmers smaller
(PMGSY) than five members are not covered under PGS
ˆ Launched in 2000 by Ministry of Rural ˆ PGS is applicable on on-farm activities
Development comprising of crop production, processing and
livestock rearing, etc
ˆ To provide connectivity, by way of an all-weather
ˆ Off-farm processing activities such as storage,
road to unconnected habitations
transport and value addition activities by
ˆ Eligibility: persons/agencies other than PGS farmers away
ˆ Unconnected habitations of designated from the group are not covered under PGS
population size (500+ in plain areas and 250 in ˆ Organic foods are also required to comply with
North-Eastern States, Himalayan States, Deserts the requirements of labelling of FSSAI in addition
and Tribal Areas as per 2001 census) in the to that of NPOP or PGS-India.
core network for uplifting the socio-economic
condition of the rural population NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR ORGANIC
PRODUCTION (NPOP)
ˆ Phase I was launched in 2000 while Phase II was
launched in 2013 for upgradation of 50,000 Kms ƒ System of process certification wherein an
of existing rural road network to improve its independent organization reviews the entire
overall efficiency. production, processing, handling, transport,
ˆ While the ongoing PMGSY – I continued, etc. to ensure compliance with organic
under PMGSY phase II, the roads already built standards
for village connectivity was to be upgraded to ƒ Managed and operated by: Agricultural and
enhance rural infrastructure Processed Food
ˆ Both phases PMGSY I and II continued up to ƒ Products Export Development Authority
September, 2022 (APEDA) under the Ministry of Commerce
and Industry

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 ƒ NPOP-certified products can be traded in Central Government, after consultation with the
export and in domestic markets including Central Apprenticeship Council (CAC), may,
import notify in the Gazette.
ˆ Duration of apprenticeship training in DT
NATIONAL APPRENTICESHIP PROMOTION
SCHEME (NAPS) for fresher / non-ITI pass-out candidates will
ordinarily be two (2) years.
ˆ National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme-2
(NAPS-2). ˆ Optional Trades (OT): Optional Trade means
any trade or occupation or any subject field in
ƒ National Apprenticeship Promotion Scheme-2 engineering or non-engineering or technology or
(NAPS-2) aims to promote apprenticeship any vocational course as may be determined by
training in the country, by providing partial the employer.
stipend support to the apprentices engaged
under the Apprentice Act, 1961, undertaking ˆ Duration of apprenticeship training for OT will
capacity building of the apprenticeship be six (6) months, nine (9) months, and twelve
ecosystem, and providing advocacy assistance (12) months.
to the stakeholders. ˆ In certain cases, the duration can exceed one (1)
ˆ The objectives of NAPS-2 are as follows: year, subject to the approval from MSDE.

ƒ To develop skilled workforce for the economy ˆ Minimum age for an apprentice is 14 years,
by promotion of on-the-job experiential and 18 years for designated trades related to
training. hazardous industries, as per Section 3(a) of the
Apprentices Act, 1961.
ƒ To encourage establishments to enrol
apprentices by sharing partial stipend support ˆ Apprenticeship training is primarily a transition
to the apprentices. from academia to workplace, and therefore, to
avail partial stipend support by the Government,
ƒ To provide up-skilling opportunities for at the time of registration the upper age limit
candidates who have undergone short-term should be 35 years.
skill training offered by various Central and
State Government initiatives. SCHEME FOR PROVIDING DRONES TO
ƒ To encourage enrolment of apprentices in WOMEN
small establishments especially Micro, Small ˆ Cabinet approved Central Sector Scheme for
and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), and those providing
located in the underserved areas such as ˆ Drones to Women Self Help Groups (SHGs)
aspirational districts and North-East Region.
ˆ Scheme aims to provide drones to 15,000 selected
ˆ Apprenticeship Training: Apprenticeship Women SHGs during period 2023-24 to 2025-
training means a course of training in any 2026 for providing rental services to farmers for
industry or establishment undergone in agriculture purpose
pursuance of a contract of apprenticeship on
prescribed terms and conditions, which may be ˆ One member of SHGs who is well qualified and
different for different categories of apprentices. 18 years (or, above) will be elected by State Rural
Under the scheme, training will be imparted in Livelihood Mission and LFCs for 15-day training.
Designated Trades and Optional Trades. ˆ LFCs will act as a bridge between drone supplier
ˆ Designated Trades (DT): Designated Trade companies and SHGs; and promote use of Nano
means any trade or occupation or any subject Fertilizers such as Nano Urea and Nano DAP by
field in engineering or non-engineering or drones with SHGs
technology or any vocational course which the ˆ WSHG with “A” grade as per the Deendayal

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 Antyodaya Yojana (DAY-NRLM) guidelines will ˆ About two thirds of the population therefore
be selected for providing drones. is covered under the Act to receive highly
ˆ These Grade ‘A’ WSHGs will be selected by the subsidized foodgrains.
States from the clusters of villages growing the ˆ As a step towards women empowerment, the
commercial crops like chilies, cotton, paddy, eldest woman of the household of age 18 years
wheat, orchards, and plantations etc. or above is mandated to be the head of the
household for the purpose of issuing of ration
NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY ACT cards under the Act.
ˆ The basic concept of food security globally is
ˆ Special provisions have been made for pregnant
to ensure that all people, at all times, should
women and lactating mothers and children
get access to the basic food for their active and
in the age group of 6 months to 14 years, by
healthy life and is characterized by availability,
entitling them to receive nutritious meal free of
access, utilization and stability of food.
cost through a widespread network of Integrated
ˆ Though the Indian Constitution does not have Child Development Services (ICDS) centres,
any explicit provision regarding right to food, called Anganwadi Centres under ICDS scheme
the fundamental right to life enshrined in Article and also through schools under Mid-Day Meal
21 of the Constitution may be interpreted to (MDM) scheme.
include right to live with human dignity, which
ˆ Higher nutritional norms have been prescribed
may include the right to food and other basic
for malnourished children upto 6 years of age.
necessities.
ˆ The Act is being implemented in all the States/ ˆ Pregnant women and lactating mothers are
UTs, and on an all India basis, out of maximum further entitled to receive cash maternity benefit
coverage of 81.34 crore persons, around 80 of not less than Rs. 6,000 to partly compensate
crore persons have been covered under NFSA for the wage loss during the period of pregnancy
at present for receiving highly subsidized and also to supplement nutrition.
foodgrains. ˆ NFSA defines the joint responsibility of the
ˆ The identification of beneficiaries by States/UTs Centre and State/UT Government.
is a continuous process, which involves exclusion ˆ Centre is responsible for
of ineligible/fake/duplicate ration cards and
ƒ allocation of required foodgrains to States/
also exclusion on account of death, migration etc.
UTs,
and inclusion on account of birth as also that of
genuine left-out households. ƒ transportation of foodgrains up to designated
ˆ Though the issue of ‘food security’ at the depots in each State/UT
household is continuously being addressed by ƒ providing central assistance to States/UTs for
the Government since long, through the Public delivery of foodgrains from designated FCI
Distribution System and the Targeted Public godowns to the doorstep of the FPSs
Distribution System, the enactment of the ˆ States/UTs are responsible for
National Food Security Act, (NFSA) 2013 on July
ƒ effective implementation of the Act,
5, 2013 marks a paradigm shift in the approach
to food security from welfare to rights based ƒ which inter-alia includes identification of
approach. eligible households, issuing ration cards to
them,
ˆ The Act legally entitles upto 75% of the rural
population and 50% of the urban population to ƒ distribution of foodgrain entitlements to
receive subsidized foodgrains under Targeted eligible households through fair price shops
Public Distribution System. (FPS),

