FINAL STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) REPORT

FOR THE PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER PLAN
WITHIN PLOT L.R. NO. 31327 ADJACENT TO
TATU CITY (PHASE 1) IN KIAMBU COUNTY

PROPONENT ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

AWEMAC
AFRICA WASTE AND ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT
CENTRE
TATU CITY LTD
Top Plaza 5th Floor, Office Suite No.4 Kilimani,
P.O. Box 2739 ‐ 00621 NAIROBI
Kindaruma Road, Off Ngong Road,
P.O. Box 14365 - 00100, NAIROBI.
Tel: 020-2012408/0704333166
Email: [email protected]
FIRM NEMA Reg. No. 0527

FEBRUARY, 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

DECLARATION PAGE

DECLARATION BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT

I, Prof. Jacob K. Kibwage on behalf of Africa Waste and Environment Management Centre
(AWEMAC) submit this Final Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Report for the proposed
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master plan on 885.22 hectares of land adjacent to Tatu City
(Phase 1) in Kiambu County. To my knowledge, all information contained in this Final SEA report is
accurate and a truthful representation of all findings as relating to the proposed Master Plan
Development as per information provided by the proponent.

Signed at NAIROBI on this ………. day of ………..........……… 2020

Signature: ……………………………………………….

Designation: SEA Team Leader/EIA & Audit Lead Expert Reg. No. 0126

DECLARATION BY THE PROPONENT

I …………………………………………………………. on behalf of TATU CITY LIMITED submit this Final

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) Report for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) Master Plan on 885.22 hectares of land adjacent to the Tatu City (Phase 1) in Kiambu County.
To my knowledge, all information contained in this Final SEA report is accurate and a truthful
representation of all findings as relating to the proposed Master Plan Development as per
information we provided to the SEA consultant.

Signed at ………………......on this ……….. day of ………….…………..2020

Signature. ……………………………………………….

Designation: ……………………………………………….

ii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

TEAM OF SEA EXPERTS

Table below highlights the qualifications and roles for the team of experts involved in the SEA
process.

A. THE TECHNICAL TEAM

S/N Name of Expert Position

1 Prof. Jacob K. Kibwage Team

(NEMA Lead Expert, Reg. No 126) Leader/Environmental
Expert
PhD in Environmental Studies
2 Dr. Benson Agaya Social Development
(NEMA Lead Expert, Reg. No 8289) Expert
PhD in Sociology
3 Mr. Andrew Karanja Occupational Health and
(NEMA Lead Expert Reg. No 6166) Safety Expert / Climate
Change Expert
M.Sc. in Environmental Management
4 Eng Evans Mairura Engineer/ Urban Planner
M.Sc. in Engineering
M.Sc. in Urban Planning
5 Festus Mutiso Vegetation/Wildlife/
M.Sc. in Forestry Ecological Expert
(NEMA Lead Expert, Reg. No 6467)
6 Mr. Fredrick Juma GIS / Mapping Expert
(NEMA Lead Expert Reg. No 7512)
M.Sc. in GIS
7 Ms. Maureen Moraa Project Technical
B.Sc. Environmental Studies (Community Development) Assistant
(NEMA Associate Expert Reg. No 4040)
8 Mr. John Oirere Project Technical
BSc. Water and Environmental Engineering (NEMA Assistant
Associate Expert Reg. No 7950)

9 Ms. Eva Mukiri Project Technical

B.Sc. in Environmental Management (NEMA Associate Assistant
Expert Reg. No 9163)

iii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

B. TEAM OF FIELD ASSISTANTS

S/N Name of Expert Qualificaton

1 Ms. Anita Owiti MSc. Environment and Development

(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 7941)
2 Caroline Nyanchoka Mokaya Bsc Disaster Preparedness and Environmental
Technology
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 10910)
3 Kevin Mburu Wanyoike Bsc Plant Ecology and Environmental Science
(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 10317)

4 Nancy Kerubo Misuko Bsc. Environmental Education

(Associate Expert, Reg. No. 10513)
5 Jerusha Moraa Oute Bsc Management of Agro-ecosystem and
Environment

iv | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

LIST OF ACRONYMS

ac Acre
AIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
BTL CICC BTL Christian International Conference Centre
CBD Central Business District
CBO Community Based Organization
CEC County Environment Committee
CECM County Executive Committee Member
CEMMP Construction Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan
CIDP County Integrated Development Plan
CO2 Carbon dioxide
CV Curriculum Vitae
DOE Department of Environment
DOSHS Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EMCA Environmental Management and Co-ordination Act
EMU Environmental Management Unit
ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment
ESMMP Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan
GHGs Greenhouse Gases
GIS Geographic Information System
GoK Government of Kenya
GPS Global Positioning System
Ha Hectare
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
ICT Information and Communications Technology
IFC International Finance Corporation
IPPM International Project Planning and Management Consultants
ISWM Integrated Solid Waste Management
JKIA Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
K. U Kenyatta University
KEBS Kenya Bureau of Standards
KeNHA Kenya National Highways Authority
KFS Kenya Forest Service
KIRDI Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute
KM Kilometer
KWS Kenya Wildlife Service
m a.s.l Metres above sea level
M3 Cubic Metres
MEAs Multilateral Environmental Agreements
MM Millimeter
NCA National Construction Authority
NCC Nairobi City County
NCCAP National Climate Change Action Plan
NCCRS National Climate Change Response Strategy
NEAP National Environment Action Plan
NEC National Environmental Council
NEMA National Environment Management Authority
NET National Environment Tribunal
NGO Non-Governmental Organisation

v|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
NIUPLAN Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan
NMP Northlands Master Plan
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Act
PPP Policies Plans and Programs
PWDS Persons with Disabilities
RUJUWASCO Ruiru - Juja Water and Sewerage Company
SDGs Sustainable Development Goals
SEA Strategic Environment Assessment
SERC Standards and Enforcement Review Committee
STP Sewage Treatment Plants
SWMS Safe Work Method Statements
TODs Transit Oriented Development
UN habitat United Nations habitat
UNCBD United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
WIBA Work Injury Benefit Act
WRA Water Resources Authority

vi | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Archaeological impact assessment: required where potential conflicts have been identified
between archaeological resources and a proposed development.
Biological diversity: means the variability among living organisms from all sources including
terrestrial ecosystems, aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which
they are part; this includes diversity within species, among species, and of
ecosystems
Buffer Zone: means distinct or established areas that separate potentially competing users
and that serves to lessen the danger of potential conflicts.
Chemical: means a chemical substance in any form whether by itself or in a mixture or
preparation, whether manufactured or derived from nature and includes
industrial chemicals, pesticides, fertilizers and drugs
Cumulative Impacts: IFC defines cumulative as those impacts that result from the successive,
incremental, and/or combined effects of an action, project, or activity when added
to other existing, planned, and/or reasonably anticipated future ones.
Cumulative Impact Analysis: a systematic procedure for identifying and evaluating the
significance of effects from multiple activities.
Cultural Impact Assessment : assessment of the impact of a planned project on culture,
traditions, values and norms
Environmental Audit means a systematic evaluation of activities and processes of an ongoing
project to determine how far these activities and programmes conform with the
approved environmental management plan of that specific project and sound
environmental management practices
Environment Impact Assessment: means a systematic examination conducted to determine
whether or not a programme, activity or project will have any adverse impacts on
the environment.
Environmental Management Plan: means all details of project activities, impacts, mitigation
measures, time schedule, costs, responsibilities and commitments proposed to
minimize environmental impacts of activities, including monitoring and
environmental audits during implementation and decommissioning phases of a
project.
Environmental Monitoring: means the continuous or periodic determination of actual and
potential effects of any activity or phenomenon of the environment whether short-
term or long-term;
Health Impact Assessment (HIA): is defined as the potential effects of a project on
the health of a population/ local communities. Health is a state of complete
physical, mental, social and spiritual wellbeing and not merely a study on diseases.
High water mark means the historical recorded point of the highest level of contact between
the water and the shore or bank, as the case may be.
Low water mark means the historical recorded point of the lowest level of contact between
the water and the shore or the bank as the case may be.

vii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Integrated Environmental Assessments: includes Environmental Impact Assessment,
Archeological Assessment, Social impact assessment, Health Impact Assessment
and Cultural Impact Assessments.
Master plan: a dynamic long-term planning document that provides a conceptual layout to
guide future growth and development. Master planning is about making the
connection between buildings, social settings, and their surrounding
environments.
Mitigation measures include engineering works, technological improvements, management
and ways and means of minimising negative aspects, which may include socio-
economic and cultural losses suffered by communities and individuals, whilst
enhancing positive aspects of the project.
Plan: A purposeful, forward-looking strategy or design, often with coordinated priorities,
options, and measures that elaborate and implement policy.
Riparian land: means land being a minimum of 6 metres and up to a maximum of 30 metres
on either side of a riverbank from the highest water mark.
Social Impact Assessment (SIA): is the process of identifying and managing the social /
human impacts of projects
Stakeholder: Those who may be interested in, potentially affected by, or influence the
implementation of a PPP. In the context of a SEA applied to development co-
operation, stakeholders may include government, donor agencies, local
communities, NGOs, and civil society.
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA): A range of analytical and participatory
approaches that aim to integrate environmental consideration into policies, plans,
and programs and evaluate the interlinkages with economic and social
considerations.
Sustainable Development means development that meets the needs of the present
generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs by maintaining the carrying capacity of the supporting ecosystem.

Trade-offs: Refers to losing one quality or aspect of something in return for getting another
quality or aspect. It implies a decision made with the full comprehension of both
the up- and down-side of a particular choice.

viii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

TABLE OF CONTENTS

DECLARATION PAGE ................................................................................................................................. ii

TEAM OF SEA EXPERTS ........................................................................................................................... iii
LIST OF ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................... v
DEFINITION OF TERMS .......................................................................................................................... vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................................................. ix
LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................... xvi
LIST OF PLATES ...................................................................................................................................... xvii
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. xviii
NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY ............................................................................................................... xix
1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1
1.1 Background Information ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment Definition ....................................................................... 2
1.3 Basic Principles for SEA ........................................................................................................................ 2
1.4 Objectives of the SEA ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.5 Purpose / Rationale of Tatu Phase II (Mchana Estate) SEA report .................................... 3
1.6 Specific Objectives of Tatu Phase II (Mchana Estate) SEA ..................................................... 3
1.7 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan Specifications/ Elements ................ 3
1.8 Definition of the Master Plan Boundaries / Scope .................................................................... 4
1.9 Methodology and Criteria for undertaking the SEA.................................................................. 6
1.9.1 Key Stages in the SEA preparation ......................................................................................... 6
1.9.2 Summary of the SEA process .................................................................................................... 8
1.10 Work Plan and Deliverables for executing the SEA .................................................................. 9
1.10.1 SEA Time Schedule........................................................................................................................ 9
1.10.2 Key deliverables for the SEA ..................................................................................................... 9
1.10.3 Budget to implement the SEA................................................................................................... 9
2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED MASTER PLAN ............................................................... 10
2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 10
2.2 Purpose / Rationale of the Master plan ....................................................................................... 10
2.3 Objectives of the Master plan ........................................................................................................... 10
2.4 Areas and sectors affected by the Master plan ......................................................................... 10
2.4.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (2014 - 2030)-
NIUPLAN ............................................................................................................................................................. 11
2.4.2 Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022........................................ 15
2.4.3 Tatu City Phase 1 ......................................................................................................................... 15
2.4.4 Kenyatta University Master Plan .......................................................................................... 16
2.4.5 The Two Rivers Development Master plan ...................................................................... 17
2.4.6 The Northlands Master Plan ................................................................................................... 19
2.4.7 Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan .................................................................................................... 20
2.4.8 Other relevant Plans ................................................................................................................... 20
2.5 Proposed Land Uses for Development in the Tatu City Phase II Master Plan.............. 21
2.5.1 Housing Development ............................................................................................................... 22
2.5.2 Industrial Development ............................................................................................................ 22
2.5.3 Educational Institutions............................................................................................................ 23
2.5.4 Recreational and Sports Facilities and Services ............................................................. 23
2.5.5 Natural Green Space ................................................................................................................... 23
2.5.6 Wetlands & Water bodies......................................................................................................... 23
2.5.7 Commercial Centre ..................................................................................................................... 23
ix | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
2.5.8 Infrastructure Utilities and Services.................................................................................... 24
2.5.9 Transportation System.............................................................................................................. 24
2.5.10 Community Clusters ................................................................................................................... 24
2.6 Implementation plan and time scale for the Master Plan .................................................... 25
3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE MASTER PLAN ......................................................... 27
3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 27
3.2 Methodology for baseline analysis................................................................................................. 27
3.2.1 Data sources................................................................................................................................... 27
3.2.2 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................................. 28
3.3 Physiographic features ....................................................................................................................... 29
3.3.1 Physical & Topographic Features ......................................................................................... 29
3.3.2 Ecological Conditions ................................................................................................................. 31
3.3.3 Climatic Conditions ..................................................................................................................... 33
3.3.4 Water Resources .......................................................................................................................... 35
3.4 Biological Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 40
3.4.1 Forests/Vegetation types ......................................................................................................... 40
3.4.2 Wildlife ............................................................................................................................................. 50
3.5 Socio-Economic Setting ...................................................................................................................... 52
3.5.1 Population Size and Composition ......................................................................................... 52
3.5.2 Land Use and Local economy ................................................................................................. 52
3.5.3 Mean land holding size .............................................................................................................. 57
3.5.4 Infrastructure and Access ........................................................................................................ 57
4 RELEVANT POLICY, PLAN, LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK.............. 63
4.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 63
4.2 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010 .................................................................................................... 63
4.3 Key Policies relevant to the SEA...................................................................................................... 63
4.3.1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 2014 on the National Environment Policy ................... 63
4.3.2 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy
Framework for Kenya 2012 - 2030. ........................................................................................................ 64
4.3.3 National Wetlands Conservation and Management Policy, 2013 ........................... 64
4.3.4 National Wildlife Conservation and Management Policy, 2017 ............................... 64
4.3.5 National Energy and Petroleum Policy, 2015 .................................................................. 64
4.3.6 Forestry Policy, 2014 ................................................................................................................. 64
4.3.7 National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2007 ................................ 65
4.3.8 National Urban Development Policy ................................................................................... 65
4.3.9 The National Housing Policy 2004 ....................................................................................... 65
4.3.10 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy
Framework for Kenya 2012-2030 ........................................................................................................... 65
4.3.11 The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy (NLUP) ............ 66
4.3.12 National Policy for Disaster Management in Kenya ...................................................... 66
4.3.13 The National Water Policy of Kenya 1999 ........................................................................ 66
4.3.14 National Water Policy, 2012 ................................................................................................... 67
4.3.15 Environment and Development (Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999) ........................... 67
4.3.16 Kenya National Policy on Gender and Development (NPGD), 2000 ...................... 67
4.3.17 HIV/AIDS Policy of 2009 .......................................................................................................... 67
4.3.18 Kenya National Youth Policy (2016) ................................................................................... 67
4.4 National Strategies................................................................................................................................ 68
4.4.1 The Kenya Vision 2030 ............................................................................................................. 68

x|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
4.4.2 The Government of Kenya’s Big Four Agenda ................................................................. 68
4.4.3 The Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy of 2010............................ 68
4.4.4 The National Biodiversity Strategy of 2000 ..................................................................... 68
4.4.5 The National Water Master Plan 2030 ............................................................................... 69
4.4.6 The Kenya National Spatial Plan (2015-2045)................................................................ 69
4.4.7 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 ............................................... 69
4.4.8 National Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of
Water Catchment Areas in Kenya, 2012................................................................................................ 70
4.4.9 The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 .......................................................................................... 70
4.4.10 Nairobi Metro 2030 .................................................................................................................... 70
4.4.11 Nairobi Master Plan for Sewer, Sanitation and Drainage, Third Nairobi Water
Supply 71
4.5 Legal Framework / Laws and Key relevant Regulations ...................................................... 71
4.5.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387) .................. 71
4.5.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 2007)......................................................... 73
4.5.3 Climate Change Act, 2016 ........................................................................................................ 73
4.5.4 Wildlife Management and Conservation Act 2013 ........................................................ 74
4.5.5 The Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016 ................................................. 74
4.5.6 Water Act, 2016............................................................................................................................ 74
4.5.7 Energy Act 2019 ........................................................................................................................... 74
4.5.8 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011 ............................................................................ 74
4.5.9 County Governments Act, 2012 ............................................................................................. 75
4.5.10 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013 ................................................... 75
4.5.11 Housing Act Cap 117 .................................................................................................................. 75
4.5.12 Education Act. ............................................................................................................................... 75
4.5.13 Sports Act 2013 ............................................................................................................................ 75
4.5.14 Building Code 2000..................................................................................................................... 75
4.5.15 Employment Act, 2007 .............................................................................................................. 75
4.5.16 Food Drugs and Chemicals Substances Act (Cap 254) ................................................. 76
4.5.17 Land Act, 2012 .............................................................................................................................. 76
4.5.18 The Land Registration Act, 2012 ........................................................................................... 76
4.5.19 National Land Commission Act, 2012 (No. 5 of 2012) ................................................. 76
4.5.20 Penal Code Act (Cap.63)............................................................................................................ 76
4.5.21 Physical and Land use Planning Act, 2019;....................................................................... 77
4.5.22 Public Health Act (Cap. 242) ................................................................................................... 77
4.5.23 Special Economic Zones Act, 2015 ....................................................................................... 77
4.5.24 Standards Act Cap. 496 ............................................................................................................. 77
4.5.25 Work Injury Compensation Benefit Act (WIBA) 2007 ................................................. 78
4.5.26 Public Roads and Roads of Access Act Cap 399 .............................................................. 78
4.5.27 The Kenya Roads Act, 2007 ..................................................................................................... 78
4.5.28 Traffic Act Cap 403...................................................................................................................... 78
4.5.29 Urban Areas and Cities Act No 13 of 2011 ........................................................................ 78
4.5.30 National Gender and Equality Act, 2011 ............................................................................ 79
4.5.31 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012 ........................................... 79
4.5.32 Persons with Disability Act, Chapter 133 .......................................................................... 79
4.5.33 Tobacco Control Act, 2007....................................................................................................... 79
4.5.34 Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, 2010. ..................................................................................... 79
4.6 Multilateral Environmental Agreements / Treaties ............................................................... 79
xi | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
4.6.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Africa
Union, 1968) ..................................................................................................................................................... 80
4.6.2 Earth Summit on Sustainable Development, Agenda 21 ............................................. 80
4.6.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.......................................................................................... 80
4.6.4 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD) .................................. 80
4.6.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC) .................. 80
4.6.6 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
81
4.6.7 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ......................................... 81
4.6.8 Rio Declaration and Agenda 21 ............................................................................................. 81
4.6.9 The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland
Commission of 1987) .................................................................................................................................... 81
4.6.10 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women 81
4.6.11 International Labour Organization ...................................................................................... 82
4.6.12 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) ............................................................................. 82
4.7 Institutional Framework .................................................................................................................... 82
4.7.1 Key National Institutions and Departments ..................................................................... 83
4.7.2 Institutions under EMCA Cap 387 ........................................................................................ 84
4.8 National and County Government Approvals and Permits .................................................. 86
5 PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT .................................................................................. 87
5.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 87
5.2 Objectives of the Consultation and Public Participation....................................................... 87
5.3 Stakeholder Identification and Mapping ..................................................................................... 87
5.4 Stakeholder Analysis ........................................................................................................................... 90
5.5 Methodology used for Public Participation and Consultation ............................................ 91
5.5.1 Household Interviews and Survey ....................................................................................... 91
5.5.2 Key Stakeholders Consultation and Interviews .............................................................. 91
5.5.3 Public Participation and Key Stakeholder Technical meeting .................................. 92
5.5.4 Key stakeholders Validation meeting .............................................................................. 103
5.6 Positive comments made by the respondents ....................................................................... 112
5.6.1 Employment Opportunities for the Locals ..................................................................... 112
5.6.2 Poverty Alleviation .................................................................................................................. 112
5.6.3 Increased Business Opportunities..................................................................................... 112
5.6.4 Increase in Land Value ........................................................................................................... 112
5.6.5 Attraction of Investors ........................................................................................................... 112
5.6.6 Development of Infrastructure and Social Amenities in Kiambu Area .............. 112
5.6.7 Improved and Accessible Education................................................................................. 112
5.6.8 Better Healthcare...................................................................................................................... 112
5.6.9 Improved Security .................................................................................................................... 113
5.6.10 Improved and Increased Housing in the Area .............................................................. 113
5.6.11 Improve Networking and Culture Exchange ................................................................. 113
5.6.12 Economic Growth / Increased revenue........................................................................... 113
5.6.13 Decongestion of Nairobi City ............................................................................................... 113
5.6.14 Promote Urbanization in Kiambu County ...................................................................... 113
5.7 Negative impacts highlighted by the respondents ............................................................... 113
5.7.1 Habitat loss, alteration and fragmentation of Land.................................................... 113
5.7.2 Environmental Degradation on change of land use ................................................... 113
5.7.3 Noise Pollution and Vibrations ........................................................................................... 113

xii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
5.7.4 Air Pollution ................................................................................................................................ 114
5.7.5 Water Pollution ......................................................................................................................... 114
5.7.6 Increased pressure on infrastructure .............................................................................. 114
5.7.7 Loss of Jobs .................................................................................................................................. 114
5.7.8 Increased Insecurity ................................................................................................................ 114
5.7.9 High Cost of Living for the Locals ...................................................................................... 114
5.7.10 Increased Spread of Communicable Diseases .............................................................. 114
5.7.11 Increased Social vices ............................................................................................................. 114
5.7.12 Increased solid waste generation / Dumping of Solid Waste ................................ 114
6 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS ........................................................................ 115
6.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 115
6.2 Impacts analysis ................................................................................................................................. 115
6.3 Quantification of the Magnitude of Impacts ............................................................................ 115
6.4 Impacts on the Physical Environment ....................................................................................... 116
6.4.1 Impact on Air Quality .............................................................................................................. 116
6.4.2 Impact on Noise and Vibrations ......................................................................................... 117
6.4.3 Impact on Energy Resources ............................................................................................... 118
6.4.4 Impact on Soils and Geology ................................................................................................ 118
6.4.5 Impact on Water Resources ................................................................................................. 118
6.4.6 Waste Generation ..................................................................................................................... 119
6.5 Impacts on the Biological Environment.................................................................................... 119
6.5.1 Impact on Flora ......................................................................................................................... 119
6.5.2 Impact on Fauna........................................................................................................................ 120
6.6 Impacts on the Socio- Economic Environment ...................................................................... 121
6.7 Impacts on the Health and Safety ................................................................................................ 122
6.8 Cumulative Impacts........................................................................................................................... 122
6.8.1 Cumulative Impacts Analysis (CIA)................................................................................... 122
6.8.2 Cumulative Positive Impacts ............................................................................................... 123
6.8.3 Cumulative Negative impacts .............................................................................................. 123
6.8.4 Mitigation measures for negative Cumulative Impacts ............................................ 125
7 ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS OF THE MASTER PLAN............................................................... 128
7.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 128
7.1 Alternative Policy, Options and Strategies .............................................................................. 128
7.1.1 Option 1 - No Intervention Option (Carbon sink/ sequestration Option), ....... 128
7.1.2 Option 2 - Farm land / Agricultural Use Option .......................................................... 129
7.1.3 Option 3 - Wildlife Conservancy ......................................................................................... 131
7.1.4 Option 4 - Proposed City Development ........................................................................... 132
7.2 Justification for the Preferred Alternative - Proposed Tatu City Extension
Development....................................................................................................................................................... 133
7.3 Linkages with ongoing Projects and developments ............................................................ 136
7.3.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (NIUPLAN) .............. 136
7.3.2 Tatu City Phase 1 ...................................................................................................................... 136
7.3.3 The Kenyatta University Master Plan............................................................................... 137
7.3.4 The Two Rivers Development Master plan ................................................................... 138
7.3.5 The Northlands Master Plan and the Gulmarg- Sasini Master Plan..................... 138
8 CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, ADAPTATION AND MITIGATION
ACTIONS ................................................................................................................................................... 139
8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 139

xiii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
8.2 The causes of climate change ........................................................................................................ 139
8.3 Vulnerability of Proposed Master Plan to Climate Change ............................................... 140
8.3.1 Heavy precipitation events ................................................................................................... 140
8.3.2 Extreme heat events ................................................................................................................ 140
8.3.3 Drought ......................................................................................................................................... 140
8.4 Proposed Master Plan Sectors likely to be potential sources of GHGs......................... 140
8.4.1 Transport ..................................................................................................................................... 140
8.4.2 Commercial and residential buildings ............................................................................. 141
8.4.3 Industries ..................................................................................................................................... 141
8.4.4 Waste ............................................................................................................................................. 141
8.4.5 Agriculture, land-use change and forestry..................................................................... 141
8.4.6 Energy supply for electricity generation ........................................................................ 141
8.5 Adaptation and Mitigation actions for the Master Plan ..................................................... 141
9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN (ESMMP)
144
9.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 144
9.2 Scope and Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring
Plan (ESMMP) .................................................................................................................................................... 144
9.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)................................................................................. 145
9.3.1 Biodiversity and Nature Conservation ............................................................................ 146
9.3.2 Waste Management ................................................................................................................. 148
9.3.3 Water Resources ....................................................................................................................... 148
9.3.4 Energy Resources ..................................................................................................................... 150
9.3.5 Environmental and Landscape Changes ......................................................................... 151
9.3.6 Traffic and Transport.............................................................................................................. 152
9.3.7 Greenhouse Gases Emissions .............................................................................................. 153
9.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety .......................................................................................... 154
9.3.9 Socio-Economic Concerns ..................................................................................................... 154
9.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan .................................................................................................. 156
9.5 Monitoring Requirements .............................................................................................................. 156
9.6 Construction Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (CEMMP) ........... 160
9.6.1 Policy ............................................................................................................................................. 160
9.6.2 Implementation and Operation .......................................................................................... 160
9.7 Institutional Arrangements............................................................................................................ 160
9.8 Institutional Strengthening/ Capacity Building .................................................................... 164
10 SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED MASTER
PLAN .......................................................................................................................................................... 167
10.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 167
10.2 Rise to Grievances .............................................................................................................................. 167
10.3 Socio- Economic issues / Concerns ............................................................................................ 167
10.4 Degradation of aquatic ecosystems ............................................................................................ 168
10.5 Traffic Impact....................................................................................................................................... 168
10.6 Water Demand..................................................................................................................................... 168
10.7 Waste Impacts ..................................................................................................................................... 169
10.8 Habitat Alteration / Loss of agricultural land ........................................................................ 169
11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ........................................................................... 170
11.1 Recommendations ............................................................................................................................. 170
11.1.1 Recommended Master Plan Changes ............................................................................... 170

xiv | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
11.1.2 Recommended Mitigation Measures ................................................................................ 171
11.1.3 Need for Subsequent ESIAs .................................................................................................. 174
11.2 Recommended Way Forward........................................................................................................ 177
LIST OF REFERENCES........................................................................................................................... 178
APPENDICES ........................................................................................................................................... 181

xv | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1-1 SEA Actions and Decisions .................................................................................................................. 6

Table 1-2 SEA Time Schedule ................................................................................................................................. 9
Table 1-3 Key deliverables for the SEA .............................................................................................................. 9
Table 2-1 Aerial distances to proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)............................... 11
Table 2-2 Projected water demand for larger Nairobi.............................................................................. 12
Table 2-3 Recommended sources of water by NIUPLAN......................................................................... 12
Table 2-4 NIUPLAN sewage generation estimate ....................................................................................... 13
Table 2-5 Land use budget for proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan .. 22
Table 2-6 Proposed Planning Program for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) ....................... 26
Table 3-1 Data Sources on Pillars of Sustainability .................................................................................... 27
Table 3-2 GIS Data Requirements and Output ............................................................................................. 29
Table 3-3 Ruiru weather by Month- Weather Conditions ....................................................................... 35
Table 3-4 Water demand and wastewater volumes .................................................................................. 39
Table 4-1 National and County Government Approvals and Permits ................................................ 86
Table 5-1: Stakeholder Engagement Plan ...................................................................................................... 88
Table 5-2 Stakeholder comments and concerns.......................................................................................... 97
Table 5-3 Key issues, comments and concerns from the validation meeting .............................. 106
Table 6-1 Levels of Scale used in the Analysis of Impacts .................................................................... 116
Table 6-2 Sources of air pollution................................................................................................................... 117
Table 6-3 A highlight of key mitigation measures for described negative ................................... 125
Table 7-1 Multi-criteria analysis approach for the preferred alternative ..................................... 134
Table 8-1 Adaptation and mitigation measures for the proposed Master Plan .......................... 141
Table 9-1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Biodiversity ............................................. 146
Table 9-2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for solid and effluent waste ...................... 148
Table 9-3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water Resources .................................... 148
Table 9-4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Energy Resources .................................. 150
Table 9-5 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Environmental ........................................ 151
Table 9-6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Traffic and Transport ........................... 152
Table 9-7 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Greenhouse Gases Emissions ............ 153
Table 9-8 Management Plan for Occupational Health and Safety ..................................................... 154
Table 9-9 Management Plan for Socio-Economic concerns ................................................................. 154
Table 9-10 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Tatu City Extension ............................................. 157
Table 9-11 Institutional Arrangements of Implementing Environmental Components ......... 162
Table 9-12 Equipment requirements ............................................................................................................ 164
Table 9-13 Training, Research and Studies ................................................................................................ 165

xvi | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

LIST OF PLATES

Plate 3-1 Mukuyu River covered with indigenous vegetation ............................................................... 36

Plate 3-2 A section of the Comte earth dam at the proposed Tatu City Extension ....................... 37
Plate 3-3 Mchana earth dam at the proposed Master Plan area ........................................................... 37
Plate 3-4 A Section of Galana/Ruiru River in the neighbourhood of the Master Plan area ....... 38
Plate 3-5 RUJUWASCO Offices and plant located at Tatu City Phase 1............................................... 39
Plate 3-6 Water treatment and Storage plant ............................................................................................... 40
Plate 3-7 High canopy forest cover along Mchana River ......................................................................... 42
Plate 3-8 Giant bamboo enriching the riparian corridor of Mchana River & Comte dam .......... 42
Plate 3-9 Sections of Eucalyptus grandis plantation at the proposed Master Plan area ............. 43
Plate 3-10 A log of felled Eucalyptus grandis ................................................................................................ 44
Plate 3-11 Cuppressus lusitanica (Cypress) plantation at the proposed Master Plan area ........ 45
Plate 3-12 Classical urban forestry at the entrance of Mchana coffee factory ................................ 46
Plate 3-13 Lantana camara invading a marshy land at the Master Plan area ................................. 47
Plate 3-14 A road reserve invaded by Lantana camara at the proposed Master Plan area ...... 48
Plate 3-15 Marshy land at the proposed development area................................................................... 48
Plate 3-16 Isolated stems of Eucalyptus grandis in a marshy land at the Master Plan area. ..... 49
Plate 3-17 Marshy land in the proposed Master Plan area ..................................................................... 50
Plate 3-18 Shade systems (intercrop of grevillea and coffee) at the proposed development . 53
Plate 3-19 Agri-silviculture at the Master Plan area. ................................................................................. 54
Plate 3-20 Coffee plantation within the master plan zone ...................................................................... 55
Plate 3-21 Livestock (cattle) grazing in the Master Plan area ............................................................... 56
Plate 3-22 A beehive in a natural forest at the proposed Master Plan area ..................................... 56
Plate 3-23 Road construction works along Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65).................................... 59
Plate 3-24 Ngewe Primary School within the proposed Master Plan area....................................... 60
Plate 3-25 Ngewe school pupils at the playing field .................................................................................. 60
Plate 3-26 Ngewa (Kwa Maiko) Centre ........................................................................................................... 61
Plate 3-27 Stone walled houses in the Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) ................................. 62
Plate 5-1 Kenya country head for Rendeavour giving his brief remarks on the Master Plan... 92
Plate 5-2 SEA team leader making a presentation on the key findings on ...................................... 93
Plate 5-3 Kiambu County Director of Environment giving remarks on the Master Plan............ 94
Plate 5-4 NEMA Officer making a presentation on the SEA process ................................................... 94
Plate 5-5 Client representative responding to stakeholders on issues raised ............................... 95
Plate 5-6 Views on the Master plan from a Kiambu County Official.................................................... 95
Plate 5-7: Kenyatta University representative giving comments during meeting ........................ 95
Plate 5-8 A stakeholder giving recommendations about the Master plan........................................ 96
Plate 5-9 Tatu City Deputy Country manager making introductory remarks. ............................. 103
Plate 5-10 NEMA officer making his remarks during the SEA validation meeting .................... 104
Plate 5-11 A representative of IPPM (The planners) giving a highlight of the Master Plan ... 104
Plate 5-12 The SEA team explaining the SEA process during the validation meeting .............. 105
Plate 5-13 A local youth making remarks on the master plan............................................................ 105
Plate 7-1 Coffee plantation within the Master Plan area. ..................................................................... 129
Plate 7-2 Tree Cover opposite Ngewe Primary School within the Master Plan area ............... 130
Plate 7-3 Bamboo trees near Comte Dam.................................................................................................... 130
Plate 7-4 Comte Dam............................................................................................................................................ 131

xvii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan boundary Vis-à-vis Tatu City ...... 4
Figure 1.2 Existing major roads connecting to Tatu City ........................................................................... 5
Figure 1.3 SEA Process ............................................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 2.1 Illustration of the Master Plan boundary and proximity to other planned cities .... 11
Figure 2.2 The general structural plan of the Tatu City Master Plan for Phase 1 .......................... 16
Figure 2.3 An Architectural impression of the Kenyatta University Master plan .......................... 17
Figure 2.4 An Architectural impression of the Two Rivers Development Master plan............... 18
Figure 2.5 Northlands Master Plan ................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 2.6 An Architectural impression of the Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan ................................... 20
Figure 2.7 Proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan identifying different
land uses : Source (Tatu City, 2019).................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 3.1 Topo-Cadastral survey for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) .................................. 30
Figure 3.2 Soils in Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) ......................................................................... 31
Figure 3.3 Ecological sensitive areas (Natural Green Space and Water bodies) in Tatu City ... 33
Figure 3.4 Rainfall graph for Ruiru by Month ............................................................................................... 34
Figure 3.5 Average temperatures in Ruiru by Month................................................................................ 34
Figure 3.6 Area proposed for development compared to that under coffee .................................. 41
Figure 3.7 Drainage flow at the proposed Master Plan area .................................................................. 51
Figure 3.8 The plain green land in back boxes represent land cover under coffee ..................... 55
Figure 3.9 Road linkages to the Master Plan area. ...................................................................................... 58
Figure 7.1 Tatu City Local Physical Development Plan.......................................................................... 137

xviii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY

Background Information
The Strategic Environmental Assessment of Tatu City Plan (2011) had been approved by the
National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to provide strategic direction to the
City Plan and individual development of the precincts and phased development of Tatu City.
The SEA study report was approved by NEMA on 6th of September 2011. Subsequently,
Environmental Impact Assessments have also been undertaken for the various project phases
to address the site-specific impacts of the specific projects and EIA licenses issued by NEMA.

Due to increasing demand for the various land uses, Tatu City Limited realised the need to
expand the city by additional 885.22 Hectares on Mchana Estate, the land adjacent to the Tatu
City (Phase 1). Upon development, it is anticipated that Tatu City will be a large new city
redefining the quality and scale of urban development in Kenya, massively reducing congestion
in central Nairobi and reverse traffic flows between the centre and Kiambu County. With living
and working spaces, communities, schools and hospitals, Tatu City will help sustain and
accelerate Africa’s economic growth, meet the aspirations of Africa’s burgeoning middle
classes, and serve as a catalyst for further urban development. Tatu City phase 1 covers an area
of approximately 965.66 Hectares (2385 acres) whereas Tatu City Phase 2 - Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) is 885.22 Hectares (2,186.49 acres). Accumulatively, Tatu city
phase 1 and 2 development will cover an area of approximately 1850.77 hectares (4,571
acres).

Africa Waste and Environment Management Centre (AWEMAC) was contracted by Tatu City
Limited to carry out a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan in fulfilment of Regulation 42 of the Environmental
(Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 that requires all Policy, Plans or
Programmes to be subjected to a SEA. The SEA commission entailed carrying out the study in
accordance with the set regulations and guidelines, submission of the scoping, draft and final
SEA reports to NEMA for review, and follow up to provide any additional information to enable
approval of the Master Plan.

The purpose of this Final SEA report is to share the findings of the possible impacts on the bio-
physical and socio-economic environment upon implementation of the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. It also sought to provide information on the plan
proponent, an outline of the proposed plan, mitigation measures for identified negative
impacts, an environmental management and a monitoring plan to ensure effective
implementation of the mitigation measures, and a description of the SEA process including the
assessment’s outcomes and recommendations.
Methodology and Criteria for undertaking the SEA
The SEA was carried out in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management and
Coordination Act, (EMCA, Cap 387), the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit)
Regulations 2003, Draft Environmental Management and Coordination (Strategic Assessment,
Integrated Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2018, the 2012 National Guidelines for
Strategic Environmental Assessment in Kenya, as well as international guidelines on SEA.
The main activities in this SEA study include:
a) Description of the proposed Plan including the objective, purpose, and rationale;
b) Identification of alternative options and strategies, implementation plan and time
scale;
c) Areas and sectors affected by the proposed Plan;
d) Field missions for baseline environmental analysis;
xix | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
e) Collection of baseline data including data on ecological processes and services,
resilience and vulnerability of these processes and their significance to human well-
being;
f) Review and analysis of existing policy and legislative frameworks for environmental
protection and existing environmental protection programs and their objectives;
g) Review of all relevant development plans for the area within the study boundaries;
h) Identification of alternatives options and justification of preferred alternatives and
linkages between ongoing projects and proposed plan;
i) Integration of climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptation and mitigation
actions;
j) Prediction and evaluation of impacts, including cumulative effects;
k) Preparation of an Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan
(ESMMP)
l) Institutional Strengthening/ Capacity Building;
m) Identification of gaps and alternatives actions;
n) Stakeholder consultations and public participation;
o) Presentation of findings and stakeholder dialogue;
p) Compilation, validation and submission of final SEA report;

Objectives of Tatu Phase II (Mchana Estate) SEA

The general objective of the SEA report is to present strategic recommendations that will guide
environmental and socio-economic planning during implementation of the Tatu Phase II
(Mchana) Masterplan.
The specific objectives of the SEA are outlined below.
i. To enhance proper forward-thinking in planning and zonation of various land uses in
order to avert the risks and consequences of a poorly planned city.
ii. To identify environmental and poverty-combating priorities and how these may be
influenced by the proposed Masterplan.
iii. To ensure that conservation of biodiversity is at the core of the Masterplan formulation
and implementation.
iv. To ensure that the proposed Masterplan is compatible with sustainable environmental
planning and management.
v. To ensure the consideration of alternative Masterplan options, including the do-
nothing option, at an early stage when an agency has greater flexibility.
vi. To enhance the consistency of the Masterplan across different sectors including the Big
Four Agenda (Enhancing Manufacturing, Food Security and Nutrition, Universal Health
Coverage, Affordable Housing)
vii. To support decision-making and incorporate emerging environmental issues into
sustainable development of the proposed city.
viii. To identify environmental impacts and integrate mitigation measures during
Masterplan formulation, and in the process, enhance Environmental Management
ix. To ensure the consideration of cumulative, indirect, or secondary impacts and other
unintended consequences when planning multiple, diverse activities of the Masterplan.
x. To support time-efficient and cost-effective development planning by avoiding the
need to reassess some issues and impacts at project level.
xi. To inform decision makers by evaluating alternative options that meet the
Masterplan’s objective(s), while also being the best-practicable-environmental-
option(s);
xii. To integrate environmental principles into the development, appraisal, and selection
of Masterplan’s options e.g. selection of green technologies for the city.

xx | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
xiii. To provide an early opportunity to check whether the Masterplan complies with
County, national and international environmental policy and consequent legislative
obligations.

Objectives of the Master Plan

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan aims to safeguard integration
of all the facets of a sustainably developed entity by ensuring that the economic, social and
environmental factors are its guiding principles. The specific objectives of the plan are;
i) To develop a housing development with low, medium and high-density units targeting
both middle and high-income earners.
ii) To establish industrial development that includes light and heavy industries.
iii) To develop educational institutions including pre-primary, primary and secondary
schools, middle level college, research centre and university.
iv) To designate recreational and sports facilities and services providing various sports
and recreational activities with public amenities such as green open spaces.
v) To provide commercial centre and services with various and mixed-use developments.
vi) To design infrastructure and utilities and services with reliable power supply network
that includes renewable sources.
vii) To establish a transportation system with a comprehensive road network system that
includes transit and local roads.
viii) To designate natural green open spaces, wetlands & water bodies.

Proposed Master Plan description

Tatu City Limited intends to develop a Tatu-Mchana Master Plan on Plot L.R. NO. 31327 on
885.22 Hectares of land adjacent to the Tatu City (Phase 1) comprising of different zones
including:
i) Residential Zone - Low / Medium 263.16 ha
ii) Residential Zone - High 111.67 ha
iii) Industrial Zone 163.97ha
iv) Educational Zone 15.24 ha
v) Natural Green Spaces 168.58 ha
vi) Public Purpose / Walking Trail 12.44 ha
vii) Commercial Zone 27.8 ha
viii) Recreational Zone 47.41 ha
ix) Transportation Zone 55.46 ha
x) Public Utilities Zone 7.1 ha
xi) Water Bodies 12.39 ha

TOTAL 885.22 ha

The proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan is anticipated to interlink with other regional
and local policies, plans and programmes. Some of the key interlinking regional plans, include;
▪ Tatu City Phase 1;
▪ Gulmarg- Sasini Master Plan;
▪ Kenyatta University Master Plan;
▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022;
▪ Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (NIUPLAN) - 2014-2030;
▪ Nairobi Metro 2030 (GoK, 2008);
▪ Ruiru Local Physical Development Plan 2005 – 2020;
▪ The Northlands Master Plan;
▪ The Two Rivers Development;

xxi | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Baseline Environmental Analysis
During the SEA study, it was noted that Tatu City Phase 1 has an undulating topography but in
general comprises a very gradual gradient. There are raised grounds distributed around the
site and steeper slopes down towards the river areas. The topography for Tatu City Extension
(Mchana Estate) is undulating, and it generally slopes from Northwest to Southeast. The site
slopes gradually towards the river valleys. No aspect of the topography however presents a
major restriction for development.

There are four perennial rivers, namely the Ruiru River, Gaia River, Mukuyu River, and Kamiti
River and Earth dams which run along the northern and southern boundaries of Tatu City
Phase I and II. The Comte and Mchana Earth dams are within the proposed Tatu City Extension
(Mchana Estate) and are utilized for irrigation purposes. Wetlands (seasonally moist
grasslands) occur in the low-lying areas between the currently cultivated parcels of land.

The flora of the area proposed for Master Plan is largely characterized by coffee plantations as
well as stands of large gum trees and young plantations of silver oak, gum trees and pine tree
species. The remaining natural vegetation is mostly limited to the rivers, open grassed areas
and some savannah/wooded grassed areas. On the 885.22 hectares (2,186.49 acres) of land
proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), land cover under coffee plantations is
estimated to be 1,090 acres.

Several pockets of wildlife habitats exist within the proposed Master Plan area including
hippopotami, which occupy the perennial rivers and earth dams which run along the northern
and southern boundaries of the site and make use of the seasonally moist grasslands and
riparian areas (including wetlands) for foraging purposes and as ecological corridors for
movement. During the SEA study, no amphibian species were identified. However, the
amphibians can be spotted during the wet season. Many bird species exist in the study area
including secretary bird, crowned cranes, pelicans, marabou storks, and eagles.

