Sudatel Telecommunications

Academy (SUDACAD)
Training and Development
Department
Technical Training Programs

Telecommunications Professional
Diploma
Telecomm Diploma

Telecomm Principles
 Transmission concept
• Sending an information (signals: analog or digital, electrical or
optical) from one end to another; i.e., communication
• In telecommunications, transmission is the forwarding of
signal traffic over long distances
• In general information theory transmission is taken to mean
the complete process of communication of information via a
channel
• The channel
– Tx Line, Tx channel, Tx Link, Tx Medium
– Guided: Copper ( STP, UTP, simple pair,.) ,Coax, Optical
Fiber, Wave Guide.
– Unguided: water, air, space
 Basic Communication Model
Tx Channel Rx
◼ Source
❑ generates data to be transmitted
◼ Transmitter
❑ Converts data into transmittable signals
◼ Transmission System
❑ Carries data
◼ Receiver
❑ Converts received signal into data
◼ Destination
❑ Takes incoming data
 Views on a Network
...
User View
• services!
Economic View
• profit

Planner View
• long-term Network
• short-term Management View
• company

Technological View
• innovation
Operational View
...
• quality
 Life Cycle of a Network
Idea

Study Phase

Decision

Implementation Phase

Launch

Operative Phase

Break-up
 Transmission Schemes
• Baseband transmission
– Uses only low frequencies
– Encodes data directly
• Broadband transmission
– Uses multiple carriers
– Can use higher frequencies
– Achieves higher throughput
– Hardware more complex and expensive
 Data transmission: Energy Forms
• Electric current
• Audible sounds
• Omni-directional electromagnetic waves
– Radio Frequency
– InfraRed
• Directional electromagnetic waves
– Point-to-point satellite channel
– Limited broadcast (spot beam)
– Microwave
– Laser beam
Telecom Diploma

SDH
 overview
• Multiplexing techniques are used to enhance the
performance of a transmission network by increasing
the number of signal connections those can be held
at the same time.
• SDH is an attractive TDM technology defined by the
ITU
• A compatible technology is the Synchronous Optical
Network (SONET) by the ANSI
 PCM 30

30 payload channels each with a rate of 64 kb/s are byte by byte

multiplexed to generate a signal with a rate of 2.048 Mb/s.
payload channels: 30, Rate per channel: 64 kbps, Frame data rate: 2.048 Mbps
Capacity: 256 bits, Payload data: 240 bits, Signaling information: 16 bits
Plesiochronous multiplexing hierarchy
 SDH Features
• ITU-T Standard: Recommendation G707.
• World wide standard ( international ).
• Synchronous TDM Technology.
• Standard interfaces ( different vendor compatibility ).
• High operating capabilities: path performance monitoring,
communications channels, auxiliary channels.
• Direct tributary channel access: single multiplexing stage,
ease of Add and Drop, flexible networks, 1 step
Mux/Demux
• Optical Transmission: Performance and high capacity.
• Very high rates
 SDH Processes: Mapping
• Existing PDH networks can be integrated in a
synchronous network.
• This is possible through the packing of the
PDH signals into defined size SDH structures
called containers.
• A container has a fixed size, which is a great
advantage of SDH
• This process is called mapping.
 From user information to SDH
• The user information is mapped in a container (C) of a suitable size.
• Some control information (Path Over Head : POH) is added to generate a
virtual container (VC).
• A Pointer is added to the VC to generate a Tributary Unit (TU)
• multiplexing of many TUs results in a Tributary Unit Group (TUG).
• Multiplexing of TUGs generates an Administrative Unit (AU).
• Further more, multiplexing AUs results in an Administrative Unit Group
(AUG).
• Finally some control information (Section Over Head: SOH) is added to
generate the SDH frame: Synchronous Transport Module (STM)
Note
• HO VC + PTR = AU .
• LO VC + PTR = TU
From user info to SDH: ITU
 SDH Signals
• Different levels of STM are defined:
• STM-1: STM level one, with a rate of 155.520 Mb/s.
– STM-1 rate= 2430 bytes x 8 bits / 125 s
• STM-4: STM level four, 622 Mb/s.
• STM-16: STM level sixteen, 2.4 Gb/s.
• STM-64: STM level sixty four, 10 Gb/s.
• Each time multiplexing four STM signals generates
the higher level STM-N.
SDH: Frame Structure
 Network - example
NE4
NE3

SDH NET NE5

alarms
NE2 GW-NE

NE1 NMS
alarms
commands
commands

ETH
SDH: Network Sections
 Section Overhead
• Subscriber generates the information signal.
• The NE generates the STM signal.
• RSOH: analyzed in each RS and MS.
• MSOH: goes transparently in repeaters and
analyzed only in MS end NEs.
• SOH: Supervision of the carried SDH signal.
RSOH bytes
MSOH BYTES
 Path Over Head (POH)
• Additional information to guarantee the signal across the SDH
network
• contains operating, monitoring and control information
related to the signal path from its source to its destination.
• Contains: quality measurements based on parity calculation
• Parity is calculated at Rx and compared with that calculated at
Tx
• POH holds the supervision of the PDH carried signal