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 ƒ issuance of licenses to Fair Price Shop dealers ˆ Ration Cards Under NFSA, 2013
and their monitoring ˆ Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY)
ƒ setting up effective grievance redressal ƒ This type of ration card is given to poor families
mechanism and who do not have a stable income identified by
ƒ necessary strengthening of Targeted Public the respective state governments.
Distribution System (TPDS). ƒ Persons who do not have stable income, such
ˆ NFSA covers upto 75% of the rural population as rickshaw pullers, daily labourers, coolies,
and 50% of the urban population under under etc., are issued this card.
Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) and priority ƒ Unemployed people, women and old aged
households. people are also issued with this card.
ˆ While AAY households, which constitute poorest ƒ These cardholders are eligible to receive 35kg
of the poor are entitled to 35 kg of foodgrains of food grains per month per family.
per family per month, priority households are ƒ They are eligible to receive wheat of 15kg and
entitled to 5 kg per person per month. rice of 20kg per family per month.
ˆ Corresponding to the all India coverage of 75% ƒ They receive foodgrains at the subsidised
and 50% in the rural and urban areas, State- price of Rs.3 per kg for rice and Rs.2 per kg
wise coverage under NFSA was determined for wheat.
by the erstwhile Planning Commission (now ˆ Priority Household (PHH)
NITI Aayog) by using the NSS Household ƒ Families which are not covered under AAY
Consumption Survey data for 2011-12. fall under PHH.
ˆ Within the coverage under TPDS determined for ƒ The state governments identify priority
each State, the work of identification of eligible household families under the Targeted Public
households is to be done by States/UTs. It is the Distribution System (TPDS) according to their
responsibility of the State Governments/UTs, exclusive and inclusive guidelines.
to evolve criteria for identification of priority ƒ PHH cardholders receive 5kg of food grains
households and their actual identification. per person per month.
ˆ Section 10 of the Act provides that within the ƒ Foodgrains are at the subsidised price of Rs.3
number of persons determined for coverage per kg for rice, Rs.2 per kg for wheat and Rs.1
under TPDS, the State Government shall identify per kg for coarse grains for these cardholders.
the households under AAY as per guidelines ˆ Inclusion Guidelines
applicable to the said scheme and the remaining
ƒ A transgender person.
households as priority households to be covered
under TPDS, in accordance with such guidelines ƒ A person with more than 40% disability.
as the State Government may specify. ƒ All households which belong to primitive
tribal groups.
ˆ Foodgrains under NFSA were to be made
available at subsidized prices of Rs. 3/2/1 per kg ƒ Households with no shelter.
for rice, wheat and coarse grains respectively for ƒ Households with a widow pension holder.
an initial period of three years from the date of ƒ Households comprising destitute who are
commencement of the Act (July 13, 2013). living on alms.
ˆ Thereafter, prices were to be fixed by the Central ˆ Non-Priority Household (NPHH)
Government from time to time, but not exceeding ƒ NPHH ration card is given to households who
MSP. Government has decided from time to time do not meet the PHH eligibility criteria set by
to continue the above mentioned subsidized the government.
prices

www.sleepyclasses.com 41 1800-890-3043
 ƒ Thus, they are not entitled to any food grains. ˆ PM AJAY
ƒ This card only acts as an identity proof. ˆ PM YASHASVI
ˆ Before NFSA’s introduction, the state
NAMASTE
governments issued ration cards under the
Targeted Public Distribution System (TPDS). ˆ National Action for Mechanized Sanitation
Ecosystem (NAMASTE) Scheme.
ˆ After passing NFSA, states started issuing ration
cards under it (which are mentioned above). ˆ It aims at providing alternative livelihoods
support and entitlements to sanitation workers.
ˆ The state governments which are yet to enforce
the NFSA system, still follow the old ration cards ˆ NAMASTE’s earlier name is “Self-Employment
issued by them under TPDS. Scheme for Rehabilitation of Manual Scavengers”
(SRMS) which is being implemented since 2007.
ˆ BPL CARDS
ˆ Joint initiative of - Ministry of Social Justice and
ƒ Families that have BPL cards are the ones who
Empowerment (MoSJE), Ministry of Housing
are living below the poverty line as specified
and Urban Affairs (MoHUA) and Department of
by the state government.
Drinking Water and Sanitation.
ƒ BPL families receive 10kg to 20kg of food
grains per family per month at 50% of the NAMASTE –CENTRAL SECTOR
economic cost. ˆ Funding - It is a central sector scheme for
ƒ The subsidised end retail price for specified improving the living standards of sanitation
quantities of wheat, rice, sugar and other workers in urban areas.
items varies from state to state. Each state ˆ Implementation - All 4800+ Urban Local Bodies
government fixes different rates per quantity (ULBs) of the country, during the next 3 years
ˆ APL cards (upto 2025-26) with an outlay of Rs. 349.70 crore.
ƒ Families that have this card are the ones who ˆ Objectives - Recognising sanitation workers as
are living above the poverty line as specified one of the key contributors in the maintenance of
by the state government. sanitation infrastructure.
ƒ APL families receive 10 kg to 20 kg of food ˆ Providing them with sustainable livelihood.
grains per family per month at 100% of the ˆ Enhancing their occupational safety through
economic cost. capacity building and improved access to safety
ƒ Each state government fixes a subsidized gear and machines.
retail rate for rice, wheat, sugar and kerosene
SHRESHTA SCHEME –CENTRAL SECTOR
oil for a certain quantity.
ˆ Aims to fill the educational service gap in
Scheduled Castes (SCs) dominant areas by
Ministry of Social Justice providing high-quality education, socio-
and Empowerment economic upliftment, and overall development
for SC students.
SCHEMES TO COVER ˆ Students from SCs enrolled in classes 8 and 10 of
ˆ NAMASTE the current school year are qualified to receive
the program’s benefits.
ˆ SRESHTA
ˆ Students from the SC community who earn up to
ˆ SHREYAS
Rs 2.5 lakh annually and belong to a marginalized
ˆ PM DAKSH income group are eligible.