Relevant policy, plan, legislative and regulatory framework

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) was subjected to a comprehensive analysis
based on the environmental obligation’s framework developed for the SEA. Key legislations
and pertinent regulations were studied and reviewed in detail in the draft SEA report. This
included : The Vision 2030, Sessional Paper No. 10 of 2014 on the National Environment Policy,
Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework for Kenya
2012 – 2030 and The Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy of 2010 among others.
Stakeholder Engagement and Public Participation
Household surveys were conducted within the entire neighborhood of the area proposed for
Master planning. Survey tools were prepared for effective and systematic interviews by the
environmental and socio-economic consultants assisted by a team of technical field assistants
from the area on the baseline survey. The tools included; structured and non-structured
household interview schedules, key informant guidelines, mapping, sampling of the areas to
be surveyed, field visits and observations, and triangulation of field data which focused
specifically on the communities who stay within and around the area designated for Master
Planning. Household interviews and site visits were conducted during the period of May to
June 2018. As part of the scoping exercise, thirty (30) key stakeholders from government
ministries and lead agencies, Kiambu County Government officials, private investors,
interested and affected individuals and institutions within and neighbouring the proposed
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan were identified, consulted and interviewed
during the period of May to June 2018.

xxii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
In order to ensure effective stakeholders’ participation, a technical key stakeholders meeting
was held on Friday 5th of July 2019 at Tatu Primary School Playgrounds in Kiambu County. In
attendance were eighty five (85) key stakeholders including representatives from National
Environment Management Authority (NEMA), Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kenya Urban Roads
Authority (KURA), Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA), State Department of Housing, Kenya
Power, Water Resources Authority (WRA), Kenyatta University (KU), Kiambu Institute of
Technology, County Executive Committee Members -Kiambu County, youth leaders, local
chiefs and Kenya Police.
Following the submission of the draft SEA report to NEMA on 20th September 2019;
advertisements appeared in the Daily Nation of November 2019 and 29th October 2019 and
the Kenya Gazette on 29th November 2019 which allowed for the public disclosure period. In
view of the expiry of the public disclosure period, Tatu City in coordination with NEMA
organised for a validation workshop that was held on 30th January 2020 with a total of 65
participants. Key stakeholders’ recommendations during the SEA process for Tatu City
management to consider are:-
▪ Biodiversity conservation / Protection of riparian land / zones / wetlands
▪ Habitat and wildlife management in collaboration with KWS
▪ Water conservation and wastewater management
▪ Designation of space for solid waste management processing facilities
▪ Protect vulnerable groups (aged, disabled, disadvantaged groups in society, etc)
during the master plan implementation)
▪ Promotion of Non-Motorised Transport (NMTs) facilities
▪ Implement a sustanbale a Corporate Social Responsibility program
▪ Establishment of a Cemetery/crematorium in one of their properties
▪ Harnessing power from renewable energy sources to supplement supply from the
National Grid
▪ Empower the local population (especially youths) through active participation in the
implementation of the master plan
▪ Integrate all environmental and social safegurds and international best practices in the
implementation of the master plan

Impacts Identification and Analysis

The following table presents the anticipated key negative impacts and proposed mitigation
measures for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

Possible Impacts Mitigation Measures

▪ EIAs to be undertaken for all development activities

▪ Maintain the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan
▪ Where clearance of natural vegetation is inevitable; ensure
replacement with indigenous species in landscaped sections
and other green spaces
Habitat Alteration / ▪ Formulation and implementation of a Wildlife Management
Loss of agricultural Plan in collaboration with KWS
land ▪ Ensure protection of the riparian environment and
establishment of a riparian reserve management plan
▪ Formulation and implementation of a Biodiversity
Management Plan
▪ Undertake ecological assessment including site specific
invertebrate assessment during EIAs
xxiii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Possible Impacts Mitigation Measures

▪ Ensure all projects comply with the Environmental

Management and Co-ordination (Conservation of Biological
Diversity and Resources, and Access to Genetic Resources and
Benefits Sharing) Regulations, 2006.
▪ Adoption of an integrated solid waste management plan
through a hierarchy of options that includes reduction at
source, reuse, recycling, incineration, composting and land
filling
▪ Implementation of a solid and effluent waste management plan
▪ Domestic, commercial and industrial waste to be managed
separately
▪ Provide mechanisms to segregate wastes at source to enable
recycling
Generation of solid ▪ Provision of transfer stations from where waste will be
and effluent waste disposed in designated areas
from residential, ▪ Designation of a modern and well-maintained solid waste
commercial and management facility
industrial areas ▪ Conduct waste Audits for various land use zones annually and
other statutory and non-statutory reports
▪ Pre-treatment of industrial effluent before discharge into
sewers
▪ Connection of standalone projects to existing trunk sewers in
Tatu City
▪ Establishment of storm water treatment / filtration systems
▪ Compliance to Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Waste Management) Regulations 2006 and (Water Quality)
Regulations 2006
▪ Implementation of Water Resources Management Plan
▪ Promote rainwater harvesting
▪ Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as possible
▪ Conservative water use in low volume fixtures in buildings
▪ Use of recycled and harvested storm water in cleaning and
Landscaping
Increased demand
▪ Incorporate water accounting systems and metering for all
on water sources /
areas
Decline in ground
▪ Ensure limited abstraction of river water
water levels /
▪ Pre-treatment of all effluent before discharge into rivers
Pollution of rivers
▪ Undertake a hydrogeological study in collaboration with WRA
and earth dams
to determine the sustainable ground water abstraction levels
▪ Protection of riparian land / zones / wetlands
▪ Ensure protection of upstream river basins
▪ Ensure all project comply to the Water Act, 2016 and
Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water
Quality) Regulations 2006
▪ Institution awareness programmes to conserve energy
▪ Energy conservation through installation/use of energy
Increased Energy
efficient appliances / fittings
Demand
▪ Adoption of Green Energy Sources e.g. solar energy, waste to
energy projects

xxiv | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Possible Impacts Mitigation Measures

▪ Use of green building designs that allow for passive heating and
cooling, and maximum utilization of natural light in buildings
▪ Continually seek avenues for energy conservation as
international best practices evolve
▪ Implementation of an Energy Management Plan
▪ Carry out Energy Audits and ensure all projects comply with
The Energy Act 2019 and its subsidiary legislations
▪ Ensure adequate tree cover and gardens within developed
areas to provide shade and cooling effect
▪ Ensure vegetation cover (trees and shrubs) as buffers between
Environmental
land-uses
Pollution /
▪ Enforcement of pollution control measures for air, water and
Landscape Changes
soil pollution sources
▪ Tarmacking all major roads to enhance movement in all-
weather and to avoid dust generation
▪ Ensure a good connection between spine roads, the Thika
Superhighway, Northern and Eastern bypasses
▪ Provision of adequate vehicular circulation space and parking
areas
▪ Provision of pedestrian walkways along all roads within the
development
▪ Paving all pedestrian walkways with robust, durable, and non-
slippery materials
▪ Provision of all necessary street furniture along all roads
within the development to accommodate users (including the
disabled, elderly, and children) and to enhance security.
Traffic /Transport ▪ Provision of bollards in appropriate areas to prevent vehicles
Congestion from encroaching into the pedestrian domains.
▪ Provision of streetlights to provide sufficient light for both
pedestrian areas and carriage ways.
▪ Provision of trees along pedestrian walkways for shading and
that require minimum maintenance, preferably indigenous for
ecological and cultural advantages.
▪ Ensure Installation and maintenance of all construction signs,
signals, markings, and other devices used to regulate traffic,
including posted speed limits, warnings of sharp turns, or other
special road conditions
▪ Development and implementation of a Traffic Management
Plan and compliance to Traffic Act, 2014
▪ Use of renewable sources of energy such as solar harnessing
technologies
▪ Retention of green spaces/landscaped spaces as carbon sinks
Greenhouse Gases ▪ Adoption of green buildings technology
Emissions ▪ Adoption of efficient transport system
▪ Annual air quality monitoring
▪ Ensure compliance of The Environmental Management and Co-
ordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2014
▪ Maximize the recruitment of locals where possible
Socio- Economic
▪ Develop an elaborate Corporate Social Responsibility
Concerns
Programme to ensure the local community are engaged.
xxv | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Possible Impacts Mitigation Measures

▪ Consult with the public and the locals during implementation

of proposed developments
▪ Sensitize coffee workers about the proposed mixed-use
development and allow for smooth transition
▪ Develop and implement a Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP)
for the coffee workers whose career will be affected during
implementation of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) master plan

Alternative options of the Master Plan

The land use zoning for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was done
after considering several suitability factors to meet the social, economic, environmental, cultural
and even political aspirations of the respective planning jurisdictions. As a result, different land
uses were opted for ranging from, among others, residential, commercial, industrial, open spaces,
transportation public amenities and infrastructure in a balanced manner that promotes sustainable
development

The SEA team identified four possible alternatives/ options to which the land could be used. They
include: Option 1-No Intervention Option (Carbon sink), Option 2-Farmland/Agriculture Use,
Option 3-Wildlife Conservancy and Option 4-The Proposed City Use. The likely environmental and
socio-economic impacts of each option were assessed.

A justification for the preferred alternative; Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) development was
based on the assessment of the compatibility of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) to immediate
surrounding land uses. The development further conforms to the zoning provisions of the land
since incompatible land uses such as residential and industrial have been clearly separated. Land
uses have been provided in an integrative manner ranging from among others, residential,
commercial, industrial, open spaces, transportation public amenities in order to promote
sustainable development as envisioned by the Kenya Vision 2030. Implementation of the Master
Plan will lead to loss of agricultural land as agriculture (coffee plantations) is the predominant
economic activity in the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate). However changing use
from agricultural to residential and commercial use has often proved to be more economically
viable as development comes with positive effects such as employment and business opportunities
leading to improved economy. This further leads to increased urban land uses as well as population
creating further opportunities into the rural areas.

Climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptation and mitigation actions

Cities are major contributors to climate change: although they cover less than two per cent (2%) of
the earth’s surface, cities consume 78% of the world’s energy, and produce more than 60% of all
carbon dioxide and significant amounts of other greenhouse gas emissions, mainly through energy
generation, vehicles, industry, and biomass use (UN habitat). Together with local authorities, Cities
have the potential to diminish the causes of climate change (mitigation) and effectively protect
themselves from its impacts (adaptation).

The adaptation and mitigation measures that should be considered during the execution of the Tatu
City (Mchana Estate) include:
i) Developing strategies to enable efficient means of transport that have a low GHG
footprint
ii) Put in place measures to enhance energy conservation, efficiency and use of renewable
energy
iii) Develop strategies to enhance the agricultural and forestry zones which aid in carbon
dioxide sequestration
xxvi | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
iv) Mainstreaming of climate change into development planning and management for
sustainability
v) Develop strategies for waste reduction at source
vi) Promoting and institutionalizing payment for ecosystem services schemes to support
watershed protection initiatives in the upland’s zones
vii) Establishment of rainwater harvesting reservoirs

Conclusion and recommendations

From the foregoing, the proposed Tatu City Extension (Tatu Mchana Master Plan) by Tatu City
Limited is a worthy investment by the proponent and will contribute significantly to the
improvement of living standards among the investors and by extension spur economic
development to the population within Kiambu County and Kenya at large. The developments
envisioned by the proposed Master Plan will bring along numerous positive impacts ranging from
creation of employment, supply of the much-needed office, retail/commercial/industrial and
residential spaces, decongestion of the nearby towns and cities, optimized land use among other
benefits, all aimed at attaining the vision 2030. Further, the Master Plan aligns well with the Big
Four Agenda on enhancing manufacturing sector, providing affordable housing, providing
universal health coverage and enhancing food and nutrition security through the agricultural zone.
The Kiambu CIDP objective of creating and transforming systems, structures and institutions
within the County based on five key pillars of security, employment, education, health and urban
planning echoes well with the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan specifically growth of
industries and trade; and other sectors of the economy such as housing, education, agriculture,
hospitality, natural resources conservation amongst others. It is our recommendation that NEMA
approves this SEA report to allow for the execution of the Master Plan and realization of envisioned
developments.

For the proposed Master Plan to achieve its intended strategic objectives and be compatible with
sustainable environmental planning and management, the following recommendations should be
incorporated in the design.
▪ Establishment of a Cemetery/crematorium
▪ Designation of a modern and well-maintained solid waste management facility
▪ Establishing an industrial waste treatment facility
▪ Location of Industrial uses away from residential uses
▪ Establishment of storm water treatment / filtration systems

Further is suggested that the following mitigation measures be incorporated;

▪ Protection of riparian land / zones / wetlands
▪ Protection of upstream river basins
▪ Leverage for controlled urban planning on the Master Plan boundary
▪ Harnessing power from renewable energy sources
▪ Incorporating Green Building Techniques in construction of individual projects
▪ Develop a comprehensive Livelihood Restoration Plan for the coffee plantation workers
whose career will change in the long-term during implementation of the proposed master
plan

It is worth noting that this SEA is for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master
Plan; hence, the developments and projects envisioned by the Master Plan will require to undergo
individual integrated environmental and social impact assessment (includes Environmental Impact
Assessment, Archeological Impact Assessment, Social impact assessment, Health Impact
Assessment, Cumulative Impact Assessment, Visual Impact Assessment and Cultural Impact
Assessment) as per second schedule of EMCA (Cap 387), and Environmental Impact Assessment
(Assessment and Auditing) Regulations of the year 2003 and 2019 amendments.

xxvii | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background Information

Tatu City is a new upcoming development by Tatu City Limited which portrays images of a new world
class, mixed use and mixed income satellite city for Nairobi. On execution, Tatu City will consist of a
comprehensive mix of land uses including low, medium and high residential developments, commercial,
industrial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social facilities, public utilities and
open spaces with natural green zones and water bodies.

The Strategic Environmental Assessment of Tatu City Master Plan - Phase 1 (2011) had been approved
by the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) to provide strategic direction to the City
Plan, individual development of the precincts and phased development of the city. The SEA study report
was approved by NEMA on 6th of September 2011. Subsequently, Environmental Impact Assessments
(EIA) have also been undertaken for the various project phases to address the site-specific impacts of the
projects with EIA licenses being issued by NEMA. Due to increasing demand for the various land uses,
Tatu City Limited has seen the need to expand Tatu City by additional 885.22 Hectares of land adjacent to
Tatu City Phase 1. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is estimated to have a final
population of approximately 75,000 people and an additional 25,000 daily visitors with construction split
into various phases.

The vision for Tatu City, which affects Tatu phase 1 and 2, is anchored on specific principles and values.
The factors forming the foundation of the development plan for phase 2 - Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) are:

• A mixed-use and vibrant urban environment, which embodies the notion of live, work, and play.
• Public transport and pedestrian friendliness.
• Flexibility and accommodation of a variety of lifestyles.
• Spatial integration with the Tatu City Phase 1, immediate urban context and greater Nairobi as a
whole.
• Maximizing self-sufficiency.

Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is undertaken for policies, plans and programmes. This
proposed SEA is for a Master Plan. World Bank (2018) defines a Master Plan as a dynamic long-term
planning document that provides a conceptual layout to guide future growth and development. Master
planning is about making the connection between buildings, social settings, and their surrounding
environments. A Master Plan includes analysis, recommendations, and proposals for a site’s population,
economy, housing, transportation, community facilities, and land use. It is based on public input, surveys,
planning initiatives, existing development, physical characteristics, social and economic conditions.

Master planning can assume some or all these roles:

• Develop a phasing and implementation schedule and identify priorities for action.
• Act as a framework for regeneration and attract private sector investment.
• Conceptualize and shape the three-dimensional urban environment.
• Define public, semiprivate, and private spaces and public amenities.
• Determine the mix of uses and their physical relationship.
• Engage the local community and act as builder of consensus.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is generally a long-term proposition. It is
important to consider the Master Plan as a dynamic document that can be altered based on changing
project conditions over time. To fully understand the concerns of the Master Plan on the society and
environment, a Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) was proposed to provide a framework of
recommendations to guide the plan.

1|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
The SEA entailed carrying out the study in accordance with the set regulations and guidelines, and
submission of relevant reports to NEMA for review and follow up to provide any additional information
to enable approval of the Master Plan. This Final SEA report provides information on the Master Plan
proponent, an outline of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan, and a description
of the SEA process including the assessment’s outcomes and recommendations.
1.2 Strategic Environmental Assessment Definition
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) refers to a range of analytical and participatory approaches
to integrate environmental consideration into Policies, Plans and Programs (PPP) and evaluate the inter-
linkages with economic and social considerations (NEMA, 2012). SEA is a combination of approaches that
uses a variety of tools, rather than a single, fixed, prescriptive approach. The SEA process extends the aims
and principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) upstream in the decision-making process,
beyond the project level, when major alternatives are still possible. SEA is a proactive approach to
integrate environmental considerations into the higher levels of decision-making. During a SEA process,
the likely significant effects of a Policy, Plan, or Program (PPP) on the environment are identified,
described, evaluated, and reported.
1.3 Basic Principles for SEA
The Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations of 2003 provide for SEA in compliance to
the following principles:

• The sustainable use of natural resources;

• The enhanced protection and conservation of biodiversity;
• Interlinkages between human settlements and cultural issues;
• Integration of socio-economic and environmental factors;
• The protection and conservation of natural physical surroundings of scenic beauty and the
protection and conservation of built environment of historic or cultural significance;
• Public and stakeholder engagement.
1.4 Objectives of the SEA

SEA aims to systematically integrate environmental considerations into planning and decision-making
processes in an effort to:

i. Ensure that a proposed PPP is compatible with sustainable environmental planning and
management;
ii. Ensure the consideration of alternative policy options, including the do-nothing option, at an early
stage when an agency has greater flexibility;
iii. Enhance the consistency of a PPP across different policy sectors, and when relevant, make explicit
the trade-offs to be made between different sectoral policy objectives;
iv. Evaluate the regional environmental impacts of multi-sectoral developments over a specified
time;
v. Support decision-making and incorporate emerging environmental issues into sustainable
development;
vi. Guide investment programs that involve multiple sectoral policies or sub-projects;
vii. Assess the environmental impacts of policies that do not have an explicit environmental
dimension;
viii. Identify environmental impacts and integrate mitigation measures during program formulation,
and in the process, enhance Environmental Management Plans;
ix. Ensure the consideration of cumulative, indirect, or secondary impacts and other unintended
consequences when planning multiple, diverse activities;
x. Support time-efficient and cost-effective development planning by avoiding the need to reassess
some issues and impacts at project level (e.g. when an issue or impact was effectively dealt with
at a strategic level);

2|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
xi. Inform decision makers by evaluating alternative options that meet the PPP objective(s), while
also being the best-practicable-environmental-option(s);
xii. Integrate environmental principles into the development, appraisal, and selection of policy
options;
xiii. Give adequate attention to environmental considerations in decision making, at par with
economic and social concerns, and with a view that trade-offs may be necessary in some
situations;
xiv. Provide an early opportunity to check whether a proposal complies with national and
international environmental policy and consequent legislative obligations;
xv. Establish a context that is more appropriate for subsequent development proposals;
xvi. Provide a transparent and accountable decision-making framework;
1.5 Purpose / Rationale of Tatu Phase II (Mchana Estate) SEA report
The general objective of this SEA report is to present strategic recommendations that will guide
environmental and socio-economic planning during implementation of the Tatu Phase II (Mchana)
Masterplan.
1.6 Specific Objectives of Tatu Phase II (Mchana Estate) SEA
The specific objectives of the SEA are outlined below.
I. To enhance proper forward-thinking in planning and zonation of various land uses in order to
avert the risks and consequences of a poorly planned city.
II. To Identify environmental and poverty-combating priorities and how these may be influenced by
the proposed Masterplan.
III. To ensure that conservation of biodiversity is at the core of the Masterplan formulation and
implementation.
IV. To ensure that the proposed Masterplan is compatible with sustainable environmental planning
and management.
V. To ensure the consideration of alternative Masterplan options, including the do-nothing option,
at an early stage when an agency has greater flexibility.
VI. To enhance the consistency of the Masterplan across different sectors including the Big Four
Agenda (Enhancing Manufacturing, Food Security and Nutrition, Universal Health Coverage,
Affordable Housing)
VII. To support decision-making and incorporate emerging environmental issues into sustainable
development of the proposed city.
VIII. To identify environmental impacts and integrate mitigation measures during Masterplan
formulation, and in the process, enhance Environmental Management
IX. To ensure the consideration of cumulative, indirect, or secondary impacts and other unintended
consequences when planning multiple, diverse activities of the Masterplan.
X. To support time-efficient and cost-effective development planning by avoiding the need to
reassess some issues and impacts at project level.
XI. To inform decision makers by evaluating alternative options that meet the Masterplan’s
objective(s), while also being the best-practicable-environmental-option(s);
XII. To integrate environmental principles into the development, appraisal, and selection of
Masterplan’s options e.g. selection of green technologies for the city.
XIII. To provide an early opportunity to check whether the Masterplan complies with County, national
and international environmental policy and consequent legislative obligations.
1.7 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan Specifications/ Elements
The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will comprise of several spatial land use development
activities patterns (Tatu City, 2019) which will include the following elements:
• Controlled and integrated city development that is governed by a development control code and
rules;

3|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
• Security that integrates both physical and technological aspects to provide advanced security
surveillance systems that include non-controlled ingress and egress into the city and individual
buildings;
• Reliable water distribution networks and sewerage facilities in the city, including storm water
drainage network ;
• Sustainable and sanitary system of solid waste management;
• Provision of reliable power distribution with minimal break outs, back-up generators and provide
up to 30% of the city power demand from renewable energy sources;
• Provision of 24 hours medical and emergency facilities to be incorporated in the Master Plan; this
includes ambulance and fire brigades;
• Provision of a zone for the development of health care city and research centre within the
development;
• Allocation of a zone for the development of universities, primary and tertiary education facilities;
• An adequate traffic design that ensures a walkable environment that is not hampered by vehicular
traffic.
1.8 Definition of the Master Plan Boundaries / Scope
Tatu City Limited proposes to expand Tatu City development by 885.22 Hectares of land under Phase 2 -
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan, adjacent to Tatu City Phase 1. The Master Plan proposes
a comprehensive mix of land uses including low, medium and high residential developments, industrial,
commercial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social facilities, infrastructure and
transport networks, public utilities and open spaces with natural green zones and water bodies. The
proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan lies to the North of Tatu City Phase 1 as shown
in figure 1:1.

Tatu City Extension

(Mchana Estate)

Tatu City Phase 1

Figure 1.1 Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan boundary Vis-à-vis Tatu City Phase 1

4|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Tatu City mixed use development is situated North of Nairobi City County, in Gitothua ward, Ruiru Sub
County, Kiambu County (which forms part of the Nairobi Metropolitan Region). Tatu City is located thirty
five (35) kilometers from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport (JKIA), 24 kilometers from Nairobi’s
Central Business District (CBD), five (5) kilometers from exit 11 on Thika Superhighway and two (2)
kilometers from both the Northern and Eastern Bypasses, along the Ruiru - Kamiti Road.

Developments surrounding Tatu City include:

• Kenya Prisons Staff Training College - Ruiru - to the East and South of the phase 1 and phase 2 -
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) respectively;
• Sasini Estate (proposed mixed use development) to the East of phase 2;
• An informal settlement directly South-East corner of the phase 1;
• A formal residential settlement to the south-west corner of the phase 1; and
• Farmland and Jacaranda Coffee Research Institute to the west and north of the phase 1 and phase
2 respectively.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) neighbours Kenyatta University to the South East
(approximately 3 kilometers) and to the East is Ruiru Town. It is dissected by Ruiru - Kamiti Road in the
far South and Ngendo - Githunguri Upland road to the center. To the West of the proposed development
is Kwa Maiko/Ngewa and Kimathi area is to the South West. Wamuguthuko to the North East, Ruiru Town
to the East and Kahawa West to the South. Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) borders Jacaranda Coffee
Research Estate, Sasini farm, Doondu farm and Manira farm

The key road linking Tatu city Phase 1 and Phase 2- Tatu City (Mchana Estate) is Ngenda Road (D399).
Other major road linkages between the proposed development and Nairobi are:
• The A 2 (Thika Road) it can be reached via the Ruiru Kiambu Road (C63).
• The C 65 Road which traverses through Mchana.
• The Eastern and Northern Bypasses.

Figure 1.2 Existing major roads connecting to Tatu City

5|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

1.9 Methodology and Criteria for undertaking the SEA

The SEA was carried out in line with the provisions of the Environmental Management and Coordination
Act, (EMCA, Cap 387), the Environmental (Impact Assessment and Audit) Regulations 2003, Draft
Environmental Management and Coordination (Strategic Assessment, Integrated Impact Assessment and
Audit) Regulations 2018, the 2012 National Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment in Kenya,
as well as international guidelines on SEA.

Generally, the SEA process was phased into two: Phase 1 – Screening and Scoping, and Phase 2 (Tatu City
Extension Mchana Estate– the SEA Study. The Screening and Scoping Phase was aimed at establishing the
spatial and technical focus and content of the SEA and the relevant criteria for assessment. The proposed
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan underwent a SEA study. The purpose of the SEA is to
identify, describe and assess at a strategic level the environmental and socio-economic opportunities and
constraints of implementing the proposed Master Plan. Further the process developed practical
mitigation measures for addressing the identified limitations as well as the enhancement of opportunities.
The SEA is intended to ensure that environmental and social considerations are included in the planning,
implementation and operation phases of the proposed Master Plan. The main activities in this SEA study
include:

i. Description of the proposed Master Plan including the objective, purpose, and rationale;
ii. Identification of alternative options and strategies, implementation plan and time scale;
iii. Areas and sectors affected by the proposed Plan;
iv. Field missions for baseline environmental analysis;
v. Collection of baseline data including data on ecological processes and services, resilience
and vulnerability of these processes and their significance to human well-being;
vi. Review and analysis of existing policy and legislative frameworks for environmental
protection and existing environmental protection programs and their objectives;
vii. Review of all relevant development plans for the area within the study boundaries;
viii. Identification of alternatives options and justification of preferred alternatives and linkages
between ongoing projects and proposed plan;
ix. Integration of climate change vulnerability assessment, adaptation and mitigation actions;
x. Prediction and evaluation of impacts, including cumulative effects;
xi. Preparation of Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plans (ESMMPs);
xii. Institutional Strengthening/ Capacity Building;
xiii. Identification of gaps and alternatives actions;
xiv. Stakeholder consultations and public participation;
xv. Presentation of findings and stakeholder dialogue;
xvi. Compilation, validation and submission of final SEA report;

1.9.1 Key Stages in the SEA preparation

The following table summarizes the key stages in the SEA preparation;

Table 1-1 SEA Actions and Decisions

STAGE 1: ESTABLISHING THE CONTEXT

Screening:
• A brief of the Master Plan is submitted to NEMA by the client’s approved SEA Expert,
• NEMA screens the Master Plan to determine whether a SEA is required; the screening results
are communicated to the Master Plan owner (Client) within 7 working days.
Establishing the context to conduct the SEA and other preparatory tasks:
• Understanding the Master Plan;
• Other preparatory tasks - constituting the SEA team.

6|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
STAGE 2: IMPLEMENTING THE SEA
Scoping:
• NEMA advises the Master Plan owner (Client) to select licensed SEA experts.
• The licensed SEA experts prepare the scoping report.
• The Master Plan owner submits three (3) copies of the scoping report to NEMA.
• NEMA reviews the adequacy of the scoping report.
• NEMA communicates the decision to approve the scoping report or to request more
information to the Master Plan owner within 21 days.

Detailed SEA Study and Draft SEA Report:

• Once the scoping report is approved, the SEA experts conduct the SEA process and prepare the
draft SEA report. The Master Plan owner or SEA team leader should subject the Draft SEA to a
quality-assurance procedure before it is submitted to NEMA.
• Along with the prescribed fees, the Master Plan owner submits to NEMA at least ten (10) hard
copies and one (1) electronic copy of the Draft SEA Report (which includes a non-technical
summary and a Submission Form)

STAGE 3: INFORMING AND INFLUENCING DECISION-MAKING

Review:
Administrative Review:
• NEMA shall within 14 days of the receipt of the report conduct an Administrative Review of the
Draft Report to ensure that the Draft SEA is adequate to enter the stakeholder-review process.
• Once the draft report passes the Administrative Review, NEMA distributes the Draft SEA Report
to stakeholders for comments.
Stakeholder Reviews:
• NEMA sends the draft SEA report to relevant stakeholders. Stakeholders generally have 30
working days (from the date of dispatch) to submit comments on a Plan or Program-level SEA,
and 45 working days to comment on a Policy-level SEA. NEMA may extend this review period
in some instances.
Public Review:
• A notice regarding the draft SEA is published for 2 successive weeks in both the Kenya Gazette
and a newspaper with a nationwide circulation. The public generally has working 30 days (from
the date of the first advertisement) to submit comments on a Plan or Program, and 45 working
days to comment on a Policy-level SEA.
Committee Review(s):
• NEMA may constitute a Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) to review and provide
independent technical comments on a Plan or Program-level SEA. The Standards and
Enforcement Review Committee (SERC) may be asked to review Policy-level SEAs. Committee
reviews will be done within a period of 60 days. An Independent Expert Commission will be
setup to review SEAs having trans-boundary impacts.
Validation, Preparation and Submission of Final SEA Report:
• The SEA experts incorporate stakeholder comments into the Draft SEA Report;
• To maintain validity of the SEA, the SEA team should bring the corrected version of the SEA
within sixty (60) days.
• In coordination with NEMA, the Master Plan owner will hold a validation workshop to engage
the public/ stakeholders in reviewing and validating the corrected SEA report.
• NEMA will coordinate the additional corrections arising from the validation workshop to
finalize the SEA report.
• The Master Plan owner submits five (5) hard copies and one (1) electronic copy of the Final
SEA Report to NEMA.
Decision Making for Plan or Program-level SEA
• NEMA will make the final decision for Plan and Program-level SEAs through issuing an approval
with conditions. The decision will be communicated within 60 days.

7|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

• The Master Plan owner needs to consent in writing to the approval conditions before
implementing the plan or program

STAGE 4: MONITORING AND EVALUATION

• The Master Plan owner is responsible for monitoring and evaluation of the Master Plan.
• NEMA shall oversee the M&E process by the Master Plan owner.
• SERC shall follow-up with NEMA on the M&E of the Policy.

1.9.2 Summary of the SEA process

The flow chart below summarises the processes undertaken during the Strategic Environmental
Asessment (SEA) process.

Figure 1.3 SEA Process

8|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

1.10 Work Plan and Deliverables for executing the SEA

1.10.1 SEA Time Schedule

The entire Strategic Environmental Assessment, starting from data collection to submission of the Final
SEA Report to NEMA and approval, was undertaken as per EMCA Cap 387 and SEA Guidelines of 2012.
Table 1:2 below presents a summary of the key activities that were followed. Table 1:3 summarizes the
milestones and the key deliverables.

Table 1-2 SEA Time Schedule

weeks
Report Due/Activities
1-4 5-8 9-12 13-20
Task 1: Mobilization period / SEA Screening and Scoping/
Development of data collection tools/TORs-Drafting of MasterPlan
Brief for NEMA Approval
Task 2: Detailed Description of the Proposed Master Plan
Task 3: Detailed Description of theEnvironment/ Baseline Surveys
Task 4: Analysis of the Legislative and regulatory Considerations
Task 5: Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed
Master Plan
Task 6: Analysis of the Alternatives to the Proposed Master Plan
Task7:Development of Environmental Management Plan toMitigate
Negative Impacts/Concerns
Task 8: Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan
Task9:Identification of Institutional Needs to Implement SEA
Recommendations
Task 10: Public Consultations and Public Participation
Task 11: Final SEA Report Compilation, Review and Final
Submission to Proponent/ Developer and NEMA
Task 12: Processing and Approval of Final SEA Report
Approvals = Within 20 weeks from the date of commencement

1.10.2 Key deliverables for the SEA

Table 1-3 Key deliverables for the SEA

SN Milestones/ deliverables Proposed Tentative Dates

1. Master Plan Brief, Submission and Approval by NEMA 04/07/2018
2. Data Collection and Submission of SEA Scoping Report to 17/07/2018
NEMA
3. Stakeholders meeting 05/07/2019
4. Submission of SEA Draft Report 16/09/2019
5. SEA Validation Workshop 30/01/2020
6. Drafting and submission of SEA Final Report 12/02/2020
7. NEMA Approval Period 29/02/2020
1.10.3 Budget to implement the SEA
The proponent (Tatu City) committed to facilitate financial, administrative and technical resources to see
the SEA process from scoping into implementation stage. The proponent also provided access to Master
Plan details, various project information and obliged to facilitate consultative meetings among key SEA
consultants, technical teams and stakeholders.

9|Page
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED MASTER PLAN

2.1 Introduction
This chapter highlights the purpose, rationale and objectives, of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)
Master Plan. It gives a detailed analysis of alternative policy, options, and strategies identified. Areas and
sectors affected by the Master Plan are also highlighted in the succeeding sections.
2.2 Purpose / Rationale of the Master plan
The main importance of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is to develop a sustainable
development that incorporates socio-economic and environment-friendly concepts/principles by hosting
a community of integrated mixed-use development. The Master Plan proposes a comprehensive mix of
land uses including; low, medium and high residential developments, light and heavy industrial
components, commercial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social facilities,
infrastructure and transport networks, public utilities and high quality public open spaces with natural
green zones and water bodies. The Master Plan is seeking to pursue a balance among economic, social,
and environmental performance during plan implementation.
2.3 Objectives of the Master plan
The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan aims to safeguard integration of all the
facets of a sustainably developed entity by ensuring that the economic, social and environmental factors
are its guiding principles in the design, construction and management. The specific objectives of the plan
are to provide the much-needed facilities and services as highlighted below;
i. To develop a housing development with low, medium and high-density units targeting both
middle and high-income earners.
ii. To establish industrial development that includes light and heavy industries.
iii. To develop educational institutions including pre-primary, primary and secondary schools,
middle level college, research Centre and university.
iv. To provide a commercial centre and services with various and mixed-use developments.
v. To provide various recreational and sports facilities and services.
vi. To design infrastructure utilities and services with reliable power supply network that includes
renewable sources.
vii. To establish a transportation system with a comprehensive road network system that includes
transit and local roads with cycle tracks and walkways
viii. To designate natural green open spaces, wetlands & water bodies with public purpose utilities.
2.4 Areas and sectors affected by the Master plan
The proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan is anticipated to interlink with other regional and local
policies, plans and programmes. Some of the key interlinking regional plans, briefly discussed below
include; Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (2014-2030)-NIUPLAN, Kiambu County
Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022, Tatu City Phase 1, Kenyatta University Master Plan, The Two
Rivers Development and The Northlands Master Plan. In addition, the Master Plan will cover other sectors
of the economy such as housing, education, hospitality, and natural resource conservation.
The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is also located closer to the other planned cities in
Kiambu County and the periphery of Nairobi City County as illustrated in figure 2.1, and table 2.1 below.

10 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 2.1 Illustration of the Master Plan boundary and proximity to other planned cities

Table 2-1 Aerial distances to proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

City / Town Name Aerial Distance to Proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)
Tatu City Phase 1 4 km
Riverun-Estate 3.5 km
Ruiru Town 7.4 km but Municipality boundary touches Tatu City Phase 1
KU-Unicity 8.5 km
Northern Land City 10.5 km
Kiambu Town 10.5 km
Juja Town 12.5 km
Two Rivers City 16 km
Thika Town 21.5 km
Nairobi Town 21.5 km

2.4.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (2014 - 2030)-NIUPLAN
The Nairobi Master plan provides for a 16-year plan (2014 - 2030) with the objective of developing
concepts for implementation of urban development projects for sustainable urban development and
improvement of living conditions based on integrated urban development plan for Nairobi City. This is by

11 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
integrating all existing sectoral plans in the city and aligning them to Vision 2030. The plan provides a
system of addressing urban challenges related to land use, urban economy, population, settlements,
urban infrastructure, and environmental disasters etc. The project area covered by the NIUPLAN is
approximately 700 km2 (Covers the entire Nairobi City County). The projected population in the NIUPLAN
is expected to rise from 3,138,372 according to the 2009 Population Census to 3,601,351 in 2013,
4174952 in 2018, 4,677,677 in 2023 and 5,212,500 in 2030. The Master Plan acknowledges the fact that
due to rapid urbanization, Nairobi City County is expanding across its borders set to about 20km forming
the greater Nairobi Region/Nairobi Metropolitan.

Below, succeeding sub-sections give a highlight of key infrastructural facilities/services under NIUPLAN
which are envisioned to influence and link with proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) development.

2.4.1.1 Water

The existing water sources for the water supply system to Nairobi City are Sasumua Dam, Thika Dam,
Ruiru Dam and Mwagu intake on the Chania River, Kikuyu Springs and groundwater. There are four water
supply systems to Nairobi City as per the water source, namely the Sasumua system, Ruiru system, Mwagu
system and Kikuyu system. Some of the facilities of the systems, such as the raw/treated water
transmission pipelines of Sasumua Water Treatment Plant and Ngethu Water Treatment Plant, exist
outside of Nairobi City. The distribution network for Nairobi City receives treated water from four
reservoirs, namely Kabete, Kyuna, Kiambu and Gigiri reservoirs. The distribution area is segmented into
13 zones based on the reservoir supplying the water to the zone. About the distribution network, pipes
are high densely installed in the western area of Nairobi City and low densely installed in the eastern area.
The water demand in year 2030 is projected to be 719,000 m3/day as shown in the table below;

Table 2-2 Projected water demand for larger Nairobi

Year 2009 2013 2018 2025 2030

Demand 414,000 479,000 568,000 641,000 719,000
(m3/day)

In order to meet the water demand in Nairobi, the following (Table 2:3) are the recommended sources of
water by the NIUPLAN. Completion of all the proposed water projects will raise the water capacity to
654,000 m3/day in 2030.

Table 2-3 Recommended sources of water by NIUPLAN

Planned capacity Expected Completion

Phase Component
(m3/day) Year
1 Well Field in Kunyu 34,560 2014
Well Field in Uriru 30,240 2015
2 Northern Collector Tunnel 120,960 2016
Phase 1 to Thika Dam
Ngorongo Water Treatment Plant 2016
3 S. Mathioya Transfer 132,192
Maragua Dam 2020
Ndunyu Chege Water Treatment
Plant
4 Northern Collector Tunnel 120,096 2026
Phase II to Thika Dam
5 Ndarugu Dam
Raw Water PS
Ndarugu Water Treatment Plant
Treated Water PS

12 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Planned capacity Expected Completion
Phase Component
(m3/day) Year
Kasarani BPS 216,000 2029

2.4.1.2 Sewerage Systems

There are 24 existing sewage treatment plants (STPs) in Nairobi City, but most of them are localized STPs
with small capacity of less than 2,000 m3/day. The major STPs are the Dandora STP (capacity 120,000
m3/day) and the Kariobangi STP (32,000 m3/day). The Plan notes that these STPs are not functioning well
in terms of actual sewage treatment volume and water quality of treated outflow. Majority of existing
sewers are the combined sewers, collecting both storm-water and wastewater, and are developed in the
CBD and other recent development areas. The total length of existing trunk sewers is about 162 km,
collecting wastewaters from the sewerage service areas totaling about 208 km2, which accounts for
approximately 40% of the total area covered by the water supply service. The NIUPLAN estimates the
sewage generation at 575,200 m3/day in year 2030 as shown in Table 2:4 below.

Table 2-4 NIUPLAN sewage generation estimate

Year 2009 2013 2018 2023 2030

Sewerage 331,200 383,200 454,400 512,800 575,200
Generation
(m3/day)

The plan gives a target of increasing the total capacity of Sewage Treatment Works (STWs) from 131,000
m3/day in 2010 to 572,000 m3/day by utilizing the extension of the Dandora Estate STW (DESTW) and
rehabilitation of the Kariobangi STW. The planned development of sewage treatment capacity by 2030 is
enough to meet the required sewerage treatment capacity of 431,400 m3/day estimated by NIUPLAN.

2.4.1.3 Storm Water Drainage

In Nairobi City, storm water is collected through both natural and man-made drainage systems and
discharged to the Nairobi River system comprising the Gitathuru, Rui Ruaka, Nairobi, and Ngong rivers,
and then discharged through the main stream of the Nairobi River. The development and maintenance of
these rivers should be regarded as a primary task for the management of storm water drainage in Nairobi
City. Each of these rivers should be maintained with a hydraulic capacity sufficient for discharging storm
water runoff concentrated from its catchment areas. Within the catchment area of the river, the storm
water drainage systems draining the individual sub-catchment areas should be designed in conformity
with the hydraulic capacity of the river. In the meantime, the riparian reserves need to be delineated and
secured to maintain better river environment.

2.4.1.4 Road Network

The importance of the Northern Corridor as the city’s trunk road as well as an international trunk road is
emphasized, and traffic flow along the Northern Corridor is given more priority than other crossing roads.
Therefore, the Northern Corridor becomes a kind of barrier for the local traffic flow in the west-east
direction. As the densely populated area of Nairobi City mainly stretches to the west and east, the traffic
demand in the west-east direction is larger than that in the north-south. Therefore, roads in west-east
direction across the Northern Corridor are always congested.

The road length density is 0.98 km/km2 over all of Nairobi City, which includes some low population
density areas. The Japanese standard density of a trunk road in the urban area is 4.0 km/km 2, and only
the center of Nairobi City is in this range. The road length density by population for the entire Nairobi City
is 0.22 km/1000 people. Since Kenyan people walk a lot along the arterial roads and in the urban streets,
walking occupies a large proportion among the travel modes. Therefore, non-motorized transport (NMT)
facilities for safe, comfortable and easy movement are necessary especially in traffic congested areas. The

13 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Master plan provides an integrated approach to the mobility and transport system, considering a more
diverse availability of transport modes, including the piloting of a Non-Motorized Transport approach.
The development of the Nairobi Railway City is another key strategic project, where national,
metropolitan and local interests are to be integrated, aligned and harmonized for an effective and
sustainable impact. By redeveloping the current railway area, the Railway City is to offer a new city
district, planned and designed to meet the requirements of sustainable urban development. A Transport
Oriented Development (TOD) approach provides the core for integrating mobility and land use planning,
and where the new district be a natural extension of the central parts of Nairobi.

2.4.1.5 Electricity Supply

The main source of power in Nairobi is electricity supplied by Kenya Power with the NIUPLAN
approximating that there will be 3,925 MW of demand in Nairobi City by 2030. The maximum demand of
Nairobi City in 2015 was 1,192MW, and projected to be 1,862 in 2020 and 2,791 in 2025. The number of
power supply customers in Nairobi has increased by more than 100,000 annually from the 2009/10
financial year. The recorded number of customers in Nairobi totaled 1,062,329 in April 2013. Nairobi
County has an unreliable electricity supply system with frequent cases of blackouts with Kenya Power
struggling to implement underground distribution systems with frequent cases of vandalism on the
overhead distribution lines and transformers. Future strategies adopted by the NIUPLAN to increase
supply of electricity include adoption of nuclear technology and utilization of renewable energy sources
such as wind, solar and geothermal energy sources to meet the expected rise in power demand by 2030.

2.4.1.6 ICT Network

Fiber optic trunk communication network in Nairobi city and introduction of leased network among
government offices are identified as priority projects for telecommunications sector by the NIUPLAN.
Upgrading the optic fiber trunk network for the metro trunk communications and local access network is
essential to solve telecommunications infrastructure issues. Enhancement of communications network
contributes not only to the improvement in internet user convenience but also to the introduction of
Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) which provide innovative services to different modes of transport
and traffic management and enable various users to be better informed and make safer, more
coordinated, and 'smarter' use of transport networks.

2.4.1.7 Security

Safety and security are identified as a priority social concern by the NIUPLAN. Poor planning, design, and
management of the city are some of the numerous factors that give rise to crime and violence in the city.
The existing governance, legal, and institutional frameworks have also failed in providing the much
desired safe and secure city. The lack of safety and increasing insecurity in Nairobi City has contributed
largely to the loss of property and even sometimes the loss of possible investment opportunities.
Consequently, the County is losing in its economic development agenda both in terms of losses in human
and financial resources. The NIUPLAN proposes proper urban development with a strong institution that
can mitigate the safety and security issues.

2.4.1.8 Firefighting facilities

Nairobi City has only three fire stations even though the physical planning handbook provides that for
every 50,000-100,000 people, a fire station should be provided. The NIUPLAN states that Nairobi City
needs 32 fire stations to serve its population. It provides different suggested sites for proposed fire
stations considering proximity to roads, availability of land, population of surrounding area, and land use
in the surrounding area.