PDH PDH

SDH network
POH insertion
POH extraction and analysis
Transport Network
VC4/3 POH: 9 bytes.
VC-12 POH
 Pointer
• needed because the clock of the incoming data to an SDH
NE may differ from the output clock
• The VC4 may not be at the same position of the payload
area of the STM-1 frame.
• The AU-4 pointer holds the address of the beginning of
the VC4.
• It contains nine bytes H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3 where
H1,H2: pointer value, and H3: justification.
• Pointer value composed of 10 bits: 1024 possible values
• VC-4: 2340 bytes (cannot be addressed with 10 bits only)
• Solution: address values taken in 3 bytes steps, from 0 to
782 ( 2430 / 3 )
 AU-4 Pointer

◼ If the first VC begins at

location n, then the first
pointer value will be n and
also the value of all pointers

Dynamic VC-4 justification

Positive justification
Negative justification
 Systems
• Line systems
• Cross Connect
• Add Drop Multiplexer (ADM)
• Repeaters
 Line Systems
• Point – to – point link
• Trib side
• Line side

Line Side
Trib
Side STM n
 Wireless
• Microwave equipment
• In: wired STM-1
• Out: wireless STM-1

STM - 1
SDH
STM - 1
 Cross Connect
• Expensive
• Mainly to cross connect 34 140 STM-1
STM-1 lines

34
140

STM-1
 ADM
• Add Drop Mux
• Lower level insertion /
extraction

Line west Line East

Trib Side
 LAN interconnection

Ethernet
Ethernet
STM - 1

TM
TM

SDH
 Synchronization
• Free running Mode: local oscillator
• Hold Over Mode
• Locked Mode
• Revertive (WTR), or Non-Revertive
 Addressing: example

NSAP

NSAP
NMS

NSAP &
Ethernet

Ethernet
 What is WDM ?

◼ WDM (Wavelength Division Multiplexing)

◼ Use of optical fibers to achieve higher speeds

◼ Utilize wavelengths to multiplex users

◼ Allow continuous channel allocation per user

◼ Increases the effective bandwidth of existing

fiber
◼ Each channel can be of different rate (STM-1,
STM-4, . . ) and in different format (SDH, ATM, .. )
 WDM: Basic Operation
Tx: couple signals from different sources emitted at different
wavelengths into the same fiber.
Rx: separate them towards different detectors (just like a prism)

mux demux

n
n .
. .
.
1
2 2 1
Mux
simple coupler combines all inputs into one output fiber
Demux
complex, contains a mirror like device that works like a prism, similar to the data side
of a CD
Separates different wavelengths into different angles
 WDM categories
• WDM
– two to four wavelengths per fiber. Original
systems were dual channel: 1310/1550 nm
systems
• Coarse WDM (CWDM)
– 4~8 lambdas/fiber, designed for short to medium
haul networks
• Dense WDM (DWDM)
– hundreds of lambdas/fiber
• Note: MPLS ideal protocol for controlling optical
switches in DWDM networks
 DWDM implementations
• Unidirectional
– all wavelengths travel in the same direction within
the fiber; so, a fiber per direction
• Bi-directional
– no need for two fibers, the wavelengths are split
into two separate bands, one per direction
 Basic Components
• Transmitting Side
– Lasers with precise stable wavelengths
– Optical Multiplexers
• On the Link
– Optical fiber
– Optical amplifiers
• Receiving Side
– Photo detectors
– Optical Demultiplexers
• Optical add/drop multiplexers
WDM: Basic System
 EDFA
• Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier
• Provides a boost in cable distance and capacity for
fiber optic networks
• Directly amplify optical signals by injecting light into
the fiber via a light pump
• Weak signals enter the amplifier and stimulate the
excited erbium atoms in the erbium-doped fiber to
emit more light, Gains ~ 30dB
• Simultaneously boost signals of multiple wavelengths
in the same fiber
• Work in the range: 1500~1600 nm
Optical Amplifier ( EDFA )
 SDH & WDM
SDH
SDH SDH
SDH

SDH Fiber SDH

λ1 λ2 λ3 λ4

SDH SDH
WDM WDM

SDH
SDH
Lines rate is STM-16
SDH LAB
 Introduction
• Equipments in the Lab
– Siemens Products: SMA 1/4c
• SMA R 2.3
– STM-1 ADM
– Three nodes: STN-A, STN-B, STN-C
– Linked by fiber optic in a bus topology
 Lab activity sequence
• Hardware general description
• Application
• Configuration
• Maintenance
 Hardware
• General description
• Racks
• Sub-racks
• Modules
• Cabling
• …
 Application
• Module View
• Function View
 Configuration
• Configurations (Slots/Units, NE name, NSAP
address)
• Cross-connection
• Synchronization.
• Protections
 Maintenance
• Alarms
– Current
– History
– configuration