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ˆ Mode 1 – Shreshta Schools ˆ No income limit for SCs, Safai Karamcharis
ˆ Every year, the National Testing Agency (NTA) Including wastepicker and DNT.
selects meritorious SC students via the National ˆ The annual family income should be below Rs.3
Entrance Test for SHRESHTA (NETS). lakh for OBCs and
ˆ In grades 9 and 11, a select group of students are ˆ Annual family income should be below Rs.1 lakh
admitted to the top private residential schools for EBCs (Economically Backward Classes)
affiliated with the State Board and CBSE.
SHREYAS
ˆ The Department covers the total fee for students,
including school and hostel fees, amounting to ˆ Scholarships for Higher Education for Young
Rs. 1,00,000 to Rs. 1,35,000 from class 9th to 12th. Achievers Scheme (SHREYAS)
ˆ Outside of regular school hours, a bridge course is ˆ The main objective of the schemes is Educational
offered to improve students’ ability to transition Empowerment of OBC & EBC students by
smoothly into the classroom. providing fellowship (financial assistance) to
obtain quality higher education.
ˆ Ten percent of the annual bridge course fee is
covered by the Department. ˆ The time period of the scheme is from 2021-22 to
2025-26.
ˆ Mode 2: VO/NGO Operated Schools/Hostels:
Grants for school fees and residential costs for SC ˆ The Scheme comprises following 2 components
students are given to schools/hostels managed that includes:
by VOs/NGOs that offer instruction up to the ƒ National Fellowship for OBC students
12th grade. ƒ Dr. Ambedkar Scheme of Interest Subsidy
ˆ Depending on the kind of school, grants can on Educational Loans for Overseas Studies
range from Rs. 27,000 to Rs. 55,000 per student. for Other Backward Classes (OBCs) and
Economically Backward Classes (EBCs)
PRADHAN MANTRI DAKSHTA AUR
KUSHALTA SAMPANN HITGRAHI ƒ National Fellowship for OBC students - The
(PM-DAKSH) YOJANA scheme provides financial assistance to the
OBC students in obtaining quality higher
ˆ The scheme is being implemented by the Ministry
education leading to degrees such as M.Phil
of Social Justice and Empowerment from the
and Ph.D.
year 2020-21.
ƒ The scheme covers all universities/institutions
ˆ Under the scheme, eligible target groups are
recognized by the University Grants
being provided skill development training
Commission (UGC) and is implemented by
programmes on upskilling/reskilling, short
the UGC itself.
term training programme, long term training
programme and entrepreneurship development ƒ National Backward Classes Finance and
program (EDP). Development Corporation under the ministry
of social justice and empowerment implements
ˆ Marginalized persons of SC, OBC, Economically
the scheme.
Backward Classes, De-notified tribes,
Sanitation workers including waste pickers, ƒ Dr. Ambedkar Scheme of Interest Subsidy
manual scavengers, transgenders and other on Educational Loans for Overseas Studies
similar categories for OBCs & EBCs – A Central Sector Scheme
to provide interest subsidy on the interest
ˆ Central Sector Scheme
payable for the Education Loans for overseas
ˆ Age criteria -18 to 45 years studies to pursue approved courses of studies
ˆ Income criteria abroad at Masters, M.Phil. and Ph.D. level.

www.sleepyclasses.com 43 1800-890-3043
 ƒ The scheme is implemented through the ˆ These scholarships shall be available for studies
Canara Bank (the Nodal bank for the scheme). in India only and will be awarded by the
ƒ 50% of the total financial assistance is reserved Government of State/Union Territory to which
for women candidates. the applicant
ˆ Implementing Agency: Department of Social
PM AJAY Justice and Empowerment, Ministry of Social
ˆ Pradhan mantri Anusuchit Jaati Abhyuday Justice and Empowerment
Yojana (PM AJAY) ˆ Entitlement: Upto Rs. 75,000 p.a. for Class 9/10,
ˆ 100% Centrally sponsored scheme for welfare of 1,25,000 p.a. for Class 11/12, covering the school
SC population. tuition fee/hostel fee
ˆ Merger of three erstwhile schemes : PROJECT AMBER
ƒ Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana ˆ Accelerated Mission for Better Employment and
(PMAGY)- development of SC dominated Retention (AMBER) project is a joint initiative
villages into Adarsh Gram of the National Skill Development Corporation
ƒ Special Central Assistance to Scheduled Caste (NSDC) – under the aegis of the Ministry of Skill
Sub Plan (SCA to SCSP)-Grants in aid for Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE), in
district /state level projects for socio economic collaboration with Generation India Foundation
betterment of SC’s (GIF) and Amazon Web Services India Private
ƒ Babu Jagjivan Ram Chatrawas Yojana (BJRCY) Limited (AWS India)
– Construction of hostels in higher educational ˆ The initiative has been undertaken under the
institutions SANKALP programme of MSDE with a focus on
ˆ Eligibility Criteria – women to improve gender diversification in the
tech industry and underprivileged groups
ƒ For income generating and skill development
schemes, SC persons belonging to BPL ˆ This project aims to train 30,000 youth, 50% of
category are eligible. whom will be women
ƒ In case of infrastructure development, the SANKALP PROGRAMME
villages having 50% or more SC population
ˆ The Skills Acquisition and Knowledge Awareness
are eligible.
for Livelihood Promotion(SANKALP)
PM YASHASVI programme was launched in 2018
ˆ Scholarship scheme for Other Backward Class ˆ Nodal Ministry : Ministry of Skill Development
(OBCs), Economically Backward Class (EBC), and Entrepreneurship (MSDE)
and Denotified Nomadic Tribes (DNT) students ˆ It is a World Bank loan-assisted project and is
ˆ Under this scheme, students can avail of Pre- aligned with the overall objectives of the National
Matric Scholarships from Classes 9 to 10 and Post- Skill Development Mission (NSDM)
Matric Scholarships for their higher education at ˆ The project focuses on transforming the overall
the post-matriculation or post-secondary level skilling ecosystem of India, covering both central
and state level agencies for improved outcomes.