2.4.1.9 Solid Waste Management

The Nairobi City County (NCC) has the responsibility of Solid Waste Management (SWM) in Nairobi city.
Department of Environment (DOE) in NCC collects the solid waste by themselves or contract out with

14 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
private companies. On the other hand, private companies collect the solid waste through the contract with
households or public or private enterprises. The collected waste is transported into Dandora landfill site
or other dumping sites. Some of the collected waste is illegally dumped. The NIUPLAN establishes the
need to develop a new sanitary landfill site in Ruai (80 ha of NCC land), safe closure of the existing landfill
site in Dandora and alternative establishment of the material recovery facility (MRF) near the source of
waste generation as being crucial for effective solid waste management in regard to the reduction of
transportation cost and the cost of segregation. It also proposes establishment of proper legal and
institutional frameworks to guide waste management.
2.4.2 Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2010-2022

The Kiambu CIDP had the main objective of creating and transforming systems, structures and
institutions within the County based on five key pillars of security, employment, education, health and
urban planning that will light the way towards the birth and rise of Kiambu County. The Kiambu CIDP
acknowledges the fact that the proximity of the County to the city of Nairobi has seen transformation of
large pieces of land into residential houses. The presence of good all weathered roads have given an
opportunity to those working in Nairobi to reside within the County. This means that establishment of
residential estates such as Tatu city being one of the major housing projects currently under
implementation in the County provides for this advantage.

At the County level, the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan links well with the Kiambu CIDP.
Section 1.14 (industry and trade) sub-section 1.14.1 (industrial parks) of the CIDP emphasizes on
the importance of the Tatu City in spurring economic growth of Kiambu County. According to the CIDP,
the County has a gazetted and an established industrial park; Tatu City in Ruiru Sub-County. The park is
also a special economic zone for the County. According to the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan,
substantial land has been set aside for industrial development. Sub-section 1.14.3 of the CIDP focuses
on major industries in Kiambu County. The Plan highlights that Thika Sub-County has over 58 industries.
Inclusion of the industrial park in the proposed Tatu City extension links very well with the Kiambu
County industrial development agenda.

The proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan focuses on other sectors of the economy such as housing,
education, agriculture, hospitality, natural resources conservation amongst others. The sectors are well
captured in Kiambu CIDP. For instance, Tatu City Extension Plan, has set aside substantial land for
conservation (natural green spaces and water bodies). Similarly, Kiambu CIDP, has over 40,032.81ha of
gazetted forests. The proposed Tatu City mixed-use development activities are consistent with Kiambu
County development goals and are geared towards building on the Kiambu CIDP. The plan also lists Tatu
City as one of its priority programs and projects in Ruiru Constituency which will provide a city with
modern office facilities, residential houses and amenities, equipped with ICT. With obvious backing from
the County Government through its CIDP, the proposed Tatu City will benefit not only its residents but
the entire Kiambu County through creation of employment opportunities for County residents and
increased revenue to the County.

2.4.3 Tatu City Phase 1

Tatu City Phase 1 is on 965.66 Hectares (2,385 Aces) of land comprised of mixed-use developments with
a planned total resident population of 150,000 residents and thousands of day visitors. The success of the
Tatu City Phase 1, located to the south of Mchana Estate has contributed greatly to establishment of Phase
2 -Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate). Phase 1 of Tatu City mainly comprises of residential homes, office
developments, retail/commercial zones with various infrastructure developments which include water
supply, waste water management, solid waste, road network, power and communication infrastructure.
The Master Plan aims at achieving a city that represents a new way of living and thinking for all Kenyans,
creating a unique live, work and play environment that is free from traffic congestion and long-distance
commuting.

15 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 2.2 The general structural plan of the Tatu City Master Plan for Phase 1

2.4.4 Kenyatta University Master Plan

Kenyatta University is located approximately 3 km, south east of Tatu City. The University has established
a comprehensive, modern campus that appeals to the increasing numbers of collegiate bound Kenyans.
Tatu City extension (Mchana Estate) is expected to link with the Kenyatta University on several up-fronts
including key amenities (wastewater treatment), and major roads (Northern Bypass and Thika
Superhighway). The Master Plan provides the necessary framework for Kenyatta University to grow from
35,000 students to 70,000 students by 2030. The Kenyatta University Master Plan seeks to establish a
comprehensive, modern campus on 350 hectares that appeals to the increasing numbers of collegiate
bound Kenyans. The Master Plan reorganizes facilities in order to coordinate with the planned academic
re-alignment. Key design elements include a 30,000 seat multi-purpose sports stadium which includes a
comprehensive student recreation center. The design also includes over 10,000 beds of student housing.
A transit loop, new Medical school, staff housing, and an incubator research park are also elements of the
new plan. Other additional amenities in the plan include a new main quad, academic precincts and a green
space network with shaded pedestrian connections.

16 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 2.3 An Architectural impression of the Kenyatta University Master plan

(Source: Google)

2.4.5 The Two Rivers Development Master plan

The Two Rivers development is located in Nairobi, Kenya on a site area of 100 acres. It is located in the
western direction of Tatu City on the Northern Bypass. The development is situated in Nairobi’s
diplomatic Blue Zone at the heart of the affluent Gigiri, Muthaiga, Runda and Nyari neighborhoods and
just minutes away from the United Nations complex and the American Embassy. Key links with Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) are envisioned on economic zones, and residential areas. The mixed-use
development includes retail, residential, office, leisure and hospitality components. The total built up area
is 850,000 m² with uses including Retail (62,000 m²/220 stores), Office (21,000 m²), Hotel (370 Keys),
Residential (100 luxury apartments) and a parking silo (75,000m²/2,200 bays) & 3-level retail center
parking (1,500 bays). In addition to the over 150 retail and food outlets, the site has over 30% of land set
aside for parks and natural open spaces. A prominent feature of this development is the Two Rivers Mall
that makes up 10% of the development. The retail section is made up of approximately 50% local and
50% international brands.

17 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 2.4 An Architectural impression of the Two Rivers Development Master plan

(Source; NEMA SEA Report for the Master Plan)

The ongoing 100 luxury apartments within the development will offer an impressive mix of medium and
high density serviced and unfurnished apartments. They will be unique and timeless, offering a great
value to investors and a high quality of life to residents comparable to global standards. The world class
amenities in the apartments will include;
▪ Adequate basement parking for residents
▪ High-speed elevators/ lifts
▪ 24 hour security including CCTV
▪ Reliable, potable water supply
▪ Reliable power source and/or backup generators
▪ High-speed internet access
▪ Sustainable and well landscaped environment
▪ Washer/drier in the units
▪ Fully equipped kitchens with modern appliances
▪ Storage areas
▪ Domestic staff quarters

The development will create value by optimizing on the uniqueness of the site that has undulating terrain
covered by a blend of indigenous trees and is cut across by two rivers. This not only provides key
attraction for visitors and residents but also offers exceptional scenery for recreational space,
entertainment, leisure and lifestyle facilities. The site will be developed in an environmentally sustainable
manner that will seek to protect and preserve the flora and fauna and the riparian reserve. To achieve
this noble objective, the Master Plan has allocated about 30% of the total area to preservation of green
areas. The development will also make the most of the favorable climatic conditions resulting from the
unique location of Nairobi within equatorial area to create destination that is naturally appealing in all
seasons.

18 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
2.4.6 The Northlands Master Plan

Northlands Master Plan (NMP) is located less than 10 km eastwards of Tatu City set on an 11,576 acre-
parcel of land located in Ruiru Sub-County, Kiambu County (Figure 2.5) comprising of various proposed
land uses described below. The development is estimated to host 250,000 people,

Figure 2.5 Northlands Master Plan

a) Residential uses (Approx. 3,570 acres) consisting:

• Low density Residential (Northlands Meadows) : 3,134 acres
• High density Residential (Northlands Boulevards): 306 acres
• Medium density Residential (Northlands Heights): 130 acres
b) Educational uses (86 acres);
c) Commercial uses (390 acres) including:
• Central Business District (CBD): 355 acres
• Hotel/Mall: 33 acres
• Club House: 2 acres
d) Industrial uses (695 acres):
• Logistics Park: 630 acres;
• Brookside Dairies: 65 acres.
e) Recreational uses (1,697 acres):
• Recreational Parks and buffer zones: 1,431 acres;
• Water features: 266 acres.
f) Agricultural/wildlife conservation uses:
• Ranching and wildlife conservation zone: 5,156 acres
g) Other public uses

19 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
• Internal roads (Spine Roads): 232 acres
• Reserves for sewer trunks and high voltage power lines
• Space allocations for Hospitals; Petrol Station; Interchange; Substation; Police station; Fire
station; Heliport.
2.4.7 Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan
The Gulmarg-Sasini Estate is in Kiambu County. It is 20 kilometres from Nairobi Central Business District,
approximately 11 kilometres from Ruiru Town and 5 kilometres from Kiambu Town. The seats on a 403.6
acres piece of land whose client’s vision is to create an integrated mixed-use development consisting of
residential housing units, retail, hotels, office developments, educational facilities and recreation areas.
When completed the development will have 1,910 residential units with a resident population of 9,550
people. In addition, the development will have a university with a student population of 5,415. The total
resident and working population will be 30,000 people. The development will have 2 primary schools and
4 religious’ buildings. Others include office & commercial developments and a hospital facility. The vision
developed has a natural green space system of parks and river fronts of 74.28 acres or 18.4% of the
development site’s 403.6 acres.

Figure 2.6 An Architectural impression of the Gulmarg-Sasini Master Plan

2.4.8 Other relevant Plans

Below is a highlight of other key relevant master plans with areas and sectors linking with the proposed
Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. A review and discussion of the plans is detailed in Chapter 4 of
this report.
▪ Nairobi Metro 2030 (GoK, 2008)
▪ National Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water Catchment
Areas in Kenya, 2012 (GoK, 2012)
▪ National Water Master Plan 2030(GoK, 2013)
▪ National Spatial plan 2017

20 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

2.5 Proposed Land Uses for Development in the Tatu City Phase II Master Plan
Below is a highlight of key relevant information on the proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.

Figure 2.7 Proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan identifying different land uses : Source (Tatu City, 2019)

21 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 2-5 Land use budget for proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

Land Use Acreage (ha) Percentage (%)

Residential Zone - Low / Medium 263.16 29.73
Residential Zone - High 111.67 12.61
Industrial Zone 163.97 18.52
Educational Zone 15.24 1.72
Natural Green Spaces 168.58 19.04
Public Purpose / Walking Trail 12.44 1.41
Commercial Zone 27.8 3.14
Recreational Zone 47.41 5.36
Transportation Zone 55.46 6.27
Public Utilities Zone 7.1 0.80
Water Bodies 12.39 1.40
TOTAL 885.22 100.00
Acreage (Hectares)
Precinct (Developable) Percentage (%)
6A 70.32 12
6BA 38.91 7
6BB 65.24 11
7A 88.81 15
7BA 40.19 7
7BB 53.52 9
8 206.11 34
9 34.57 6
Total Size 597.67 100

The zones in each of the development phases include:

2.5.1 Housing Development

The housing development area will have low and medium units and high-density units targeting both
middle and high-income earners. The development will offer individual ½ acre and ¼ acre serviced plots
and contemporary architectural designs with fully integrated amenities. The development will provide
large living spaces, with easy reach amenities such as schools, healthcare, shops and lush green areas all
within walking distance.

The high density residential will be located within a radius of 600 - 800 metres preferably within a walking
distance from the public transport interchange with low density residential spreading outside. Going by
this, the Northeastern part is the prime location for the high density residential while the western part of
the site has been earmarked for the medium density residential. The Southwestern side of the proposed
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is also primed for exclusively low-density residential development
because of the attractive natural and environmental features.
The housing will be in form of single-family dwellings in individual plots. Multi dwelling units in form of
duplexes, row houses, and town houses can be allowed as well. The estimated figures for the total resident
population in Mchana are 66, 803 with an estimated daytime population of approximately 20,563.

2.5.2 Industrial Development

The East and Southeastern side of the site has been earmarked for light industrial development (163.97
ha) including warehouses/depots, distribution centres and logistics services. Other activities that typically
will be permitted in the industrial zone include auxiliary uses such as offices and banks. The Southeastern

22 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

corner of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is the lowest point and relatively flat area of the site and will
therefore be the preferred location for a sewerage/waste treatment plant, should one be required on the
property. As residential development should not be allowed within proximity of sewerage treatment
plants, the ideal land uses for the immediate surroundings are light industrial (non-noxious and non-
polluting) and other infrastructure related facilities such as transport depots.

2.5.3 Educational Institutions

The education institutions (15.24 ha) include pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, middle level
college, research centre and university. There is an existing public school (Ngewe Primary) in the proposed
development area (Mchana Estate) and it will be retained in its present location during implementation of
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. Tatu City has increased the total acreage of Ngewe
Primary School to approximately 8 hectares to cater for future expansion. There is a proposal for a
kindergarten along the road towards Kimathi Sub-location as well as a school to be located along the main
road to Githunguri from Ngewa Primary. The Kindergarten and the school will occupy 1.89ha and 4.73ha
of land respectively.
2.5.4 Recreational and Sports Facilities and Services
The city will have a number of facilities providing various sports and recreational activities (47.41 ha). This
includes nature trails, water sports, spa, gym, tennis, cycling zones, swimming, basketball, mini-soccer
pitch, kids, play areas, and outdoor landscape events areas. In the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) Master Plan 2.24ha will be occupied by a social/ Community hall which be located next to the
proposed school in an area between Ruiru river and road to Githunguri.

2.5.5 Natural Green Space

The design of the development plan for Tatu city development is to protect the natural environment and
capitalize on the environmental assets. About 168.58 ha has been set for high quality public open spaces,
for outdoor public events and beautifully landscaped gardens for leisure. The green open space includes
parks, playgrounds and a network of open spaces.

The natural open space system is made up of rivers and other watercourses, wetlands and riparian zones,
ecological buffers and corridors and dams. These elements are of high ecological value and must be
protected from intrusive and irresponsible development.

Layout designs around the natural open space system are informed by the following four principles:
▪ Minimizing any impact on the natural open space system, in particular the number of times which
roads have to cross the natural open space system;
▪ Keeping the natural open space system visible and public, i.e. not privatizing the entire perimeter
of the wetlands areas;
▪ Bordering all sections of the natural open spaces with a street on at least one side to ensure
continuous movement and surveillance along edges of the natural open space system; and
▪ Optimizing land values and development opportunities adjacent to the natural open space system
by demarcating some exclusive pockets of land that front onto the natural open space system.
2.5.6 Wetlands & Water bodies
Natural features in Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) include dams, rivers, wetlands, and riverine forests
which are the lifeline of the city and ecologically sensitive areas that provide immense opportunities. 12.39
ha will be maintained for riparian reserve, rivers, wetlands and dams.
2.5.7 Commercial Centre
The commercial zone (27.80 ha) will have mixed development complexes including shopping arcade, office
parks, show rooms and retail malls. The commercial centre will be fitted with first-class integrated safety
and high-tech security systems with state-of-the-art ICT networking with provision for ultra-fast internet
service.

23 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

2.5.8 Infrastructure Utilities and Services

The city will have reliable power supply network from a dedicated substation, backup supply and
alternative renewable sources. The existing power within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is what had
been installed by Kenya Power to service existing structures. These power structures will be
decommissioned to allow for installation of new power structures for construction and permanent works
in the proposed development. Tatu City main substation, which is in Phase 1 is currently being developed
and will have a capacity of 135MVA when fully developed. The substation will also serve Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate). This will be achieved by having separate 66/11kV substation fed from phase 1
main substation. Additional three 45MVA transformers will also be installed in the proposed development.
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will have adequate water supply from treatment of water from
existing dams and rivers, sinking deep wells and additional boreholes and rainwater harvesting. The city
will generate increased surface run-off and a comprehensive drainage system and waste water
management system including recycling facilities is to be developed. Currently, Tatu City Limited is
constructing all bulk infrastructure including water, power, roads, lighting, sewerage and recreational area
in Tatu City Phase 1.

It is anticipated that the solid waste will be disposed at one of the landfills operated by the County
Government of Kiambu, possibly, the landfill located in Thika Sub County that was constructed by the
County Government in the year 2015 to curb solid waste management issue

2.5.9 Transportation System

Tatu City Extension will have a comprehensive road network system with public transport and pedestrian
friendliness. The road transport system proposes a dual carriage way for the heavy transit of 4 traffic lanes,
cycle track and walkways on either side and a single carriageway for light transit of 2 traffic lanes and a
walkway on either side.

In Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) - Phase 2 the existing regional road networks have a spatial and
functional structure that impacts on the organization of land use activities. The key road linking Tatu City
phase 1 and 2 is Ngenda Road (D 399). The D 399 which links C63 and C65 will be utilized as a public
transport corridor in Tatu City phase 1 and this will extend to phase 2 - Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)
as well. D 399 (Ngenda Road) also provides more access opportunities to industrial use.
The C63, C65, and D399, which connects the phase 1 and phase 2 of the development, are the pivot around
which the entire development concept revolves. This is based on the internationally accepted best practice
of Transit Oriented Development (TODs) (also referred to as Transit Oriented Design). The concept of TODs
seeks to support and enhance the use of public transport and public transport facilities and focuses on the
integration of major public transport facilities with urban development.

A TOD area is characterized by the following:

▪ A centre with a rail or bus station linked to a public space such as a square, a market, or a boulevard;
▪ A mixed-use activity node around the public transport facility that includes shops, offices, schools,
community services and high density residential;
▪ Relatively high-density residential development within a 10 min walking distance (approximately
600m) from the centre and progressively lower densities spreading outwards;
▪ Pedestrian movement and cycling; and
▪ A variety of housing types and prices in each neighborhood
Each of the public transport route within the development will be designated as the centre of a TOD, each
comprising a mixed-use activity node (of varying size and influence sphere) and high-density residential
development around the node.

2.5.10 Community Clusters

Community facilities make important contribution to sustainability and vitality of a neighborhood;
therefore, provision has been made for several community clusters throughout Tatu City development.

24 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

They will play a critical role in the development of vibrant neighborhood by providing opportunities for
the residents to interact socially thus creating a sense of place. They provide for health, cultural, social
welfare, spiritual, educational, leisure, recreational, and health needs of the community. The purpose of
these community clusters is to provide centrally located, accessible parcels of land that can be used for all
social and community facilities such as education facilities, health services, libraries, sports centres,
community centres.
The clustering of community facilities in and around points of highest accessibility is also important as it
enables the sharing of facilities between various services (for example buildings and office machinery) and
for convenience for residents. Those community services that are rendered primarily from buildings (such
as clinics, libraries, post offices) will be located within the secondary urban nodes and integrated with other
land uses such as offices, shops, banks, and restaurants.

2.6 Implementation plan and time scale for the Master Plan
Tatu City development is rolled out in phases. Mchana has 4 phases (Phase 6 - 9) as outlined in table 2:5
above. Once the developer embarks on Mchana Estate, the focus on site will be phase 6. The coffee on this
phase will therefore be cleared to pave way for infrastructure development and built environment.
The proposed planning program for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is outlined in table
2:6 below

25 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 2-6 Proposed Planning Program for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

Target
Target Start
SN Description Completion Status
Date
Date
STAGE 1: SURVEY/ PRELIMINARY APPROVALS
1.1 Survey
a) Topographical Survey Jan 2018 Dec 2018 Complete
b) Land Survey & Boundary Verification Jan 2018 Dec 2018 Complete
1.2 Masterplan Approvals
a) Master Plan approved by County June, 2019 Oct, 2019
b) SEA /EIA Approvals June, 2019 Nov, 2019

STAGE 2: DESIGN & APPROVALS

2.1 Engineering Designs
a) Roads and Infrastructure designs Nov , 2019 Feb, 2020
b) Water and waste water design Nov , 2019 Feb, 2020
2.2 Precinct Layout Design
a) Tatu Industrial Park 2 Layout Design Dec, 2019 Mar, 2020
b) High Density Residential Design June, 2020 Dec, 2020
c) Medium Density Residential & Commercial Areas design Jan, 2021 Dec, 2021

STAGE 3: CONSTRUCTION
3.1 Tatu Industrial Park 2 Construction May, 2020 Dec, 2024
a) High Density Residential Construction Jan, 2021 Dec, 2026
b) Bulk Infrastructure Construction Jan, 2021 Dec, 2027
c) Medium Density Construction Jan, 2023 Dec, 2028
d) Commercial Area Construction Jan, 2024 Dec, 2030
e) Recreation and Other areas construction Jan, 2025 Dec, 2030

26 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

3 ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF THE MASTER PLAN

3.1 Introduction
This Chapter discusses the baseline environmental assessment and detailed analysis of the areas which will
be affected during execution of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. This entails
discussion on the pillars of sustainability including the physical, biological, socio-cultural and socio-
economic components in the proposed Master Plan. The chapter begins by highlighting an outline of the
methodology employed in the situational analysis, it gives the data sources used and methods of analysis.
Physiographic conditions are described in succeeding section with detailed description of the current
environmental situation followed by the biological and socio-economic issues.

3.2 Methodology for baseline analysis

The steps followed during the environmental baseline situation analysis were as follows:
▪ Environmental screening and scoping of the proposed Master Plan land uses
▪ Desktop studies
▪ Physical inspection of the proposed development area and surrounding Master Plan areas
The SEA screening process was conducted with an aim to narrow down to the most critical issues requiring
attention during the SEA study. Environmental issues were categorized into physical, biological/ecological,
socio-cultural and socio-economic components of the proposed Master Plan. It also included discussions
with Tatu City Limited managers, physical planners and design engineers as well as interviews with
residents and neighbours within the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate).

3.2.1 Data sources

The key data sources for desktop study and analysis for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)
Master Plan on each of the pillars of sustainability are outlined in the table below:

Table 3-1 Data Sources on Pillars of Sustainability

Pillars of
Concerns/desired aims Data Sources
Sustainability
▪ Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kiambu County
Loss of forest cover
▪ Kieni Forest Station
▪ Kiambu County wildlife offices
Loss of biodiversity (flora
▪ Lari Forest Station
and fauna)
▪ Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kiambu County
▪ Ministry of Agriculture, Kiambu County
Land degradation ▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-
2022
Natural ▪ Department of Environment, Forestry and Natural
habitat loss and
Resources or Resources, Kiambu County
fragmentation
Bio-physical ▪ Kenya Forest Service (KFS), Kiambu County
environment ▪ Kiambu County Water Services Providers
▪ WRA, Upper Athi Sub- Region - Kiambu Office
Water Resources
▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-
degradation
2022
▪ Kiambu County, Department of Water
▪ Kiambu County State of the Environment Report,
Greenhouse gases
2015
emission / Climate
▪ National Environmental Management Authority,
Change
Kiambu County

27 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Pillars of
Concerns/desired aims Data Sources
Sustainability
Physical Environment ▪ GIS mapping
(topography, landforms ▪ National Survey of Kenya
geology, soils climate and ▪ Kenya Meteorological Department
meteorology, air quality, ▪ KEBs
hydrology, etc.) ▪ KNBS Data - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
Rapid urbanization, Urban
poverty, Informal
▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP)
settlements, Housing
▪ KNBS Data - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
Scarcity, Crime,
▪ World Bank
Migrations, Increased
Social cultural ▪ Existing feasibility studies
Community Health/
Issues ▪ Kenya
Disease Control, Water
▪ Tatu City Phase 1 Master Plan and SEA Report, 2011
supply and sanitation,
▪ Reconnaissance visit findings
Solid-waste management,
Traffic congestion,
Cultural Change.
Income disparity,
Unemployment,
Disruption and loss of
businesses. labour market ▪ Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP)
analysis, ▪ World bank
Economic
Government policy, ▪ KEBS
Issues
Taxes; Agriculture, ▪ KNBS Data - Kenya National Bureau of Statistics
industries, ▪ National Survey of Kenya
manufacturing; Main
economic activities and
livelihood patterns

3.2.2 Data Analysis

Data obtained was analyzed based on GIS, mapping and use of spatial based methods.

3.2.2.1 Application of GIS and Spatial analysis

Spatial techniques involving Global Information Systems (GIS) analysis in Arc Map were employed to
develop map overlays useful in illustrating and analyzing the potential direct influence of the Master Plan
activities against the pillars of sustainability. In order to achieve this, baseline data was collected from the
National Survey of Kenya. The data was used to superimpose the different types of maps onto one another.

Given the expansive size of the Master Plan area, which is 885.22 Hectares and the complexity of Master
Plan elements proposed, GIS and Remote Sensing were adopted to understand the spatial heterogeneity of
both existing and proposed infrastructure, water bodies and land use zones. This was used to enhance
determination of visual relations between environmental elements and also inform identification of
impacts in relation to proximity distances and topographical undulations such as surface run off.

3.2.2.2 GIS data needs and related analysis

Some of the key data needs and related analysis for mapping included;
▪ Distances between infrastructures;
▪ Area coverage of various features;
▪ Population density-current and projected;
▪ Slope factor.

28 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 3-2 GIS Data Requirements and Output

Data required Output Maps Analysis

▪ Agricultural space and flower farms
▪ Any data on land use, vegetation, forest, coffee farms Land use map-Agriculture, forest, crops
coverage in Acres
▪ Industrial Zones-Phase 1 and Phase 1I Zoning Map-Residential vs. Industrial
▪ Proposed Housing-Low, Medium, High density
▪ Proposed Cultural sites, recreation and nature space
Settlement Map-Housing and recreation
▪ Proposed Club House
space
▪ Workers Estate Coordinates
▪ Any data on neighbouring villages/settlement
▪ Proposed Hospital
Infrastructure map-Health
▪ Existing Hospital
▪ Existing schools, ECD, Primary, Secondary,
▪ Proposed schools - pre-primary, primary and
Infrastructure map-education
secondary schools, middle level college, research
Centre and university
▪ Existing roads-codes/names
▪ Proposed roads network
▪ Existing power line (2-3phase)
▪ Existing sewer line
Infrastructure map-roads, water, power
▪ Proposed Sewer line
connection
▪ Existing water pipeline and tanks
▪ Proposed water pipeline and tanks
▪ RUJUWASCO site and connectivity
▪ Existing dams and wetlands
▪ Geology/Soil Characteristics
Geology/Soil Map
▪ Master plan and coordinates of facilities in Phase 1

3.2.2.3 Mapping

The following maps have been studied into detail in the chapter;

(i) Land use/land cover map-Agriculture (coffee plantation), forest cover and other crops;
(ii) Geology/Soil map and suitability of proposed structures;
(iii) Water resources;
(iv) Key infrastructure and existing utilities -residential, industrial, water, sewer, power, roads, clubs,
recreation areas;
(v) Spatial Analysis of all facilities to determine their cumulative effects.

3.3 Physiographic features

3.3.1 Physical & Topographic Features
Kiambu County is divided into four broad topographical zones viz, Upper Highland, Lower Highland, Upper
Midland and Lower Midland Zone.
▪ The Upper Highland Zone is found in Lari Constituency and it is an extension of the Aberdare ranges
that lies at an altitude of 1,800 - 2,550 meters above sea level. It is dominated by highly dissected
ranges and it is very wet, steep and important as a water catchment area.
▪ The lower highland zone is mostly found in Limuru and some parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu
South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies. The area is characterized by hills, plateaus, and high-
elevation plains. The area lies between 1,500-1,800 meters above sea level and is generally a tea

29 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

and dairy zone though some activities like maize, horticultural crops and sheep farming are also
practiced.
▪ The upper midland zone lies between 1,300-1,500 meters above sea level and it covers mostly parts
of Juja and other constituencies except for Lari. The landscape comprises of volcanic middle level
uplands.
▪ The lower midland zone partly covers Thika Town (Gatuanyaga), Limuru and Kikuyu
constituencies. The area lies between 1,200-1,360 meters above sea level. The soils in the midland
zone are dissected and are easily eroded. Other physical features include steep slopes and valleys,
which are unsuitable for cultivation. Some parts are also covered by forests.

Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) lies between 1500 – 1700 meters above sea level with an undulating,
landscape that generally slopes from North West to South East. It slopes gradually towards the rivers and
valleys as shown in figure 3:1.

Figure 3.1 Topo-Cadastral survey for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

3.3.1.1 Geology and Soils

Kiambu County is covered by three broad categories of soils which are: high level upland soils, plateau soils
and volcanic footbridges soils. These soils are of varying fertility levels with soils from high-level uplands,

30 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

which are from volcanic rocks, being very fertile. Their fertility is conducive for livestock keeping and
growth of various cash crops and food crops such as tea, coffee, horticultural products, pyrethrum,
vegetables, maize, beans, peas and potatoes. These soils are found in the highlands, mostly in Gatundu
South, Gatundu North, Githunguri, Kiambu, Kiambaa, Lari, Kikuyu, Kabete and Limuru Constituencies.

Most parts of the County are covered by soils from volcanic footbridges. These are well drained with
moderate fertility. They are red to dark brown friable clays. However, parts of Thika Town, Ruiru, Juja and
Lari constituencies are covered by shallow soils, which are poorly drained, and these areas are
characterized by low rainfall, which severely limits agricultural development. The proposed Master Plan
area has well drained, very deep kaolinitic clayey soils, Igneous bed rock, with rolling slope relative factor
8%, CLAY: KA, dominated with ridges.

Figure 3.2 Soils in Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Soil reference No: KE122/1-30, Whose PHAQ: 5.6, PHKC: 5.1, CECS: 0.0.

There is potential flooding towards the area proposed for high-density housing. Once vegetation is cleared,
it may lead to increased surface run off and therefore, a proper drainage network needs to be developed
during implementation of the Master Plan, as well as use of block pavement ‘çabro’ on the paved ground to
allow infiltrations. Around one-third of the land is set aside for natural green spaces and water bodies.

3.3.2 Ecological Conditions

Water in the County is from two principal sources: surface and sub-surface. About 90 percent of the
County‘s water resource comprises of both surface water resources and ground water potential. The
County is divided into several sub-catchments’ areas. The first one is Nairobi River Sub-catchment which
occupies the southern part of the County with the major rivers being Nairobi, Gitaru, Gitahuru, Karura,
Ruirwaka, and Gatharaini. The second one is Kamiti and Ruiru Rivers Sub-catchment which is located to
the north of the Nairobi River sub-catchment. It has eight permanent rivers which include Riara, Kiu,

31 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Kamiti, Mukuyu, Ruiru, Bathi, Gatamaiyu and Komothai. The third one is the Aberdare plateau that
contributes to the availability of two sub-catchments areas comprising of Thiririka and Ndarugu Rivers.
The main streams found in the two areas include Mugutha, Theta, Thiririka, Ruabora, Ndarugu and Komu.
They flow from Nairobi, Kamiti, Ruiru, Thiririka, and Ndarugu sub-catchments to form Athi River sub-
catchment. The fourth is the Chania River and its tributaries comprising of Thika and Kariminu Rivers
which rise from the slopes of Mt. Kinangop in the Aberdares Range. Last one is Ewaso Kedong sub-
catchment which runs in the north-south direction and occupies the western part of the County. It has
several streams that normally form swamps.

Following the ecological analysis, the site was divided into three sensitivity categories, namely:

▪ High Ecological Sensitivity – Riparian Areas and Moist Grassland

▪ Medium Ecological Sensitivity – Grassland
▪ Low Ecological Sensitivity – Transformed Areas

The high ecologically sensitive riparian areas and moist grasslands (i.e. wetlands) also require ecological
buffer zones around the delineated wetland area. A wetland buffer zone is an area of vegetation which
begins from the boundary of a wetland‘s temporary zone (wetland edge) and extends outward. Protection
of vegetated buffers may reduce the severity of water fluctuations and flooding, assist in stabilizing
riverbanks, absorb pollutants before they enter the watercourse, and provide ecologically important
habitat. In the context of the current study area, a buffer zone of 50 meters is recommended. With regard
to the medium ecologically sensitive areas (grasslands), the development should aim to remove as little as
possible of these grasslands as well as the large indigenous trees that it supports, or incorporate ecological
corridors to aid the persistence of biodiversity on the study site and surrounds.

32 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 3.3 Ecological sensitive areas (Natural Green Space and Water bodies) in Tatu City
3.3.3 Climatic Conditions
The County experiences bi-modal type of rainfall. The long rains fall between mid - March to May followed
by a cold season usually with drizzles and frost during June to August and the short rains between mid-
October to November. The annual rainfall varies with altitude, with higher areas receiving as high as 2,000
mm and lower areas of Thika Town constituency receiving as low as 600 mm. The average rainfall received
by the County is 1,200 mm.

The mean temperature in the County is 26 °C with temperatures ranging from 7 °C in the upper highlands
areas of Limuru and some parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Githunguri and Kabete constituencies,
to 34 °C in the lower midland zone found partly in Thika Town constituency (Gatuanyaga), Kikuyu, Limuru
and Kabete constituencies (Ndeiya and Karai). July and August are the months during which the lowest
temperatures are experienced, whereas January to March are the hottest months. The County‘s average
relative humidity ranges from 54 percent in the dry months and 300 percent in the wet months of March
up to August.

The climate in Kiambu is warm and temperate. There is a great deal of rainfall in Kiambu, even in the driest
month. This climate is considered to be Cfb according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The

33 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

temperature here averages 18.8 °C. In a year, the average rainfall is 962 mm. The climate is mild, and
generally warm and temperate, and is classified as Cwb by the Köppen-Geiger system. Rainfall in the area
averages 797 mm, and is lowest in July, with an average of 13 mm. In April, the precipitation reaches its
peak, with an average of 170 mm. the difference in precipitation between the driest and wettest months is
157 mm (Figure 3:3). The temperatures here average 19.5 °C. March is the hottest month of the year at an
average temperature of 21.0 °C, while July is the coldest month of the year at 17.2 °C on average. The
variation in annual temperature is around 3.8 °C. (Figure 3:4).

Figure 3.4 Rainfall graph for Ruiru by Month

Figure 3.5 Average temperatures in Ruiru by Month

34 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Between the driest and wettest months, the difference in precipitation is 157 mm. The variation in annual
temperature is around 3.8 °C (Table 3:3)

Table 3-3 Ruiru weather by Month- Weather Conditions

JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEPT OCT NOV DEC
Avg. Temperature 20 20.6 21 20.6 19.7 18.1 17.2 17.5 19.1 20.3 19.9 19.6
(°C)
Min. Temperature 12.6 12.6 13.8 14.6 13.8 11.9 11.3 11.4 12 13.3 14 13.3
(°C)
Max. Temperature 27.4 28.7 28.3 26.7 25.6 24.3 23.1 23.7 26.2 27.3 25.8 25.9
(°C)
Avg. Temperature 68.0 69.1 69.8 69.1 67.5 64.6 63.0 63.5 66.4 68.5 67.8 67.3
(°F)
Min. Temperature 54.7 54.7 56.8 58.3 56.8 53.4 52.3 52.5 53.6 55.9 57.2 55.9
(°F)
Max. Temperature 81.3 83.7 82.9 80.1 78.1 75.7 73.6 74.7 79.2 81.1 78.4 78.6
(°F)
Precipitation / 37 43 86 170 122 29 13 15 17 53 140 72
Rainfall (mm)

Source: https://en.climate-data.org/location/717954/

3.3.4 Water Resources

3.3.4.1 Water Sources

Kiambu County has 16 permanent rivers originating from Aberdare Ranges which is the main tower of the
County. The major rivers that meet the water demand are: Ndarugu, Thiririka, Ruiru, Kamiti and Kiu, all of
which eventually drain into Athi Rivers and five major wetlands namely: Kikuyu, Lari, Theta, Kiganjo and
Gacii wetlands.

The eastern part of the County that includes Thika, Gatundu, Ruiru and Juja are well endowed with surface
water from Chania, Thika, Karimenu, Ruabora, Ndarugu, Thiririka, Theta, Mukuyu and Ruiru rivers. The
western part of the County that includes Limuru, Kimabu, Kikuyu, Karuri, Lari and Githunguri areas has
limited surface sources, hence rely on underground water sources mainly boreholes. However, some areas
of groundwater resources have high fluoride levels which cause negative effects to both people and residue
effects in crops.

There are four perennial rivers, namely the Ruiru River, Gaia River, MukuyuRiver, and Kamiti River, which
run along the Northern and Southern boundaries of Tatu City, Wetlands (seasonally moist grasslands)
occur in the low-lying areas between the currently cultivated parcels of land. The wetland type identified
within the study area comprises mainly of valley bottom wetlands without channels. In some areas,
channels were present although these were often associated with artificial drains. The wetlands are of high
ecological importance and deemed as areas of high ecological sensitivity. It is worth noting that these areas
have not been interfered with; they have been preserved as green spaces.

The Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers are the two key rivers existing within the proposed Tatu City Extension
(Mchana Estate) Master Plan. While Mukuyu River runs along the boundaries of Tatu City and the proposed
Master Plan area, Mchana River passes through the proposed Master Plan - Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate).

The two (2) rivers (Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers) are heavily covered by indigenous vegetation making them
invisible despite the high-water flows. For instance, at point (01007.668’, 036054.670’, 1564 m a.s.l),
Mukuyu River appears as a narrow stream (Plate 3:1) due to heavy vegetation cover.

35 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-1 Mukuyu River covered with indigenous vegetation

Mukuyu River plays a critical role in recharging of Comte dam (Plate 3:2) located at point (01007.481’,
036054.408’, 1580 m a.s.l) while Mchana River recharges Mchana earth dam (Plate 3:3) located at point
(01006.756’, 036053.253’, 1616 m a.s.l). It is projected that surface run-off from the 1,180 acres to be
developed will generate water to recharge the dams in the development.

36 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-2 A section of the Comte earth dam at the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)

Plate 3-3 Mchana earth dam at the proposed Master Plan area

37 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-4 A Section of Galana/Ruiru River in the neighbourhood of the Master Plan area

However, it will be important to note that storm water from urban environments is usually contaminated
and unless adequate precautionary measures are put in place, it may affect the quality of water in the
streams and dams to the detriment of aquatic life and local livelihoods dependent on the water bodies. It
will also be prudent to evaluate whether the existing earth dams will be able to withstand the huge volumes
of surface run-off to be generated upon development. It is significant to note once developed, the land will
form an ‘island’ of impervious surfaces thus increasing surface run-off drastically.

The rivers and dams in turn support local livelihood not only in the proposed land for the Master Plan but
also its environs through provision of water for domestic consumption, livestock and irrigated agriculture.
A diversity of wildlife depends on the water points for survival. Any activity that may degrade the water
quality will have far reaching impacts on wildlife and local livelihoods in the proposed Master Plan area
and its environs.

3.3.4.2 Water Supply Schemes

There are eight (8) main licensed water management institutions in Kiambu County namely: Limuru Water
and Sewerage Company, Kikuyu Water Company, Kiambu Water and Sewerage Company, Karuri Water and
Sanitation Company, Githunguri Water and Sanitation Company, Ruiru Juja Water and Sewerage Company
Limited, Gatundu Water and Sanitation Company, and Thika Water and Sewerage Company Limited.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be supplied with water from the Ruiru River via
the Ruiru - Juja Water and Sewerage Company (RUJUWASCO) located at Tatu City Phase 1 and boarders the
Master Plan area to the south east as illustrated in Plate 3:5.

38 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-5 RUJUWASCO Offices and plant located at Tatu City Phase 1

The city will require approximately 14,725 m3 of water per day for the daily activities and operations in the
different zones within the Master Plan. Water volumes required for the low, medium and high residential
developments, industrial, commercial, educational and recreational developments, tourism and social
facilities are outlined in table 3:4

Table 3-4 Water demand and wastewater volumes

Category of Consumer Water Demand Sewage Factor Waste Water

3 3
(m /day) Generation (m /day)
Low Density Residential 78 75% 59
Medium Density Residential 706 80% 565
High Density Residential 10,944 85% 9,302
Industrial Area, ha 2,400 85% 2,040
Educational Facilities, No. 128 85% 108
Aviation School, ha 39 85% 34
Commercial, ha 324 85% 275
Public Purpose, ha 96 85% 82
Police Station, Fire Station 10 9
TOTAL 14, 725 12,474

The distribution of water within the city will be based on the demand from different developmental zones
with the high residential development having the highest water demand of 10,944 m3/day and an
estimated waste water generation 9,302 m3/day. Proposed water sources for Tatu City are boreholes,
Kamiti River, existing earth dams and proposed Kariminu Dam II, wells and supply from Ruiru - Juja Water
and Sewerage Company (RUJUWASCO) of 7500 m3/day.

39 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

During the field visit, it was noted that a water treatment and storage plant exists in Tatu phase 1 with a
storage capacity available is 5,000,000 litres as shown in Plate 3:6 It has been proposed that phase 2
development relies on the water supply form RUJUWASCO with supplementation from the boreholes as
well. Given that the entire water demand will not be required at the onset, the development should depend
on the water company which will achieve a supply of 47,000m /day by 2022, which is before phase 2 attains
its full potential. It is expected that the borehole water will be treated by dilution with the County supply
water.

Plate 3-6 Water treatment and Storage plant

3.4 Biological Analysis

3.4.1 Forests/Vegetation types
The land proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is characterized by a diversity of
forests and vegetation types. Natural forests/vegetation types characterize the riparian zones of the key
rivers, streams and earth dams. Forest plantations occur in isolated patches amidst the predominant coffee
plantations. Classical agroforestry systems exist in the coffee plantations. Some of the land zones are
characterized by bushlands heavily occupied by the invasive Lantana camara. Patches of small to medium
wetlands/marshy lands predominantly occupied by grasses are in existence.

As shown in figure 3.5 below, land under forests and bushlands is 235 acres while that under coffee
plantations is 1,089.71 acres. The proposed area to be developed is approximately 1,180 acres with
approximately 144.71 acres being left under coffee/forests/bushlands.

40 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 3.6 Area proposed for development compared to that under coffee, forests and bushlands

The remaining area under natural vegetation will greatly impact on the rivers in the proposed Master Plan
area due to catchment disturbances. The vegetation cover along the rivers play critical environmental and
ecological roles such as strengthening of stream banks, reduction of stream banks erosion, reduction of
sediment removal from the stream banks, reduction of water pollution, provision of sediment traps,
provision of habitat for riverine faunal biodiversity, reduction of river channel modifications such as
widening/deepening, modification of riverine habitat, reduction of turbidity amongst others (Newell et al.,
1999, Langer, 2003 and Roda, 2008). Below is a description of forests/vegetation types in the proposed
Master Plan area.

3.4.1.1 Natural forest plantations

The main forest types in the County are natural/indigenous and plantation forests. The County has six
gazetted forests with the major ones being Kieni and Kinale forests occupying an area of 426.62 km2.

Natural forests/vegetation at the proposed Master Plan area is mainly restricted in riparian zones of
streams, rivers and earth dams. The Mukuyu and Mchana rivers are well covered by indigenous vegetation
as shown in plate 3:1. The riverine vegetation is characterized by both low and high canopy forests. For
instance, along Mchana River at point (01006.864’, 036053.650’, 1593 m a.s.l), high canopy forest type
(Plate 3:7) characterize the riparian corridor.

41 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-7 High canopy forest cover along Mchana River

Key indigenous and riverine species encountered in the proposed Master Plan area include: Diospyros
abyssinica, Polycias kikuyuensis, Vangueria apiculata Vangueria infausta Vangueria madagascariensis Ficus
sur Ficus sycomorus, Lantana camara, Olea europaea, Rhus natalensis, Rhus tenuinervis, Rhus vulgaris,
Strombosia scheffleri, Prunus africana, Dombeya kirkii, Dombeya rotundifolia, Teclea simplicifolia, Teclea
nobilis, Syzygium guineense, Erythrina abyssinica, Cordia africana, Caesalpinia volkensii, Kigelia africana
amongst others. In some sections of the indigenous forests, enrichment planting has been done to increase
vegetation cover. Key species used in enrichment planting include Jacaranda mimosifolia, Casuarina
equisitifolia, Olea africana, Dendrocalamus giganteus (Plate 3:8) amongst others.