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 RANKINGS, INDICES AND REPORTS
Global
S.No Name Released by India Rank Other Ranks Remarks if any
4 indicators
Pakistan,
Bangladesh 1.
Concern 111/125 Undernourishment
Global hunger Sri Lanka
1. Worldwide + 28.7 score out of
Index Nepal 2. Child Stunting
Welthungerlife 100
performed 3. Child wasting
better.
4. Child mortality
22 countries like
Afghanistan,
FAO +World Nigeria, Somalia,
2. Hunger Hotspots
Food Program South Sudan, and
Yemen are at the
highest concern
TWO YEAR LOW
5 Commodities
World Food price
3. FAO Cereals, oilseeds,
index
dairy products,
meat, sugar
State of Food and Concerns of
4. Agriculture Report FAO hidden cost of ultra
(SOFA) processed foods
Second leading
27% of world TB cause of death in
5. Global TB Report WHO
cases the world after
COVID
Burden of disease
attributable to
unsafe drinking-
6. WHO SDG 6
water, sanitation
and hygiene
(WASH)
State of Food and FAO + IFAD
7. Nutrition in the + UNICEF +
world (SOFI) UNWFP +
Lancet Health
8
report

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 Digital in Health
9. – unlocking value World Bank
for Everyone
40/132
4 S&T Clusters in Switzerland
World top 100 Sweden
Global Innovation Intellectual Chennai
10. USA
Index Property
Organisation Bengaluru Uk
Mumbai Singapore
Delhi
Economic
participation
Educational
Global Gender WEF (since 127/146 (8 places Iceland (14th Attainment
11
Gap index 2006) improvement) time) Health and
Survival
Political
empowerment
67/120
India and
Singapore only Sweden Part of Effective
Energy Transition WEF + countries to
12 Norway Energy Transition
Index Accenture make advances
Denmark 2023 report
in all aspects of
energy system
performance
Global
WEF +
13 Cooperation
MCKINSEY
barometer 2024
Biannual series
Tracks labour-
Sweden market impact of
Future of Jobs Fourth Industrial
14 WEF Norway
Report Revolution,
Denmark green and energy
transitions,
supplychain shifts

www.sleepyclasses.com 46 1800-890-3043
 Multidimensional
framework to
assess the quality
of economic
growth across 107
Future of growth countries globally
15. WEF
report
Four Pillars
innovativeness,
inclusiveness,
sustainability, and
resilience
Top 5 risks
1.Misinformation
and
Disinformation
(MI)
2. Infectious
Global Risk diseases
16. WEF
Report 2024 3. Illicit economic
activity
4.Inequality
(wealth and
income)
5.Labour
shortage.
India
Reclassified
Article IV
from “floating“
17. Consultation IMF
to “Stabilized
Report
Arrangement”
exchange rate
External debt
International Debt statistics for 122
18. World Bank
Report (IDR) 2023 Low and Middle
Income Countries
Issued twice a year
Global Economic
19. World Bank Global economy to
Prospects
slow substantially
India number
Migration and one in
20. World Bank Twice a year
Development Brief remittances : 125
billion $

www.sleepyclasses.com 47 1800-890-3043
 Statistical 67/174(2019)
21. Performance WB
Indicators Score 70.4
Worldwide
22 Governance WB
Indicators
Digital Trade for IMF + WB +
23 Development WTO + OECD
Report + UNCTAD
INDIA+ASEAN
most resilient
World Investment destinations
24 UNCTAD
Report
FDI increased
10% in India
India growth
Trade and projection -6.6 % World economy
25. Development UNCTAD in 2023 growth – 2.4 %
Report
6.2% in 2024
Global Public debt
World of Debt
26 UNCTAD increased five fold
Report
since 2000
Trade Policy Tools
27 WTO
for Climate Action
Positive wage
growth rates Global
World unemployment rate
in India and
28 Employment and ILO to increase in 2024
Turkey, NOT
Social Outlook
in other G20 (5.2 %)
countries
Breaking Down
Gender Biases :
Shifting Social
Norms towards
Gender Social gender equality.
29. UNDP
Norms Index
9 out of 10 men
and women hold
fundamental biases
against women.

www.sleepyclasses.com 48 1800-890-3043
 Components
of GGPI
• Life and
good health
• Education
Paths to Equal • Skill building Breaking Down
Report and knowledge Gender Biases :
Components : Gender parity • Labour Shifting Social
Global Gender –Low and Financial Norms towards
UNDP+ UN gender equality.
30. Parity Index Human Inclusion
Women
+ Development- • Decision 9 out of 10 men
Medium Making and women hold
Women
fundamental biases
Empowerment • Components
against women.
Index (WEI) of WEI
• All 4
dimensions of
GGPI +
• Freedom
from violence
25 countries,
UNDP+ including
41.5 crore people
Oxford India,
Global in India climbed
poverty successfully
31. Multidimensional out of poverty Launched in 2010
and Human halved their
Poverty Index from 2005 to
development global MPI
2021
initiative values within
15 years

www.sleepyclasses.com 49 1800-890-3043
 S.No Name Released by India Rank Other Ranks Remarks if any
Global Survey
UN Economic
on Digital and
Social
32. Sustainable
Commisson for
Trade
Asia Pacific
Facilitation
UN Department
Gender Snapshot of Economic and
33.
Report Social Affairs
+UN Women
Sustainable
Development
34 UNDESA
Goals Progress
Report 2023
Institute for 13/163
Global
Economics and Marginal Afghanistan
35. Terrorism Index
Peace (IEP) decrease from Top
2023
(Sydney) last year
Toppers Three domains

ICELAND Societal Safety and

Institute for security
Global Peace DENMARK
36 Economics and 126/163 Ongoing domestic
Index IRELAND
Peace and international
NEW conflict
ZEALAND Militarization
Organisation Highest
International
for Economic migration flowsto
37 Migration
Cooperation and OECD countries
outlook 2023
Development in 2021-22
Norwegian
Refugee
Global Report Council’s 7.1 crore internally
38 on Internal Internal displaced people
Displacement Displacement globally
Monitoring
Centre
5 categories
Political
Norway
World Press Reporters Sans Legislative
39 161/180 Ireland
Freedom Index Frontiers Economic
Denmark
Sociocultural
Journalist safety

www.sleepyclasses.com 50 1800-890-3043
 Best
Switzerland
Norway
Modern Slavery
India- Maximum Germany
Walk Free, includes
number of people Netherlands
Human Rights Forced labour,
Global Slavery living in modern
40 Organisation in Sweded forced marriage,
Index slavery followed
association with Worst debt bondage,
by China , North
ILO sexual exploitation,
Korea North Korea
human trafficking
Eritria
Mauriania
Saudi Arabia
93/180 Score reflects view
Corruption Transparency
41 8 places below of experts and
Perception index International
last year businesses
4 factors
International Economic
World institute of 40/64 Denmark performance
42 Competitveness Management Better than last Ireland Government
Index and ranking Switzerland Efficiency
Development Business Efficiency
Infrastructure
Global Talent
43 Competitveness INSEAD 103/134
index

India
S.No Name Released by Rank Remarks

Top 3 Four pillars

Tamil Nadu Policy
Maharashtra Business Eco system
Karnataka Export Ecosystem
Export NITI
1. Preparedness Aayog+Institute of Bottom 3 Export Performance
Index Competitiveness Ten commodities
Lakshadweep
responsible for 80% of
Mizoram India’s exports
Dadra and Nagar 100 districts responsible for
Haveli+Daman and Diu 87% exports

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 Achievers
Andhra
Haryana
4 groups of states
Assam
Logistics Ease Coastal
Ministry of Sikkim
Across Different
2. Commerce and Landlocked
States (LEADS) Aspirers
Industry North East
2023
Goa
Union Territories
Bihar
Manipur
D&D

Bi Annual
Financial Stability GNPA of SCB’s – 3.9%
3. RBI
Report IBC has rescued 72%
distressed assets

Range from 0 to 100

Digital Payment
4. RBI Semi annual report 2021
Index
onwards
INCLUDES details of
banking, investments,
insurance, postal as well as
pension sector.
Financial Inclusion
5. RBI Three parameters
Index
Access
Usage
Quality
States Startuop Karnataka > Gujarat >
6. DPIIT
Ranking kerala
Developed by the Indian
Statistical Institute, Kolkata.
Price index combining the
National Coal prices of coal from all the
7.
index sales channels- Notified
Prices, Auction Prices and
Import Prices.
Base year – 2017-18

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 Planning and Governance
Smart Initiatives
India IDFC foundation + PPP’s and financing
8. Infrastructure National Institute of Housing and Migration
Report Urban Affairs Public Service Delivery
Integrating Infrastructure
Urban Redevelopment

Department Karnataka overall is

of Science and most innovative state
National
Technology + Highest share of
9. Manufacturing
UN Industrial innovative firms
Innovation Survey
Development Telanagana > Karnataka
Organisation > Tamil Nadu
Assessment indicates
increase in ground water
recharge
Improvement in ground
water conditions in 226
assessment units in the
country compared with 2022
Total annual ground water
Dynamic recharge for entire country
Ministry of Jal
Groundwater is 449.08 billion cubic meters
Shakti
Resource (BCM),
10. Assessment Report CGWB+ States/
Extraction is 241.34 BCM
2023 UT’s
Stage of ground water
extraction stands at 59.23%.
Out of total 6553 assessment
units, 4793 units categorized
as ‘Safe’
Such joint exercises between
CGWB & States/UTs were
carried out earlier in 1980,
1995, 2004, 2009, 2011, 2013,
2017, 2020 and 2022

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 The index tries to anticipate
the Agrarian distress and
prevent its spread from a
few farmers to the village or
block level.
21 standardized questions
designed to detect early
Central Research signs of distress.
Insitute foR
Farmers Distress Dryland The responses are then
Index Agriculture mapped against indicators,
11.
(CRIDA) under Exposure to risks
ICAR. Debt
Adaptive capacity
Landholding
Irrigation facilities
Mitigation strategies
Immediate triggers
Socio-psychological factors.
Started in 2018-19
Parameters :
Larger States Compliance
Kerala>Punjab>TN Consumer Empowerment
State Food Safety Smaller States Human Resource and
12 FSSAI Institutional Data
Index Goa>Manipur>Sikkim
Food testing infrastructure
UT
Training and capacity
J&K>Delhi>Chandigarh
building
Improvement in SFSI rank
(new)
Both State and District Level
Daksh (highest grade),
Performance Utkarsh,
Grading Index for Ministry of Ati Uttam,
13. No one in Daksh
School Education Education
Uttam,
System
Prachesta-1,2 and 3,
Akanshi-1, 2 and 3(Lowest
grade)

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 Based on NIRF ranking
Pparameters
Teaching; Learning and
India Rankings of Resources;
Ministry of
14 Higher Education IIT MADRAS Research and Professional
Education
Institutions Practice;
Graduation Outcome;
Inclusivity and Outreach;
Perception
All India Survey
on Higher Ministry of GER-28.3%
15.
Education (AISHE Education Female – 28.5%
2021-22)
Registered FIR
NCRB (MHA) UP > Mh
Crime in India Crime rate registered per 1
17 Tandon Committee Cybercrime
Report lakh population : Decline
recommendation Telangana > Karnataka
> Mh
UN Population Elderly population decadal
India Ageing fund + Indian growth rate – 41%
18
Report Institute of Sex ratio among elderly -
Population Sciences Climbing
Part of 10 step GPGRAMS
reform
12 indicators
Grievance
redressal 4 Dimensions
19 DARPG
Assessment and Efficiency
Index Feedback
Domain
Organisational Commitment
India Justice
20 TATA Trusts
Report

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 poverty free and enhanced
livelihood in village,
healthy village,
child friendly village,
water sufficient village,
Panchayat clean and green village,
Ministry of
21 Development village with self-sufficient
panchayati Raj
Index infrastructure,
socially just and socially
secured villages,
village with good
governance,
women friendly village
13.5 crore people exited
poverty between 2015-16 to
2019-21
UP largest decline
Multidimensional
22 Poverty Index – NITI Aayog Rural areas showed greater
India decline
Except Bihar, no other
state has more than
1/3rd population under
multidimensional poverty

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 ˆ Serving Government servants, including
AWARDS those working with PSUs, except Doctors and
Scientists, are not eligible for these Awards.
PADMA AWARDS ˆ In highly deserving and rare cases, the
ˆ Announced every year on the eve of Republic Government could consider giving an Award
Day. posthumously.
ˆ A higher category of Padma Award can be
THREE CATEGORIES: conferred on a person only where a period of at
ˆ Padma Vibhushan for exceptional and least five years has elapsed since conferment of
distinguished service the earlier Padma Award. But exception can be
ˆ Padma Bhushan for distinguished service of there.
higher order ˆ No monetary grant is attached to these Awards.
ˆ Padma Shri for distinguished service in any field ˆ The total number of Awards which can be given
of activity. in a year (excluding posthumous cases and
ˆ Any person without distinction of race, Foreigners/NRIs/OCIs) is 120.
occupation, position or sex is eligible for these ˆ The nomination process is open to the public.
Awards. Even self-nomination can be made.