Plate 3-8 Giant bamboo enriching the riparian corridor of Mchana River & Comte dam

42 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

It will be very important for the proponent to exercise maximum caution during planning to avoid land use
changes that might result into disturbances to the natural forest/vegetation. The forests serve as the key
catchment for the rivers. Isolated forest plantations exist at the area proposed for Tatu City Extension
(Mchana Estate) Master Plan. The different types of forest plantations that characterize the area are
typically small and scattered amidst the predominant coffee plantations. They are described below.

a) Eucalyptus grandis plantations

Most of the forest plantations at the proposed Master Plan area are characterized by Eucalyptus grandis
(Plate 3:9). The plantations are characterized by mature trees. Typically, forest plantations are mainly
grown for economic gains such as provision of timber, poles, posts and fuel wood. Due to its fast growth
and high calorific value, Eucalyptus grandis is mostly preferred for provisions of fuel wood. The high value
wood from the species is mainly used in tea and coffee processing.

Plate 3-9 Sections of Eucalyptus grandis plantation at the proposed Master Plan area

Selective logging of mature eucalyptus trees (Plate 3:10) was noted at point (01006.864’, 036053.650’,
1593 m a.s.l) along Mchana River and at the neighbourhood of Mchana Coffee Factory. The selective logging
may not have a long-term impact on the plantations since eucalyptus have excellent copping ability after
they are cut. Though the plantations are small, they contribute greatly to increased tree cover and diversity
at the project area as well as acting as carbon sinks. As such, during the implementation of the Tatu City
Extension Master Plan, it will be prudent to avoid and/or avoid complete clear-fell of the plantations.

43 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-10 A log of felled Eucalyptus grandis

b) Grevillea robusta plantations

Grevillea robusta does well in coffee growing zones. Small plantations of the species characterize the
proposed Master Plan area. Typically, Grevillea robusta is grown for provision of timber, fuel wood amongst
others. In coffee farms, it is grown as a nurse crop purposely to provide shade and act as a wind breaker.
During implementation of the proposed Master Plan, it will be prudent to retain the plantations unless it is
mandatory to clear-fell them. It is also important to note that Grevillea robusta is an important tree species
for hedge and roadside tree planting in urban environments.

c) Cuppressus lusitanica (cypress) plantations

Isolated Cuppressus lusitanica plantations (Plate 3:11) exist at the Master Plan area for Tatu City Extension
(Mchana Estate). The species is predominantly grown for timber production noted at point (01°06.884’,
036°54.042’, 1603 m a.s.l). The observed plantations are basically small and young. It will be prudent to
allow the young plantations to reach maturity age (merchantable age) if clear fell will be mandatory during
implementation of the Master Plan. This will help in recouping some of the capital investment used during
plantation establishment.

44 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-11 Cuppressus lusitanica (Cypress) plantation at the proposed Master Plan area

3.4.1.2 Urban forestry

The farm houses, school, coffee factory, workers’ camp sites are characterized by tree planting typical of
urban forestry. Urban forestry in form of roadside tree planting is also common at the proposed Master
Plan area. Classical roadside tree planting (Plate 3:12) was evident as you enter Mchana coffee factory at
point (01°06.869’, 036°53.679’, 1597 m a.s.l). Urban forestry provides economic values (increased real-
estate values, recreational values, savings due to carbon dioxide sequestration and air pollutant removal
among others), social values (positive psychological effects, aesthetic quality, emotional and spiritual
benefits among others) and ecological values (increased biodiversity, air pollution removal, carbon
capture, regulation of the hydrological cycle, regulation of the micro-climatic environment, harbouring
wildlife among others). Unless it is mandatory, it is important to avoid clearance of trees and other
ornamental plants under urban forestry during project implementation. It is also important to note that
the Master Plan for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has provided for landscaped areas.

45 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-12 Classical urban forestry at the entrance of Mchana coffee factory

The proposed mixed-use development will likely disturb the natural forest ecosystem along the rivers and
the dams. Such disturbances can result to amplified negative impacts to both the natural and social
environment not only in the project area but also the neighbourhood. Typically, natural ecosystems are
usually very sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances (Mackey and Currie, 2001; Svensson, R. et al., 2009).
Similarly, Sapkota et al. (2010) documents species diversity reduction in response to increase in
disturbances. Since the natural forest ecosystem plays a critical ecological and social role, it will be prudent
for the developer to enhance the stability of the ecosystem for enhanced service provisions. Taking into
cognizance that the Master Plan has set aside areas under water resource to be retained under natural
conditions, the proponent should work towards increasing the vegetation cover and diversity through
enrichment planting using suitably adapted tree species. Creation of buffer zones around such catchment
areas will go a long way in cushioning the areas from spill-over effects of the proposed mixed-use
development.

3.4.1.3 Bush and shrub lands

Some of the areas proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan are under bushes and
shrubs. Bushes and shrubs in many cases are indicators of ecosystem disturbances or ecosystems at the
early stages of succession. Majorly, the bushes and shrubs are composed of pioneer species and in many
cases, weedy/invasive species. At the Master Plan area, such bushes were common in open areas or where
the indigenous forests were transiting into open grasslands. In such transition zones, they formed an
ecological ecotone that bound the forested region and the open grasslands. This ensures that ecosystem
boundaries do not form abrupt edges, but ecotones and mosaic habitats bind them. At the proposed Master
Plan area, one shrub species; Lantana camara predominated.

Lantana camara is a weedy/invasive species known to cause major ecological disturbances in natural
ecosystems. The species is an aggressive gap colonizer, prolific and heavy seeder with the ability of out-

46 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

competing native species. The proposed Master Plan area is characterized by open grasslands/flood
plains/marshy lands characterized by periodic flooding. These open grasslands are a major target for
invasion and colonization by Lantana camara. For instance, at point (01°06.792’, 036°53.403’, 1619 m a.s.l),
at the outskirts of Mchana coffee factory, Lantana camara (Plate 3:13) is invading an open marshy land.

Plate 3-13 Lantana camara invading a marshy land at the Master Plan area

At the Master Plan area, Lantana camara was found to form heavy and impenetrable thickets in open
spaces. Such thickets make the affected sites inaccessible and completely eradicate other species from
growing underneath including grasses. In the long run, the land becomes unproductive. Lantana camara
poses a major challenge in roads. Where a road has been opened, Lantana camara starts invading the edges
of the road. If the road is earthen, the species will completely invade it unless periodic roadside bush
clearance is done. For instance, at the proposed Master Plan area at point (01°06.675’, 036°54.135’, 1608
m a.s.l), Lantana camara has invaded a road reserve (Plate 3:14) making passage of traffic a challenge. The
proposed Master Plan development is expected to open up many roads and other open spaces. It will be
prudent to monitor invasion of such roads and open spaces and take corrective measures against early
colonization. This will reduce the cost of road and open spaces maintenance due to invasion by Lantana
camara.

47 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-14 A road reserve invaded by Lantana camara at the proposed Master Plan area

3.4.1.4 Open plains/grasslands/marshy lands

At the proposed Master Plan area, several open plains exist amidst the coffee plantations. These open plains
form typical wetlands due to their marshy nature. For instance, at point (01°06.846’, 036°54.316’, 1596 m
a.s.l), an expansive marshy land (Plate 3:15) exists adjacent to a coffee plantation. The main vegetation in
the wetland is assorted grass species that can withstand prolonged waterlogging. However, invasive
species such as Lantana camara were found to colonize the edges of the marshy lands. Such edges are
subject to periodic dryness thus offering opportunity for waterlogged intolerant species to invade.

Plate 3-15 Marshy land at the proposed development area

Eucalyptus species are known to be heavy consumers of water and in some instances, they are used to
reclaim water logged areas. In some of the marshy lands (01°06.693’, 036°54.012’, 1602 m a.s.l) at the
proposed Master Plan, Eucalyptus grandis (Plate 3:16) has been planted to reclaim the land. However,

48 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

survival of the Eucalyptus is very low probably due to the species inability to withstand prolonged periods
of water logging.

Plate 3-16 Isolated stems of Eucalyptus grandis in a marshy land at the Master Plan area.

Marshy/wetlands play critical ecological and economic roles. They act as habitats for aquatic animals,
breeding and feeding sites for birds, take up storm/flood waters, remove pollutants, and recharge
underground aquifers, streams, rivers amongst others. Against this background, it is important that the
existing marshy lands in the proposed Master Plan area are maintained in their natural state. All efforts
should be geared towards integrating the wetlands into the proposed Master Plan land use zones.

49 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-17 Marshy land in the proposed Master Plan area

3.4.2 Wildlife
Several pockets of wildlife habitats exist within the proposed Master Plan area. Depending on type of
habitat, different wild game exists. At the proposed Master Plan area, three types of wildlife habitats exist.
Water bodies such as Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers, Comte and Mchana dams form a key wildlife habitat
mostly for aquatic animals. Secondly, the riparian corridors of the water bodies mainly composed of natural
forests/vegetation forms another key wildlife habitat at the proposed Master Plan area. Thirdly, the many
pockets of grasslands/marshy lands scattered in the proposed area forms another habitat for wildlife. The
forest plantations that characterize some sections of the proposed Master Plan do not form suitable wildlife
habitat. Typically, forest plantations are subject to human interventions thus discouraging wildlife
habitation. Secondly, forest plantations are mostly monocultures that do not provide a diversity of food and
breeding niches for wild game.

As a result of ongoing agricultural activities at the proposed Master Plan area, most of the wildlife habitats
are small and isolated. Ecologically, only small game can survive in such small habitats since the available
resources for feeding, sheltering and reproduction are limited. Once the proposed development is
complete, approximately 144.71 acres will be left under coffee/forests/bushlands. This implies that the
existing wildlife habitat will be decimated further to the detriment of the wildlife in habitation. Wild game
is known to prefer natural ecosystems and any disruption that may result to departure from the natural
state such as habitat fragmentation, loss of nesting sites and other wildlife habitat through bush clearing,
disruption of watercourses, establishment of non-native invasive plant species, creation of barriers to
wildlife movement and visual and auditory disturbance forces wild game to move out of their habitat, die
of heat stroke or die due to lack of their most preferred diet. The proposed Master Plan mixed-use land uses
are expected to subject the existing wildlife habitats to further disturbances/modifications. Incidences of
habitat pollution, especially the water bodies and marshy lands, are likely to occur thus altering the existing
natural conditions. Surface run-off from the proposed Master Plan development will be used to recharge

50 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

the earth dams. Surface run-off from urban environs is usually contaminated and this may compromise the
quality of water to the detriment of aquatic life in habitation. Since the existing wildlife habitats are small
and previously disturbed by habitat fragmentation, it will be prudent during Master Plan implementation
to put measures aimed at increasing the habitat sizes as well as maintain their natural status. In many cases,
mimicking what happens in natural ecosystems can make even human modified ecosystems suitable for
wildlife habitation.

3.4.2.1 Types and diversity of wildlife

According to the Kiambu CIDP (2018-2022), most of the wildlife in Kiambu County is concentrated in Lari
Sub-County especially Kinale forest. The existing wildlife habitats at the proposed Master Plan area are
small and isolated. Typically, such habitats can only house small game. Ecologically, large game requires
large and continuous habitats capable of supporting their huge resource requirements in terms of food,
shelter and breeding sites. The water bodies (rivers and dams) in the proposed Master Plan area house
aquatic animals such as fish, and hippopotamus amongst others. Mukuyu River is relatively big compared
to Mchana River. Similarly, Comte earth dam along Mukuyu River is big compared to Mchana earth dam
along Mchana River. The big water bodies at the proposed project area have high potential of housing
crocodiles and hippopotamus.

It is, however, important to note that the drainage pattern (Figure 3:6) of the proposed project area and its
environs is interconnected by a network of streams and rivers thus giving the aquatic wildlife a chance to
freely roam the drainage pattern.

Figure 3.7 Drainage flow at the proposed Master Plan area

Galana/Ruiru River is the largest in the neighbourhood of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) and drains most parts of Ruiru. Due to its size, Galana/Ruiru River is expected to house a large
number of aquatic wildlife and probably serve as the main wildlife dispersal point to the other streams and
rivers in the Master Plan area. Cases of human-wildlife conflicts, especially involving crocodiles and
hippopotamus, have been reported in the past. Control and management of the human-wildlife conflicts
will require a thorough understanding of the drainage pattern of the Master Plan area and the environs. As

51 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

such, the sources/dispersal points which are the main rivers such as Galana, should be given a lot of focus
as the sinks which are mainly the dams and rivers/streams at the proposed Master Plan area. Due to their
nocturnal feeding habits, hippos are known to stray from water bodies into neighbouring farms thereby
intensifying human-wildlife conflicts through crop destruction and possible injuries to humans. Crops in
farmlands provide fallback resource to the hippos especially during times of scarcity.

The natural forests in riparian corridors of water bodies house a number of small games such as monkeys,
rabbits, dikdiks, and snakes amongst others. At the proposed Master Plan area, monkeys prefer the natural
forests along the riparian corridors due to the presence of tree species diversity and availability of water.
The tree diversity provides a wide range of feeding, sheltering and breeding niches for the monkeys. Several
species of Moraceae family key among them Prunus africana where noted among the indigenous tree
species at the proposed Master Plan area. The species, especially the fruits, form the top diet (Fashing 1999,
Fashing et al., 2003 and Fashing, 2004) for Colobus guereza (colobus monkeys). However, in absence of
their top diet, monkeys go for fall-back resources which are mainly food crops in farms. They are also
known to stray into cypress plantation (Cuppressus lusitanica) and cause serious debarking in search of
food (Mutiso et al., 2008). Such straying into farms and plantations increases human-wildlife conflicts. Since
the area under natural forest cover is expected to reduce, food resource for wildlife will also reduce thus
increasing incidences of human-wildlife conflicts.

The open wetlands/grasslands in the proposed Master Plan area house a number of aquatic wildlife
including several bird species. The open wetlands/grasslands provide a suitable habitat for assorted bird
species by providing feeding, breeding and sheltering sites. Ecologically, birds prefer open plains to closed
canopy forests due to a number of reasons. One, open plains are characterized by grasses whose seeds form
a big part of the birds’ diet while the grasses are important for making nests. Secondly, during breeding
seasons, male birds prefer open plains with isolated trees on which they can perch and perform dancing
and singing rituals to attract females for mating. Frogs, toads, small reptiles and assorted insects prefer
wetlands as their habitat. Since the wetlands/grasslands are small and isolated, it will be important to avoid
any disturbances that may interfere with wildlife inhabitation.

The proposed development area houses comprises several hippopotamus, which occupy the perennial
rivers and earth dams which run along the northern and southern boundaries of the Master Plan area and
make use of the seasonally moist grasslands and riparian areas (including wetlands) for foraging purposes
and as ecological corridors for movement. During the baseline field survey and detailed SEA study no
amphibian species were identified. However, the amphibians can be spotted during the wet season. Many
bird species exist in the study area including secretary bird, crowned cranes, pelicans, marabou storks, and
eagles. Tatu City in coordination with relevant agencies such as the Kenya Wildlife Service are in the
process of relocating the animals since the existing wildlife habitats are small and previously disturbed by
habitat fragmentation. This will also ensure the safety of the people living within the proposed
development as well as the survival of the animals.

3.5 Socio-Economic Setting

3.5.1 Population Size and Composition
According to the 2009 Population and Housing Census, Kiambu County had a population of 1,697,887 while
Ruiru Constituency had a population of 201,986 with a density of 1,122 people per square kilometre.
Further, the population of Kiambu County was projected to be 1,766,058 with 873,200 males and 892,857
females by 2012 and expected to reach 2,032,464 people by the end of 2017. This is influenced by the
County‘s high population growth rate, which is at 2.81 per cent and the influx of people working in nearby
counties who prefer to stay in Kiambu and its environs where there is less congestion and well developed
infrastructure. In terms of gender, the sex ratio of male to female is approximately 1:1.02.

3.5.2 Land Use and Local economy

The combination of good soils, suitable climate, well developed infrastructure and the proximity to the
most important capital city in the region have all served to make Kiambu the most lucrative farming County

52 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

in the country. Farms range from less than 0.3 ha to large plantations of well over 1,000 ha. Over 90% of
the total rural land mass is suitable for farming.

Agricultural activity has a major new competitor in the form of real estate as housing, trading centers and
shopping malls offer more reliable dividends to investment than farming. Horticulture, the growth industry
of the last two decades appears capable of out-earning tea and coffee – the traditional cash crops of this
region. Other agricultural activities include dairy farming and growing of pyrethrum and subsistence crops
such as maize, beans and locally consumed vegetables.

3.5.2.1 Agro-Forestry

3.5.2.1.1 Farm Forestry

Farm forestry characterize substantial portion of the proposed Master Plan areas. On-farm tree planting is
important in provision of shade, wind break, fodder, fruits, construction materials, soil erosion control, bee
foraging, medicinal value, fuel wood, nitrogen fixation among others (Cheboiwo & Langat, 2006). Two
agroforestry systems namely shade systems and agri-silviculture were observed in the proposed Master
Plan area as described below.

3.5.2.1.2 Shade systems

This is a classical agroforestry system common in coffee plantations. With shade applications, coffee is
purposely raised under Grevillea robusta canopies and within the resulting shady environment. For most
uses, the understory crops are shade tolerant or the overstory trees have fairly open canopies. This practice
reduces weeding costs and increases the quality and taste of the coffee. At the proposed Master Plan area,
cases of the shade systems (Plate3:18) were common in the coffee plantations as noted at point
(01°06.849’, 036°54.649’, 1587 m a.s.l). Apart from increasing coffee production, the shade systems
increase land productivity mainly from the multiple uses of the Grevillea trees. The systems also improve
the aesthetic value of the plantations. Since the systems offer a wide range of economic and ecological
values, it will be prudent to avoid complete elimination of the systems unless it is mandatory.

Plate 3-18 Shade systems (intercrop of grevillea and coffee) at the proposed development area

3.5.2.1.3 Agri-silviculture system

This is an agroforestry system that encompasses growing of trees and agricultural food crops. The system
increases land productivity while benefiting from the multiple uses of the trees. At the Master Plan area,

53 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

this practice was common in small farms at the coffee workers’ camp sites. For instance, at Mchana coffee
factory (01°06.869’, 036°53.679’, 1597 m a.s.l) many small farmlands (Plate 3:19) are under agri-
silviculture system. Notably, several agri-silvicultural practices were evident at the Master Plan area and
the neighbourhood farms such as trees mixed with bananas (Musa acuminata), trees and maize, trees and
arrow roots amongst others.

Plate 3-19 Agri-silviculture at the Master Plan area.

3.5.2.2 Crop, Livestock and Value addition

The County has a total arable land of 1,878.4 km2 of which a total of 21,447 ha is under food crops and a
total of 35,367.41 ha is under cash crops.

The main food crops grown in the County include maize, beans, Irish potatoes bananas and vegetables.
Coffee and tea form the major industrial (cash) crops grown in the County especially in the upper and lower
highlands. There are 21 coffee and 3 pyrethrum co-operative societies which assist in marketing of coffee
and pyrethrum.

3.5.2.2.1 Coffee Plantation

The development area and neighbouring land is vastly covered with coffee plantation (Plate 3:20),
natural/indigenous tree species, bamboo trees and grassland vegetation Food crops such as bananas, maize
and beans can be spotted grown relatively in small scale.

54 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-20 Coffee plantation within the master plan zone

On the 885.22 ha of land proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), land cover under coffee
plantations is estimated to be 1,090 acres and land under bush and other forest vegetation covers at 235
acres.

Figure 3.8 The plain green land in back boxes represent land cover under coffee plantations

55 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

3.5.2.2.2 Livestock
Dairy industry is the leading enterprise with nearly 70% of the farm families keeping an average of 2-3
cows under the zero grazing systems. Milk is the major livestock product in Kiambu County and currently
leading in Kenya. Production has increased from 264,773,621 litres in 2013 to 308,818,919 litres.

Plate 3-21 Livestock (cattle) grazing in the Master Plan area

3.5.2.2.3 Apiculture (beekeeping)

Known the importance of honey to human health, adoption of bee keeping in the County has gradually
increased leading to an increase in the kilograms of honey produced as well as the farmers’ income.
Beekeeping is scattered in the County and most farmers use Langsroth hives, top bar hive and Log hives.
The production of honey has risen from 102,397 kg of honey produced in 2014 to 114,000 kg in 2017. The
value of honey in Kenyan Shilling has also increased from Kshs 51.2 Million in 2014 to 56 Million Shillings
in 2017.

Plate 3-22 A beehive in a natural forest at the proposed Master Plan area

56 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

3.5.3 Mean land holding size

The size of arable land in the County is 1,878.4 km2 while that of the non-arable land is 649.7 km2. Water
masses (dams, ponds and rivers) cover 15.5 km2 of the County. The average small-scale land holding size
is 0.36 ha while the large-scale land-holding size is 69.5 ha.

The small-scale land holdings are mostly found in upper parts of Gatundu North, Gatundu South, Kiambaa,
Limuru and Kikuyu constituencies while the large-scale land holdings are usually found in the lower parts
of the County especially in Juja constituency and the upper highlands in Limuru and Lari constituencies.

3.5.4 Infrastructure and Access

3.5.4.1 Road and Rail Network

According to Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan (CIDP) 2018 - 2022, the County has a total of
5533 km of roads network; 249 km of road are yet to be opened. The roads under bitumen standards are
865.4 km, 1,051 km on gravel, 3,167 km on earth surface. The County is served by Thika Super Highway
from Githurai-Ruiru-Juja-Thika on average of 50 kms and A104 Uthiru-Kikuyu-Kamandura- Kinungi on
average of 65 which 25.1 km of it is on rehabilitation expansion programme. It is also served by a railway
line which is 131km and has Railway stations in Kahawa, Ruiru, Juja, Thika, Kikuyu and Limuru. There are
exist bus parks in all sub counties; 9 paved and 4 unpaved.

It is expected that Tatu City will attract most of its traffic from 3 areas, namely Nairobi, Ruiru and Kiambu.
The existing routes affecting the development of Tatu City are:
▪ The Ruiru–Kiambu road: This road runs through the development and is a Class C (C63) surfaced road
with gravel shoulders. The road falls under the jurisdiction of the Kenya National Highway Authority
(KENHA) and accommodates through-traffic from Ruiru to Nairobi or Kiambu. It also gives access to
the local communities and coffee plantations.
▪ An existing North-South link road: This road runs through Tatu City (Mchana Estate) and is a Class D
(D399) existing gravel road linking the C63 with the C65 to the north of the Master Plan area. This road
is in a very poor condition, has numerous rivers and low-lying area crossings constructed by concrete
culverts (pipe- or box-culvers), and is mainly used by local traffic and the coffee plantation transport.
This road falls under the jurisdiction of the Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KERRA). The road needs to
be upgraded to enhance connectivity between phase 1 and 2 of Tatu City.
▪ The Ruiru-Githunguri Road: This road runs through the phase 2 and it is a class C (C65). Currently the
road is under construction and is expected to improve connectivity between Ruiru and Githunguri.

The Northern and Eastern Bypasses, which increases the accessibility of the Master Plan area from a
regional/metropolitan perspective, are very critical for development of Tatu City. The Eastern Bypass
terminates on the South-eastern boundary of the phase 1, at the point where the existing Ruiru- Kiambu
road (C63) enters the Master Plan area.
The Northern Bypass terminates in the Eastern Bypass, and it is located approximately 1.2 km to the East
of Master Plan area. The Northern Bypass, the Eastern Bypass, together with Thika Road (A2) is a major
access/link between the development and Nairobi. The existing Ruiru-Kiambu road is the extension of the
Eastern Bypass at the Eastern entrance to Tatu City. This link road is the major entrance road into the phase
1 of the development. There is also an existing 60m wide road reserve/easement that runs through the
Master Plan area, and which was originally intended to be the alignment of the C63 and D399.

57 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 3.9 Road linkages to the Master Plan area.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is served by two major roads, Ngenda Road (D399) and
Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65) which are currently under construction as illustrated in plate 3:23

58 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-23 Road construction works along Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65)

3.5.4.2 Information, Communication Technology

Kiambu County has 98 percent mobile network coverage owing to its location and proximity to the city as
per Kiambu CIDP 2018 -2022. Landline coverage has been on the decline due to adoption of new technology
and ease of using mobile phones. There is a total of 19 post offices and 14 sub post offices which are fairly
distributed in the County. These post offices are; Ruiru, two at Thika, Juja, Githunguri, Karuri, Kiambu,
Kikuyu, Limuru and Matathia-Lari post office. There are quite a number of cyber cafes offering internet
access hence easy access of communication. This has been possible due to the introduction of fibre optic
cables in the County. Many residents listen to local FM and radio stations mainly Kameme, Inooro and Coro
FM for primary information in addition to other national stations. The citizens are able to watch a variety
of TV stations operating in the country. There is one Huduma centre located at Thika where citizens access
government services.

3.5.4.3 Financial Institutions

There is a total of 18 commercial banks with branches well distributed within the County. In addition, there
are 31 microfinance institutions, 4 village banks, 12 insurance companies and 520 SACCOs. The institutions
are well distributed within the County and hence they are easily accessible. This is an indication of vibrant
economic activities that are able to sustain the financial sector making it one of the fastest growing sectors
in the County over the last five years.

3.5.4.4 Education Institutions

The County is well endowed with education institutions which are well distributed within the County. It
has 948 Primary Schools, 365 Secondary Schools, 7 Universities and 4 University Campuses, 26 Colleges,
31 Operational Youth Polytechnics and 2 Technical Vocational Education Training Institutions (TVET).
They are well distributed within the County and hence children do not have to travel long distances.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has one public school, Ngewe Primary school located
within the Master Plan area (plate 3:24). Adjacent to the school is a playing field for the pupils, illustrated
in Plate 3:25. During implementation of the Master Plan, Ngewe Primary School will be retained in its
present location and the size of land for the school has been increased to approximately 8 Hectares to cater
for future expansion.

59 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 3-24 Ngewe Primary School within the proposed Master Plan area

Plate 3-25 Ngewe school pupils at the playing field

60 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

3.5.4.5 Energy Access

Kiambu County has 98 percent coverage of electricity with effective coverage on the last mile programme.
There has been an increase in the connectivity of rural households to electricity due to the rural
electrification programme. The total households connected to electricity form 70 percent, and this number
is expected to rise to 100 percent in the year 2022. Solar energy has less than 5 percent coverage, while
biogas use is at 25 percent especially by farmers in Githunguri, kikuyu, Limuru and other sub-counties
where dairy farming is practiced. Kenya Power and Lighting Company has played a key role in street
lighting, installation of flood masts; 12 in Thika, 11 in Kiambu, 5 in Kikuyu, 11 in Limuru, 11 in Ruiru, 11 in
Juja and 9 in Kiambaa. These flood masts are of 30 m in height.

The city will have reliable power supply network from a dedicated substation, backup supply and
alternative renewable sources. The existing power within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is what had
been installed by Kenya Power to service existing structures. These power structures will be
decommissioned to allow for installation of new power structures for construction and permanent works
in the proposed development. Tatu City main substation, which is located in phase 1 is currently being
developed and will have a capacity of 135MVA when fully developed. The substation will also serve Tatu
City Extension (Mchana Estate). This will be achieved by having separate 66/11kV substation fed from
phase 1 main substation. Additional three 45MVA transformers will also be installed in the proposed
development.

3.5.4.6 Markets and Urban Centres

The County has a total of 2,517 trading centres with 6,634 registered retail traders and 750 registered
wholesale traders. There are also a number of urban centres with the largest being Thika Town which is
one of the largest industrial towns in the country. Other urban centres include Kiambu and Karuri in
Kiambaa constituency, Kikuyu in Kabete constituency, Limuru in Limuru Constituency, Gatundu in Gatundu
South Constituency and Ruiru in Juja Constituency.

The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) is bordered by Ngewa Centre (Plate 3:26) which has
health centres, housing units, restaurants, re-creational facilities among others.

Plate 3-26 Ngewa (Kwa Maiko) Centre

61 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Other centres near the Master Planning area include: Ruiru Town (GPS Cordinates -1.148426, 36.95806);
BTL center near Tatu Sales office (GPS Cordinates -1.153415, 36.908529); and Lioki (Kwa Githiri) Shopping
Center GPS Coordinates -1.106549, 36.848385).

3.5.4.7 Housing

According to 2009 Kenya Population and Housing Census, 48.3 percent of all homes in the County are stone
–walled, 4.9 percent are brick/block while 4.8 percent are mud/wood. There are 74.6 percent of the houses
that have cemented floors and 87.5 percent with corrugated iron sheets. Only 0.1 percent has used other
forms of roofing materials.

During the SEA study, it was noted that the proposed Master Plan area has existing housing structures
including Kofinaf offices, two (2) Mchana houses, Kofinaf driers located to the North East and
approximately 40 staff houses built of stone with iron roofing where the staff working within Mchana
Estate and surrounding coffee farms reside.

Plate 3-27 Stone walled houses in the Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan area

62 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4 RELEVANT POLICY, PLAN, LEGISLATIVE AND REGULATORY FRAMEWORK

4.1 Introduction
There is a growing concern in Kenya and at a global level that many forms of development activities cause
damage to the environment and the community. It is part of the Kenyan laws that all Policies, Plans and
Programmes (PPPs) for implementation shall be subject to Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) SEA
acts as a useful tool for prevention of negative environmental and social effects of developmental activities.
It is now accepted that developments must be economically viable, socially acceptable and environmentally
sound. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) was subjected to a comprehensive analysis
based on the environmental obligations’ framework developed for the SEA.
This chapter highlights the Constitution of Kenya, 2010, and describes key government vision and agenda.
A review of relevant National Environmental Policies, National Strategic Plans, Legislations and pertinent
regulations and Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) is studied and reviewed in detail in
succeeding chapters.
4.2 The Constitution of Kenya, 2010
The Constitution is the supreme law of the land. It lays the foundation on which the wellbeing of Kenya is
founded. The constitution’s provisions are specific to ensuring sustainable and productive management of
land resources; transparent and cost-effective administration of land; and sound conservation and
protection of ecologically sensitive areas.

Article 42: Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment which includes: -
a) To have the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through
legislation and other measures, particularly that contemplated in article 69.
b) To have obligation relating to the environment fulfilled under article 70.

Section 69 states that: The state shall;

a) Encourage public participation in the management, protection and conservation of the
environment.
b) Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the
environment.
c) Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment.

Every person has a duty to cooperate with state organs and other persons to protect and conserve the
environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development and those of actual resources. The Master
Plan has made provisions to ensure a clean and healthy environment through the environmental and social
management plan. It is also anticipated that Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be guided by the spirit
of the Kenyan constitution considering environmental protection and conservation.
4.3 Key Policies relevant to the SEA
4.3.1 Sessional Paper No. 10 of 2014 on the National Environment Policy
The Republic of Kenya has a policy, legal and administrative framework for environmental management.
The broad objectives of the national environmental policy in Kenya are: -
a) To ensure optimal use of natural resources while improving environmental quality.
b) To conserve natural resources such that the resources meet the needs of the present without
jeopardizing future generations in enjoying the same.
c) To develop awareness that inculcates environmental stewardship among the citizenship of the
country.
d) To integrate environmental conservation and socio-economic aspects in the development process.
e) To ensure that national environmental goals contribute to international obligations on
environmental management and social integrity.

63 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

To achieve this, it is a policy direction that appropriate reviews and evaluations of proposed Tatu Extension
(Mchana Estate) Master Plan and operations are checked to ensure compliance with the environmental
policy.

4.3.2 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework
for Kenya 2012 - 2030.
The main objective of the national industrialization policy is to enable the industrial sector to attain and
sustain annual sector growth rate of 15% and make Kenya the most competitive and preferred location for
industrial investment in Africa leading to high employment levels and wealth creation. Specific objective
number 6 of the policy focuses on developing at least 2 Special Economic Zones and 5 SME Industrial Parks.
This specific objective anchors well with the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan objective on
industrial development. Under the Master Plan, substantial land has been set aside for special economic
zones, SME and industrial parks. As such, the proposed Tatu City Extension contributes greatly to the
government efforts on industrialization.

4.3.3 National Wetlands Conservation and Management Policy, 2013

The draft Wetlands Conservation and Management aims at integrating both local and expert knowledge
while upholding the principle of public participation as entrenched in the Constitution. The policy therefore
seeks to secure and ensure the benefits of wetlands for posterity. It also aims at providing a framework for
mitigating and tackling the diverse challenges that affect wetlands conservation and wise use in Kenya.
Also, the policy fulfils Kenya’s obligations under the Ramsar Convention and the East Africa Community
(EAC) among other instruments. The proposed Master Plan is therefore expected to jointly support the
implementation of the policy to sustain healthy wetland ecosystems within the proposed development area
for community livelihoods and biodiversity conservation.

4.3.4 National Wildlife Conservation and Management Policy, 2017

The wildlife policy is aimed at promoting protection and conservation of wildlife in Kenya, both in
protected and non-protected areas. The policy is implemented by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS). The
proposed Master Plan will need to be consistent with this policy. Where wild animals will be disturbed
during the Master Plan implementation phase appropriate mitigation measures must be implemented to
minimize disturbance to wildlife.

4.3.5 National Energy and Petroleum Policy, 2015

This policy was formulated to beef up the Sessional Paper No. 4 on Energy. The overall objective of the
policy is to ensure affordable, competitive, sustainable and reliable supply of energy to meet national and
County development needs at the lowest cost, while protecting and conserving the environment. On solar
energy, the policy recommends that there should be regular review of standards for solar energy
technologies and equipment, provision of a framework for connection of electricity generated from solar
energy to national and isolated grids, through direct sale or net metering and Research Development and
Dissemination (RD&D) should be undertaken on solar technologies. The proposed Master Plan is therefore
expected to incorporate the various aspects of the energy policy including renewable energy and energy
efficiency and conservation measures.

4.3.6 Forestry Policy, 2014

This policy of the government is intended to ensure forests in the country are protected from wanton
destruction. The goal of the policy is to increase the area under forest to 10% of the total land area in the
country. The proposed Master Plan will therefore be required to be consistent with the Kenya’s forest
policy. Where clearance of forests or sections of forests is envisaged, it would be important to put in place
appropriate mitigation measures such as those specified in the preliminary environmental management
and monitoring plan of this SEA report.

64 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.3.7 National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy, 2007

The National Environmental Sanitation and Hygiene Policy is devoted to environmental sanitation and
hygiene in Kenya as a major contribution to the dignity, health, welfare, social well-being and prosperity of
all Kenyan residents. The policy recognizes that healthy and hygienic behaviour and practices begin with
the individual. Proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan is in line with the implementation of the policy to
enhance sanitation, hygiene, food safety, improved housing, use of safe drinking water, waste management,
and vector control at the household level. As a basic human right, all Kenyans should be able to live with
dignity in a hygienic and sanitary environment. The proposed Master Plan should ensure that all sectors
understand what constitutes a healthy human environment, and that they adopt attitudes and practices
that create and sustain such an environment.

4.3.8 National Urban Development Policy

The National Urban Development Policy Provides a framework for sustainable urban development in the
country. The various sectors addressed in the policy include; urban economy; urban finance; urban
governance and management; national and County urban planning; land, environment and climate change;
social infrastructure and services; physical infrastructure and services; urban housing; urban safety and
disaster risk management; and marginalized and vulnerable groups. The policy is guided by the
Constitution of Kenya 2010, clauses 184 and 176 (2) which provides for regulation of urban areas and
cities, clause 200(2), which outlines the governance of the capital city, other cities and urban areas and
Vision 2030, which calls for a nationwide urban planning and development campaign. The policy aims at
strengthening urban governance and management, development planning, urban investment and the
delivery of social and physical infrastructure in urban areas throughout the country. The proposed
development being a city will be required to adhere to the frameworks stipulated in the policy in order to
ensure proper governance and management of the city by provision of high-quality infrastructure and
services to its residents, proper and planned urban development and investments and also sustainable use
of land.
4.3.9 The National Housing Policy 2004
The sessional paper no. 3 of 2004 on national housing policy outlines the government of Kenya’s
commitment in provision of affordable housing. The main goal of the policy is to facilitate the provision of
adequate shelter and a healthy living environment at an affordable cost to all socio-economic groups in
Kenya in order to foster sustainable human settlements. This will minimize the number of citizens living in
shelters that are below the habitable living conditions. It will also curtail the mushrooming of slums and
informal settlements especially in the major towns. Chapter two of the housing policy outlines one of the
objectives of the policy as to promote inclusive participation of the private sector, public sector,
community-based organisations, Non-Governmental Organisations, co-operatives, communities and other
development partners in planning, development and management of housing programmes. The proposed
Tatu City extension Master Plan provides adequate land for high end residential premises. This provision
links very well with the goals and objectives of the national housing policy 2004. Further, in the national
housing policy, the government of Kenya commits to facilitate investments in the housing sector. Based on
the provisions of the national housing policy 2004, the proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan builds on
the government’s agenda on housing.
4.3.10 Sessional Paper No. 9 of 2012 on the National Industrialization Policy Framework
for Kenya 2012-2030
The Vision of this policy aims to make Kenya the leading industrialized nation in Africa with a robust,
diversified and globally competitive manufacturing sector. The Mission is: “To promote and sustain a
vibrant, globally competitive and diversified industrial sector for generation of wealth and employment
through the creation of an enabling environment”. The implementation of this Sessional Paper is premised
on the guiding principles namely: (i) Productivity and competitiveness; (ii) Market development; (iii) High
value addition and diversification; (iv) Regional dispersion; (v) Technology and innovation; (vi) Fair trade
practices; (vii) Growth and graduation of Micro, Small and Medium Industries; (viii) Employment creation;
(ix) Environmental sustainability; (x) Compliance with the current Constitution; and (xi) Education and

65 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

human resource development. All these principles are in line with the envisioned development and will
form key tenets in the Tatu City Extension Master plan.
4.3.11 The Sessional Paper No. 1 of 2017 on National Land Use Policy (NLUP)
The overall goal of the national land use policy is to provide legal, administrative, institutional and
technological framework for optimal utilization and productivity of land related resources in a sustainable
and desirable manner at national, County and community levels. The Policy is premised on the philosophy
of economic productivity, social responsibility, environmental sustainability and cultural conservation. Key
principles informing it include efficiency, access to land use information, equity, elimination of
discrimination and public benefit sharing. Amongst the key principles envisioned by the policy include:
▪ Land use planning, resource allocation and resource management for sustainable development to
promote public good and general welfare;
▪ Environmental management and sustainable production in the utilization of land resources;
▪ Coordination and integration of institutional linkages in planning at sectoral and cross-sectoral
levels to foster collaboration and decision making among different land users;
▪ Equitable utilization of land resources to meet governance, social-economic and cultural
obligations of the people of Kenya.
The Policy provides a framework for adequately addressing the challenges related to the use of land and
land-based resources. Implementation of the policy will help in the conservation of water catchment areas,
mitigating climate change effects in order to have a reliable and steady rainfall for sustained water supply
for human settlement, manufacturing and agriculture. The policy provides a guide for preparation of
physical development plans at the County level and provide for renewal and re-development of urban
areas. The Proposed Master Plan will be subjected to the provisions of this land use policy in order to ensure
proper utilization of the available land.
4.3.12 National Policy for Disaster Management in Kenya
The policy lays emphasis on preparedness on the part of the Government, communities and other
stakeholders in Disaster Risk Reduction activities. In this regard, the policy aims at the establishment and
strengthening of Disaster Management institutions, partnerships, networking and main streaming Disaster
Risk Reduction in the development process so as to strengthen the resilience of vulnerable groups to cope
with potential disasters. The proposed Master Plan is therefore required to be in line with the provisions
of disaster management. Adequate and informed planning will be required to ensure disaster preparedness
is implemented during planning. Key aspects of the policy that the Master Plan should consider are the two
major categories of disasters; 1) Natural: Bush fires, epidemics on human beings and animals, pests on
crops, forests and livestock; geologic and climatic disasters (e.g. droughts, floods, landslides, cyclones,
storm surges, coastal erosions, earthquakes, invasive plants. 2) Human-made: Terrorism, Industrial
accidents, fires, transport accidents, civil, resource-based and political conflicts, collapsed infrastructure,
food poisoning, invasive plants, drug and substance abuse, human trafficking, industrial sabotage,
environmental degradation and other emerging disasters.
4.3.13 The National Water Policy of Kenya 1999
The National Policy on Water 1999 aims to achieve sustainable development and management of the water
sector by providing a framework in which the desired targets/goals are set, outlining the necessary
measures to guide the entire range of actions and to synchronize all water-related activities and sectors.
The policy set the following specific policy objectives covering the four basic areas of water resources
management, water supply and sewerage development, institutional arrangement and financing of water
sector: The proposed Master Plan should therefore ensure its objectives are aligned with the key water
policy objectives stipulated below;
a) Preserve, conserve and protect all available water resources and allocate it in a sustainable, rational
and economical way;
b) Supply of water of good quality and in enough quantities to meet the various water needs including
poverty alleviation, while ensuring safe disposal of wastewater and environmental protection;

66 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

c) Establish an efficient and effective institutional framework to achieve a systematic development

and management of water sector; and
d) Develop a sound and sustainable financing system for effective water resources management,
water supply and sanitation development.
4.3.14 National Water Policy, 2012
The National Water Policy, 2012 has been developed in line with the mandate, vision and mission of the
Ministry responsible for water affairs in Kenya. This Policy is compliant with the Constitution of Kenya
2010 and the Vision 2030 besides considering the targets of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The
Policy is built on the premises of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM). The Policy aims at
guiding the development of strategies for water management and utilization by water sector stakeholders.
This policy recognizes the great expectation of population regarding access to freshwater supplies and use
for domestic, livestock, agriculture and other production purposes. It is therefore expected that the
proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) will ensure adequate protection of water resources during the master
plan execution.
4.3.15 Environment and Development (Sessional Paper No. 6 of 1999)
The Kenya’s policy paper on the Environment and Development was formulated in 1999. The policy defined
approaches that will be pursued by the Government in mainstreaming environment into development. The
policy harmonized environmental and developmental objectives with the broad goal of achieving
sustainable development. The policy paper also provided guidelines and strategies for government action
regarding environment and development. In regard to wildlife, the policy reemphasized government’s
commitment towards involving local communities and other stakeholders in wildlife conservation and
management, as well as developing mechanisms that allow them to benefit from the natural resources
occurring in their areas. The policy also advocated for the establishment of zones that allow for the multiple
use and management of wildlife. This policy is relevant to the proposed Master Plan in view of the potential
impacts on the environment and involvement of the public in planning.
4.3.16 Kenya National Policy on Gender and Development (NPGD), 2000
The purpose of the Gender Policy is to institutionalize The Kenya National Policy on Gender and
Development (NPGD), within Gender, Children and Social Development. It articulates the policy approach
of gender mainstreaming and empowerment of women at the ministry level. The policy seeks a society
where women, men, children and persons with disabilities enjoy equal rights, opportunities and a high
quality of life. This report has in depth addressed matters to do with gender and development and in the
concession period the Master Plan should be guided by respective principles under this policy.
4.3.17 HIV/AIDS Policy of 2009
The policy identifies HIV/AIDS as a global crisis that constitutes one of the most formidable challenges to
development and social progress. The Pandemic heavily affects the Kenyan economy through loss of skilled
and experienced manpower due to deaths, loss of man hours due to prolonged illnesses, absenteeism,
reduced performance, increased stress, stigma, discrimination and loss of institutional memories, among
others. Due to the large of number of workers who will be involved in the implementation of the Master
Plan and the associated social issues expected in the proposed city, HIV/AIDS policy aspects will be
considered.

4.3.18 Kenya National Youth Policy (2016)

The Youth policy provides for Youth inclusion in the different sectors to identify specific Youth issues and
how to address and include them. Article 260 of Kenya’s Constitution defines a Youth as a person aged
between eighteen (18) years and thirty-four (34) years. It is envisaged that the Master Plan execution will
identify the needs and concerns of youth and include their views during specific project implementation.