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ˆ The Padma Awards Committee is constituted by ˆ On conferment of the award, the recipient
the Prime Minister every year. receives a Sanad (certificate) signed by the
ˆ It is headed by the Cabinet Secretary and includes President and a medallion.
Home Secretary, Secretary to the President and ˆ The Award does not carry any monetary grant.
four to six eminent persons as members ˆ Though usually conferred on India-born citizens,
the award has been conferred on one naturalized
BHARAT RATNA
citizen, Mother Teresa, and on two non-Indians:
ˆ On January 2, 1954, Rajendra Prasad, a former Abdul Ghaffar Khan (born in British India and
president of India, instituted the prize. later a citizen of Pakistan) and Nelson Mandela,
ˆ The January 1954 original statute did not include a citizen of South Africa.
the idea of making this prize posthumous. ˆ The Bharat Ratna, along with other personal civil
ˆ The coveted prize’s January 1966 law finally honours, was briefly suspended from July 1977
included a provision for a posthumous award. to January 1980 and from 1992 to 1995.
ˆ In 1954, Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Sir C.V. ˆ Following a 1997 Supreme Court decision,
Raman, and Chakravarti Rajagopalachari the press communique announcing Subhash
received the inaugural Bharat Ratna. Chandra Bose’s award was cancelled; it is the
ˆ The first athlete and youngest recipient of the only time when the award was announced but
Bharat Ratna Award is Sachin Tendulkar. not conferred.

ˆ The award was initially restricted to ˆ Treatment as a state guest by state governments
accomplishments in literature, science, arts, and when traveling within a state
public services, but the government of India ˆ Indian missions abroad requested to facilitate
expanded the conditions to comprise “any field recipients when requested
of human endeavour” in 2011. ˆ Entitlement to a diplomatic passport
ˆ There is no written provision that Bharat Ratna ˆ Placed seventh in the Indian order of precedence
should be awarded to Indian citizens only.
ˆ Concessional fare on the flag carrier Air India
ˆ Recently Government of India has altered
guidelines for the eligibility of persons from the
sports field for the Bharat Ratna.

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www.sleepyclasses.com 63 1800-890-3043
GALLANTRY AWARDS ˆ Order of precedence of these awards is the
ˆ Post-independence, first three gallantry awards ˆ Param Vir Chakra
namely Param Vir Chakra, Maha Vir Chakra and ˆ the Ashoka Chakra
Vir Chakra were instituted by the Government of ˆ the Mahavir Chakra
India on 26th January, 1950 which were deemed
to have effect from the 15th August, 1947. ˆ the Kirti Chakra

ˆ Thereafter, other three gallantry awards i.e. ˆ the Vir Chakra

Ashoka Chakra Class-I, Ashoka Chakra Class-II ˆ Shaurya Chakra.
and Ashoka Chakra Class-III were instituted by
the Government of India on 4th January, 1952, ARJUNA AWARDS – 1961
which were deemed to have effect from the 15th ˆ Recognize outstanding achievements of
August, 1947. sportspersons in the field of sports at International
ˆ These awards were renamed as Ashoka Chakra, level and National level.
Kirti Chakra and Shaurya Chakra respectively in ˆ good performance over the previous four years
January, 1967. at the international level but also should have
ˆ These gallantry awards are announced twice in shown qualities of leadership, sportsmanship,
a year - first on the occasion of the Republic Day and a sense of discipline.
and then on the occasion of the Independence ˆ Olympic Games/Asian Games/Commonwealth
Day. Games/World Cup/World Championship

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 disciplines and cricket or any equivalent ˆ To be eligible for the Award, a sportsperson
recognized international Tournament. should have had not only good performance
ˆ Indigenous Games. at international level but also should have
continued to contribute to promotion of sports in
ˆ Sports for physically challenged his individual capacity even after his career as a
ˆ The Award consists of a statuette, a certificate, a sportsperson is over.
ceremonial dress, and a cash Award of Rs. 15.00 ˆ Sportspersons who have already been conferred
lakhs either with Rajiv Gandhi KheL Ratna, Arjuna
ˆ No Award will be made for a second tie to the Award or Dronacharya Award will not be
same person. eligible to apply for Dhyan Chand Award
ˆ The nominations for the Awards will be invited by ˆ Award will consist of a statuette, a certificate,
the Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports from all ceremonial dress, and a cash Award of Rs.10.00
National Sports Federations (NSFs) recognized lakhs
by the Government of India, Indian Olympic ˆ Selection committee chaired by Chairperson
Association and State/UT Governments in the nominated by Minister of Sports and Youth
month of January/February each year. Affairs.
ˆ In case of cricket, for which no National Sports
Federation has been recognized by the Ministry DRONACHARYA AWARD -1985
of Youth Affairs & Sports, nominations from ˆ Honour coaches who have done outstanding
Board for Control of Cricket in India (BCCI) will and meritorious work on a consistent basis and
be invited. enabled sportspersons to excel in international
ˆ Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Awardees of the events
previous years can also nominate one eligible ˆ Motivate coaches to dedicate themselves with
sportsperson each for Arjuna Award for the a singularity of purpose of raising the standard
sports discipline for which they themselves were of sportspersons to highest performance in
awarded Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna. international events and thus bring glory to the
ˆ Arjuna, Dhyan Chand and Dronacharya country.
awardees of previous years can also nominate ˆ Sportspersons who have already been conferred
one eligible sportsperson each for Arjuna Award with Dhyan Chand Award will not be eligible to
in their respective disciplines apply for Dronacharya Award.
ˆ The Award will be decided by a Selection ˆ The Award shall comprise of a statuette, a
Committee chaired by retired Judge of Supreme certificate, ceremonial dress and a cash prize of
Court / High Court. Rs. 10,00,000/- (Rupees ten lakhs) for Regular
and Rs. 15,00,000 for Lifetime.
DHYANCHAND AWARD-2002
• Selection committee with chairman nom-
ˆ To honour those sportspersons who have inated by Minister of Sports and Youth
contributed to sports by their performance and Affairs.
continue to contribute to promotion of sports
even after their retirement from active sporting MAJOR DHYAN CHAND KHEL RATNA
AWARD – 1991
career.
ˆ To motivate persons who have contributed their ˆ Recognize the spectacular and most
lifetime to sports and sports promotion. outstanding performance in the field of sports
by a sportsperson over a period of four years
ˆ To encourage broad-basing of and development immediately preceding the year during which
of excellence in sports in the country. the award is to be given.