67 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.4 National Strategies

4.4.1 The Kenya Vision 2030
Nationally, the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan links well with Vision 2030
blueprint. The proposed development builds on Chapter 4 (economic vision and strategy: adding value to
our products and services) and Chapter 5 (the social strategy: investing in the people of Kenya) of the vision
2030 blueprint. Chapter 4 of the blueprint focuses on tourism, agriculture, wholesale and retail trade,
financial services amongst others, while chapter 5 focuses on education, health, water, environment,
housing and urbanization amongst other sectors. The projects envisioned in the proposed Tatu City
extension adequately addresses the economic and social pillars of the vision 2030. For instance, in the
proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan, adequate land has been set aside for construction of hospitals,
schools, hospitality facilities, residential and commercial premises, and natural green space and water
bodies. As such, implementation of the Tatu city extension Master Plan will contribute immensely towards
the achievement of key flagship vision 2030 projects captured under the economic and social pillars of the
blueprint.
The Economic Pillar of Vision 2030 seeks to improve the prosperity of all regions of the country and all
Kenyans and as such the development blueprint recognizes projects such as the Proposed Master Plan to
be a prerequisite in attaining the Kenya’s Vision 2030.
Moreover, Environment’s cleanliness and security is ensured via protection and conservation and
conservation of sensitive areas such as wetlands and wildlife corridors and migratory routes which can be
done by conducting specific project’s Environmental and Social Impact Assessments and developing of
comprehensive mapping of land use patterns in Kenya.
4.4.2 The Government of Kenya’s Big Four Agenda
The National government came up with the Big Four agenda with four pillars; manufacturing, universal
healthcare, affordable housing, and food security. This is fully supported by President Uhuru Kenyatta in a
bid to cement his legacy. The government allocated Sh44.6 billion for universal health coverage, Sh6.5
billion for provision of affordable and decent housing for all Kenyans, Sh20.25 billion to enhance food and
nutrition security to all Kenyans by 2022, and Sh2.4 billion to support value addition and raise the
manufacturing sector’s share to gross domestic product to 15 per cent by 2022. To make the Big Four
Agenda a success, the government plans to create partnerships with the private sector and development
partners with the final goal of accelerating economic growth of the country through achievement of the
four pillars.
The proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan offers a direct linkage to the Big Four Agenda as it provides
adequate land for high end residential premises. This provision links very well with the goals and objectives
of the Big Four Agenda for provision of affordable housing by investing in the housing sector. In enhancing
the manufacturing sector, the government is proposing to promote industries like leather, textile and agro-
processing. Similarly, Tatu City extension Master Plan, lays out substantial land for development of special
economic zones, SME and industrial parks. As such, the proposed Tatu City extension contributes greatly
to the government’s Big Four Agenda on manufacturing.
4.4.3 The Kenya National Climate Change Response Strategy of 2010
This strategy provides measures that the Government of Kenya is taking to address issues related to the
impact of climate change on various sectors of the economy. The proposed Master Plan will need to take
on board the effects of changing climate in the country and apply climate change mitigation measures.
4.4.4 The National Biodiversity Strategy of 2000
The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) was formulated to enable Kenya address
national and international commitments defined in Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity
(CBD). The strategy is a national framework of action for ensuring that the present rate of biodiversity loss
is reversed, and present levels of biological resources are maintained at sustainable levels for posterity.
The general objectives of the strategy are to conserve Kenya’s biodiversity; to sustainably use its
components; to fairly and equitably share the benefits arising from the utilization of biological resources

68 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

among the stakeholders; and to enhance technical and scientific cooperation nationally and internationally,
including the exchange of information in support of biological conservation. The proposed Master Plan will
need to comply with the requirements of this strategy since the land uses may interfere with biodiversity
in some sections along the wetlands.
The Proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan has made provisions to ensure a clean and healthy
environment through the environmental and social management plan. This will ensure protection of the
biodiversity. It is also anticipated that Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will be guided by the Kenya
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, considering environmental protection and conservation.
The proposed development has the potential of impacting on biodiversity including wetlands, forests
resources and other natural environment. It is crucial to take appropriate measures to minimize
interference and maximize conservation and proper utilization of biodiversity within the development
area.
4.4.5 The National Water Master Plan 2030
The National Water Master Plan (NWMP) 2030 was launched on 26th March 2014. It is a product of an
intensive study of Kenya’s water resources and meteorological conditions to facilitate planning for
development and management of the same. The objectives of the Project were: To assess and evaluate
availability, reliability, quality, and vulnerability of the country’s water resources up to around 2050 taking
into consideration climate change; To renew the National Water Master Plan towards the year 2030 taking
into consideration climate change; To formulate an action plan for activities of WRA up to 2022 to
strengthen their capability; To strengthen the capacity of water resources management through transfer
of technology.
NWMP 2030 has been prepared for six catchment areas which are management units of WRA. These
include; Athi Catchment Area (ACA) – Machakos; Ewaso Ng’iro North Catchment Area (ENNCA) – Nanyuki;
Lake Victoria North Catchment Area (LVNCA) – Kakamega; Lake Victoria South Catchment Area (LVSCA);
Rift Valley Catchment Area (RVCA) – Nakuru and Tana Catchment Area (TCA) – Embu. The NWMP 2030
consist of the following nine component plans: a) Water Supply Development Plan; b) Sanitation
Development Plan; c) Irrigation Development Plan; d) Hydropower Development Plan; e) Water Resources
Development Plan; f) Water Resources Management Plan; g) Flood and Drought Disaster Management Plan
and h) Environmental Management Plan.
The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan fits within the Athi Catchment hence will
require to be in line with the development plans and overall NWMP. The Master Plan aims at ensuring
protection of water resources within the Master Plan area and management of water including proper rain
water harvesting and creating buffer zones for protection of water bodies. Tatu City Limited should input
all strategies necessary to ensure adequate provision of water to the city residents.
4.4.6 The Kenya National Spatial Plan (2015-2045)
The National Spatial Plan is a long-term plan that covers a period of 30 years and provides a spatial
structure that defines how the national space is going to be utilized for the realization of optimal and
sustainable use of our land. The Plan provides a spatial framework upon which the various sectoral plans
and policies will be anchored and is a basis for preparation of all other lower level plans. The Plan covers
the entire Kenyan territory and the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). The Plan addresses the disconnect
between economic and spatial planning that has led to uncoordinated and unguided development by
establishing a broad physical planning framework that provides physical planning policies to support
economic and sectoral planning. The National Spatial Plan is therefore, designed to provide a national
spatial planning framework for integration of social, economic and environmental policies. The proposed
Tatu city Extension Master Plan should be able to adhere to the goals of the national spatial plan in order
to promote planned and sustainable development. The development should achieve a balance between
economic and spatial planning by bridging the gap.
4.4.7 Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020
Agricultural Sector Development Strategy 2010-2020 is the overall national policy document that guides
all agricultural stakeholders and ministries in Kenya. It outlines the characteristics, challenges,

69 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

opportunities, vision, mission, strategic thrusts and the various interventions that the ministries will
undertake to propel the agricultural sector to the future. The policy document advocates for improved
management of the environment and natural resources, improved environmental conservation and
improved pollution and waste management. The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master
Plan should ensure sustainable management of riparian reserves, wildlife and establishment of green belts
in the development. The Master Plan has designated areas for agricultural zones in order to promote
agricultural practices.
4.4.8 National Master Plan for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Water
Catchment Areas in Kenya, 2012
The Master Plan was formulated to create a framework that will support the rehabilitation, protection and
conservation of important water catchment areas in Kenya to ensure sustainable use of water resources.
This includes the two dams within the proposed Tatu City Master plan.
The proponent of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan should ensure water
catchment areas within the development area are conserved and protected during and after
implementation of the Master Plan, and this will be done in collaboration with relevant stakeholders such
as WRA and ATHI Water.
4.4.9 The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030
The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 was created by the Ministry of tourism to review its marketing strategy
in a bid to upscale the tourism sector and reclaim Kenya’s position as a leader in the sector. The blueprint
provides strategies that aim at ensuring that the country’s tourism sector unlocks its maximum potential.
The plan calls for innovative approaches in the management of the tourism sector in Kenya to achieve
Vision 2030, while outlining the tools and guidelines to achieve this. It is anchored on four pillars that
include product strategy, marketing strategy, investment promotion and infrastructure strategy.
To achieve this, the plan aims at capitalizing on Kenya’s rich biodiversity by protecting indigenous animals,
plants, habitats and ecosystems, and maintaining its purity for future generations while at the same time
minimizing challenges that face wildlife and habitats such as climate change, population growth, pollution,
poaching and human wildlife conflict. The Plan acts as a transformational framework for the tourism sector
in Kenya offering modern approaches to tourism with vibrant, innovative and inclusive propositions that
seek to provide unforgettable experiences to visitors, as well as ensure that tourism resources in the
country benefit Kenyan communities.
The proposed Tatu city extension Master Plan consists of a comprehensive mix of land uses including
residential, commercial, retail, tourism, social facilities and recreation which will be privately managed.
This means that it will be able to attract both domestic and international tourists who will be eager to enjoy
the facilities and biodiversity of the proposed development. The proposed Tatu City extension Master Plan
also focuses on natural resources conservation as it has set aside substantial land for conservation (natural
green spaces and water bodies) similarly, The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 advocates for protection of
Kenya’s biodiversity including indigenous animals, plants, habitats and ecosystems and maintaining its
purity for future generations. The proposed Tatu City mixed-use development activities are consistent with
The Big Four Tourism Plan 2030 and are geared towards promoting tourism in the Country.
4.4.10 Nairobi Metro 2030
The Nairobi Metro created by the Ministry of Nairobi Metropolitan Development in 2008 outlines a strategy
for the entire Nairobi Metropolitan Region by promoting development through rapid economic growth,
employment and balanced wealth creation, poverty alleviation, meaningful youth engagement, and a
vigorous pursuit of regional equity. The Nairobi Metro 2030 growth strategy aims to transform the Nairobi
metropolitan region into a world class African region that offers sustainable wealth creation and a high
quality of life for its residents, by the year 2030. In the Proposed Nairobi Metropolitan growth structure,
the region includes Nairobi, Machakos, Kiambu and Kajiado Counties. One of the metropolitan within the
Nairobi Metropolitan Region is Ruiru town which boarders the proposed Tatu City. On completion of the
development, Tatu City sets to promote development of not only within Ruiru town but also in the entire

70 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Nairobi metropolitan region as it is expected to create employment, generate wealth through investments
and business activities.
4.4.11 Nairobi Master Plan for Sewer, Sanitation and Drainage, Third Nairobi Water
Supply
The Nairobi Sewerage Master Plan states that due to the ever-increasing population within the entire
Nairobi Metropolitan Region, infrastructure development does not match the population growth rate that
is currently estimated at 7.8% per annum in the urban regions of NMR. The Master Plan acknowledges that
peri-urban boundaries of Nairobi are constantly growing at a projected population of 350,000 people in
1989 to 1.4 million people in 2020, this poses a major challenge to the County Government and the National
Government due to the unavailability of a sewerage system in the area.
The Master Plan indicates that, to meet the envisaged development for Nairobi and its environs, there will
be need to provide sewerage services through construction of own local sewerage treatment systems or by
employing privately owned, on site treatment systems. The Master Plan proposes development of Ruiru II
Sewerage Treatment Works for the growing population of Ruiru town estimated to grow to 237,413
persons from 174,877 persons according to the 2009 census.
Development of the Proposed Tatu city in Ruiru Municipality will further lead to increased population in
the area hence the need for a well-developed modern sewer and drainage system to effectively cater for
the expected population.
4.5 Legal Framework / Laws and Key relevant Regulations
There are several legal provisions on environmental protection, which touch on and regulate the
development of infrastructure like Tatu City (Mchana Estate). A brief review of the various legislations
relevant to the development is given hereunder. The following pieces of legislations are applicable to the
proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate).
4.5.1 Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387)
EMCA Cap 387 apply to all policies, plans and programs as specified in part IV, part V and the Second
Schedule of the Act. According to Part VI of the Act, section 42 (1), the lead agencies in consultation with
the Authority are mandated to subject all proposals for public policy, plans and programmes to a Strategic
Environmental Assessment to determine which ones are the most environmentally friendly and cost
effective when implemented individually or in combination. The SEA must consider the effect of
implementation of alternative policy action on the use of natural resources, protection and conservation of
biodiversity, human settlement and cultural issues, socio-economic factors, the protection, conservation of
natural physical surroundings of scenic beauty as well as protection and conservation of built environment
of historic or cultural significance. The principles of SEA must also be incorporated in any sector or national
policy development. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan has been subjected to a SEA as
per the requirement of these regulations. Below is a highlight of key regulations under EMCA, Cap 387;

4.5.1.1 Environmental Management and Coordination (Environmental Impact Assessment and

Audit) Regulations, 2003

These regulations stipulate the steps to be followed when undertaking an Environmental Impact
Assessment, and Environmental Audit. The proposed Master Plan land uses will have impacts on several
environmental compartments and several considerations will have to be made when assessing them as
prescribed in the Second Schedule of the regulations. All developments / projects within the proposed
Master Plan that falls under the Second Schedule of the EMCA Cap 387, will require to undergo an
Environment Impact Assessment/Audit which will be carried out in accordance with these regulations. The
regulations stipulate the ways in which environment impact assessment and audits should be conducted.
The project falls under the second schedule of EMCA, Cap 387 that requires an Environmental Impact
Assessment Study be undertaken to provide baseline information upon which subsequent environmental
control audit shall be based.

71 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.5.1.2 Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2006

Water Quality Regulations apply to water used for domestic, industrial, agricultural, and recreational
purposes; water used for fisheries and wildlife purposes, and water used for any other purposes. Different
standards apply to different modes of usage. These regulations provide for the protection of lakes, rivers,
streams, springs, wells and other water sources. The effective enforcement of the water quality regulations
will lead to a marked reduction of water-borne diseases and hence a reduction in the health budget.
The regulations also provide guidelines and standards for the discharge of poisons, toxins, noxious,
radioactive waste or other pollutants into the aquatic environment in line with the Third Schedule of the
regulations. The regulations have standards for discharge of effluent into the sewer and aquatic
environment. While it is the responsibility of the sewerage service providers to regulate discharges into
sewer lines based on the given specifications, NEMA regulates discharge of all effluent into the aquatic
environment. Everyone is required to refrain from any actions, which directly or indirectly cause water
pollution, whether or not the water resource was polluted before the enactment of the Environmental
Management and Coordination Act (EMCA Cap 387). The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan
will incorporate these regulations to protect human health and the environment.

4.5.1.3 Environmental Management and Coordination (Waste Management) Regulations, 2006

These regulations stipulate how the different types of waste streams should be stored, transported, and
disposed of. The type of waste streams described herein include solid waste, industrial waste, hazardous
waste, pesticides and toxic substances, biomedical waste and radioactive substances. The regulations also
stipulate the conditions for licensing any person dealing with the transport or waste disposal. The Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will also incorporate the waste management regulations to offer
proper guidelines in waste management.

4.5.1.4 Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration Pollution
Control) Regulations, 2009

These regulations prohibit any person from making or causing any loud, unreasonable, unnecessary or
unusual noise which annoys, disturbs, injures or endangers the comfort, repose, health or safety of others
and the environment. It also stipulates the factors to be considered when determining the amount of noise
produced from various sources. The regulations further provide the permissible noise levels within
different neighborhoods at different times. In determining whether noise is loud, unreasonable,
unnecessary or unusual, the following factors may be considered:
▪ Time of the day;
▪ Proximity to residential area;
▪ Whether the noise is recurrent, intermittent or constant;
▪ The level and intensity of the noise;
▪ Whether the noise has been enhanced in level or range by any type of electronic or mechanical
means; and,
▪ Whether the noise is subject to be controlled without unreasonable effort or expense to the person
making the noise.
The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will be guided by these regulations to ensure that all
land use changes and developments envisioned in the Master Plan execution comply with the provisions of
the regulations.

4.5.1.5 Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality) Regulations, 2014

These regulations provide for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution to ensure clean and
healthy ambient air. It applies to all internal combustion engines, all premises, places, processes,
operations, or works to which the provisions of the Act and Regulations made thereunder apply, and any
other appliance or activity that the Cabinet Secretary may by order in the Gazette, specify. They stipulate

72 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

the measures to prevent air pollution from both stationary and mobile phases. They also provide for the
permissible occupational exposure limits. The Master Plan will incorporate these provisions to ensure
ambient air quality is attained at the development and operation stage

4.5.1.6 The Environmental Management and Coordination (Wetlands, Riverbanks, Lakeshores,

and Seashores Management) Regulations, 2009

The objective of these regulations is to ensure that the wetlands and wetland resources, Riverbanks,
lakeshores and seashores are used and managed in a sustainable manner. The regulations provide
conditions for an area to be declared as a protected wetland and its subsequent use after the declaration.
They also provide for special measures that should be undertaken to protect the Riverbanks, lakeshores
and seashores from degradation. These regulations will be incorporated in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) Master Plan to ensure that the areas such as Riverbanks are protected.

4.5.1.7 Environmental Management and Coordination (Conservation of Biodiversity) Regulations,

2006

These regulations prohibit any person from engaging in any activity that may have an adverse impact on
any ecosystem, lead to the introduction of any exotic species or lead to unsustainable use of natural
resources without an Environmental Impact Assessment License issued by the Authority under the Act. It
stipulates the measures to be undertaken in a bid to conserve any threatened species, and provides for the
protection of environmentally significant areas. These regulations will be incorporated in the Tatu City
(Mchana Estate) Master Plan to ensure that any species of importance within the development area will be
protected.
4.5.2 Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA 2007)
Occupational Safety and Health Act applies to all workplaces where any person is at work, whether
temporarily or permanently. The purpose of the Act is to secure the safety, health and welfare of persons
at work and protect persons other than persons at work against risks to safety and health arising out of the
activities of persons at work. Section 19 of the Act provides that an occupier of any premises likely to emit
poisonous, harmful, injurious or offensive substances, into the atmosphere shall use the best practicable
means to prevent such emissions into the atmosphere and render harmless and inoffensive the substances
which may be emitted. During the execution of the Master Plan, there will be the need to ensure that all
employees and people around the area are protected against any risks that could arise from the operations,
hence the provisions of this Act will be incorporated.
4.5.3 Climate Change Act, 2016
This Act provides for a regulatory framework for enhanced response to climate change; to provide for
mechanism and measures to achieve low carbon climate development, and for connected purposes. This
Act is applicable for the development, management, implementation and regulation of mechanisms to
enhance climate change resilience and low carbon development for the sustainable development of Kenya
and envisioned Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Phase 1I development. The Act’s main objectives related to the
various development zones for the proposed Master Plan are;

a) Mainstream climate change responses into development planning, decision making and
implementation;
b) Build resilience and enhance adaptive capacity to the impacts of climate change;
c) Formulate programmes and plans to enhance the resilience and adaptive capacity of human and
ecological systems to the impacts of climate change;
d) Mainstream and reinforce climate change disaster risk reduction into strategies and actions of
public and private entities;
e) Mainstream intergenerational and gender equity in all aspects of climate change responses;
f) Provide incentives and obligations for private sector contribution in achieving low carbon climate
resilient development;

73 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

g) Promote low carbon technologies, improve efficiency and reduce emissions intensity by facilitating
approaches and uptake of technologies that support low carbon, and climate resilient development;
h) Facilitate capacity development for public participation in climate change responses through
awareness creation, consultation, representation and access to information;
i) Mobilize and transparently manage public and other financial resources for climate change
response;
j) Mainstream the principle of sustainable development into the planning for and decision making on
climate change response.
4.5.4 Wildlife Management and Conservation Act 2013
The Wildlife and Conservation Act deals with the conservation and management of wildlife in Kenya. The
Act provides that wildlife should be conserved so as to yield optimum returns in terms of cultural, aesthetic,
scientific and economic benefits. The Act requires that full account be taken of the inter-relationship
between wildlife conservation and land use. The Act controls activities within the national parks, which
may lead to the disturbance of wild animals. Unauthorized entry, residence, burning, damage to objects of
scientific interest, introduction of plants and animals and damage to structure are prohibited under this
law. The development envisioned in the Master Plan will interact with wildlife areas hence Tatu City
Limited will need to ensure the provisions of this act are implemented.

4.5.5 The Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016

This law was enacted by Parliament to give effect to Article 69 of the Constitution with regard to forest
resources; to provide for the development and sustainable management, including conservation and
rational utilization of all forest resources for the socioeconomic development of the country and for
connected purposes.Parts of the proposed Master Plan land uses will interact with forests albeit artificial.
The Act requires all woodlands to be managed on a sustainable basis for the purposes inter alia of
conservation of water, soil and biodiversity, riparian and shoreline protection, sustainable production of
wood and non-wood products. Community participation as provided for in the Act should be encouraged.
The most appropriate would be the initiation of participatory forest management so that the local
community and organization can have a significant input with Kenya Forest Service (KFS) office playing a
coordination role.

4.5.6 Water Act, 2016

This Act provides the legal framework for the regulation, management and development of water resources
and water, and sewerage services in line with the Constitution. The Act gives provisions regarding
ownership of water, institutional framework, national water resources, management strategy, and
requirement for permits, state schemes and community projects. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate)
Master Plan will incorporate the provisions of the Act as it will include the development of infrastructure
for water supply within the proposed city.

4.5.7 Energy Act 2019

The energy Act aims to consolidate the laws relating to energy, to provide for National and County
Government functions in relation to energy, to provide for the establishment, powers and functions of the
energy sector entities; promotion of renewable energy; exploration, recovery and commercial utilization
of geothermal energy; regulation of midstream and downstream petroleum and coal activities; regulation,
production, supply and use of electricity and other energy forms; and for connected purposes. The Act
establishes the Energy and Petroleum Regulatory Authority to ensure generation, importation, exportation,
transmission, distribution, supply and use of electrical energy except for licensing of nuclear facilities.
4.5.8 Environment and Land Court Act, 2011
This Act was established to give effect to Article 162(2) (b) of the Constitution; to establish a superior court
to hear and determine disputes relating to the environment and the use and occupation of, and title to, land,
and to make provision for its jurisdiction functions and powers, and for connected purposes. The principle

74 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

objective of this Act is to enable the court to facilitate the just and expeditious resolution of land disputes.
This Act will be taken into consideration in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan to facilitate
the resolution of any land disputes that may arise during its execution.
4.5.9 County Governments Act, 2012
This is an Act of parliament to give effect to Chapter Eleven of the Kenyan Constitution; to provide for
County government’s powers, functions and responsibilities to deliver services and for connected
purposes. The Act lays emphasis on the need for a consultative and participatory approach where the
principles of planning and development facilitation in a County serve as a basis for engagement between
the County government and the citizens and other stakeholders. The County government of Kiambu County
will play an important role during the execution of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.
4.5.10 Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Authority Act, 2013
The Act provides legislation for the control over soil conservation and development. The Cabinet Secretary
may provide guidelines for several matters for the purpose of the conservation of the soil, or the prevention
of the adverse effects of soil erosion on any land. These may include: prohibiting, regulating or controlling
the undertaking of any agricultural activity including the firing, clearing or destruction of vegetation so as
to protect the land against degradation, the protection of water catchment areas or otherwise, for the
preservation of the soil and its fertility. The provisions of this Act will be considered in the Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan to ensure that measures will be put in place to conserve the existing
vegetation, and where necessary measures to replace the vegetation that may be affected during the
execution.
4.5.11 Housing Act Cap 117
The Act established a National Housing Corporation (NHC) to perform the duties conferred on it by this
Act. The primary mandate of NHC is to play a principal role in the implementation of the Government’s
Housing Policies and Programmes. The proposed Master Plan for TATU City Extension has a housing
development sector which is in line with the national housing policy.
4.5.12 Education Act.
An Act of Parliament to provide for the regulation and progressive development of education in Kenya. The
proposed Master Plan has set aside land use areas for development of educational institutions which should
abide to the provisions of this act.
4.5.13 Sports Act 2013
An Act of Parliament to harness sports for development, encourage and promote drug-free sports and
recreation; to provide for the establishment of sports institutions, facilities, administration and
management of sports in the country, and for connected purposes. Proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate)
Master Plan has provisions for development of sports facilities which should be done in line with the Act
and in consultation of relevant bodies established by the Sports Act.
4.5.14 Building Code 2000
This Act stipulates the procedures that should be followed before a development is carried out. It provides
for application and payment for licenses and permits for construction. It also stipulates that the Authority
should submit physical development plans to the relevant local authorities before a development is carried
out. It provides the requirements for certificates of occupation of premises. The proposed Tatu City
(Mchana Estate) Master Plan will be guided by this Act during its execution and operation.
4.5.15 Employment Act, 2007
The Act is enacted to consolidate the law relating to trade unions and trade disputes, to provide for the
registration, regulation, management and democratization of trade unions and employers organizations
and federations. The purpose of the Act is to promote sound labour relations through freedom of
association, the encouragement of effective collective bargaining and promotion of orderly and expeditious
dispute for the protection and promotion of settlements conducive to social justice and economic

75 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

development for connected purposes. This Act is important since it provides for an employer – employee
relationship that is important for the execution of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.
4.5.16 Food Drugs and Chemicals Substances Act (Cap 254)
This is an Act of Parliament to make provision for the prevention of adulteration of food, drugs and chemical
substances. Any person who contravenes the provisions of this Act commits an offence. The Act provides
for the establishment of a Public Health (Standards) Board. The Act also provides for the cancellation of
licenses of any person or institution that contravenes the provisions of this Act during the sale of food,
drugs and chemical substances. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will be guided by this
Act to ensure that its provisions are adhered to during execution.
4.5.17 Land Act, 2012
This is an Act of Parliament to give effect to Article 68 of the Constitution, to revise, consolidate and
rationalize land laws; to provide for the sustainable administration and management of land and land-
based resources, and for connected purposes. Part VIII of this Act provides procedures for compulsory
acquisition of interests in land. Section 111 (1) States that if land is acquired compulsorily under this Act,
just compensation shall be paid promptly in full to all persons whose interests in the land have been
determined. The Act also provides for settlement programmes. Any dispute arising out of any matter
provided for under this Act may be referred to the Land and Environment Court for determination. Tatu
City Limited will acquire land/ensure due diligence for the proposed development envisioned by the
masterplan in accordance with this Act.
4.5.18 The Land Registration Act, 2012
This is an Act of Parliament that revises, consolidates and rationalizes the registration of titles to land, to
give effect to the principles and objects of devolved government in land registration, and for connected
purposes. The Act requires that there is proper marking and maintenance of boundaries. An interested
person who has made an application to the Registrar for his/her boundaries to be ascertained, the Registrar
shall give notice to the owners and occupiers of the land adjoining the boundaries in question of the
intention to ascertain and fix the boundaries. With regard to the maintenance of boundaries, the Act
requires every proprietor of land to maintain in good order the fences, hedges, stones, pillars, beacons,
walls and other features that demarcate the boundaries, pursuant to the requirements of any written law.
4.5.19 National Land Commission Act, 2012 (No. 5 of 2012)
The National Land Commission of Kenya is an independent government commission whose establishment
was provided for by the Constitution of Kenya to, amongst other duties, manage public land on behalf of
the national and County governments, initiate investigations into present or historical land injustices,
recommend appropriate redress, monitor and have oversight responsibilities over land use planning
throughout the country. It was officially established under The National Land Commission Act, 2012. The
duties of the commission are among others to monitor the registration of all rights and interests in land
and ensure that public land and land under the management of designated state agencies are sustainably
managed for their intended purpose and for future generations. The Commission is also required in
consultation and cooperation with the national and County governments, to establish County land
management boards for the purposes of managing public land. The Master Plan will ensure that the
provisions of this Act are adhered to in order to eliminate any land related disputes.
4.5.20 Penal Code Act (Cap.63)
This Act stipulates the various activities and conduct that are considered to be unlawful or criminal in
nature, and the penalties as provided for by the Act. According to section 191, any person who voluntarily
corrupts or fouls the water of any public spring or reservoir, so as to render it less fit for the purpose for
which it is ordinarily used, is guilty of a misdemeanor. Section 192 also stipulates that any person who
voluntarily vitiates the atmosphere in any place, so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general
dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhood or passing along a public way, is guilty of a
misdemeanor. The Master Plan will take into consideration the provisions of this Act to prevent deliberate
water and air pollution during execution.

76 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.5.21 Physical and Land use Planning Act, 2019;

This Physical and Land Use Planning Act, 2019 make provision for the planning, use, regulation and
development of land and for connected purposes. Article 5 of the Act under Principles and norms of
physical and land use planning notes that every person engaged in physical and land use planning
development activities shall be in a manner that integrates economic, social and environmental needs of
present and future generations. The 3rd Schedule of the Act Article 1 gives considerations for Easements
and Wayleaves of base transmission stations. Article 4 notes major developments should be subjected to
environmental and social impact assessment. Tatu City should ensure compliance with the provisions of
the act and land use planning. Public participation has been conducted to ensure the involvement of
stakeholders in the planning process.
4.5.22 Public Health Act (Cap. 242)
This Act provides a guide on how to establish a Central Board of Health and how to appoint its members. It
stipulates measures that should be put in place so as to prevent the spread of infectious diseases such as
malaria and smallpox among others within the country. It also provides for protection of foodstuffs and
water from contamination. It stipulates measures to prevent the entry of infectious diseases through the
ports and inland borders. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will incorporate the Act to
guide its execution as regards to public health.
4.5.23 Special Economic Zones Act, 2015
Kenya aims to transform Kenya into a newly industrialized ‘middle-income country providing a high-
quality life to all its citizens by the year 2030’. The Establishment of Special Economic Zones is Key to the
achievement of this vision. This is an Act of Parliament to provide for the establishment of special economic
zones; the promotion and facilitation of global and local investors; the development and management of
enabling environment for such investments, and for connected purposes. The government declared Tatu
City, through a Kenya Gazette Notice, a Special Planning Area (SPA), which means the master-planned city
will be under state control rather than County authority. The Special Economic Zones (SEZ) Authority is
the regulator of all SEZs. It is responsible for designing, approving, establishing, developing, operating,
promoting and regulating an SEZ. It also issues licences and implements Government policies and
programmes. Further, the Authority oversees the investment criteria and investment thresholds for the
businesses in the zone and maintains records of the enterprises and residents operating in each zone.
This act will assist Tatu City Limited to fast track Tatu City’s materialization by allowing for fast planning
and cutting construction approval bureaucracies for homeowners within the project while also paving way
for the development of Tatu City’s Local Physical Development Plan whose key aim is to ensure coordinated
and progressive development of the area in order to ensure health, safety, convenience, and the general
welfare of its inhabitants.
Tatu City is now required to liaise with the Special Economic Zones Authority to establish and
operationalize a ‘one-stop’ shop within the city to facilitate processing and issuance of development
construction permits and certificates of occupancy as envisaged under the provisions of section 11 of the
Special Economic Zones Act, No. 16 of 2015. This will provide a framework for the physical development
and management of the area and guide the development control processes within Tatu City.
4.5.24 Standards Act Cap. 496
This Act is meant to promote the standardization of the specification of commodities, and to provide for
the standardization of commodities and codes of practice. It also provides for the establishment of a Kenya
Bureau of Standards, definition of its functions and provides for its management and control. The Code of
practice is interpreted in the Act as a set of rules relating to the methods to be applied or the procedure to
be adopted in connection with the construction, installation, testing, sampling, operation or use of any
article, apparatus, instrument, device or process. The Act will be incorporated in the Master Plan to ensure
that all the commodities that will be purchased and used during the execution will adhere to the provisions
of this Act.

77 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.5.25 Work Injury Compensation Benefit Act (WIBA) 2007

This is an Act of Parliament to provide for compensation to employees for work related injuries and
diseases contracted in the course of their employment and for connected purposes. The Act applies to all
employees, including employees employed by the Government, other than the armed forces, in the same
way and to the same extent as if the Government were a private employer. It is the duty of all employers to
obtain and maintain an insurance policy from an approved insurer in respect of any liability the employer
may incur as provided for by the Act. The Act also stipulates that an employee who suffers an accident that
leads to disablement or death is subject to the provisions of this Act and is entitled to compensation. The
Master Plan execution will incorporate this Act to ensure that all the employees who will be engaged during
the execution are covered as provided for in the Act.
4.5.26 Public Roads and Roads of Access Act Cap 399
The Public Roads and Roads of Access Act Cap.399 Act states that a public road is any road which the public
has a right to use immediately before the commencement of this Act, or all proclaimed or reserved roads
and thoroughfares being or existing on any land sold or leased or otherwise held under the East Africa Land
Regulations, 1897, the Crown Lands Ordinance,1902, or the Government Lands Act at any time before the
commencement of this Act and all roads and thoroughfares hereafter reserved for public use. The
infrastructural developments in the proposed Master Plan will need to take note of the provisions of this
Act.
4.5.27 The Kenya Roads Act, 2007
This is an Act of Parliament that provided for the establishment of Kenya Road Agencies i.e. Kenya National
Roads Authority (KeNHA), the Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) and the Kenya Rural Roads Authority
(KeRRA) and provided powers and functions of the authorities.
KeNHA is mandated to manage, develop, rehabilitate and maintain all national roads. Other function vested
to this authority relevant to the proposed project are: controlling national roads and road reserves and
access to roadside developments; implementing road policies in relation to national roads; ensuring
adherence to the rules and guidelines on axle load control prescribed under the Traffic Act (Cap. 403) and
under any regulations under this Act; ensuring that the quality of road works is in accordance with such
standards; in collaboration with the Ministry responsible for Transport and the Police Department,
overseeing the management of traffic and road safety on national roads; collecting and collating all such
data related to the use of national roads as may be necessary for efficient forward planning under this Act;
monitoring and evaluating the use of national roads; planning the development and maintenance of
national roads and liaising and coordinating with other road authorities in planning and on operations in
respect of roads.
4.5.28 Traffic Act Cap 403
This is an Act of Parliament consolidating the laws that govern the use of traffic on the roads. It stipulates
the procedures for vehicle registration, licensing, training of dRivers and conduct of dRivers when using
the road. It also stipulates the offences committed on the road and the penalties to be imposed in relation
to these offences. The proposed Master Plan execution stage will have a lot of traffic hence the Act
provisions will be quite relevant.
4.5.29 Urban Areas and Cities Act No 13 of 2011
This Act of Parliament gives effect to Article 184 of the Constitution; to provide for the classification,
governance and management of urban areas and cities; to provide for the criteria of establishing urban
areas, to provide for the principle of governance and participation of residents and for connected purposes.
The Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will incorporate provisions of the Act to ensure that the
proposed city is established as per the legislations

78 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.5.30 National Gender and Equality Act, 2011

National Gender Equality Commission is a constitutional Commission established by an Act of Parliament
in August 2011, as a successor commission to the Kenya National Human Rights and Equality Commission
pursuant to Article 59 of the Constitution. NGEC derives its mandate from Articles 27, 43, and Chapter
Fifteen of the Constitution; and section 8 of NGEC Act (Cap. 15) of 2011, with the objectives of promoting
gender equality and freedom from discrimination.
Gender mainstreaming in developments ensures that the concerns of women and men form an integral
dimension of the design, implementation, operation and the monitoring and evaluation ensures that
women and men benefit equally, and that inequality is not perpetuated.

4.5.31 The Sexual Offences Act, 2006 and its amendment 2012
Observing a standard work ethic is recommended to ensure persons from both genders are not subjected
to sexual offences. Ample working environment should prevail in all workplaces in the envisioned
development by the Master Plan to be enhanced through implementation of a Sexual Misconduct Policy.
4.5.32 Persons with Disability Act, Chapter 133
This act protects the rights of people with disabilities ensuring they are not marginalized and that they
enjoy all the necessities of life without discrimination. The act guarantees that (1) No person shall deny a
person with a disability access to opportunities for suitable employment, (2) A qualified employee with a
disability shall be subject to the same terms and conditions of employment and the same compensation,
privileges, benefits, fringe benefits, incentives or allowances as qualified able-bodied employees, (3) An
employee with a disability shall be entitled to exemption from tax on all income accruing from his
employment.
A person with disability is entitled to exemptions which apply with respect to exemptions and deductions
as described in Schedule 42 subsection (2) of the Act, among other provisions within this Act that should
be complied with all parties involved.
4.5.33 Tobacco Control Act, 2007
The Act of Parliament aims to control the production, manufacture, sale, labelling, advertising, promotion
and sponsorship of tobacco products, to provide for the Tobacco Control Board, to regulate smoking in
specified areas and for connected purposes. The developments envisioned by the proposed Tatu City
Mchana Estate Master Plan are expected to educate the public on the dangers of tobacco use while
protecting non-smokers from 2nd hand smoke.
4.5.34 Alcoholic Drinks Control Act, 2010.
The Alcoholic Drinks Control Act is an act of Parliament to regulate the production, sale, and consumption
of alcoholic drinks, to repeal the Chang’aa Prohibition Act, the Liquor Licensing Act and for connected
purposes. The developments envisioned by the proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan are
therefore expected to be in the forefront to ensure that the public is informed and sensitized on the dangers
of alcohol use (economic, social & health) impacts.
4.6 Multilateral Environmental Agreements / Treaties
There are number of Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs) that are relevant to the proposed
Master Plan reviewed in detail.

i. African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

ii. Earth Summit on Sustainable Development Agenda 21
iii. International Labour Organization
iv. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development
v. The 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
vi. The Paris Agreement
vii. The Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands

79 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

viii. The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland Commission of 1987)
ix. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
x. United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
xi. Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer

4.6.1 African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Africa
Union, 1968)
The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, Article II – Fundamental
Principle states the Setting aside areas for the propagation, protection, conservation and management of
vegetation and wild animals as well as for the protection of sites, land-spaces or geological formations of
particular scientific or aesthetic value, for the benefit and enjoyment of the general public.
4.6.2 Earth Summit on Sustainable Development, Agenda 21
The Agenda 21 entails a comprehensive plan of action to be undertaken globally, nationally and locally by
organizations affiliated to the United Nations, governments, and other groups in every area in which
humans’ impact on the environment. Kenya continues to implement Agenda 21 plan of action by
incorporating its principles in national policies, plans, programmes and strategies. The provisions have also
been incorporated in the Master Plan to promote sustainable development, which comprises of the three
underlying tenets of economic, social and ecology, which will be articulated in the Environmental and Social
Management and monitoring Plan.
4.6.3 Ramsar Convention on Wetlands
The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands is primarily concerned with the conservation and management of
wetlands. Parties to the convention are required to promote prudent use of wetlands within their
territories and to take measures for the conservation of the same. One way to conserve the wetlands (as
proposed under this convention) is establishing nature reserves whether they are included in the ramsar
list or not.
The wetlands include swamps, marshes, bogs, soaks, shallow lakes, ox-bow lakes, River meanders and flood
plains, as well as Riverbanks, lakeshores where wetland plants grow. They also include marine and inter-
tidal wetlands such as deltas, estuaries, mudflats, mangroves, salt marshes, sea grass beds, shallow coral
reefs and creeks. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is expected to observe and adhere
strictly to the Ramsar Convention’s principles of prudent use of wetlands especially in controlling
developments along the Riverine areas.
4.6.4 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (UNCBD)
The purpose of this convention is to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity. Kenya
signed the convention on 5th June 1992 and ratified the same on 26th July 1992. The National Environment
Management Authority (NEMA) is the national focal point to this Convention. The provisions of this
convention have been integrated in many laws of Kenya such as Wetlands, Riverbanks, Lake Shore and
Sea Shore Management Regulations, 2009 (Legal Notice No. 19). The industrial park proposes the
establishment of industrial investments that are agro-based whose operations have direct implications
on the natural plant biodiversity through the utilization of raw materials and industrial processing.
4.6.5 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)
The primary purpose of the convention is to establish methods to minimize global warming and in
particular emission of greenhouse gases. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
(UNFCC) was adopted on 9th May 1992 and came into force on 21st March 1994. Kenya ratified the
Convention on 30th August 1994 thereby committing to join the international community in combating the
problem of climate change. The National Environmental Management Authority is the agency acting as the
national focal point for this protocol. The objective of the Convention is; “Stabilization of the greenhouse
gas concentration in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference
with the climate system” (UNFCC).

80 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.6.6 Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
The Kyoto Protocol requires signatories to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
to reduce their greenhouse emissions levels to 5% below 1990 levels by the year 2012. The Protocol came
into force on 16th February 2005, after it received the pre-requisite signatures. However, major countries
like United States, China, India, and Australia are not signatories to the Protocol. NEMA is the national focal
point for this Protocol.

4.6.7 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer

Intergovernmental negotiations for an international agreement to phase out ozone depleting substances
concluded in March 1985 with the adoption of the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer.
This Convention encourages intergovernmental cooperation on research, systematic observation of the
ozone layer, monitoring of CFC production, and the exchange of information.
The convention’s declaration demands a voluntary attempt at monitoring development processes, their
resultant emissions and the impacts on the ozone layer for purposes of knowledge and information sharing
in order to combat the same. The Master Plan proposes industrial development, and therefore the SEA
report has determined and put in place measures to minimize the emissions that affect the ozone layer
through technological monitoring of gaseous emissions and their toxicity levels for purposes of minimizing
the same.

4.6.8 Rio Declaration and Agenda 21

The Rio Declaration and Agenda 2, the action plan for the 21st century are two non-legally binding
instruments adopted by the 1992 United Nations Conference on the Environment and Development
(UNCED). While the Rio Declaration contains general principles and objectives, Agenda 21 contains
detailed guidance on their practical implementation. Principle 4 of the Rio Declaration provides that to
achieve sustainable development environmental protection shall constitute an integral part of the
development process and cannot be considered in isolation from it. Principle 25 accentuates this by stating
that peace, development and environmental protection are interdependent and indivisible.

4.6.9 The World Commission on Environment and Development (The Brundtland

Commission of 1987)
The Commission in its 1987 report dubbed “Our Common Future” focused on the environmental aspects of
development, in particular the emphasis on sustainable development that produces no lasting damage to
the biosphere and to particular ecosystems. In addition to environmental sustainability is economic and
social sustainability. Economic sustainable development is development for which progress towards
environmental and social sustainability occurs within available financial resources. While social
sustainable development is development that maintains the cohesion of a society and its ability to help its
members work together to achieve common goals, while at the same time meeting individual needs for
health and well-being, adequate nutrition, and shelter, cultural expression and political involvement. The
key aspect of sustainability is the interdependence of generations. The concept of EIA is embodied in many
multilateral environmental agreements. Principle 17 of the Rio Declaration provides that environmental
impact assessment as a national instrument shall be undertaken for proposed activities that are likely to
have a significant impact on the environment and are subject to a decision of a competent national
authority.

4.6.10 Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women

The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) places explicit
obligations on states to protect women and girls from sexual exploitation and abuse. Universal Declaration
of Human Rights (Article 7), the UN Charter (Articles 1, 13, 55, and 76) and the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights (Article 24) reaffirm the freedoms and rights of all children, including internally
displaced children.

81 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.6.11 International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is built on the constitutional principle that universal and
lasting peace can be established only if it is based upon social justice. The ILO has generated such hallmarks
of industrial society as the eight-hour working day, maternity protection, child-labour laws, and a range of
policies which promote workplace safety and peaceful industrial relations.
The key ILO Conventions applicable to the proposed developments envisioned by the Master Plan include:
• Equal Remuneration Convention (1951) (No. 100) - Calls for equal pay and benefits for men and
women for work of equal value.
• Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (1958) (No. 111) - Calls for a national
policy to eliminate discrimination in access to employment, training, and working conditions, on
grounds of race, colour, sex, religion, political opinion, national extraction or social origin, and to
promote equality of opportunity and treatment.
• Minimum Age Convention (1973) (No. 138) - Aims at the abolition of child labour, stipulating that
the minimum age for admission to employment shall not be less than the age of completion of
compulsory schooling.
• Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention (1999) (No. 182) - Calls for immediate and effective
measures to secure the prohibition and elimination of the worst forms of child labour which include
slavery and similar practices, forced recruitment for use in armed conflict, use in prostitution and
pornography, any illicit activity, as well as work which is likely to harm the health, safety, and
morals of children.