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 • A cash amount of Rs. 25 lakhs exempt from ƒ Jeevan Raksha Padak ₹ 1,00,000/-
Income Tax and Wealth Tax in the year in
which it is disbursed. NATIONAL AWARD FOR SENIOR CITIZENS-
• Selection committee with chairperson nomi- VAYOSHRESHTHA SAMMAN – 2013
nated by Minister of sports and youth affairs ˆ Vayoshreshtha Samman are conferred on
RASHTRIYA KHEL PROTSAHAN eminent senior citizens and Institutions involved
PURUSKAR(2009) in rendering distinguished services for the cause
of elderly persons, especially indigent senior
ˆ The objective of the award is to encourage and citizens.
promote involvement of corporates, voluntary
organizations, sports control boards etc., in the ˆ The Awards are given across 13 categories – 07
promotion and development of sports in the categories of Institutional type and 06 categories
country. of individual type.

ˆ The awards will consist of a citation and a trophy NATIONAL CREATORS AWARDS

PRESIDENT’S MEDAL FOR GALLANTRY AND ˆ The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi
MEDAL FOR GALLANTRY presented the first-ever National Creators Award
ˆ Announced on occasion of Republic day/ ˆ Categories
independence day. ˆ The award is being provided across twenty
categories including the
ˆ Members of Police, Fire, Correctional and Home
Gaurd & Civil Defence Service. ƒ Best Storyteller Award;
ƒ The Disruptor of the Year;
ˆ Rare conspicuous gallant act of exceptional
courage & skill. ƒ Celebrity Creator of the Year;
ƒ Green Champion Award;
ˆ A scroll signed by the President along with the
medal. ƒ Best Creator For Social Change;
ƒ Most Impactful Agri Creator;
ˆ Benefits
ƒ Cultural Ambassador of The Year;
ˆ Monetary Allowance :
ƒ International Creator award;
ƒ PMG - Rs. 6,000/- per month.
ƒ Best Travel Creator Award; Swachhta
ƒ GM - Rs. 2,000/- per month Ambassador Award;
ƒ The New India Champion Award;
NARI SHAKTI PURASKAR-1999
ƒ Tech Creator Award;
ˆ The awards are open to individuals only.
ƒ Heritage Fashion Icon Award;
ˆ Ministy of Women and Child Development ƒ Most Creative Creator (Male & Female);
ˆ The applicants must be at least 25 years of age on ƒ Best Creator in Food Category;
1st July of the award year ƒ Best Creator in Education Category;
ˆ Certificate ƒ Best Creator in Gaming Category;
ˆ Cash Prize - INR 2,00,000/ ƒ Best Micro Creator;
ƒ Best Nano Creator;
JEEVAN RAKSHA PADAK -1961
ƒ Best Health and Fitness Creator.
ˆ Three levels
ˆ In the voting round, about 10 lakh votes were cast
ƒ Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak ₹ 2,00,000/-
for digital creators in various award categories
ƒ Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak ₹ 1,50,000/-

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 POVERTY
ƒ Low levels of health and education
What is Poverty ƒ Insufficient capacity and opportunity to better
one’s life
ˆ Poverty is a relative condition of absence of some
desirable component in society. ƒ Poor Access to clean water and sanitation
ˆ Mostly, the term is used in an economic sense. TYPES OF POVERTY
A condition of lacking vital resources- is often
qualified as relative and absolute. ˆ HUMAN POVERTY
ˆ Absolute poverty - means lacking the truly basic ƒ Lack of essential human capabilities-literacy
necessities for living- food, water, shelter. and nutrition.
ˆ Relative poverty - on the other hand, means ˆ INCOME POVERTY
lacking those things which most people in the ƒ Lack of sufficient income to meet minimum
society possess. consumption requirements.
ˆ It is a matter of debate if poverty is a result of ˆ EXTREME POVERTY
social divisions and hierarchies or vice versa.
ƒ Earlier WB defined extreme poverty as living
MULTI-DIMENSIONAL POVERTY on less than 1.9$ a day.

The social aspects of poverty may include: ˆ The new international poverty line is set at $2.15
using 2017 prices.
ˆ Lack of access to information
ˆ This means that anyone living on less than $2.15 a
ˆ Education day is considered to be living in extreme poverty.
ˆ Health care - Social capital or political power ˆ About 648 million people globally were in this
ˆ Lack of intangible assets that cause poverty situation in 2019.
include ˆ Between 2011 and 2019, the country is estimated
ƒ Access to credit - Social capital (Social Capital - to have halved the share of the population living
“aggregate of the actual or potential resources in extreme poverty - below $2.15 per person per
which are linked to the possession of a durable day (2017 PPP) as per (World Bank Poverty and
network of more or less institutionalized Inequality Portal and Macro Poverty Outlook,
relationships of mutual acquaintance and Spring 2023).
recognition”)
ƒ Cultural capital - Political capital and
ƒ Human capital (skills, knowledge, education)

POVERTY
ˆ According to World Bank, Poverty is pronounced
deprivation in well-being, and comprises the
following dimensions.
ƒ Low Income
ƒ Inadequate physical security
ƒ Inability to acquire the basic goods and
services necessary for survival with dignity.

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CAUSES OF POVERTY ˆ In India, there were two main ways of collecting
data:
“Poverty is more than an economic problem” –
Amartya Sen ƒ Uniform Reference Period (URP)

ˆ Social ƒ Mixed Reference Period (MRP)

ƒ Disabilities on lower castes UNIFORM REFERENCE PERIOD (URP)