4.6.12 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a new, universal set of goals, targets and indicators that UN
member states will be expected to use to frame their agendas and political policies over the next 15 years.
The SDGs include 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets. The 17 sustainable development
goals (SDGs) include:

▪ GOAL 1: No Poverty ▪ GOAL 10: Reduced Inequality

▪ GOAL 2: Zero Hunger ▪ GOAL 11: Sustainable Cities and
Communities
▪ GOAL 3: Good Health and Well-being ▪ GOAL 12: Responsible Consumption
and Production
▪ GOAL 4: Quality Education ▪ GOAL 13: Climate Action
▪ GOAL 5: Gender Equality ▪ GOAL 14: Life Below Water
▪ GOAL 6: Clean Water and Sanitation ▪ GOAL 15: Life on Land
▪ GOAL 7: Affordable and Clean Energy ▪ GOAL 16: Peace and Justice Strong
Institutions
▪ GOAL 8: Decent Work and Economic ▪ GOAL 17: Partnerships to achieve the
Growth Goal
▪ GOAL 9: Industry, Innovation and
Infrastructure

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) seek to build on the Millennium Development Goals that
expired in 2015. Most notably SDGs are integrated, indivisible and balance the three dimensions of
sustainable development: the economic, social and environmental. This Master Plan is expected to cut-
across the three dimensions of sustainable development hence making SDGs a key reference point. The
SDGs are also linked to several Kenyan legal frameworks such as Water Act, Forestry Act, and EMCA Cap
387.

4.7 Institutional Framework

The SEA process extends the aims and principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) upstream in
the decision-making process. Section 57A of EMCA (Cap 387) and Environmental (Impact Assessment and
Audit) Regulations, 2003 recognizes SEAs as a measure of environmental impact assessment at strategic

82 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

level such as policy, plans and programmes. EMCA (CAP 387) Section 57A requires all Policies, Plans and
Programmes for implementation to be subjected to Strategic Environmental Assessment. The Regulations
section 42 and 43 address Strategic Environment Assessment; section 42(1) requires Lead Agencies in
consultation with NEMA to subject all policy, plans and programmes for implementation to a Strategic
Environment Assessments. Regulation 42(3) commits the government and all Lead agencies to incorporate
principles of SEA in the development of sector or national policy.

4.7.1 Key National Institutions and Departments

At present there are over twenty (20) institutions and departments under the umbrella of different
ministries albeit others being semi-autonomous; which deal with environmental issues in Kenya. Some of
the key institutions which are relevant to the proposed Tatu City (Mchana Estate) include;
i. National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA),
ii. Kenya Forestry Service (KFS),
iii. Kenya Wildlife Services (KWS),
iv. Water Resources Authority (WRA)

4.7.1.1 Ministry of Water and Sanitation

Strategic funstions of the Ministry of Water and Sanitation include;

▪ Accelerating the implementation of water sector reforms;
▪ Improving the sustainable management of water resources;
▪ Improving the provision of water and sewerage services;
▪ Improving utilization of land through irrigation and land reclamation;
▪ Strengthening institutions in the Ministry and the water sector;
▪ Mobilizing resources and promoting efficiency in their utilization; Improving the management
and access to water resources information.

4.7.1.1.1 National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation

The National Water Conservation and Pipeline Corporation (NWCPC) was established under the State
Corporation’s Act Chapter 446 of the Laws of Kenya as an autonomous agency. NWCPC overall goal is to
enhance social and economic wellbeing of all Kenyans through improved access; availability and reliability
of water supply. The long-term objectives are to seek to bridge the gap between the demand and supply of
water which is in line with Kenyan Constitution and Vision 2030. The main objectives of the corporation is
to develop state schemes and spearhead dam construction for water supplies, flood control and other
multi-purpose uses; land drainage and construction of dykes; Carry out groundwater recharge using flood
water; Develop, retain existing and expand bulk water supply to Water Service Boards and other Water
Service Providers.
4.7.1.1.2 Water Resources Authority (WRA)
Water Resources Authority (WRA) is a state corporation established under Section 11 of the Water Act,
2016. Pursuant to Section 6 of the Act, the Authority is an Agent of the National Government responsible
for regulating the management and use of water resources. The Water Act, 2016 makes extensive
provisions on the Authority’s role in regulating the use and management of water resources. WRA was
operationalized on 21st of April 2017, vide Gazette Notice No. 59. However, the Authority has been in
existence for 12 years following its establishment under the Water Act, 2002 as Water Resources
Management Authority (WRMA). WRA will provide the necessary borehole and water extraction permits
from local streams.

4.7.1.2 Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources

The Ministry was established and mandated to undertake protection, conservation and development of
environment and natural resources to ensure sustainable development. Semi-Autonomous Government
Agencies under the Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources include:

83 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

i. National Environment Management Authority (NEMA)

ii. Kenya Water Towers Agency (KWTA)
iii. Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS)
iv. Kenya Forest Service (KFS)
v. Kenya Forest Research Institute (KEFRI)

National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA): NEMA is a semi-autonomous agency under

the Ministry of Environment, established to exercise general supervision and co- ordinate over all matters
relating to the environment and to be the principal instrument of the government in the implementation of
all policies relating to the environment. The Director General appointed by the president heads NEMA. Any
project that falls under the second schedule of EMCA, Cap 387 shall seek an Integrated Environmental
Impact Assessment Licence from NEMA.
Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS): KWS is a state corporation that was established by an Act of Parliament
(Cap 376), now repealed by WCMA (2013), with the mandate to conserve and manage wildlife in Kenya,
and to enforce related laws and regulations. KWS undertakes conservation and management of wildlife
resources across all protected areas systems in collaboration with stakeholders. KWS goal is to work with
others to conserve, protect and sustainably manage wildlife resources.

4.7.1.3 Ministry of Labour and social development

The mandate of the ministry is “formulation, review and implementation of employment, national human
resource planning and development, national Labour productivity, Facilitating and Tracking Employment
creation, Co-ordination of National employment, Internship and Volunteers for public service, Community
Development, Protection and advocacy of needs of Persons with Disabilities, and Workplace Inspection and
Workman’s Compensation. The Labour Department is the Ministry’s focal point agency responsible for
implementation of the three major Labour Laws; namely: The Employment Act, 2007; The Labour
Institutions Act, 2007; and The Labour Relations Act, 2007.
The Directorate of Occupational Safety and Health Services (DOSHS) is one of departments within the
Ministry of Labour and social protection, whose primary objective is to ensure safety, health and welfare
of all workers in all workplaces. Unsafe and unhealthy work environment causes accidents, diseases,
disasters and environmental pollution that occasion huge economic and social burdens to individuals and
enterprises thereby stifling economic and social growth.
4.7.2 Institutions under EMCA Cap 387
There are other institutional arrangements provided for within the EMCA Cap 387 and relevant to the
developments envisioned in the Master Plan. The roles are reviewed and discussed into details below:

4.7.2.1 National Environmental Tribunal

The National Environment Tribunal (NET) created under Section 125 of EMCA Cap 387 has the following
functions:
▪ To hear and determine appeals from NEMA’s decisions and other actions relating to issuance,
revocation or denial of (EIA) licences or amount of money to be paid under the Act and imposition
of restoration orders;
▪ To give direction to NEMA on any matter of complex nature referred to it by the Director General;
and
If the proponent disagrees with NEMA decisions in exercising the above-mentioned functions, then they
may lodge a case at the NET to seek to overturn the decision. Should this avenue not lead to a favourable
ruling from the NET, an appeal may be lodged in the Environment and Land Court.

84 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.7.2.2 National Environmental Complaints Committee

The National Environmental Complaints Committee performs the following functions:

▪ Investigate any allegations or complaints against any person or against the authority in relation to
the condition of the environment in Kenya and on its own motion, any suspected case of
environmental degradation and to make a report of its findings together with its recommendations
thereon to the Cabinet Secretary.
▪ Prepare and submit to the Cabinet Secretary periodic reports of its activities which shall form part
of the annual report on the state of the environment under section 9 (3) and
▪ To undertake public interest litigation on behalf of the citizens in environmental matters.

This committee will act as a safeguard for members of the public who feel aggrieved by actions taken under
the proposed project and can exercise their constitutional rights to launch a complaint should they have
exhausted all other grievance redress mechanisms available to them.

4.7.2.3 National Environment Action Plan Committee

The Authority is responsible for the development of a 6-year National Environment Action plan and shall
ensure that it has undertaken public participation before the adoption of the plan. The National
Environment Action Plan shall:
▪ Contain analysis of the Natural Resources of Kenya with an indication as to any pattern of change
in their distribution and quantity over time.
▪ Contain analytical profile of the various uses and value of the natural resources incorporating
▪ Considerations of intergenerational and intra-generational equity.

4.7.2.4 County Environment Committees

Governors shall by notice in the gazette constitute a County Environment Committee that shall be
responsible for the proper management of the environment within the County for which it is appointed.
They should also perform such additional functions as prescribed by the Act or as may, from time to time
be assigned by the Governor by notice in the gazette. The decisions of these committees are legal and it is
an offence not to implement them.

4.7.2.5 National Environment Restoration Fund

The objective of the Restoration Fund shall be to serve as supplementary insurance for the mitigation of
environmental degradation where the perpetrator is not identifiable or where exceptional circumstances
require the Authority to intervene towards the control or mitigation of environmental degradation. There
is a draft EMC (deposit bonds) regulation 2014, but it is yet to be gazetted.

4.7.2.6 National Environment Trust Fund

The trust fund is vested in NEMA and subject to EMCA Cap 387. A board of five trustees appointed by the
Cabinet Secretary administers it. These funds may be received from donations, endowments, grants and
gifts from whatever source or sums of money or from monies designated by NEMA for this fund.

85 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

4.8 National and County Government Approvals and Permits

The implementation of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan require approvals, permits and licenses from relevant governing Authorities which
has been analyzed in Table 4.1. Nonetheless Tatu City has been declared as a Special Economic Zone (Refer to section 4.5.24) with the Special Economic
Zones (SEZ) Authority being responsible for designing, approving, establishing, developing, operating, promoting and regulating an SEZ.

Table 4-1 National and County Government Approvals and Permits

Duration for
Approvals Procedure for granting approval Deliverables Approving Authority
Approval
▪ National Environment
Environmental Impact
▪ Application to NEMA ▪ EIA License and Management ▪ 1-3 Months
Assessment (EIA)
Authority (NEMA)
Approval by National
▪ Application through prescribed form ▪ Approval in a ▪ National Construction
Construction ▪ 1 Month
prescribed form Authority (NCA)
Authority
▪ National Construction
Obtain Occupation ▪ Application through prescribed form ▪ Occupation
Authority (NCA) ▪ 1 Month
Certificate certificate
Obtain Certificate of
▪ Application through prescribed form ▪ Form PPA5 ▪ National Construction
Compliance ▪ 1 Month
Authority (NCA)

86 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

5 PUBLIC/STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT
5.1 Introduction
This chapter describes the process of public consultation and participation that were followed to identify
the key issues and impacts of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan Stakeholder
Engagement and Public Participation process is an integral aspect of decision making in the SEA process
for the purpose of achieving the fundamental principles of sustainable development. Public Participation
and Consultation is a key policy requirement as stipulated in Article 10(2) and 69(d) of the Constitution of
Kenya, 2010; Legal Notice 101 of the Environmental Management and Coordination Act (EMCA), 1999 (Cap
387); Section 3 of the EIA/EA regulations, 2003; Section 87 & 113 of the County Governments Act, 2012
and the National Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) 2012. It is an important process
through which the affected parties and communities are given an opportunity to give their views on the
proposed Master Plan before its implementation. The stakeholders environmental and social concerns will
be integrated into the proposed Master Plan for purposes of ensuring its long-term sustainability. In
addition, the process creates a sense of responsibility, commitment and local ownership for smooth
implementation.
.
5.2 Objectives of the Consultation and Public Participation
The objective of the consultation and public participation is to:
(i) Disseminate and inform the stakeholders about the development with special reference to its key
components and location;
(ii) Create awareness among the public on the need for the SEA study for the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan;
(iii) Collect stakeholders’ views on the proposed plan including potential positive/negative impacts
associated with the proposed plan and stakeholders’ preferred development;
(iv) Get local knowledge on any sensitive areas within the plan scope (physical/environmental, cultural
or proposed facilities); and
(v) Incorporate all the information collected in the screening, scoping and SEA study for decision
making process.
In addition, the process will enable:
(i) The establishment of a communication channel between the general public and the team of
consultants, the proponent and the key government agencies; and
(ii) The concerns of the stakeholders to be known to the concerned parties at an early (planning) stage
of the Master Plan for decision-making purposes.
5.3 Stakeholder Identification and Mapping
Key stakeholders consulted during the SEA study were identified in accordance with the areas/sectors that
are affected directly or indirectly by the proposed Master Plan. The criteria used to identify various
stakeholders was based on the legal mandates of various institutions, assessment of the different interests
of the stakeholders, stakeholder power rights and responsibilities and their role in the proposed Tatu City
Extension Master Plan as outlined in the stakeholder engagement plan (Table 5:1).

87 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 5-1: Stakeholder Engagement Plan

Stakeholder Category/ Potential role in the SEA activity Engagement strategy Follow-up strategy plans for feedback
organization, group or or continued involvement
individual
▪ Public Sector and ▪ Give their views on Tatu City ▪ Invitation to public meetings ▪ Invitation to SEA validation meeting
Key Ministries/ ▪ Interlinkage of the Plan with other ▪ Special consultations at the ▪ Implement the final
Inter-ministerial existing Plans organizational levels recommendations
Lead Agencies and ▪ Identify any improvement needed ▪ Case studies to specific projects/ ▪ Participate in Monitoring and
Key Public for the plan programs Evaluation of the implementation of
Institutions ▪ Review of any relevant existing SEA recommendations
documents

▪ Private Sector ▪ Come up with ideas to improve the ▪ Invited to participate in ▪ Invitation to SEA validation meeting
Actors/ Investors plan consultation meetings ▪ Implement the final
and Associations ▪ Give the challenges and the current ▪ Special consultations at the recommendations
trends most preferred by investors organisational levels ▪ Participate in Monitoring and
in such a city evaluation of the implementation of
SEA recommendations
▪ Political ▪ Political leaders have a great ▪ Invitation of some political ▪ Invitation to validation meeting
Leadership influence on the various policies, leaders to participate in public
plans and programs consultation meetings
▪ Play major role in creating
awareness on the Master Plan
▪ Influence creation of more
favourable policies, programs and
plans to hasten economic growth in
the country
▪ Help prevent negative perception
of the Master Plan

▪ Civil Society ▪ Help to ensure that gender and ▪ Invitation to participate in scoping ▪ Invitation SEA validation meeting
Organisations other vulnerable groups issues and meeting ▪ Implement the final recommendations
(NGO’s and CBOs) concerns are incorporated in the especially on community-related
entire SEA process. issues

88 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Stakeholder Category/ Potential role in the SEA activity Engagement strategy Follow-up strategy plans for feedback
organization, group or or continued involvement
individual
▪ Enhance awareness of the Master
Plan since they deal with people on
the ground

▪ Professional ▪ Lead in research and consultancy ▪ Invitation to public meetings ▪ Invitation SEA validation meeting
Associations/ ▪ They are potential investors in the ▪ One on one consultation ▪ Participate in Monitoring and
Experts/ Research Tatu City evaluation of the implementation of
and Academic SEA recommendations
Institutions

89 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

5.4 Stakeholder Analysis

Stakeholder analysis was done with a view to understand stakeholders mandate and interest in this Master
Plan and for them to highlight their divergent views on anticipated impacts of the proposed Master Plan.
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is mandated to supervise and coordinate over
all matters relating to the environment. The Kiambu County NEMA office was consulted as it is the principal
instrument of Government in the implementation of all Policies, Plans and Programmes relating to the
environment in Kiambu County.
The development area and neighbouring land is vastly covered under coffee plantation, non-indigenous
tree species, bamboo trees, and bush and grassland vegetation. It is worth noting that coffee is a major
industrial (cash) crop grown in the County and therefore the Kenya Agricultural & Livestock Research
Organization (KALRO) - Coffee Research Institute was consulted to provide insight on the coffee output and
how it will affect agriculture considering it is the predominant economic activity in the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) area. The Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries and Kenya Forest
Service (KFS) are key stakeholders that were consulted to shed light on the interrelation between the
proposed development and Environment and natural resources in the Master Plan area.
The Ministry of Lands and Physical Planning is the regional center of power in the County on matters
concerning developments such as the proposed Master Plan. The Physical Planning office was consulted
about the zoning plans for Tatu City Mchana Estate and related matters to ensure the proposed Master Plan
is compliant to the County’s zoning plans. The Planning Minister provided information about the County’s
development plans and how these may affect or be affected by the proposed development.
Water Resources Authority (WRA)-Upper Athi Sub Region Kiambu County was consulted as the
stakeholder dealing with effective regulation and management of water resources in the proposed
development area including the issuing of permits for water abstraction. The proposed development will
lead to increased demand on water resources during construction and operations phases for the housing
and industrial developments, commercial centres, educational institutions, sports facilities, infrastructure
and utilities developments and for recreation areas. Ruiru - Juja Water and Sewerage Company
(RUJUWASCO) is mandated with the task of water service provision in Ruiru sub-County and is the water
service provider for Tatu City. The company was thus consulted on matters of water supply and waste
water management in the proposed development especially their ability in terms of capacity to handle
water demand and supply.
In Tatu City Phase 1I, the existing regional road networks have a spatial and functional structure that
impacts on the organization of land use activities. It will be served by two major roads, Ngenda Road (D399)
and Ruiru – Githunguri Road (C65) which are currently under construction. These two roads will be the
major arterial of the proposed development providing linkage to A2 (Thika Road) and C63 (Ruiru Kiambu
Road). The next hierarchies of roads are the internal circulation networks, which will distribute goods and
services, and people from the major arterials into the development. Kenya National Highways Authority
(KeNHA), Kenya Urban Roads Authority (KURA) and Kenya Rural Roads Authority (KeRRA) are key
stakeholders who were consulted on how they will manage, develop, rehabilitate and maintain the public
roads as they are interlinked with the Master Plan area.
Kenya Power was consulted to provide baseline information and advice on matters of electrical
transmission, and distribution to the proposed development as Tatu City Limited seeks to have a dedicated
substation within the Master Plan area.
As per the Master plan zoning, 163.97 Hectares has been allocated for an industrial park that includes light
and heavy industries. The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives was consulted on the compatibility
of the industrial park with other zones in the Master Plan. The establishment of the proposed Master Plan
conforms to this provision by actualizing the development demands in addition to meeting the flagship
project proposals of the Kenya Vision 2030 and the Big 4 agenda which entails enhancing the
manufacturing sector.

90 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
The Ministry of Housing and Urban Development was consulted to shed light on the low, medium and
residential housing in the Proposed Master Plan are in tandem with affordable housing being one of the Big
Four Agendas of the National Government
The education institutions have been mapped for 15.24 Hectares in the proposed development. This
includes pre-primary, primary and secondary schools, middle level college, research Centre and university
and the existing public Ngewe Primary School which will be retained in its present location. The Ministry
of Education was consulted on the educational facilities, their compatibility and how they integrate in
achieving societal needs.
The neighbouring individuals and institutions are key stakeholders who were consulted with regard to
mapping of potential project specific impacts and identification of mitigation measures for adverse impacts.
5.5 Methodology used for Public Participation and Consultation
Views and concerns from the local residents, local leaders, surrounding institutions and development
partners in Tatu City Phase 1, who in one way or another would be affected or have interest in the proposed
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was sought through interviews, key stakeholder and
public meetings as stipulated in the Environmental Management and Coordination Act, 1999 (Cap 387).
During the consultation process, the stakeholders were taken through the Master Plan including their
objectives and possible impacts associated with implementation activities. Stakeholders were then given
time to ask relevant questions regarding the Proposed Master Plan to enable the consultants clarify on any
issues that they may not have understood properly. Stakeholders were consulted during screening, scoping
and SEA study.

In general, the following steps were followed in carrying out the public consultation process: -
▪ Identification and compiling a database of interested and affected individuals and institutions
▪ Interview schedules to different target groups and local community members in the Master Plan area.
▪ Technical Meetings with Key stakeholders

The public consultation and participation were conducted through;

1) Household socio-economic survey
2) Key stakeholder consultation and interviews
3) Key Stakeholder Consultative Meetings

The procedures used for each of the above are outlined below
5.5.1 Household Interviews and Survey
Household surveys were conducted within the entire neighborhood of the proposed development. Survey
tools were prepared for effective and systematic interviews by the environmental and socio-economic
consultants assisted by a team of technical field assistants from the area on the baseline survey. The tools
included; structured and non-structured household interview schedules, key informant guidelines,
mapping, sampling of the areas to be surveyed, field visits and observations, and triangulation of field data
which focused specifically on the communities who stay within and around the area designated for Master
Planning. Household interviews and site visits were conducted during the period of May to June 2018.

5.5.2 Key Stakeholders Consultation and Interviews

During the scoping exercise, thirty (30) key stakeholders from government ministries and lead agencies,
Kiambu County Government officials, private investors, interested and affected individuals and institutions
within and neighbouring the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan were identified,
consulted and interviewed during the period of May to June 2018 (Annex 1 - List of key stakeholders
consulted).

The Strategic Environmental Assessment for public participation exercise was conducted by experienced
experts via interviews and discussions under the guidance of interview schedules developed to capture the
general and specific concerns, comments and issues comprehensively. The completion of such schedules

91 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
subsequently allowed for the synthesis and analysis of issues that arose which provided basis upon which
the environmental, economic and social aspects of the SEA study was undertaken. The purpose for such
interviews was to identify the positive and negative impacts that have been studied in detail (Chapter 6, 9
and 10) of this SEA report and subsequently promote proposals on the best practices to be adopted and
mitigate the negative impacts respectively.

A standard public consultation and participation form was administered to the thirty (30) key stakeholders
to obtain their views, comments and concerns and the filled-in survey questionnaires were attached to the
scoping report submitted to NEMA on 18th July 2018 and approved on 19th October 2018.

5.5.3 Public Participation and Key Stakeholder Technical meeting

To ensure adequate public participation was undertaken, consultative invitation letters were sent to
stakeholders including key national and County government ministries, government departments
operating in Kiambu, local leaders, local authority amongst others who in one way or another are likely to
interact with the proposed Master Plan development.
The key stakeholder technical meeting invitation letters (Annex 2a) and the programme (Annex 2b) were
delivered to various stakeholders based on the stakeholder’s engagement plan (Table 5.1). The technical
meeting was held on Friday, 5th July 2019 at Tatu Primary School Playgrounds in Kiambu County. A
comprehensive list of the 85 stakeholders who attended the key stakeholders meeting and the respective
minutes are attached as annex 3a & 3b respectively in this report.

Plate 5-1 Kenya country head for Rendeavour giving his brief remarks on the Master Plan

92 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 5-2 SEA team leader making a presentation on the key findings on proposed Master Plan

93 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Plate 5-3 Kiambu County Director of Environment giving remarks on the Master Plan

Plate 5-4 NEMA Officer making a presentation on the SEA process

94 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Plate 5-5 Client representative responding to stakeholders on issues raised about the Master Plan

Plate 5-6 Views on the Master plan from a Kiambu County Official

Plate 5-7: Kenyatta University representative giving comments during meeting

95 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 5-8 A stakeholder giving recommendations about the Master plan

96 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Key issues and concerns raised during the key stakeholders consultative meeting have been summarized in table 5:2 below

Table 5-2 Stakeholder comments and concerns

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

1. Water Conservation • Mr. James Nyangweso (Water Resources Authority -Upper • The Physical Planner stated the ecologically
and waste water Athi Sub Region) proposed that Tatu City Limited should sensitive areas will be protected from
management ensure dams, Rivers, wetlands, and Riverine forests are encroachment as they are the nerves of the natural
protected especially during construction and operation open space of the city. Tatu City Limited will ensure
phases to capitalize on the environmental assets. appropriate measures are in place to protect the
• Kiambu County Executive Committee Member -Water, riparian land within the Master Plan boundaries
Environment & Natural Resources Environment (Mr. David and acknowledge the three Rivers and its Riverine
Kuria) further proposed that Tatu City should be connected forest in phase 2 are the lifeline of the city.
to a water source in the Aberdares and a mechanism on • The developer’s representative (Mr. Anthony
water harvesting should be adopted. Njoroge) informed the stakeholders that there is a
• Kiambu County Executive Committee Member (CECM) for water treatment and Storage plant in Tatu phase 1
Roads, Transport & Public Works (Dr. Juliet Kimemia), with a storage capacity available is 5,000,000 litres.
suggested a water conservation system that harvests water, Plans are underway to construct and another plant
treats and recycles water should be adopted. of 10,000,000 litres.
• Mr. Gitau (Kenya Power) suggested for a comprehensive • The SEA Consultant also highlighted that a
water resource management plan with efficient storage comprehensive water management plan shall be
facilities such dams that will enable sustainable water use designed to ensure sustainable use of water within
during dry seasons. the City. A storm water management plan that
• Red Land Roses Flower Farm representative (George minimizes impervious area infiltration by use of
Kimani) was concerned on that the proposed Master Plan recharge areas and use of detention and/or
will increase water demand which will have an impact on retention with graduated outlet control structure
their water supply and most likely hamper the flower farm will be also be implemented.
productivity. • Water abstraction for the development will be
subject to availability assessments and the relevant
laws;
2. Effluent Discharge • KURA representative (Omondi Odero) wanted to know • The SEA Consultant pointed out effluent discharge
what measures will be put in place to ensure industrial for the development will be handled as per the
effluent is treated before its channeled to water bodies. established regulations and conservation of
riparian reserves and catchment areas within the
development is key.

97 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

• The Proponent was also advised to have a

designated plant for treating Industrial effluent
before release into the main effluent treatment
system.
• The SEA consultant also recommended that
developers within Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) will be required to undertake project-
specific Environmental and Social Impact
Assessments (ESIAs) with Environmental
Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMP)
developed for construction, operational and
decommissioning phases with measures in place to
ensure effluent discharge is treated up to the NEMA
standards.

3. Solid Waste • The stakeholders proposed the establishment of an • The SEA Consultant recommended Solid waste
Management integrated solid waste management system for Tatu City. management for the development is critical and the
• Mr. Gitau (Kenya Power) also wanted to know how proponent can consider designating an area in the
separation of waste from source would be implemented and Master Plan for a sanitary land fill. Working with the
whether the system would be a success. He suggested that County government on this would give the best
waste produced should pass through transfer stations results.
before taken to recycling sites. • The SEA consultant further remarked that if
separation of waste from source is introduced at the
earlier stages of settlement, it would be easier to
implement it than in the later stages.
• Effluent discharge and solid waste management
should be efficiently handled to avoid pollution of
water bodies.
4. Graveyards/ • Dr. Macharia (Kenyatta University) inquired if land has • The Physical Planner (Ms. Jane Manasseh) informed
Crematorium been allocated for the development of graveyard since the stakeholders that Tatu City Limited will
death is inevitable. continue to modify and update the zoning and
• He also proposed the development of a crematorium subdivision ordinances to promote a more
thoughtful and holistic approach that is compatible
with and compliments the character of its

98 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

surroundings to ensure optimal land use of the

proposed development.
• The SEA Consultant also suggested, if Tatu
considers the establishment graveyard in phase 2,
they should design it in a more landscaped form as
part of civic development of beliefs and institutions
that sought to portray the city as civilized and
harmonious. He gave an example of the Nairobi War
Memorial cemetery which was articulately
designed and serves as a picnic site and
photographic site.
• Adherence to zoning plans for the area is critical and
must be respected

5. Green/ Renewable • The stakeholders suggested the developer to invest in • The developer’s representative (Mr. Anthony
Energy renewable/green energy by developing a power-park for Njoroge) informed stakeholders that a solar park
solar energy harvesting. This will reduce reliability on the will be constructed in Phase 2 to generate
Hydro electrical power and enhance adoption of green renewable energy for the city. He further explained
energy technology. the power produced from the solar panels will be
distributed for use by homes and businesses thus
residents will enjoy sustained power supply at very
minimal costs.
• He also pointed out that this is in line with Tatu
City’s long-term commitment to environmental
conservation through harnessing renewable energy
sources.

6. Power Way leaves • Mr Gitau (Kenya Power) requested the developer to provide • Tatu City informed they will observe power line
sufficient space for power lines by clearing trees along way leaves requirements keenly and the existing
where the cables will pass. power infrastructure within the site belongs to
• He also proposed the location of high-rise buildings to be Kenya Power.
set effectively to deter interference with overhead lines. • Tatu City has also reserved land for construction of
a substation

99 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

7. HIV/AIDS • Mercy Njoki (KeNHA) proposed the incorporation of a • The SEA Consultant assured the stakeholders that
HIV/AIDS mainstreaming strategy due to influx of there would be a HIV/AIDS programme for Tatu
construction workers and people likely to join the City.
community.

8. Affordable Housing • Michael Muturi (State Department of Housing) inquired if • The Physical Planner explained that the Master Plan
there was an inclusion of affordable housing in the Tatu City has allocated 15,000 units for affordable housing.
development plan.
• Mr Makori ( BTL) also wanted to know how the developer
will integrate the local community who cannot afford the
housing units.

9. Integrity • Kiambu County Executive Committee Member -Water, • The SEA Consultant informed stakeholders that
Environment & Natural Resources Environment (Mr. David anticipated loss of biological resources as a result of
Kuria) expressed concern that the County should be the development should be documented including
included in all planning, as they may give ideas that would any loss of endangered/threatened species.
lead to more effective development of the Tatu City. • Conservation of sensitive ecological areas such as
• Mercy (KENHA) also proposed the involvement of Kenya pockets of marshy areas within the development to
Forest Service (KFS) to enhance the welfare of water be carefully assessed.
catchment areas.

10. Human • Wilfred Koech (Kenya Power) requested to know whether • The SEA Consultant responded that since the
displacement a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) will be carried out for the project affected persons (PAPs) during execution of
people living within the proposed during Master Plan that the Master Plan are less than 200, Tatu City will
are likely to be displaced during implementation of the undertake a comprehensive Livelihood Restoration
Master Plan Plan
• He further proposed that if a Resettlement Action Plan will • The SEA consultant also assured the stakeholders
be carried out, it is essential the physical and economic that they will take into account the social systems
relocation of individuals, households and communities in (young and old) during implementation of the
the area should be approached as an opportunity for livelihood restoration plan
promoting sustainable development through • They will be no displacement of persons living in the
improvements to the economic and social well-being of staff houses within the proposed master plan area.
affected people. • During implementation of the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) staff working in the
100 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

• The stakeholders also suggested that the Resettlement coffee plantations will be given priority in the
Action Plan should consider the accommodation of older upcoming developments thus they will continue
people, the social systems and cater for diverse aspects of earning a living.
health as a result of lifestyle, age and occupation.

11. Security • The Kiambu Police commander expressed concern on • The Physical Planner stated proper security
security surveillance. He proposed security should be measures will be put in place within the
classified physically and technologically as cyber-crimes development and its environs and a police station is
were likely to prevail due to the ultra-modern nature of the one of the community facilities included in the
proposed development. Master Plan.
• He requested that CCTVs cameras be installed in all access • The proponent also stated that first class integrated
points to monitor human traffic movement as some safety and high tech security will be installed in the
residents are likely to be civilian firearm holders developmental zones and public facilities including
• Further, residents should be involved in doing a community and welfare centres, leisure facilities,
comprehensive examination on the safety of the Tatu City children care centres/crèche among others
area and capacity building for the security officers required
for such a city done.
• Tatu City Limited should have a biodata record resident that
will be residing in phase 1 and 2.
• He also suggested the integration of security experts in the
development plan

12. Industrial Pollution • The stakeholders wanted to have a clearcriteria on the type • The proponent responded by stating that Tatu City
of industries to be built within Tatu City due to their has its own policies and standards that each
proximity with the residential. industry has to undergo before approval.
• They also proposed for the level of pollution from the light • Some of Industrial uses will include
industries to be set-up to be established warehousing/depots, distribution centres and light
manufacturing

13. Youth Opportunities • Residents (youth) wanted to know if there would be • The developer’s representative (Mr. Anthony
sustainable of sports and educational facilities for their Njoroge) informed that the training academy,
welfare. school meals and more convenient facilities would
still be made available for the youth.
101 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

• Tatu City Limited will strive to continuously provide

increased training opportunities for the increasing
school leavers and other trainees to increase
employability.
• The academy’s vision is to provide skilled and
globally competitive employable human resource
through a dynamic curriculum responsive to the
manpower needs of a dynamic economy; Impart
marketable skills, technical know-how and
attitudes that respond to contemporary labour
market demands by the industry, informal sector
and for self-employment.
14. Environmental • Mr Isaac Kimotho (Kiambu Institute of Science and
Awareness Technology) proposed that components encompassing
environmental conservation information to be
incorporated into various learning institutions and training
sessions.

15. Vegetation Cover • Wilfred Koech (Kenya Power) raised an issue regarding the • The SEA consultant explained that water bodies and
rates of compensation for cut trees during the project forest cover is planned to occupy 20-30% of the
construction phase area.
• Kiambu County Executive Committee Member -
Environment expressed concern that current green cover is
at 20% including water bodies while aspirations for the
County would be 30%.

102 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
5.5.4 Key stakeholders Validation meeting
Following the submission of the draft SEA report to NEMA on 20th September 2019; advertisements appeared in
the Daily Nation of November 2019 and 29th October 2019 and the Kenya Gazette on 29th November 2019 which
allowed for the public disclosure period (Annexes 4 - Newspapers adverts). In view of the expiry of the public
disclosure period, Tatu City in coordination with NEMA organised for a validation workshop that was held on 30th
January 2020.
The purpose of the meeting was to present and validate the draft Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) report
for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. The meeting also intended to receive oral or written comments
from stakeholders to integrate environmental and social considerations into the final Strategic Environmental
Assessment (SEA) report of the Master Plan for purposes of ensuring its long-term sustainability.
Invitation to the key stakeholder’s workshop was guided by the stakeholder engagement plan (Table 5.1) with
representation from various entities. A total of 65 participants attended the meeting. The minutes and list of
participants are attached to this report (Annex 5 a & b - List of attendants for the Validation meeting and Minutes of
the validation meeting).
Key issues and concerns raised during the key stakeholder’s validation meeting have been summarized in table 5:3.

Plate 5-9 Tatu City Deputy Country manager making introductory remarks.

103 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 5-10 NEMA officer making his remarks during the SEA validation meeting

Plate 5-11 A representative of IPPM (The planners) giving a highlight of the Master Plan

104 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 5-12 The SEA team explaining the SEA process during the validation meeting

Plate 5-13 A local youth making remarks on the master plan

105 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 5-3 Key issues, comments and concerns from the validation meeting

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

1. Care for • Mr. Mwangi Kiai from the Ministry of • The SEA Consultant reported that there are two fully fledged animal
Domesticated Agriculture raised a health concern. He hospitals within the vicinity with one located on Kiambu Road and
animals noted that there was no mention of a facility another in Upper Kabete and are equipped with animal ambulances
to cater for the health of domesticated for emergency responses. These facilities will cater for the
animals and birds in the report. domesticated animals in need of medical attention.
• He stated that largely, there is minimal integration of livestock in
urban areas to warrant a mitigation plan. Nevertheless, the report
will capture likely impacts on livestock and possible displacement.
• Tatu City Deputy Country Director confirmed that the plan allocates
up to 22% of land for urban agriculture within the city.

2. Biodiversity • The Ministry of Health representative (Mr. • Mr. Antony of Tatu City assured that the best conservation plans
conservation John Ndungu raised concerns on the would be agreed between the developer and KWS on management of
relocation plan of the hippos found within the hippos.
the proposed city and feared that their • Mr. Antony stated that no cultural heritage had been identified in
survival in new locations may not be Phase II. He echoed that only in Phase I where a Mugumo tree was
guaranteed. identified and conserved as a Kikuyu cultural site.
• A representative from the National • The SEA Consultant assured the stakeholders that there is no
Museums of Kenya (Mr. John Kipyegon) anticipated loss of endangered/ threatened species under IUCN
sought on the preservation plans and within Tatu city.
documentation of national heritage and
biodiversity conservation especially for
small animals and birds. He proposed the
need to identify habitats that are likely to be
affected by the proposed city development.

106 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

3. Health facilities • The Ministry of Health representative (Mr. • Mr. Antony from Tatu City indicated that clinical facilities will be
John Ngungu) inquired on the number and available within commercial sections of the city.
type of health facilities that are planned for • Tatu City ltd communicated that they were closely working with
in the proposed city. Kiambu County Government in its endeavors.
• He also suggested that Tatu City needs to
integrate its plans with the Kiambu County
government to ensure complementarity and
reduce duplication.
4. Solid Waste • It was reported by the Ministry of Health • The SEA Consultant assured Mr. Ndungu that the SEA report has
Management representative (Mr. John Ndungu) that the advocated for the city to implement an integrated solid waste
landfill in Thika town lacks space to management system where only 10% of the waste would have to be
accommodate waste from the proposed transported to designated landfills outside the city.
Tatu city.
• He Proposed that the proposed city should
manage waste within its boundaries to
reduce pressure on the landfill and even
prevent further traffic along the road to
Thika.
5. Motor vehicle • The stakeholder feared that the proposed • The stakeholders were reassured that the design of the city is
traffic city will cause an increase in motor traffic anchored on existing public transport and road networks to allow
joining Thika highway which might cause efficient flow of traffic within and outside the city with minimal
congestion and delays. congestion through a Traffic Management Plan that has already been
carried out.
6. Vulnerable groups • The Chairman of Nyumba Kumi Initiative • Mr. Antony emphasized that there will be provision for schools and
requested to know what plans are in place health facilities to cater for the needs of the community as the city
to cater for the education and health needs plan is implemented.
of young children whose parents currently
work in Tatu city.

107 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

7. Education • The Chairman of Nyumba Kumi Initiative • Tatu City explained that there has been adequate provision of land
expressed concern for lack of Early for expansion of local public schools such as Ngewa primary and Tatu
Childhood Development (ECD) centers for primary
the worker’s children as well as secondary • It was noted that there would be an integration of educational
schools in the planned city to be utilized by development planning with surrounding learning institutions such
residents, workers and neighboring as Kiambu Institute, Kenyatta University, University of Nairobi
community amongst others to train professionals and the youth on post-
• Representative of the Principal Kiambu secondary education.
Institute of Technology (Mr. Isaac Ngaracha)
noticed the lack of provision for space for
establishment of higher education
institutions.
8. Change of • A resident youth representative enquired • The youth were reassured that the minimum direct jobs available
livelihoods for about plans in place regarding the would be about 20,000 and preference would be given to community
workers and displacement of workers and the change in members residing in and around Tatu city.
creation of skill acquisition from farming. • Also, there would be skills training for the workers so that they can
employment have a smooth transition from agricultural skills to masonry,
electrical, plumbing among others and fit within the new setting.

9. Public spaces • Ruturu resident’s representative proposed • The residents were assured that 12 acres of land has been set aside
to have public spaces in the city, provision for educational facilities.
for police stations, educational and • Additional land has also been set aside for schools, community
recreational facilities. centres, police stations, fire station. Also, there are operational public
• Residents and the area Chief requested for schools in the city including Ngewa and Tatu City primary school.
clarity on the management plan over the • It was affirmed that park spaces have also been provided through the
public spaces and facilities provided for in city.
the plan. • The local Chief (Mr. George Mwaura) suggested the need for planning
and designating utilities and activities for the planned public spaces
to prevent abuse, grabbing and conflict in the future.

108 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

10. Graveyards/ • Dr. Juliana Mutua from the Ministry of Lands • The developer’s representative (Mr. Antony) informed members that
Crematorium and Physical Planning inquired if land has Tatu has considered the establishment of a graveyard on 50 acres to
been allocated for the development of a be set aside in Phase III of Tatu City development.
graveyard since death is inevitable. • The SEA Consultant noted that Tatu City developers should design
the graveyard to fit the modern kind; good landscape to demystify
olden beliefs and portray the city as harmonious. He gave an example
of the Nairobi War Memorial cemetery which was articulately
designed and serves as a picnic area and photographic site.

11. Industrial Pollution • The stakeholder expressed concern on the • The proponent responded by stating that Tatu City has its own
duration that the development would take, policies and standards that each industry must undergo before
and the pollution levels expected, especially approval.
from industries that will be built in Tatu • Most of the establishments will be light Industries that will include
City, due to their proximity to residential warehouses/depots, distribution centres and light manufacturing
areas. industries that cause no pollution.
• Overall the city’s development will be gradual and phased dependent
on resources.
12. Population • A resident wanted to know what provisions • The Physical Planner assured the stakeholders that the model used
expansion had been made to meet needs of the to develop Tatu City is in such a way that it allows for expansion and
expected population expansion. even so, the city intends to be fully operational in about 100 years,
which is a long time to exceed the expected capacity.

13. Youth • A resident of BTL (youth) wanted to know if • The developer’s representative (Mr. Antony) informed stakeholders
Opportunities there is provision for sports, recreation and that the training academy, school meals and more convenient
educational facilities for the youth. facilities would still be made available to the local youth.
• He suggested that there is need for skills • They will strive to continuously provide increased training
development to enable the local youth to tap opportunities for the increasing school leavers and other trainees to
into emerging job opportunities in the increase employability.
proposed city.

109 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

14. Motorbike • Residents sought to be told what • Tatu City Deputy Country Director indicated that the integration of
transport requirements are needed for motorbike motorbike operators into the city transport plans is very complex
(bodaboda) operators to start accessing the city to offer due to security issues.
transport services. • The area chief emphasized the need for motorbike riders to form
associations or join existing associations to enable negotiation and
management with Tatu city developers.

15. Water Conservation • A BTL resident wondered what provisions • Tatu City Deputy Country Director informed the stakeholders that
and wastewater the city has for water given that the local there is a water treatment and Storage plant in Tatu phase 1 with a
management water supply company RUJUWASCO only storage capacity of 5,000,000 litres, which is 25% of the required
supplies water to the area for 3 days or less capacity. Plans are underway to construct another plant of
in a week. 10,000,000 litres.
• The SEA Consultant also highlighted that a comprehensive water
management plan shall be designed to ensure sustainable use of
water within the City. A storm water management plan that
minimizes impervious area infiltration by use of recharge areas and
use of detention and/or retention with graduated outlet control
structure will be also be implemented.
• The developers are also undertaking survey for wells and boreholes
for development to increase water supply to the city
• Plans are also underway to collect water from Kamiti Stream whose
intake is estimated to be 5000m3.
• Given that the city will take almost 10-30 years to fully develop, the
demand for water will be gradually met by then.

16. Loss of vegetation • Residents expressed concern over the • Tatu representative explained that the city is sponsoring a tree
cover anticipated loss of vegetation in the city. planting program every rainy season in all schools within and
outside the proposed city to restore tree cover lost due to execution
of the proposed Master Plan.

110 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

S/N Key Issues Raised Comments/ Issues/ Concern Technical Team Response

17. Public awareness • Residents wondered whether the • It was stressed that the ongoing consultations were a key tool in
community had been well mobilized and passing information regarding potential environmental impacts
educated on the potential impacts of the city expected as well as the mitigation measures for those impacts.
on their economy and environment as well
as the mitigation measures that the
developers will put in place.
18. Corporate social • Residents requested for scholarships for the • Tatu representative reinforced that the scholarship Programme is
responsibility best students from the public schools within still on for outstanding students, who would be absorbed at Nova
the city Pioneer schools.

19. Land for Religious • The Assistant chief for Gitothua sublocation, • The Physical planner mentioned that this would be catered for in the
purposes Mr. James Njuguna, requested for allocation final design of the Master Plan.
of land for worship centers within the city
e.g. churches.

111 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

5.6 Positive comments made by the respondents

5.6.1 Employment Opportunities for the Locals
The respondents interviewed/consulted were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development
activities will create numerous employment opportunities for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour
during implementation of the master plan. Even though most of the development will need skilled labour
force during operation, the participants expressed hope that they will be able to access employment once
the development commences mostly as casual workers.

The respondents were also optimistic that they will be trained in advance by the proponent to take up jobs
during construction and operational stages to ensure social investment to the community. Employment
opportunities are of benefit both economically and socially. Generally, employment will lead to
multidimensional development in the area and improve several people’s living standards.
5.6.2 Poverty Alleviation
The respondents were positive that the proposed Master Plan development activities would improve the
living standards for several individuals and households hence it is expected to alleviate poverty in Kiambu
County and its environs, boost the country GDP and improve the living standards of Kenyans.

5.6.3 Increased Business Opportunities

The respondents were optimistic that business opportunities will arise during the specific project
construction envisioned by the proposed Master Plan. Small scale businesspeople such as food vendors and
kiosk owners will benefit greatly during construction of the specific projects proposed in the Master Plan.
The locals noted that construction and operation stages due to the expected population increase.
5.6.4 Increase in Land Value
Land rent and standard of living of the populace will increase due to high demand for space for urban
development thus increasing the value of land and property within and surrounding the Master Plan. This
in turn will improve the standards of living of the locals.

5.6.5 Attraction of Investors

With the proposed Master Plan, investors will be attracted to invest their money in the proposed
development through enterprises, business among others.

5.6.6 Development of Infrastructure and Social Amenities in Kiambu Area

Respondents were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development activities would improve
infrastructure in the area. Kiambu area will develop from a rural area to an urban area with improved
transport and communication infrastructure, power distribution network, water and sewerage networks,
education, health and recreational facilities among other social amenities.

5.6.7 Improved and Accessible Education

The respondents were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development activities will improve the
value of education and accessibility to research institutions. The responders noted development of both
local and international education institutions would in the long-term impact on literacy levels, and improve
knowledge and skills of the learners.

5.6.8 Better Healthcare

Respondents were positive that the Master Plan would ensure adequacy of healthcare facilities hence
improved healthcare access for the region. Improved healthcare access will influence on the life expectancy
leading to low mortality rates.

112 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
5.6.9 Improved Security
The respondents were optimistic that the proposed Master Plan development activities will lead to
improved security situation in the neighbourhood due to the numbers that will reside in the areas and the
possible synergistic effects that populated neighborhoods bring along with them.

5.6.10 Improved and Increased Housing in the Area

The development will attract better housing within Kiambu area since there would be high demand due to
increased population. Better housing will be required in the proposed mixed-use development to cater for
various classes of residents (high, medium and low).

5.6.11 Improve Networking and Culture Exchange

The development will attract various people from different counties and countries, and this will promote
cultural integration of knowledge and exchange of a wide range of ideas.

5.6.12 Economic Growth / Increased revenue

The use of locally available materials and labour for the proposed Master Plan development activities will
contribute towards growth of the local and national economies by contributing to the gross domestic
product. The consumption of these materials like sand, cement, steel, building stones, timber, oil and others
will attract taxes including VAT which will be payable to the government hence increasing government
revenue while the cost of these raw materials will be payable directly to the producers.
5.6.13 Decongestion of Nairobi City
The proposed Master Plan will massively reduce congestion in central Nairobi and reverse traffic flows
between the Centre and Kiambu County.
5.6.14 Promote Urbanization in Kiambu County

The proposed Master Plan will accelerate economic growth and serve as a catalyst for further urban
development in Kiambu County and environs.
5.7 Negative impacts highlighted by the respondents
5.7.1 Habitat loss, alteration and fragmentation of Land
The respondents were concerned that the proposed Master Plan development activities will result in
alteration and disruption to terrestrial habitats. Land use development activities may adversely affect
wildlife habitats depending on the characteristics of existing vegetation, topographic features, and
waterways. Habitat alteration may include fragmentation of forested habitat and other wildlife habitat
through bush clearing, disruption of watercourses, establishment of non-native invasive plant species,
creation of barriers to wildlife movement and visual and auditory disturbance due to the presence of
machinery, construction workers, and associated equipment.

5.7.2 Environmental Degradation on change of land use

Respondents were concerned with the change of land use from agricultural land to a built environment.
Conversion of land in the proposed Master Plan from coffee plantations to a mixed-use development will
degrade the environment and alter the environmental conditions of Kiambu. The clearance coffee
plantations, trees and vegetation cover for construction of the proposed development will have a negative
impact to the environment through loss of biodiversity in the area.
5.7.3 Noise Pollution and Vibrations
The respondents expressed fear over high noise and vibrations levels produced by various developments
suggested within the masterplan. Noise pollution and vibration was highlighted as an issue mainly during
the specific project phases (construction and operation). Notably, noise generation was highlighted to be
as a result of the machines in use e.g. excavation equipment, mixers and construction vehicles delivering
materials to active construction sites. Various development such as industrial, commercial centre and
transportation system was also echoed to be a major contributor to noise pollution and vibrations.

113 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
5.7.4 Air Pollution
The people expressed concern over possibility of generation of large amount of dust and fumes within the
development and surrounding areas because of excavation works and transportation of construction
materials and industries mainly during project specific activities. The proposed industrial park in the
Master Plan was also highlighted as a possible key contributor to air pollution whose impacts would spread
and affect the local region.
5.7.5 Water Pollution
The respondents expressed their fear that due to increased population in the City, River Mchana and
Mukuyu would be polluted. Pollution was tied to all the major land use changes including wastewater from
housing development, industrial effluents, educational institutions, and the commercial centres.
Respondents expressed that poor management of the wastewater would contaminate the quality of water
that is being utilized by the Kiambu County and its environs.
5.7.6 Increased pressure on infrastructure
The respondents noted that due to the magnitude of the developments envisioned in the proposed Master
Plan, there is a potential of increasing pressure on existing infrastructure such as roads, water supply
system, waste handling facilities, and electricity. Increased pressure would be as a result of population
influx in the city and vehicle traffic along the City access / trunk roads.
5.7.7 Loss of Jobs
Clearance of the coffee plantations at Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will impact negatively to the
local communities who derive their livelihoods from these plantations. Coffee workers earning a livelihood
from the coffee plantations will lose their jobs once the coffee plantation is cleared for development. This
will have a localized impact on the neighbouring rural household economy.
5.7.8 Increased Insecurity
There were concerns that due to an influx of people in search of labour during the development of various
land zones might result into insecurity within the region. This was pegged on the notion of labour influx
from promising projects and employment opportunities within the proposed city.
5.7.9 High Cost of Living for the Locals
Respondents were worried that the development would significantly affect the local economy. They noted
that value of property and land would escalate resulting into high cost of living. They feared that they may
not be able to afford the cost of living.
5.7.10 Increased Spread of Communicable Diseases
The respondents expressed concern that there would be emergence of new diseases such as HIV/AIDS
especially during development stages. There would also be a possibility of prostitution attributed to the
labour influx both within the development area and the neighbouring towns.
5.7.11 Increased Social vices
Respondents interviewed expressed that the development envisioned in the master plan would in the long-
term result in the emergence of social vices. Key social issues highlighted were drug abuse, immorality,
teenage pregnancy and crime. This was linked to the possibility of labour influx and growth of unplanned
towns surrounding the proposed Master Plan area.
5.7.12 Increased solid waste generation / Dumping of Solid Waste
The people expressed concern over possibility of generation of large volumes of waste by the various land
use changes (industrial, residential, educational etc). In particular, the stakeholders were concerned that
Kiambu County lacks adequate capacity / a dumpsite to manage solid waste within the County hence
additional waste by the proposed city land use zones would create a crisis.

114 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

6 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS

6.1 Introduction
The environmental baseline information and the Master Plans land uses discussed earlier, formed the basis
for impact identification and evaluation. Field surveys, key stakeholder consultation and public
participation forums conducted on the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan also
identified both positive and negative environmental and social impacts. Additionally, literature review of
published reports, scientific papers and other approved SEAs was conducted by the team of experts to
provide a complete list of expected impacts. The impacts that are expected to arise from the Master Plan
execution could either be termed as positive, negative, direct, indirect, short-term, long-term, temporary,
and permanent depending on their area of cover and their stay in the environment.
This chapter gives a highlight of impacts analysis. Prediction and evaluation of impacts, including
cumulative effects have been clearly documented including trade-offs. The positive and negative impacts
likely to originate from the proposed Master Plan execution are described based on social and biophysical
environment and the economic aspects.
6.2 Impacts analysis
The magnitude and the extent of the impacts was also quantified by this study. The magnitude of each
impact is described in terms of being significant, minor or negligible, temporary or permanent, long-term
or short-term, specific (localised) or widespread, reversible or irreversible. Generally, temporary impacts
having no obvious long-term consequences are regarded as being minor. But those with long-term
repercussions are classified as significant. Significant positive impacts are usually associated with
improved access, which is the prime objective of the development.
The negative and positive impacts likely to originate from the development have been linked to the social
and biophysical environment and the economic aspects on various land uses proposed by the Master Plan.
Among the broad linkages discussed are as follows:
i. Biophysical Environment:
• Biodiversity: Flora and Fauna.
• Water: hydrology of the area.
• Land and Soil.
• Climate and Weather
ii. Social Environment:
• Population characteristics.
• Land use patterns.
• Health and Safety.
iii. Economic Issues:
• Trade and industries.
• Transportation and communication.
• Income generation activities.
6.3 Quantification of the Magnitude of Impacts
The magnitude and significance of impacts was assessed based on the following factors:
• Location or extent: The area/volume covered
• Timing: Whether immediate or delayed
• Duration: Short term, long term, intermittent or continuous
• Reversibility or irreversibility
• Likelihood: Probability of the impact taking place
• Significance: Whether it is local, regional or global

In order to make the following observation, expert knowledge based on the magnitude of the predicted
impacts was relied upon. The impacts are rated based on the applicable mitigation measures. The scale that

115 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
was applied in the analysis of impacts is shown in the table below and all the impacts discussed within this
chapter have been quantified in line with this scale.
Table 6-1 Levels of Scale used in the Analysis of Impacts
Value Value Description Scale Description
(+ve) (-ve)
0 0 No impact This means that to the best knowledge of the expert, the
activity/action will not have any known impact on the environment.
Such an impact will not in any way affect the normal functioning of
either the human or the natural systems and does not therefore
warrant any mitigation.
1 -1 Minimal Such activities have minimum impacts on either natural or human
impact environment or both.
If negative, any activity with little impact on the environment calls for
preventive measures, which are usually inexpensive and
manageable.
2 -2 Moderate A moderate impact will have localized effect on the environment.
impact
If the effect is negative and cumulative, action in form of mitigation
measures needs to be put in place to ensure that it doesn’t become
permanent and /or irreversible.
3 -3 High impact An impact is high if it affects a relatively high area (spatial), several
biological resources (severity) and/or the effect is felt for a relatively
long period (temporal) e.g. more than one year.
In case the effect is negative, such an impact needs to be given timely
consideration and proper mitigation measures put in place to
prevent further direct, indirect or cumulative adverse effects.
4 -4 Very high Such an activity rates highly in all aspects used in the scale i.e.,
impacts temporal, spatial and severity.
If negative, it is expected to affect a huge population of plants and
animals, biodiversity in general and a large area of the geophysical
environment, usually having trans-boundary consequences. Urgent
and specialized mitigation measures are needed. It is the experts’
opinion that any project with very high negative impacts MUST be
suspended until enough effective mitigation measures are put in
place.

6.4 Impacts on the Physical Environment

6.4.1 Impact on Air Quality
Air pollution is the single biggest environmental health risk, which include black carbon, methane, ozone,
and airborne particles produced by industrial operations and the burning of diesel, coal, kerosene or
biomass (UNEP, 2018). These pollutants are also contributing to global warming, lowering labour
productivity, and increasing food insecurity around the world.
The local ambient air quality will be impacted both during the execution and operation phases of the
envisioned development by the proposed Master Plan. This will mostly be from dust emitted during
excavation/earthworks and aggregate transportation to construction sites, and from construction vehicles

116 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
and machinery emitting oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur into the atmosphere during the
construction phase.
Upon completion of the development, the most likely sources of air pollution include emissions from
housing development, industrial, educational, sports facilities, commercial infrastructure, transportation,
and agriculture (Table 6:2). Key pollution points would be standby generators, motor vehicles and kitchen
fires. Other potential sources would be from incineration on site, and odours from sewer treatment
plants/waste transfer sites.

Table 6-2 Sources of air pollution

Sector Sources of air pollution

Agriculture and food Land-based farming, food and agro-industry,
Energy Combustion plants, fossil fuels, biomass, nuclear, domestic solid fuel heating
Industrial Chemicals, mineral extractives, , cement
Information technology, home electronics, construction and home-building
products, batteries,
Manufacturing
textiles, apparel, footwear, and luxury goods, pharmaceuticals (for example
antibiotics)
Services Retail, hospitality and tourism, hospitals and health-care services
Transport Automobiles, fuel use and supply, engine emissions, road (tyres, surface)
Improper management of municipal solid waste (which includes e-waste,
Waste plastics, food waste, organic waste and open burning), industrial waste (which
includes e-waste, construction and demolition waste),hazardous waste (which
includes e-waste), sewerage effluents, landfills (leachates)

Impact on ambient air quality was also echoed by various consulted stakeholders; however with adequate
measures described in the environmental and social management plan chapter; this impact can be
mitigated. The Master Plan should aim at ensuring maintenance and enhancement of green zones to
sequester carbon from emissions. Further, Tatu can develop an air quality policy that binds developments
such as industrial sector to pollution control and adherence to air quality regulations. It’s worth noting that
the Air Quality Regulations 2014 provides for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution to
ensure clean and healthy ambient air. Based on this, impact on ambient air quality was therefore found to
be moderate and allocated value of -2.
6.4.2 Impact on Noise and Vibrations
Development works will most likely result in noise generation as a result of the machines in use e.g.
excavation equipment, mixers and construction vehicles delivering materials to active construction sites.
The noise is expected to last for the entire Master Plan execution period, respective developments
operations and is likely to affect the neighbouring residents and institutions. Off-site noise will also be
experienced near and along the access roads to the construction materials sources.
It is expected however that there will be a permanent increase in ambient noise levels with the completion
and occupation of the developments. The ambient noise elevations will arise from the mundane activities
in an urban developed area.
With proper planning of the various land uses to locate the noisier activities (such as industrial and
commercial uses) near main roads or peripheral areas, and the residential / recreational / educational uses
inwards in the more serene areas, noise impacts can be mitigated. Establishment of buffer zones between
different land uses will attenuate noise, further reducing the potential impacts. Adherence to noise
ordinances such as the Environmental Management and Coordination (Noise and Excessive Vibration
Pollution Control) Regulations, 2009 and employment of noise attenuation mechanisms for point sources

117 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
will mitigate the impact. Based on this, impact on noise and vibrations was therefore found to be moderate
and allocated value of -2.
6.4.3 Impact on Energy Resources
The proposed development will result in a higher demand on energy resources both during execution of
the planned developments and operation phases. The forms of energy to be utilized include grid energy
and fossil fuel.
Construction activities will mostly require fossil fuel in the running of construction vehicles, and
generators. Some grid energy will also be required during construction but will be more so required for
lighting and powering of machinery/equipment in residential, commercial and industrial establishments
in the operation phase. It will be imperative to carry out energy audits for evaluation and improvement of
energy consumption and saving practices adopted by all sectors involved.
It is however imperative to institute energy conservation measures in proposed developments while at the
same time taking advantage of the renewable energy opportunities that the site and proposed
developments provide. These include the harnessing of solar energy, and generation of energy from waste.
Further, legal compliance on energy management will be critical for success in energy efficiency. Practical
energy management and conservation options also require to be implemented as highlighted in the Energy
ESMP. Impact on energy demand is expected to be moderate hence a rating of -2.
6.4.4 Impact on Soils and Geology
Development of the proposed Master Plan will affect the soil and geology of the land in ways such as
depletion of the local soil resource from excavation and carting away of spoil material, and soil degradation
from compaction and soil sealing leading to increased surface runoff and soil erosion. Soil compaction
happens during construction or when remodelling of some type occurs near trees. Other causes of
compaction are hardscape or landscape modifications such as driveways, sidewalks, or patios. Any time
that equipment, vehicles, or people are driving or operating under trees, there will likely be soil
compaction, leading to unhealthy and possibly dead trees.
Spillage of hazardous construction chemicals (such as oils, fuel, grease, paints, solvents, curing compounds,
adhesives, acids, soil stabilizers and binders etc.) may also lead to soil contamination while importation of
soil in landscaping and fill activities may lead to introduction of invasive species / noxious weeds and
pathogens such as bacteria, fungi and nematodes.
Increased soil erosion and sedimentation is likely to be expected, usually an indirect impact of vegetation
clearance. Removal of coffee bushes, indigenous and exotic tree species will leave bare land subject to soil
erosion. Such bare land will be prone to wind and water erosion. Soil erosion is a serious problem both at
its source and downstream of the area designed for Master Plan. Lost soil is deposited elsewhere, and the
location of the deposition could alter downstream hydrology and increase flooding. It may also interfere
with water quality directly through increasing turbidity levels in the dams, siltation and indirectly from
contaminants carried with or attached to eroded soil particles.
It is considered that these impacts can be mitigated and should be adequately addressed in Environmental
and social Management Plans (ESMPs) developed. Impact on soils and geology is expected to be moderate
hence a rating of -2.
6.4.5 Impact on Water Resources
The development is likely to lead to increased demand on water resources both for all the land uses
including, industrial, educational, sports facilities, commercial infrastructure, transportation, agriculture
and recreation areas. This water will be sourced from RUJUWASCO flood water and rain water harvesting,
and River abstraction.
Without conservative use of these water resources, there is likely to be adverse impacts such as depletion
of groundwater resources from over-abstraction, and increased water scarcity in Ruiru and Kiambu area.
Measures to ensure adequate water supplies for the envisioned development by the proposed Master Plan
need to be established in the Master Planning. Further, water conservation measures will be instituted in

118 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
the construction and operation phase of environmental management plans for the various proposed
projects / developments to ensure conservation of water resources.
Effluent from the proposed developments in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has potential to cause
ground/surface water pollution, and health hazards to human and aquatic life. Management of construction
wastewater, spill control mechanisms, and treatment of effluent will be required to ensure protection of
water resources. Public consultations revealed residents fear from upstream pollution by the proposed City
through sewage effluent and water from industries. This will also affect the quality of water that is being
utilized by the locals in Kiambu County and environs. In order to curb this sustainable water resource
protection, and conservation options require to be instituted. Surface and ground water quality from
periodic tests and analysis will need to be conducted for various land use zones. The developed ESMP
require to be implemented for water use efficiency alongside implementation of water conservation and
management policy. Due to the expected water uptake, impact on water resources is expected high
allocated value of -3.
6.4.6 Waste Generation
All the proposed developments and land uses will generate a substantial amount of solid and liquid waste.
During development phase spoil materials (soil, rocks, vegetation) packaging materials (e.g. paper,
polythene, plastic and metallic packaging), reject materials (including damaged bricks, concrete and
mortar, plastics), waste water, used oil among others will be generated. Adequate waste management
measures are required since dumping/careless disposal both on-site and off-site will cause environmental
pollution, interfere with aesthetics and lead to creation of breeding grounds for vermin. The households,
commercial and industrial developments are also likely to generate significant amounts of effluent and
organic/inorganic wastes. These wastes require proper handling and disposal to avoid environmental
pollution.
Inadequate management of solid and sewerage waste from the developments will lead to pollution and
creation of human health hazards endangering the residents and the public. Proper effluent management
plans including treatment and discharge into the existing trunk sewer systems and recycling of waste water
will be required to mitigate the potential adverse impacts of the generated effluent.
An integrated solid waste management strategy that includes reduction at source, reuse, recycling,
incineration and disposal in designated landfill site(s) will also be required for management of solid waste
from the developments. Opportunities for generation of energy from solid waste and/or effluent should be
explored. It will be important for the development to pursue waste minimization at source principles e.g.
zero generation, reduction, re-use and/or recycling. Separation of waste per respective zones domestic,
commercial and industrial waste will be best suited to ensure effectiveness in waste management. Tatu
Limited should also ensure mechanisms to segregate wastes at source to enable recycling. Pre – treatment
of industrial effluent before discharge into sewers should be enforced as per regulations. Enactment of
relevant laws such as Environmental Management and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, 2003
and Waste Management Regulations, 2006. Although echoed impacts can be mitigated, the expected solid
and liquid waste generation is expected to be high hence allocated value of -3.
6.5 Impacts on the Biological Environment
6.5.1 Impact on Flora
An upsurge in catchment degradation within the Master Plan area through cutting down of trees and
vegetation may lead to loss of economically significant flora and degradation of environmentally important
areas. This may further interfere with ecosystem functions within the Master Plan area with attendant
environmental consequences. Destruction of flora will be accelerated by the envisioned land use changes
consisting of developments in housing, industrial, educational, sports facilities, commercial, infrastructure,
transportation and agriculture. This will result into habitat loss, alteration and fragmentation of land. The
proposed Master Plan development activities will also result in alteration and disruption to terrestrial
habitats. Developments may adversely affect wildlife habitats depending on the characteristics of existing
vegetation, topographic features, and waterways. habitat alteration may include fragmentation of forested
habitat and other wildlife habitat through bush clearing, disruption of watercourses, establishment of non-

119 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
native invasive plant species, creation of barriers to wildlife movement and visual and auditory disturbance
due to the presence of machinery, construction workers, associated equipment and development
operations.
Most of the isolated forest plantations scattered amidst the coffee plantations will be cleared. Similarly,
most of the isolated indigenous trees at the coffee plantations will be cleared to pave way for the proposed
mixed development. Some sections of the natural forests are likely to be cleared. Cutting down/clearing of
vegetation is known to have adverse effects on the environment such as reduction of biodiversity, reduction
of aesthetic beauty, exposure of soil to surface run-off, reduction of shade and increment in dust pollution
among others. Exposure of ground due to vegetation clearance will result to surface run-off. In absence of
vegetation, dust pollution is expected to occur as well as sedimentation of the neighbourhood water bodies
such as the Rivers and dams.
Environmental degradation on change of land use from agricultural land to a built environment was
identified as a concern by the stakeholders. Conversion of land in the proposed Master Plan from coffee
plantations to a mixed-use development will likely degrade the environment and alter the environmental
conditions of the region. The clearance coffee plantations, trees and vegetation cover for the envisioned
development will aptly have a negative impact to the environment through loss of biodiversity in the area.
Destruction of wildlife habitat can result in the direct loss or displacement of species and the ability of the
ecosystem to support other biological resources such as the plant communities upon which the wildlife
rely on for survival.
The ESMP has identified key mitigation measures that can be employed to manage the impact associated
with the destruction of fauna. Some of the key management strategies include should entail carrying out
landscaping of different zones and maintaining the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan. Nature
trails and research sites should be enriched with native vegetation and where possible, avoidance of
clearance of the existing indigenous vegetation should be done. The Master Plan should also ensure
protection of the riparian environment and establishment of a riparian reserve management plan. Based
on the precautionary measures to be put in place, this impact is expected to be moderate (value of -2).
6.5.2 Impact on Fauna
The natural forests house a number of small game / wildlife. Development of the land will cause
disturbances to the wild game. There would be visual and auditory disturbance due to the presence of
machinery, construction workers, and associated equipment. There is also the likely loss and fragmentation
of wildlife habitats. Some of the natural forests which act as habitat for wildlife are likely to be cleared to
pave way for the proposed development. This will result to habitat loss and fragmentation. Changes that
may alter the existing natural conditions are known to impact negatively on wildlife. In many cases, wildlife
is known to move out or die due to lack of food, shelter and mates when their habitats depart from natural
conditions.
Disturbances to aquatic species and communities will be affected by the proposed land use developments.
The Master Plan area is characterized by wetlands, Rivers and dams which house aquatic floral and faunal
biodiversity. Development activities are expected to have negative impacts on the water bodies through
catchment disturbances and siltation. Changes in surface hydrology and water quality can have adverse
impacts on aquatic species such as fish, hippos, crocodiles, plants and microbes. Increased turbidity,
temperature, velocity of flow, and pollutant loads can have direct impacts on the species and their habitat.
A wildlife management plan can be developed in collaboration with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) to
determine the carrying capacity of the conservation area, translocations and/or introduction of any new
wildlife species.
The destruction of natural habitats can also impacts on the local flora and fauna reducing biodiversity. This
in turn affects the existing trophic levels (food chains and food webs). Such alterations may result to
ecological imbalances to the detriment of all the biota inhabitation. The introduction of exotic species of
plant or animal may oust indigenous species or introduce disease agents which may affect plants, animals
and/or man. Further, opening up of vegetated areas may create gaps which are suitable entry point of
invasive floral species. Many invasive species are known to be aggressive colonizers and tend to out-
compete native species hence introducing ecological imbalance. Since the Master Plan of the proposed

120 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
development has set aside areas under water bodies to be maintained, this impact will be moderate (value
of -2).
6.6 Impacts on the Socio- Economic Environment
Development of the various land uses will bring along major socio-economic impacts which are likely to be
both negative and positive. Key positive impacts anticipated will include provision numerous employment
opportunities for skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour. Even though most of the development will need
skilled labour force during operation, the stakeholders expressed hope that they will be able to access
employment once the development commences mostly as casual workers. Employment opportunities will
in return benefit both economically and socially. Generally, employment will lead to multidimensional
development in the area and improve several people’s living standards hence enabling poverty alleviation
for the locals and boost the country GDP overall improve the living standards of Kenyans.
Business opportunities are anticipated during the execution of different land uses. Opportunities will range
from supply of raw materials to small scale business people such as food vendors and kiosk owners. It is
also anticipated that the value of land will increase with urbanisation. Land rent and standard of living of
the populace will increase due to high demand for space for urban development thus increasing the value
of land and property within and surrounding the Master Plan area. Investors are likely to be attracted to
invest their money in the proposed development through enterprises, business among others. The
development of infrastructure and social amenities would improve Kiambu area. The County environs will
develop from a rural area to an urban area with improved transport and communication infrastructure,
power distribution network, water and sewerage networks, education, health and recreational facilities
among other social amenities. Due to the anticipated educational institutions, the value of education and
accessibility to research institutions will be made easy.
Better Healthcare is anticipated in the area due to development of health care facilities. This will reduce
fatalities from curable diseases and increase life expectancy. Further, improved and increased housing
development will attract various classes of residents (high, medium and low). The development will bring
along networking and culture exchange as it attracts various people from different counties and countries
resulting into cultural integration of knowledge and exchange of a wide range of ideas.
The envisioned development will enhance economic growth resulting to increased revenue. The use of
locally available materials and labour for the proposed Master Plan development activities will contribute
towards growth of the local and national economies by contributing to the gross domestic product. The
consumption of these materials like sand, cement, steel, building stones, timber, oil and others will attract
taxes including VAT which will be payable to the government hence increasing government revenue while
the cost of these raw materials will be payable directly to the producers. Moreover, the proposed city is
anticipated to massively reduce congestion in central Nairobi and reverse traffic flows between the Centre
and Kiambu County. This will accelerate economic growth and serve as a catalyst for further urban
development in Kiambu County and environs.
Nonetheless, envisioned development will result to negative pressures such as on infrastructure associated
with magnitude of land use changes. There is a potential of increasing pressure on existing infrastructure
such as roads, water supply system, waste handling facilities, electricity etc. This would be due to increased
volumes on human and vehicle traffic along the access road. Further, there will be interference with already
existing infrastructure such as the pipeline, water pipes, power lines, roads and thus causing
inconveniences. Displacement of the local people mostly coffee settlers lead to loss of property in the area.
Additionally, clearance of the coffee plantations at Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) will impact
negatively to the local communities who derive their livelihoods from these plantations. Coffee workers
working at the coffee plantations will lose their jobs once the coffee plantations are cleared and this will
have a localized impact on rural household economy. Fears also emerged that locals may not be able to
afford the cost of living brought about by accelerated urbanization. However, socio – economic impacts are
expected to be mitigate and hence rated to be moderate (value of -2).

121 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

6.7 Impacts on the Health and Safety

The several developments and land use changes envisioned by the Master Plan will result to known
workplace safety risks. Safety hazards are likely to increase resulting in a possible increase in accidents
involving workers and/or the public. Development works will expose workers to occupational health and
safety risks and injuries resulting from accidental falls or use of hand tools and construction equipment.
Safety hazards are also posed to the public especially pedestrians and motorists passing near ongoing
developments.
Upon development (or various phases/projects are complete) and in operation, potential health and safety
hazards may arise in the event of a lack of adequate facilities, protection measures, worker protection
measures, and general laxity in adherence to best practices and OSHA, 2007 regulations. Adequate health
and safety plans will therefore require to be implemented to mitigate all foreseeable health and safety risks
in the development.
Due to population influx, there is concern for increased spread of communicable diseases and emergence
of new diseases such as HIV/AIDS with a possibility of prostitution. Such social vices including drug abuse,
immorality, teenage pregnancy and crime could catalyse health and safety risks. However, health and safety
impacts are expected to be mitigate and hence rated to be minimal (value of -1).
6.8 Cumulative Impacts
Cumulative impacts are impacts which result from the incremental impact of a proposed activity on a
common resource when added to the impacts of other past, present or reasonably foreseeable future
activities. IFC defines cumulative as those impacts that result from the successive, incremental, and/or
combined effects of an action, project, or activity when added to other existing, planned, and/or reasonably
anticipated future ones. It is anticipated that cumulative impacts on resources such as water, and energy
within Kiambu County region and environs might arise due to the needs for the simultaneous development
of other interlinking plans. Based on this the SEA undertook a Cumulative Impacts Analysis (CIA) as
described in succeeding sections.
6.8.1 Cumulative Impacts Analysis (CIA)
Cumulative Impact Analysis is a systematic procedure for identifying and evaluating the significance of
effects from multiple activities. CIA was carried out during the Strategic Environmental Assessment as it
considers a wider temporal and spatial scope at an early level of the planning process. With reference to
development plans, cumulative impacts can occur from the combined impacts of policies and proposals on
specific areas or sensitive receptors. The Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is anticipated to
generate several cumulative impacts from the different operations zones considered in its development.
During the CIA, the following elements that define the cause-effect relationship of the impacts according to
Cooper (2004) were used;

▪ Identification of the impact sources i.e. multiple activities that could lead to potential impacts or
environmental changes
▪ Consideration of the pathways of impacts between sources and receptors and the linkages between
these impacts
▪ Analysis of the characteristics of these impacts i.e. whether they are additive, synergistic or
antagonistic
The CIA process took place in several steps, some of which were done concurrently with the initial steps of
the SEA process. The CIA for the proposed Master Plan was undertaken in the process summarized as
follows:
i) Scoping in consultation with the relevant key stakeholders and agencies
ii) Establishing of the baseline characteristics of the proposed Master Plan
iii) Assessing the impacts of the Master Plan
iv) Proposing mitigation measures for the potential significant impacts
v) Development of a monitoring plan – Chapter 9 of this SEA
vi) Incorporating findings

122 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

6.8.2 Cumulative Positive Impacts

6.8.2.1 Improved road network

The developments taking place around the Tatu City will lead to the construction of more roads to link the
various areas. This will improve the road network within Ruiru and Kiambu towns making the area more
and easily accessible from different parts of the County.

6.8.2.2 Improved communication network coverage

The new industrial, residential and educational zones will increase the demand for better communication
services, in terms of internet and normal cellular services. The major communication companies in Kenya
will expand their coverage to the Ruiru and Kiambu towns region neighboring the development, leading to
an overall better and efficient coverage and service provision.

6.8.2.3 Increased job opportunities in the area

The industrial, residential, educational and commercial zones will provide an opportunity for the local
community and the rest of the neighbouring communities to get employment. The opportunities will also
be available to people residing in Ruiru town, Kiambu town and its environs. Small-scale businesses and
markets will also be established due to the demand by the foreseen increased population in the area, hence
will lead to more job opportunities for the unemployed people.

6.8.2.4 Improved literacy level within the neighbouring community

New schools will also be constructed in the educational zones to cater for the foreseen growing population
within and outside Tatu City, hence education services (primary, secondary and tertiary) will be easily
accessible. This will increase the number of people who can read, write and engage in different professions
within Ruiru and Kiambu towns.

6.8.2.5 Increase in property value

Once the Master Plan is executed, the land will appreciate hence leading to the overall increase in property
value around Tatu City. The local community within Ruiru and Kiambu towns may benefit from selling the
property at higher profit margins as compared to when there was no development.
6.8.3 Cumulative Negative impacts

6.8.3.1 Increased demand for housing / Population influx

The current Tatu City neighbourhood does not have a lot of housing facilities for low-middle class citizens.
The population influx due to job opportunities will necessitate the need for the development of more
residential zones around Tatu City, which may later lead to other negative environmental impacts such as
loss of biodiversity due to clearing of vegetation.

6.8.3.2 Increased traffic

There will be increased traffic in the area due to the high number of people who will be accessing the Tatu
City and the neighbouring foreseen residential zones around Tatu city. The improved road network will
also create a new route for other motorists to use who may not be necessarily going to the new city leading
to traffic snarl-up.

123 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
6.8.3.3 Increased demand for water use

There will be an increase in demand for water use by the Tatu City, neighbouring residential zones and the
current demand within Ruiru and Kiambu towns in general. This will lead to increased pressure on water
services provision to the already scarce resource in the area.

6.8.3.4 Increased demand for sewerage services

Ruiru and Kiambu towns do not have an efficient sewerage system and most of the neighbouring areas
lacks sewer coverage. The new developments and anticipated new housing facilities will require more
sewerage services which are not currently available.

6.8.3.5 Urbanization

The area where the Tatu city extension will be developed is mostly a rural area. The new road network,
population influx and foreseen residential zones around Tatu city will lead to rapid urbanization of the
area, leading to loss of the initial scenic beauty and aesthetic value.

6.8.3.6 Development of uncontrolled housing / Influx of new inhabitants

The increased demand for housing and urbanization of the area may lead to encroachments in some parts
of the neighbouring land, hence leading to development of slum dwellings / uncontrolled housing for low
income earners who may not afford the medium-high cost of rent in the residential zones.

The development of new industrial and residential zones will also lead to movement of people from the
neighbouring estates and towns due to the new job opportunities within the area. This will eventually
result in an increase in the population of the area around Tatu City.

6.8.3.7 Loss of biodiversity

The constant clearing of vegetation to create space for the developments will lead to loss of some of the
indigenous species within the area resulting to loss of biodiversity.

6.8.3.8 Increased air pollution

The increased traffic within the Ruiru town, Kiambu town and around the Tatu city will lead to increased
release of toxic gases and particulates from the vehicles, industrial zones and other activities within the
neighbourhood.

6.8.3.9 Increased noise pollution

The industrial zones, residential, commercial zones, airstrip and increased traffic may lead to increased
noise generation. The noise maybe of nuisance to the neighbouring community.

6.8.3.10 Increased solid waste generation

The industrial, commercial, educational and residential zones will lead to generation of more solid waste.
The solid waste if not handled properly could lead to unpleasant smells and spread of diseases by some
rodents.

6.8.3.11 Soil erosion and increased storm flow

The clearing of vegetation for the development of the various zones will expose the soil to erosion by wind
or water during the rainy seasons. The industrial zones may contaminate the soil by spillage of hazardous
substances or wastewater. The residential zones will generate high volumes of wastewater and if not
properly disposed of may spill into soil hence contaminating it. Additionally, given the undulating terrain

124 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
in some parts of proposed land for Tatu City development, with the occurrence of increased impermeable
surfaces in the form of tarmac, pathways, iron-sheet roofing and other surfaces, there is likelihood of
increased surface run off hence, resulting into faster filling of the water dams , if rain prolongs, which may
lead to flooding downstream.

6.8.3.12 Depletion of water resources

The industries and the residential areas will need a high and regular supply of water. The water will be
abstracted from the Rivers and the existing boreholes. Continuous abstraction may lead to depletion of the
River and groundwater resources. The fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides that will be used in the
agricultural zones may leach into the surface water and groundwater resources hence contaminating them
and rendering them useless for domestic use.

6.8.3.13 Eutrophication

The continuous leaching of nutrients from the agricultural zones may lead to their accumulation in the
dams and the wetlands. This may result in algal blooms that will contaminate the water and kill the aquatic
animals.
6.8.4 Mitigation measures for negative Cumulative Impacts
Mitigation of cumulative impacts is best approached through a multi-stakeholder’s approach. Some of the
actions that may be needed to effectively manage cumulative impacts include the following:
▪ Project design changes to avoid cumulative impacts (location, timing, technology).
▪ Adaptive management approaches to project mitigation.
▪ Mitigation of project impacts by other projects (not under control of the proponent to further
minimize impacts).
▪ Collaborative engagement in other regional cumulative impact management strategies.
▪ Participation in regional monitoring programs to assess the realized cumulative impacts and
efficacy of management efforts.
▪ Effect monitoring needed to assess the realized cumulative impacts is clearly defined and
implemented.
▪ Ensure multiparty regional mitigation and/or management (e.g., additional mitigation of other
developments, offsets, management programs) that may be needed to effectively manage
cumulative impacts is also identified
▪ Support from other stakeholders (County Governments, developers and communities) is sought to
implement it.

Table 6-3 A highlight of key mitigation measures for described negative Cumulative Impacts

Impact Mitigation
Increased demand for housing ▪ Increase accessibility of Tatu City by enhanced traffic for prompt
/ Population influx transport.
▪ Develop well planned - low income residential zones
Increased traffic ▪ Work with the relevant road authorities to develop efficient road
designs
▪ Proper signage should also be incorporated to guide the road users
with ease and the most efficient way.
Increased demand for water ▪ Come up with measures of optimizing the existing water resources
use such as rain harvesting and water recycling technologies
▪ Sensitizing the occupiers in all the zones on water conservation
initiatives
▪ Perform scheduled maintenance on the water supply
infrastructure to reduce any leakages

125 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Impact Mitigation
Increased demand for ▪ Develop an onsite wastewater treatment plant since Rujuwasco
sewerage services sewer coverage is low
▪ Lobby Kiambu County government to expand the current
sewerage system and capacity improvement of the existing
wastewater treatment plant to cater for the envisioned demand.
Urbanization ▪ Implement a controlled development strategy around the Tatu city
to prevent an uncontrolled urbanization
Development of uncontrolled ▪ Work closely with the Kiambu County Physical planner to control
settlements / Influx of new and prevent any persons from settling in unauthorized areas
inhabitants ▪ Sensitize local community into community policing to prevent
illegal settlements
▪ Work closely with some private investors to develop well planned
- low income residential zones to cater for the low-income earners
and low middle class
Loss of biodiversity ▪ Avoid clearing indigenous vegetation
▪ Ensure replacement of any cleared vegetation is done after
development
Increased air pollution ▪ Instigate measures of air pollution control before releasing any
harmful substances into the air
▪ Sensitize on the use of non-sulphur fuels for different purposes in
all the zones.
▪ Sensitize neighbouring community against open burning of waste
Increased noise pollution ▪ The industrial and commercial zones to schedule most of the
operations during the day
▪ Only operations that meet the required permissible noise levels
should be allowed to operate at night
▪ Install ‘no hooting’ signs in zones where noise will be of most
nuisance like the education and residential zones.
▪ Sensitization of motorists within these zones against unnecessary
noise making
▪ Airstrip to be developed away from the residential and educational
zones to minimize the effect of the noise
Increased solid waste ▪ Develop a waste management plan for the city which will guide the
generation occupiers of the different zones in managing their waste
▪ Sensitize the occupiers and visitors on the recommended ways of
waste disposal
Impacts on soil ▪ Put measures in place to control the spillage of hazardous
substances and wastewater into the soil.
▪ Ensure that the wastewater system in all the zones is adequate and
made from good quality materials to prevent spillage into the soil.
Flooding ▪ Planting of grass, trees, water reeds in flood areas
▪ Develop spill ways for the min-check dams in Tatu City Phase 1,2
▪ Develop plans to harvest roof catchment waters for inhouse use
and washing
▪ Ensure Cabbro pavements are done as opposed to tarmac slabs
Impacts on water resources ▪ In collaboration with the Kiambu County government, implement
water resource conservation measures such as water storage in
dams and rainwater harvesting
▪ Lobby County government to implement laws to prohibit illegal
abstraction of surface and ground water
▪ Encourage organic farming to reduce the leaching of the chemicals
from the agricultural zone

126 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Impact Mitigation
Eutrophication ▪ Encourage the use of organic farm inputs to reduce the usage of
chemical fertilizers.
▪ Wetland plants that have the capability of utilizing the excess
nutrients should be introduced to aid in water biological water
purification.

127 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

7 ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS OF THE MASTER PLAN

7.1 Introduction
This chapter addresses the alternative options of the Master Plan compared against key environmental
indicators. It bases this on various options including the employing alternatives to achieve the same plan,
use of alternative approaches, and the no intervention and discussing the implication of key Master Plans
to the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. The chapter begins by identification of
alternatives which include the no intervention option (carbon sink), farmland/agriculture, wildlife
conservancy and proposed city use. Justification of the preferred alternative is given in succeeding section
with the linkages with ongoing projects and developments forming the last subsection in the chapter.
7.1 Alternative Policy, Options and Strategies

The land use zoning for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was done after
considering several suitability factors to meet the social, economic, environmental, cultural and even
political aspirations of the respective planning jurisdictions. As a result, different land uses were opted for
ranging from, among others, residential, commercial, industrial, open spaces, transportation public
amenities and infrastructure in a balanced manner that promotes sustainable development. The
establishment of the proposed Master Plan conforms to this provision by actualizing the development
demands in addition to meeting the flagship project proposals of the Kenya Vision 2030.

Much as this development conforms to the zoning provisions of the land, there was need to widen the scope
of potential alternative developments which may suffice needs other than the designated use. The SEA team
identified four possible alternatives/ options to which the land could be used. They include: Option 1-No
Intervention Option (Carbon sink), Option 2-Farmland/Agriculture Use, Option 3-Wildlife Conservancy
and Option 4-The Proposed City Use. The likely environmental and socio-economic impacts of each option
were assessed.

7.1.1 Option 1 - No Intervention Option (Carbon sink/ sequestration Option),

The development area proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan is characterized by a
diversity of forests and vegetation types. Forest plantations occur in isolated patches amidst the
predominant coffee plantations and the natural forests/vegetation types characterize the riparian zones of
the key Rivers, streams and earth dams within the proposed development. On the 885.22 ha (2,186 acres)
of land proposed for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), 235 acres is under forests and bushlands.

Carbon sequestration in the agriculture sector refers to the capacity of agriculture lands and forests to
remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Trees are natural sequesters of carbon and depending on
their characteristics and local circumstances, forests can play different roles in the carbon cycle, from net
emitters to net sinks of carbon. Forests sequester carbon by capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
and transforming it into biomass through photosynthesis. Sequestered carbon is then accumulated in the
form of biomass, deadwood, litter and in forest soils. Release of carbon from forest ecosystems results from
natural processes (respiration and oxidation) as well as deliberate or unintended results of human
activities (i.e. harvesting, fires, deforestation). For this process of carbon sequestration to succeed it is
essential that carbon must not return to the atmosphere from burning.

Forests and stable grasslands are referred to as carbon sinks because they can store large amounts of
carbon in their vegetation and root systems for long periods of time. Soils are the largest terrestrial sink
for carbon on the planet. The ability of agriculture lands to store or sequester carbon depends on several
factors, including climate, soil type, type of crop or vegetation cover and management practices.

The contribution of forests to carbon cycles has to be evaluated taking also into account the use of harvested
wood, such as wood products storing carbon for a certain period of time, or energy generation releasing
carbon in the atmosphere. In cases where the net balance of carbon emissions by forests is negative, i.e.
carbon sequestration prevails, forests contribute to mitigating carbon emissions by acting as both a carbon

128 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
reservoir and a tool to sequester additional carbon. In cases when the net balance of carbon emissions is
positive, forests contribute to enhancing greenhouse effect and climate change.

Forests and their role in the carbon cycle are affected by changing climatic conditions. Evolutions in rainfall
and temperature can have either damaging or beneficial impacts on forest health and productivity, which
are very complex to predict. Depending on circumstances, climate change will either reduce or increase
carbon sequestration into forests, which causes uncertainty about the extent to which the forest will be
able to contribute to climate change mitigation in the long term. Forest management activities have the
potential to influence carbon sequestration by stimulating certain processes and mitigating impacts of
negative factors.