ƒ Conspicuous spending, social pressure to ˆ Up until 1993-94, the poverty line was based on
spend on marriages URP data.
ˆ Economic ˆ This involved asking people about their
ƒ Unequal distribution of land consumption expenditure across a 30- day recall
ƒ Low wages period.
ƒ Indebtedness ˆ In other words, the information was based on the
ˆ Political recall of consumption expenditure over the last
ƒ Skewed policies month alone.
ƒ Lack of voice, accountability. MIXED REFERENCE PERIOD (MRP)
ˆ Globalisation
ˆ Later on data are being collected according to
ƒ Sidelining of cottage industries MRP.
ƒ Informalisation of workforce
ˆ Under this method, data on five less-frequently
ˆ Natural causes used items are collected over a one-year period,
ƒ Disasters affect poor the most, Most vulnerable while sticking to the 30-day recall for the rest of
ƒ Some people reacted to poverty violently the items.
like Naxalite movement and some blame ˆ The low-frequency items include expenditure on
government, destiny for their poverty. health, education, clothing, durables etc.
ƒ Benefits of development are not equally
ˆ Currently, all poverty line data are compiled
distributed among people leading to skewed
using the MRP method.
development of various areas.
ˆ These include the most recent estimates by the
ƒ Also, there is persistence of poverty in India
Suresh Tendulkar and Rangarajan Committees
because of failure of Green Revolution to
spread. WORLD BANK’S MODIFIED MIXED
ˆ Contemporary REFERENCE PERIOD (MMRP)
ƒ Greater awareness of being poor. Causing ˆ In this method, for some food items, instead of a
relative poverty to rise. 30-day recall, only a 7-day recall is collected.
ˆ For some low-frequency items, instead of a 30-
CALCULATION OF POVERTY
day recall, a 1-year recall is collected.
ˆ Poverty is measured across countries using the
ˆ This is believed to provide a more accurate
idea of Poverty Line.
reflection of consumption expenditures
ˆ It is important to understand that a poverty line
is essentially a monetary value. WHAT’S THE IMPACT OF THIS CHANGE
ˆ The idea is to collect data on people’s consumption ˆ When such data was collected, consumption
expenditure, and to ascertain how many people expenditures for people in both urban and rural
surveyed fall below that poverty line. areas went up by 10 per cent to 12 per cent.

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WHY THIS HAPPENED ˆ Moreover, an implicit assumption was that the
ˆ This happened essentially because people states would take care of the health and education
could better recall their food expenditure over a of the people.
shorter, 7-day period than what they might have ˆ Thus, YK Alagh eventually defined the first
done over the longer 30-day period. poverty line in India.
ˆ The higher expenditures, combined with the HEADCOUNT RATIO :
high population density around the poverty line,
essentially meant that the poverty rate for India ˆ It denotes the incidence of poverty.
(for 2011-12) came down sharply. ˆ It shows the percentage of population whose
ˆ The MMRP method was first used in 2009-10, per capita income is below poverty line that is
alongside MRP the population cannot afford to buy a specified
basket of items.
POVERTY ESTIMATION
LAKDAWALA COMMITTEE:
ALAGH COMMITTEE ON POVERTY ˆ In 1993, Planning Commission constituted task
ESTIMATION force.
ˆ Till 1979, the approach to estimate poverty was ˆ Its recommendations were:
traditional i.e. lack of income.
ˆ Consumption expenditure to be calculated on
ˆ It was later decided to measure poverty precisely based on calorie consumption (2100-U and
as starvation i.e. in terms of how much people 2400-R).
eat.
ˆ State specific poverty lines should be constructed
ˆ This approach was first of all adopted by the and updated using Consumer Price Index of
YK Alagh Committee’s recommendation in industrial Workers in urban areas And CPI-AL
1979 whereby, the people consuming less than in rural areas
2100 calories in the urban areas or less than 2400
calories in the rural areas are poor.

TENDULKAR COMMITTEE:
ˆ It was constituted in 2005 by Planning
Commission to address three shortcomings of
previous methods :
ˆ The logic behind the discrimination between ƒ Consumption expenditure patterns had
rural and urban areas was that the rural people changed since 1973-74.
do more physical work.
ƒ Expenditure on health and education were

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 ignored. Tendulkar Committee considered
health expenditure of Rs 30 per annum.
ƒ Mixed reference period used instead of
uniform reference period.

ˆ As per Tendulkar Committee Report, BPL

population in 2011-12 was 25.7%(Rural
Population) and 13.7 % urban population and
21.9% of entire population.

RANGARAJAN COMMITTEE:
NC SAXENA COMMITTEE
ˆ In 2012 Rangarajan committee was set up by
Planning Commission to review the Tendulkar ˆ Appointed by Ministry of Rural Development in
Committee report. 2008.
ˆ Improvements suggested : ˆ Recommended 50 percent population should be
given BPL cards.
ƒ Larger basket of items-food, non food,
healthcare, clothing, transport. ˆ Recommended the deprivation criteria for
automatic inclusion and automatic exclusion for
ƒ Urban Poverty
BPL category.(explained later).
ˆ It did away with calorie based definition of
poverty and introduced 13 new parameters like
landholding, clothing, housing etc.

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S.R HASHIM COMMITTEE
ˆ Planning commission constituted to identify BPL
families in urban areas.
ˆ It gave the following criteria to identify urban
poor :
ƒ Temporary house dwelling units
ƒ Unemployed household members
ƒ Households headed by women/minorities.
ƒ Low literacy level households.
ƒ Disabled or chronically ill members.

SOCIO ECONOMIC CASTE CENSUS 2011

ˆ Conducted by three separate authorities under
the overall coordination of Ministry of Rural
Development :
ƒ Census in Rural Area- Ministry of Rural
Development.
ƒ Census in Urban Areas- Ministry of Housing
and Urban Affairs.
ƒ Caste Census- Registrar General and Census
Commissioner of India-Ministry of Home
Affairs.

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IMPORTANT INPUTS on consumption of goods and services by the
households.
ˆ The methodology to measure poverty, as devised
by Y K Alagh, in 1979 has been improvised by ˆ The survey also collects some auxiliary
the Expert Group (Lakdawala) in 1993 and then information on household characteristics and
by the Expert Group (Tendulkar) in 2009. demographic particulars of the households
ˆ The improvisations have led to a firmer reliance ˆ Among the states, MPCE is the highest in Sikkim
on the NSSO’s sample surveys on consumption for both rural and urban areas (Rural – Rs.
expenditure by households, a much better 7,731 and Urban – Rs. 12,105). It is the lowest in
method to adjust for inter-state and inter-region Chhattisgarh (Rural – Rs. 2,466 and Urban – Rs.
differences in price changes over time, and the 4,483).
use of the better recall period introduced in the ˆ Among the UTs, MPCE is the highest in
NSSO’s surveys Chandigarh (Rural – Rs. 7,467 and Urban – Rs.
12,575), whereas, it is the lowest in Ladakh (Rs.
HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION EXPENDITURE
4,035) and Lakshadweep (Rs. 5,475) for rural and
SURVEY
urban areas respectively.
ˆ The Household Consumption Expenditure
Survey (HCES) is designed to collect information

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