Carbon sequestration is not separable from other environmental effects of a given land-use practice and
the storage of carbon in agricultural soils is likely to come with a number of co-benefits including wildlife
habitat, water quality, and landscape aesthetics Carbon Sequestration can assist significantly in
maintaining the natural carbon cycle. However, to implement this practice properly there is a need to
go for natural sequestration thus conservation of existing forests and more and more reforestation is
required. Only then we will be able to reduce carbon emission and corresponding harmful impacts.

Land is one of the finite natural resource on earth. Its optimal utilization is therefore one key factor to
consider. This option has the highest and most appealing environmentally and ecologically rewarding
outputs. Nature shall thrive, both flora and fauna. Eventually, the land can end up creating a micro-climate
in the urban set up, a peaceful park for the locals and promote carbon sequestration. However, if the value
of the land is compared to the no use option, this shall amount to massive wastage of valuable land, owing
to the fact that’s its located a few kilometers from Nairobi City Centre.

7.1.2 Option 2 - Farm land / Agricultural Use Option

Agriculture is the predominant economic activity in the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate). The
development area and neighboring land is vastly under coffee plantation, non-indigenous tree species,
bamboo trees, bush and grassland vegetation as shown in Plates 7:1, 7:2 and 7:3 below. On the 885.22
hectares of land proposed for Tatu City Extension, land cover under coffee plantations is estimated to be
1,090 acres. However, also notable are sparsely populated natural/indigenous tree species. Food crops
such as bananas, maize and beans can be spotted grown relatively in small scale.

Plate 7-1 Coffee plantation within the Master Plan area.

129 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 7-2 Tree Cover opposite Ngewe Primary School within the Master Plan area

Plate 7-3 Bamboo trees near Comte Dam.

According to the Master Plan, Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) has two dams. To the South, Comte Dam
built in 1984 (Plate 7:4.) which separates the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) from Tatu City
Phase 1. The other dam is Kofinaf Dam.

130 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Plate 7-4 Comte Dam

Historically, coffee has been an important commodity in Kenya because of its contribution to foreign
exchange earnings, farm incomes and employment opportunities. Apart from the direct impact on
livelihoods of farming families, coffee cultivation offers several other advantages. Coffee growing helps
reduce soil erosion, is a useful carbon sink (especially with plantations grown under shade trees), aids good
watershed management, helps to maintain a degree of biodiversity, particularly in systems with mixed
cropping on small family farms, and can provide a good habitat for many migrant birds and other animals.
However, if this land use option is compared to other land use development options identified above, it will
be noted that this is not the most optimal way to use the land. This land is in a prime high land value area
for the mixed use and mixed income satellite city of Nairobi.

7.1.3 Option 3 - Wildlife Conservancy

Wildlife conservation is the practice of protecting wild species and their habitats in order to prevent species
from going extinct. Wildlife plays an important role in balancing the environment and provides stability to
different natural processes of nature and maintenance of essential ecological processes and life-support.
Major threats to wildlife include habitat destruction/degradation/fragmentation, overexploitation,
hunting, pollution and climate change.

Wildlife conservation has social, environmental and economic benefits: Social in the sense that, apart from
being a carbon sink by absorbing toxic gases in the environment, wildlife provides sites for natural beauty,
hiking, controlled hunting, canoeing and wildlife photographing. On the environment perspective, wildlife
plays an essential role in the ecological and biological processes that are yet again significant to life. The
normal functioning of the biosphere depends on endless interactions amongst animals, plants and
microorganisms. This in turn maintains and enhances human life further. To add on these, ecological
processes are vital for agriculture, forestry, fisheries and other endeavors that support human life. Besides,
there are several biological processes wherein wildlife plays a key role such as pollination, germination,
seed dispersal, soil generation, nutrient cycling, predation, habitat maintenance, waste, breakdown among
other benefits. Wildlife conservation is also linked to the acceleration of ecotourism on a national level
which is a very influential stimulus for the Kenyan economy. Eco-tourism and wildlife conservation are
complementary or overlapping sectors of the economy. Income generated from ecotourism can be used to
fund both wildlife conservation and socio-economic development to benefits of the local communities.

131 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Several pockets of wildlife habitats exist within the proposed Master Plan area. Depending on type of
habitat, different wild game exists. At the proposed Master Plan area, three types of wildlife habitats exist.
Water bodies such as Mukuyu and Mchana Rivers, Comte and Mchana Earth dams form a key wildlife
habitat mostly for aquatic animals. Secondly, the riparian corridors of the water bodies mainly composed
of natural forests/vegetation forms another key wildlife habitat at the proposed Master Plan area. Thirdly,
the many pockets of grasslands/marshy lands scattered in the proposed area forms another habitat for
wildlife. The proposed development area comprises several hippopotami, which occupy the perennial
rivers and earth dams which run along the northern and southern boundaries of the area and make use of
the seasonally moist grasslands and riparian areas (including wetlands) for foraging purposes and as
ecological corridors for movement. During the SEA study, no amphibian species were identified. However,
the amphibians can be spotted during the wet season. Many bird species exist in the study area including
secretary bird, crowned cranes, pelicans, marabou storks, and eagles.

Wildlife species need four essential elements to survive: food, water, shelter, and space. Shelter must be
adequate to protect the wildlife from predators and the environment. Space must be adequate for the
wildlife to successfully rear their young. In addition to these four requirements, the spatial arrangement of
these necessities must be in proper order. That is to say, the sources must be within a certain distance of
each other so that the animal can access each safely on a daily basis.To control urban wildlife populations,
one must manipulate one of the four habitat factors as wildlife cannot survive unless their habitat needs
are met. If one of these habitat requirements is absent, wildlife will either migrate to another area capable
of providing their needs or die. For long-term wildlife management, this can be challenging leading to
possible human- wildlife conflicts.

As a result of ongoing developmental activities in Tatu City phase 1 and agricultural activities currently at
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate), most of the wildlife habitats are small and isolated. Ecologically, only
small game can survive in such small habitats since the available resources for feeding, sheltering and
reproduction are limited. This implies that the existing wildlife habitat will be decimated further to the
detriment of the wildlife in habitation. Wild game is known to prefer natural ecosystems and any disruption
that may result to departure from the natural state such as habitat fragmentation, loss of nesting sites and
other wildlife habitat through bush clearing, disruption of watercourses, establishment of non-native
invasive plant species, creation of barriers to wildlife movement and visual and auditory disturbance forces
wild game to move out of their habitat, die of heat stroke or die due to lack of their most preferred diet.

The proposed Master Plan mixed-use land uses are expected to subject the existing wildlife habitats to
further disturbances/modifications. Incidences of habitat pollution, especially the water bodies and
marshy lands, are likely to occur thus altering the existing natural conditions. Surface run-off from the
proposed Master Plan development will be used to recharge the earth dams. Surface run-off from urban
environs is usually contaminated and this may compromise the quality of water to the detriment of aquatic
life in habitation.

Tatu City in coordination with relevant agencies such as the Kenya Wildlife Service are in the process of
relocating the animals since the existing wildlife habitats are small and previously disturbed by habitat
fragmentation. This will also ensure the safety of the people living within the proposed development as
well as the survival of the animals.

Wildlife Conservancy option is also not compatible to Tatu City’s immediate surroundings of mixed land
use developments and as much as this land use option is important, the economic gain is low as compared
to the current option of utilizing it as mixed-use city development.

7.1.4 Option 4 - Proposed City Development

This option will focus on developing the whole 2000 acres of land for mixed use development, including
housing, commerce, manufacturing industry, education, agriculture and livestock, recreation, public
purpose and natural green open spaces with riparian reserve, water bodies and wetlands. All the proposed
development will be served with a comprehensive transportation network and telecommunication

132 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
facilities.

Recently, the Kenyan government, under its Economic Transformation Agenda, identified four key priority
sectors for the development of the country and realization of Vision 2030. Popularly known as the Big Four,
the transformation focuses on increasing capacity in affordable housing, manufacturing sector, universal
healthcare and food security. With housing provision for over 150,000 residents planned on completion,
alongside tens of thousands of jobs in construction, manufacturing and ancillary services, Tatu City
(Mchana Estate) will contribute significantly toward Kenya’s Big Four objectives.

Housing has always been a basic human need. Developing countries, Kenya included, have encountered the
perennial challenge of housing shortage, more so for the low and middle-income population. The housing
shortage can be attributed to the high urban population influx and growth rate. Nairobi, as the -country
capital city, has heavy shortage of the middle-low income housing.

The mixed-use development option will optimize economic benefits in its entire decision making.
Commercial development shall promote the economic development by providing more space for doing
business. One key factor to consider is the socio-economic impact of this option to both the locals and
investors.

Industrial development on the other hand has a higher potential of impacting on the value chain aspects of
development. For instance, whereas the option will promote the various professional, business and service
provision elements of development, industrial development shall promote the entire range from agro-
production, agroforestry, transport, manufacturing, logistics, professionals, research and development.
This shall also promote production for export. This will earn foreign exchange in the short, medium and
long term. The housing development alone cannot achieve this.

Industrialization has been one of the major economic Rivers since the industrial revolution era. As a result,
less industrialized countries in the third world countries, Kenya included, have struggled to thrive
economically and competitively in the global trade. It is on this backdrop that Kenya established several
industrial development flagship projects under the Kenya Vision 2030. Industrial development is an
approach to revitalizing the industrial sector that has been dwindling over time. In addition, industries
focus on the public value rather than individual value.

7.2 Justification for the Preferred Alternative - Proposed Tatu City Extension
Development

The process of identifying the best Master Plan alternative required a thorough analysis using a multi-
criteria approach. The enormity of impacts was weighted and measured across the four considered options:
Option 1-No Intervention Option (Carbon sink), Option 2-Farmland/Agriculture Use, Option 3-Wildlife
Conservancy and Option 4-The Proposed City Use. This was achieved by pre-determining the impacts based
on international guidelines and expert opinion. Each impact was then categorised as per the three
dimensions of sustainable development: environmental, social and economic. The impacts were scored as
per the levels of scale used in Table 6-1.
The results (table 7-1) demonstrated that the most preferred alternative is the proposed Tatu City
development, since it recorded the highest score interms of economic impacts and highest total score when
compared between the three paradigm shift of sustainable development. Much as the Tatu City alternative
is expected to produce some negative environmental effects, the mitigations that have been proposed in
the SEA will be adequate to reduce on impacts.

133 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Table 7-1 Multi-criteria analysis approach for the preferred alternative

Key Impacts Option 1-No Option 2- Option 3- Option 4-

Intervention Farmland/ Wildlife The
Option Agriculture Conservancy Proposed
(Carbon Use Tatu City
sink), Development

Environmental Impacts(+ve)
Increase in use of Renewable energy (such 0 0 0 4
as Solar)
Technologies in water harvesting 0 0 0 4

Environmental Impacts
Air Pollution 0 -2 -1 -2
Increased Noise and vibrations 0 -2 -1 -2
Increased use of energy resources 0 -2 0 -2
Soil degradation 0 -2 -1 -2
Increased water use 0 -4 -1 -2
Water Pollution 0 -3 -1 -2
Negative impact on Flora 0 -2 0 -2
Negative Impact on Fauna 0 -2 0 -2
Social Impacts (+ve Impacts)
Employment 1 2 2 4
Improved living standards 0 1 1 4
Poverty alleviation 0 1 1 2
Business opportunities 0 1 1 4
Increasement in land Value 0 1 1 4
Improved standard of living 0 1 1 2
Increased property values 0 0 1 4
Urbanization 0 0 0 4
Improved transport 0 0 0 3
Improved Communication 0 0 0 4
Increased power distribution network 0 0 0 4
Increased Education amenities 0 0 0 3
Value of education and accessibility to 0 0 0 3
research institutions will be made easy
Improved healthcare Access 0 0 0 2
Improved recreational facilities 0 0 0 2
Better social Facilities 0 0 1 2
Social Impacts (-ve Impacts)
Land use changes 0 -3 -1 -3
Increased pressure on existing 0 -1 0 -2
infrastructure such as roads, water supply
system, waste handling facilities,
electricity.
Increased volumes on human and vehicle 0 -1 0 -2
traffic along the access road
Interference with already existing 0 -1 0 -2
infrastructure such as the pipeline, water
pipes, power lines, roads and thus causing
inconveniences.

134 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Key Impacts Option 1-No Option 2- Option 3- Option 4-
Intervention Farmland/ Wildlife The
Option Agriculture Conservancy Proposed
(Carbon Use Tatu City
sink), Development

Displacement of the local people mostly 0 -2 0 -2

coffee settlers
Loss of existing property 0 -2 -2 -2
Reduced livelihoods from coffee plantation 0 0 -4 -2
Increased spread of communicable 0 -1 0 -2
diseases
Emergence of new diseases such as 0 0 0 -2
HIV/AIDS with a possibility of prostitution.
Social vices including drug abuse, 0 0 0 -3
immorality, teenage pregnancy and crime
Population influx 0 0 0 -3
Increased cost of living 0 0 0 -2
Economic impacts (+ve Impacts)
Increased life expectancy 0 0 0 3
Increased housing development 0 0 0 2
Networking and culture exchange 0 0 0 3
Growth of the local and national economies 0 1 1 4
Contributing to the gross domestic product 0 1 1 4
Attracting taxes including VAT 0 1 1 4
Catalyst for further urban development in 0 0 1 4
Kiambu
Economic impacts (-ve Impacts)
Income disparity -4 -2 -2 -1
Unemployment -4 -2 -2 -1
Increased taxes -4 -2 -2 -1
Lack of Revenue -4 -2 -2 -1
Health and Safety Impacts
Workplace safety risks 0 -1 -1 -4
Increased accidents involving workers 0 -1 -1 -4
and/or the public
Exposure of workers to occupational health 0 -1 -1 -4
and safety risks and injuries
Increased spread of communicable 0 -2 -2 -4
diseases
Emergence of new diseases such as 0 -2 -2 -4
HIV/AIDS with a possibility of prostitution.
Social vices including drug abuse, 0 -2 -2 -4
immorality, teenage pregnancy and crime
Total -15 -37 -16 4

The development further conforms to the zoning provisions of the land since incompatible land uses such
as residential and industrial have been clearly separated. Land uses have been provided in an integrative
manner ranging from among others, residential, commercial, industrial, open spaces, transportation public
amenities in order to promote sustainable development as envisioned by the Kenya Vision 2030. Preferred
land uses in the Master Plan have also been designated to be correlation with the adopted streets and
highways provided this very crucial in enhancing connectivity, effective traffic flow and convenience.

135 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) development was further based on the assessment of the compatibility
of Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) to immediate surrounding land uses. Since the proposed
development is also surrounded by other similar proposed land uses such as Northlands City Development,
Kenyatta University Development, The Two Rivers Development and Gulmarg- Sasini development, it was
found to be compatible with the land use since their cumulative implementation will lead to further
development of not only the area but the entire Kiambu County and Nairobi Metropolitan Region. This will
help in achieving the development goals stated in the Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan as well
as the Nairobi Metro Plan and the NIUPLAN. Increased urbanization of the area will lead to increased job
opportunities, availability of housing and increased revenue by both the County and National Government.
It is noted that implementation of the Master Plan will lead to further loss of agricultural land since majority
of the existing land is under agricultural use. This loss of fertile agricultural land means a decline in the
national food basket. Moreover, the development of the city will also lead to future threats on existing
neighbouring agricultural land uses due to urban sprawl hence the need of coming up with proper zoning
guidelines to curb these negative effects. However changing use from agricultural to residential and
commercial use has often proved to be more economically viable as development comes with positive
effects such as employment and business opportunities leading to improved economy. This further leads
to increased urban land uses as well as population creating further opportunities into the rural areas.
7.3 Linkages with ongoing Projects and developments
Linkages with ongoing projects, plans and programmes and how they fit in the Proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan was based on two key analysis. These included assessing the
implication of the key linkage Master Plans to proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) and the vice
versa.
7.3.1 The Nairobi Integrated Urban Development Master Plan (NIUPLAN)
NIUPLAN provides for creation of satellite Towns to decongest the City by creating a Nairobi Metropolitan
Region (NMR). Ruiru Town is identified as one of the satellite towns. Ruiru has the potential to become an
alternative or secondary Centre of the NMR and may even become the “Future Centre of the Metropolis” as
envisaged in Nairobi Metropolitan Services Improvement Programme (NaMSIP). Tatu City which is located
within Ruiru Municipality will provide an excellent solution to this due to its strategic location coupled with
the proposed transport developments in the NIUPLAN.
Proximity to Nairobi therefore gives Tatu a wide range of benefits from which it can capitalize from. To
make Tatu City a smart and futuristic development that covers for all the needs for its residents, the city
needs to come up with strategies of managing anticipated population from Nairobi and its environment
that encompasses both the poor and the rich in the society. The NIUPLAN also gives Tatu City a framework
of how to manage anticipated urban area challenges as Nairobi acts as a real case study.
Tatu City will offer facilities that as expected to attract populations from Nairobi for mutual benefit between
the two cities. The city will offer alternative opportunities those offered in Nairobi attracting people to
hence acting as a satellite city thus helping in decongesting Nairobi. NIUPLAN provides for creation of
satellite Towns to decongest the City by creating a Nairobi Metropolitan Region (NMR). Ruiru Town is
identified as one of the satellite towns.
7.3.2 Tatu City Phase 1
The Success of the Tatu City Phase 1 development gave to rise of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) with the newly proposed project standing to benefit from the structures and strategies already
established by the Phase 1 project. A Completed Phase 1 project will act as a direct marketing strategy to
investors who will be willing to directly invest in the proposed Tatu City extension (Phase 1I since it mirrors
the values and objectives towards sustainable urbanization and development.
The proposed Tatu City will lead to further development and expansion of the Tatu City as one Unit with
ability to offer first class infrastructure and services to not only its residents but also visitors. The proposed
extension will lead to increased population in the city raising its status and also increasing its facility and
service base.

136 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Figure 7.1 Tatu City Local Physical Development Plan

7.3.3 The Kenyatta University Master Plan

Proximity to the University means that Tatu City will gain immensely as the expected increase in population
of both students and staff will offer opportunities in terms of needs for accommodation and shopping which
can be offered by the proposed Tatu City. Moreover, the university will offer tertiary education to Tatu City
residents at a stone throw comfort.

137 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Further development and expansion of Kenyatta University means an increase in the numbers of students
who will in turn lead to increased demand for accommodation for both students and staff. Tatu city due to
its proximity to the University will therefore benefit from this increased demand as it will be able to offer
accommodation for both the students and staff.
7.3.4 The Two Rivers Development Master plan
The Two Rivers will offer Tatu City Residents access to its high-quality retail, residential, office, leisure and
hospitality components. Residents will be able to visit the Two Rivers Mall for their shopping needs and
also for leisure. Moreover, the development offers opportunities for employment and business for the
residents to explore.
However, this development is also aimed at providing similar facilities and services such as homes, schools,
offices, a shopping district, medical clinics, nature areas and sport & entertainment complex. This means
Tatu City will have to compete with Two Rivers. Therefore, Tatu city will be forced to ensure that these
services and facilities are provided in a unique and effective manner in order to suit different tastes and
preferences for both its residents and visitors. This will enable the city to compete favourably with the Two
Rivers Development.
Tatu City residents will be a ready market for the variety of commercial, lifestyle and recreational activities
offered at the Two Rivers Development. The proposed Tatu City extension development will offer highly
competitive facilities and services which are also offered by The Two Rivers development including
residential, commercial and leisure.
7.3.5 The Northlands Master Plan and the Gulmarg- Sasini Master Plan
The Master plans aim at offering almost similar features as the proposed Tatu City such as Residential
Housing Units, Retail, Hospitality and Office Developments, Educational Facilities, Industrial uses and
Recreation areas. This means that they provide direct competition to Tatu City in terms of attraction to
interested investors. This means that in order to compete with these new developments, Tatu City will have
to offer not only unique services but also advertise its services and facilities to potential clients, investors
and visitors to ensure success.
The proximity of Tatu City to these proposed new development means that urban developments will be
concentrated on one large area creating a continuous urban space. The area will have increased populations
(both rural-urban migration and urban –urban migration) due to increased urbanization. This will come
with challenges such as pressure on existing facilities and resources, solid and liquid waste management,
unemployment, natural resource management among other urban issues. Tatu City will need to come up
with effective strategies on how to counter these anticipated future urban challenges.
Tatu City provides competition to The Northlands and The Gulmarg- Sasini developments in terms of
attraction to available investors. Tatu City will lead to further urbanization of the area after implementation
of all the Master Plans hence leading to organized development in the region.

138 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

8 CLIMATE CHANGE VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT, ADAPTATION AND

MITIGATION ACTIONS
8.1 Introduction
Cities are major contributors to climate change: although they cover less than two per cent (2%) of the
earth’s surface, cities consume 78% of the world’s energy and produce more than 60% of all carbon dioxide
and significant amounts of other greenhouse gas emissions, mainly through energy generation, vehicles,
industry, and biomass use (UN habitat). At the same time, cities and towns are heavily vulnerable to climate
change. Despite these risks, many cities have not yet addressed climate change. The reasons include a lack
of relevant city policies and action plans; existence of regulations on urban planning and environment
which have not been adjusted to manage climate change; slow response to climate disasters due to lack of
capacity and resources; and lack of public awareness on climate variability and climate change-induced
hazard mitigation. However, when properly planned, capacitated, and managed through the appropriate
governance structures, cities can be places of innovation and efficiency. Together with their local
authorities, they have the potential to diminish the causes of climate change (mitigation) and effectively
protect themselves from its impacts (adaptation).
This chapter begins with a highlight of causes of climate change and later discusses the climate change
vulnerability of proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate). It also assesses the likely impacts from the
envisioned development by Tatu City Master Plan which will contribute to climate change. Further it
analyses the key adaptation and mitigation actions that need to be employed during the Master Plan
execution.
8.2 The causes of climate change
The main sources of GHGs contributing to global warming include but not limited to increase in energy use,
land-use changes and emissions from industrial activities. Urban households may also consume fuels more
directly, in heaters and cookers, or indirectly in air conditioning or electric heating further impacting on
climate change. Land-use changes induced by urban growth may lead to deforestation and reductions in
the uptake of CO2 by vegetation. Landfill sites taking up urban wastes also generate methane. Cement, as a
construction material of primary importance to the development of urban infrastructure, as well as of
commercial and residential buildings, also has a large carbon footprint due to an energy-intensive
manufacturing process and high energy cost for transporting this dense material. Lastly, activities such as
agriculture, livestock production, mining, and timber production, increase GHG emissions as direct
emitters or reduce the uptake of these gases by vegetation.
Reducing the contribution of cities to climate change, or mitigation, requires an adequate understanding of
the Rivers of urban GHG emissions, while effective adaptation must be based on a good understanding of
what makes cities and their constituent socio-economic groups either vulnerable or resilient to climate
change impacts. The exploration of how cities contribute to climate change requires an understanding of
how transportation, heating and cooling systems, industries and other urban activities and infrastructures
act both as emitters and direct causes of climate change. They create two main categories of impacts on the
carbon cycle and the climate system:
a) Changes related to the emission of aerosols, GHGs and solid wastes - GHGs are the main source
of changes in the climate system. Not only do they change the dynamics of the carbon cycle, but
together with aerosols they also generate changes in the Earth’s radiation that induce climate
change. Wastes affect the growth, function and health of vegetation and of ecosystems in general.
b) Land-use related changes - Urbanization is a process that changes the use of land and by creating
impervious surfaces, filling wetlands and fragmentation of ecosystems has disproportional impacts
upon the carbon cycle. The built environment of urban areas is also a forcing function on the
weather–climate system of urban centres because it is a source of heat and a poor water storage
system.

139 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

8.3 Vulnerability of Proposed Master Plan to Climate Change

With increasing urbanization, understanding the vulnerability of the envisioned development by proposed
Master Plan to climate change is important. This has been addressed by assessing the likely impacts of
climate change to proposed Master Plan land uses. The impacts have been described below.
8.3.1 Heavy precipitation events
Heavy precipitation events are defined as the percentage of days with precipitation that exceeds some fixed
or regional threshold compared to an average reference period of precipitation. Severe decreases in both
precipitation intensity and volume have been documented in the recent past.
8.3.2 Extreme heat events
Heat waves are typically defined as extended periods of hotter than average temperatures, although the
precise timing and temperature differential varies regionally. As a result of climate change, extreme heat
events are predicted to become more frequent, intense and longer lasting over most land areas.
8.3.3 Drought
Drought can be defined as a phenomenon in which precipitation is significantly below normal levels, which
leads to hydrological imbalances that negatively affect land resources and production systems. Drought
affects urban areas in numerous ways. It can compromise water quality and increase the operating costs of
water systems while reducing their reliability.
8.4 Proposed Master Plan Sectors likely to be potential sources of GHGs
There are several reasons for the importance of considering the contribution of urban areas to climate
change. First, there are a range of activities associated with cities and their functioning that contribute to
GHG emissions. Transportation, energy generation and industrial production within the territorial
boundaries of towns and cities generate GHG emissions directly. Urban centers rely on inward flows of
food, water and consumer goods that may result in GHG emissions from areas outside the city during their
transportation.
Second, climate-friendly developments have the potential to attract external investment, and the growing
importance of international urban network provides spaces for learning and knowledge transfer. The
measuring of emissions level has recently been inserted into global policy debates. For example, the United
Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-
habitat) and the World Bank launched an International Standard for Determining Greenhouse Gas
Emissions for Cities. This standard provides a common method for cities to calculate the amount of GHG
emissions produced within their boundaries.
Third, an assessment of the contribution of cities to climate change is a vital first step in identifying
potential solutions. The large and growing proportion of the Earth’s population living in towns and cities,
and the concentration of economic and industrial activities in these areas, means that they need to be at
the forefront of mitigation. The establishment of emission baselines is necessary if effective mitigation
benefits are to be identified and applied.
Critical sectors identified to have the potential of contributing to the GHGs have been briefly described
below.
8.4.1 Transport
Globally, transportation is responsible for about 23% of total energy-related GHG emissions and 13% of
global GHG emissions. Urban areas rely heavily on transportation networks of various kinds for both
internal and external movements of goods and people. The road transport is the largest contributor to GHGs
emission. The implementation of the proposed Master Plan will see increase in the number of vehicles on
the roads. This as a result will have a negative impact on the environment as it will increase consumption
of petroleum products while releasing CO2 and N2O to the atmosphere.

140 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
8.4.2 Commercial and residential buildings
GHG emissions from commercial and residential buildings are closely associated with emissions from
electricity use, space heating and cooling. Commercial and residential buildings are responsible for direct
emissions (onsite combustion of fuels), indirect emissions (from public electricity use for street lighting
and other activities, and district heat consumption), and emissions associated with embodied energy (e.g.
in the materials used for their construction). Emissions are affected by the need for heating and cooling,
and by the behaviour of building occupants.
8.4.3 Industries
Many industrial activities are energy intensive in their operation. These include the manufacturing
industries, chemicals and fertilizer industries, cement, and pulp and paper. Tatu city is envisaged to
establish an industrial park that includes light and heavy industries. The light industries involve light
processing of goods such as detergents, toiletries; plastics and pharmaceuticals while heavy industries
involve large and heavy equipment or complex, numerous processes. Some of the industries can generate
nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide and fluorinated gases which form the principle GHGs.
8.4.4 Waste
Despite being only a small contributor to global emissions, rates of waste generation have been increasing
during recent years, particularly in developing countries that have been experiencing increasing affluence.
Poor management of waste in landfills and dumpsites contributes to production of methane gas which is
one of the major GHGs.
8.4.5 Agriculture, land-use change and forestry
Urban areas have a potential to shape emissions from agriculture, land-use change and forestry in two
major ways. First, the process of urbanization can involve direct changes in land use, as formerly
agricultural land becomes incorporated within built-up areas. Agriculture is one of the leading sectors in
the removal of GHGs from the atmosphere. Second, the forested areas can be cleared to pave way for the
development hence leading to a reduction in the forest cover. This can reduce the capacity of the forests
and vegetation to carry out carbon dioxide sequestration.
8.4.6 Energy supply for electricity generation
Energy is perhaps the broadest possible category for assessing GHG emissions. The combustion of fossil
fuels is the major source amongst them, and is used throughout the world for electricity generation,
heating, cooling, cooking, transportation and industrial production. Energy is obtained from fossil fuels,
biomass, nuclear power, hydroelectric generation and other renewable sources. Urban areas rely heavily
on energy systems, the energy structure (types of energy forms used) and the quality of the energy (its
energetic and environmental characteristics). This section will thus focus on the use of energy for electricity
generation in urban areas, the different sources of energy and the implications for GHG emissions.
Hydroelectricity is the main form of electricity in the region, and its powered by diesel generators. The
generation of electricity from diesel generators contributes the highest to GHG emissions.
8.5 Adaptation and Mitigation actions for the Master Plan
The climate change adaptation actions are those that help in reducing the vulnerability of a development
plan to the effects of climate change, while the mitigation actions are those that should be undertaken to
avoid the increase of a pollutant emission. The following adaptation and mitigation measures should be
considered during the execution of the Tatu City (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.

Table 8-1 Adaptation and mitigation measures for the proposed Master Plan

141 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Sector Adaptation Actions Mitigation Actions

-Revision of the road construction -Develop strategies to enable

designs and materials to efficient means of transport that
Transportation
incorporate those that are climate have a low GHG foot print
change proof
-Revision of the existing building -Put in place measures to
codes and standards to incorporate enhance energy conservation,
the use of climate change proof efficiency and use of renewable
Commercial centers designs and materials energy
- Develop strategies for preventive -Put in place measures to ensure
and precautionary actions e.g. implementation of the revised
evacuation plans building codes and standards
-Develop a policy to guide the -Put in place measures to control
design and operations of the and reduce GHG emissions by
Industries
industries the industries such as carbon
taxing
- Develop policies to incorporate -Develop strategies to enhance
landscape restorations and the agricultural and forestry
reforestation in all development zones which aid in carbon
Agriculture development, plans dioxide sequestration
and green spaces
- Develop strategies for flexible
agriculture to prepare for natural
catastrophes
- Develop an integrated, improved - Mainstreaming of climate
early warning and response change into development
systems for climate change risks planning and management for
such as flooding sustainability

- Development and implementation -Put in place measures to

of educational and public enhance conservation of energy
awareness programmes on climate
Housing development /
change and its effects
educational institutions
-Ensuring that all new development
are climate-proof over their
lifespan

-Develop strategies to optimize the

use of renewable and sustainable
energy sources
Infrastructure and utilities -Ensuring that all new - Improving local water
infrastructure recycling facilities
is climate-proof over its lifespan
-Develop strategies for waste
Revise the designs for the waste reduction at source
management systems such as
landfills to those that can adapt to
the effects of climate change - Develop strategies to enhance
the waste treatment methods

142 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Sector Adaptation Actions Mitigation Actions

- Put in place emergency measures

to deal with waste management
during catastrophes
- Discourage environmentally -Increasing tree cover in the
destructive land uses and green and open spaces of the
improper non-green infrastructure Master plan to greater carbon
whose impacts could eventually sequestration, both in the soil
amplify the effects of climate and the biomass,
change
-Promoting and
Natural Green Open Space ,
-Sustainable riparian zone institutionalizing payment for
wetlands and water bodies
management for Rivers in the ecosystem services schemes to
Master Plan zone such as Mukuyu, support watershed protection
Mchana, Comte etc. initiatives in the uplands zones

-Establishment of rain water

harvesting reservoirs

143 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

(ESMMP)
9.1 Introduction
An Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) is prepared to show how site-
specific concerns and mitigation measures will be addressed through planning/design, construction and
operation phases of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan. It provides a link
between the impacts of project activities during the Master Plan implementation and the mitigation
measures which should be put in place to minimize the negative impacts and enhance the positive impacts.
In this SEA report, most of the proposed plan interventions are at a broader level and are only envisaged
to provide strategic guidelines for the subsequent project specific ESMMP based on detailed component
designs, construction and operation plans. These will be formulated from project and site specific
Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIA) which will be undertaken before commencing
implementation of the various specific projects.
This ESMMP prescribes and directs the management of all environmental aspects associated with and
arising from planning, construction, and operation of the components of the proposed Tatu City Extension
(Mchana Estate) Master Plan and shall be expanded and may be modified where there is need to customize
to specific project/development conditions.
9.2 Scope and Objectives of the Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring
Plan (ESMMP)
This ESMMP is an instrument that will allow Tatu City Limited, private developers, regulatory agencies and
key stakeholders to integrate Environmental and Social components during implementation and execution
of the various components of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan under study.
Its aim is to detail the actions required to effectively implement the mitigation measures and alternative
options for environmental and social obligation and enhance the positive impacts as recommended in SEA.
These actions are necessary in order to minimize the negative impacts which might originate from
implementation of the Master Plan and support the long-term management and monitoring of the
environmental and social issues during plan implementation.
Specific objectives of this Environmental and Social Management and Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) are to:
a) Provide the National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) with a tool to make ease the
evaluation of the objectives of the different phases of the proposed Master Plan taking into account
Kenyan environmental legislation;
b) Provide guidelines for appropriate management and protection measures of environmental and
social issues and concerns resulting from all activities associated with implementation of all phases
of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan components;
c) Provide Tatu City Limited, private developers, regulatory agencies and other key stakeholders their
environmental and social responsibilities in implementation of all phases of the proposed Master
Plan;
d) Assure the regulators, interested and affected parties the satisfaction of their demands in relation
to environmental and social performance;
e) Provide detailed standards and specifications for the management and mitigation of activities that
have the potential to impact negatively on the physical and social environment; and
f) Provide guidelines to project implementers regarding procedures for protecting the environment
and minimizing negative environmental effects, thereby supporting the Master Plan’s goal of
promoting sustainable development.
Tatu City Limited, private developers, all investors and stakeholders within the proposed Master plan
should comply with various conditions of implementing the Environmental and Social Management and
Monitoring Plan (ESMMP) which include:
a) Ensure continuous compliance of the ESMMP and adhere to the recommendations thereof;

144 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
b) Ensure sound environmental management by minimizing negative environmental impacts in all the
activities they undertake and instead enhance on the positive impacts; and
c) Comply with all Kenyan legislation and policies regarding the environment and implement them
accordingly
9.3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP)
Environmental Management is an essential component of the SEA Process. The SEA has recommended
simple, straight-forward and tangible management actions which are specific to each of the mitigation
measures and alternative options. These can be considered as the direct environmental management
prescriptions which will deal with the environmental challenges identified in the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan.
The various actions should be implemented to ensure that the environmental weaknesses are addressed
for the good of the locality. The Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been outlined in tables for
each management action including:
▪ Biodiversity and nature conservation;
▪ Solid and effluent waste;
▪ Water resources;
▪ Energy resources;
▪ Environmental and landscape changes;
▪ Traffic and transport;
▪ Greenhouse gases emissions;
▪ Occupational health and safety; and
▪ Socio - economic concerns

145 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

9.3.1 Biodiversity and Nature Conservation

Table 9-1 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Biodiversity and Nature Conservation

▪ Ecological imbalance due to destruction of natural habitats for the local flora and fauna reducing biodiversity in the area
▪ Loss of agricultural land under coffee plantation, forests and bushlands
▪ Disturbance/ Loss of habitats for monkeys, rabbits, dikdiks, snakes, bees residing in the natural forests and along the riparian
corridors
▪ Loss of habitats for number of aquatic wildlife including several bird species such as the secretary bird, crowned cranes,
pelicans, marabou storks, and eagles
Potential Adverse Impact
▪ Loss and fragmentation of wildlife habitats especially for the crocodiles and hippopotamus residing in the riparian zones of
streams, Rivers and earth dams.
▪ Possible modification of River channels
▪ Modification of Riverine vegetation
▪ Clearance of the riparian vegetation leading to pollution of the streams and Rivers within the project area
▪ Wildlife habitat deterioration due to low carrying capacity
▪ Conservation of wildlife and biodiversity on site
Objective ▪ Conservation of biological diversity and the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of the
benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources
Management strategy ▪ Protection of endangered/threatened/vulnerable species and habitats and enhancement of biodiversity on site
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party
▪ EIAs to be undertaken for all development activities
▪ Carry out landscaping of different zones
▪ Maintain the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan
▪ The nature trails and research sites as per the Master Plan to be enriched with
native vegetation ▪ Tatu City ▪ Cost of EIAs and preparation
▪ Unless it is mandatory, avoid clearance of the existing indigenous tree species Limited of management plans to be
During Plan
▪ Where clearance of native vegetation is inevitable, consider introducing such ▪ Developer / determined at prevailing
Implementation
natives in landscaped and other green spaces to compensate for the loss Contractors rates during plan
▪ Consider leaving isolated patches of indigenous vegetation to act as refuge to ▪ KWS implementation
small wild game during implementation of the Master Plan
▪ Liase with KWS on the migration of wild game within the Master Plan
▪ Consider putting up a small orphanage/park
▪ Invest some of the land in other agricultural investments

146 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
▪ Protection of the riparian environment and establishment of a riparian reserve
management plan
▪ Establish a tree planting program within the community such as schools within
and outside the proposed city to restore tree cover lost.
▪ Establishment of a wildlife management plan in collaboration with KWS
▪ Number of crocodiles and hippopotamus
▪ Numbers of bee hives , monkeys, rabbits, dikdiks
Performance Indicators ▪ Relocation of mammals to the Undeveloped & Agriculture Zone through the use of a wildlife management plan
▪ Size of riparian zone
▪ Size of land under natural forest, coffee plantations, bushlands and indigenous vegetation cleared for development
▪ Periodical ecological surveys and mammal counts
Monitoring Requirements
▪ Wildlife Inventory
Reporting ▪ Ecological Survey Report
▪ Riparian Reserve Management Plan, Wildlife Management Plan
▪ Wildlife Management and Conservation Act 2013
Legal Obligation ▪ Water Act, 2016
▪ The Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Wetlands, River Banks, Lake Shores and Sea Shore Management)
Regulations, 2009, Conservation and Management of Wetlands Amendment Regulations, 2017

147 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
9.3.2 Waste Management
Table 9-2 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for solid and effluent waste

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ High generation of solid and effluent waste from residential, commercial and industrial areas.
Objective ▪ Eliminate impact on public health due to the poor waste management on location.
Management strategy ▪ Removal of agents of environmental pollution and proper disposal of wastes.
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party
▪ Adoption of an integrated solid waste management plan through a hierarchy
of options that includes reduction at source, reuse, recycling, incineration,
composting and land filling
▪ Pursue waste minimization at source principles e.g. zero generation,
reduction, re-use and/or recycling
▪ Domestic, commercial and industrial waste to be done and managed ▪ Cost of waste collection and
▪ Tatu City
separately Throughout disposal systems to be
Limited
▪ Provide mechanisms to segregate wastes at source to enable recycling plan determined in the detailed
▪ Developer /
▪ Provision of transfer stations from where waste will be disposed in Implementation planning for each phase of the
Contractors
designated areas development
▪ Ensure all wastes are stored temporarily at the designated transfer stations,
and that they are regularly carried away for disposal in designated areas
▪ Connection to existing trunk sewers in Tatu City
▪ Pre-treatment of industrial effluent before discharge into sewers
▪ Undertake EIA for all development activities
▪ Housekeeping, littering, status of solid waste management
Performance Indicators ▪ Functional waste management facilities
▪ Re-use and recycling plants
Monitoring Requirements ▪ Periodical inspection of waste management operations
Reporting ▪ Environmental Audits and other statutory and non-statutory reports
▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Waste Management) Regulations 2006
Legal Obligation
▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006
9.3.3 Water Resources
Table 9-3 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Water Resources

148 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
High water demand in residential, commercial and industrial areas and for recreational areas during development and
▪
operational stages
Potential Adverse Impact ▪ High water abstraction from Mukuyu, Mchana, Galana/Ruiru Rivers, Comte Earth Dam and Mchana Earth Dam
▪ Pollution of Mukuyu River, Mchana River Comte Earth Dam and Mchana Earth Dam
▪ Decline in groundwater levels
Objective ▪ Minimize impact on available water resources and ensure their conservation
Management strategy ▪ Conservation of water resources through sustainable utilization
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party

▪ Promote rain water harvesting

▪ Promote recycling and reuse of water as much as possible
▪ Conservative water use in low volume fixtures in buildings
▪ Cost of water efficient fixtures
▪ Use of recycled and harvested storm water in cleaning and Landscaping
and appliances will be part of
▪ Incorporate water accounting systems and metering for all areas
project costs
▪ Limited abstraction of River water and instead use of alternative sources of ▪ Tatu City During Plan
water such as roof catchment rain water harvesting and harvesting of flood Limited Implementation
▪ Cost of water monitoring
waters ▪ Developer /
including viable conservation
▪ Pre-treatment of all effluent before discharge into Rivers Contractors
measures to be determined and
▪ Undertake a hydrogeological study in collaboration with WRA to determine
procured at prevailing rates
the sustainable ground water abstraction levels
during operations
▪ Continually seek new avenues for water conservation as international best
practices evolve
▪ Undertake EIA for all development activities

▪ Water use levels

Performance Indicators
▪ Borehole yields
Monitoring Requirements ▪ A water use monitoring and evaluation schedule
Reporting ▪ Logs of inspections
▪ The Water Act 2016,
Legal Obligation ▪ Water Resource Management Rules 2007 and Water ( Resources Management) Amendment Regulations 2010
▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Water Quality) Regulations 2006

149 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
9.3.4 Energy Resources
Table 9-4 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Energy Resources

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ Increased energy consumption / High energy demand in residential, commercial and industrial areas
Objective ▪ Minimize impact on available energy resources and ensure their conservation
Management strategy ▪ Conservation of energy resources through lowering of consumption levels
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party
▪ Cost of energy efficient
fixtures and appliances will
▪ Institution awareness programmes to conserve energy
be part of project costs
▪ Energy conservation through installation/use of energy efficient appliances /
fittings ▪ Tatu City
▪ Cost of energy monitoring
▪ Adoption of green energy sources e.g. solar energy, waste to energy projects Limited During Plan
including viable
▪ Use of green building designs that allow for passive heating and cooling, and ▪ Developer / Implementation
conservation measures to
maximum utilization of natural light in buildings Contractors
be determined and
▪ Continually seek avenues for energy conservation as international best practices
procured at
evolve
prevailing rates
during operations
Performance Indicators ▪ Energy use levels against benchmarks
▪ Metering
Monitoring Requirements
▪ Energy use monitoring and evaluation schedule
Reporting ▪ Energy Audit reports
▪ The Energy Act 2006
Legal Obligations ▪ Subsidiary legislation under the Energy Act
▪ International Best Practices

150 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
9.3.5 Environmental and Landscape Changes
Table 9-5 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Environmental and Landscape Changes

▪ Increased risk of flooding due to increase in storm water generated on site

▪ Poor ambient air quality and increase in background noise level
▪ Negative visual impact due to loss of visual amenity from dense urban structures
Potential Adverse Impact
▪ Long term evolution of urban heat islands
▪ Risk of urban heat island effects
▪ Noise Pollution and Excessive Vibrations
Objective ▪ Ensuring positive landscape changes and enhancement of environmental quality
Management strategy ▪ Protection of endangered/threatened/vulnerable species and habitats , enhancement of biodiversity on site
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party
▪ Undertake EIA for all development activities
▪ Ensure adequate tree cover and gardens within developed areas to provide ▪ Cost of landscaping to be
shade and cooling effect determined at prevailing
▪ Ensure adequate drainage of the site through drainage works ▪ Tatu City rates during plan
▪ Plenty of gardens and green areas within developed areas will enable Limited implementation
During Plan
percolation of rainfall and reduce runoff ▪ Developer / ▪ Cost of EIAs and
Implementation
▪ Ensure plenty of vegetation cover (trees and shrubs) as buffers between land- Contractors preparation of management
uses to reduce noise effects plans to be determined at
▪ Enforcement of pollution control measures for air pollution sources prevailing rates during plan
▪ Tarmacking all major roads to enhance movement in all-weather and to avoid implementation
dust generation
▪ Percentage green spaces vis a vis developed spaces
Performance Indicators ▪ Size of buffer zones
▪ Background noise and ambient air quality
Monitoring Requirements ▪ Periodical surveys and measurements
▪ Air Quality tests
Reporting ▪ Noise survey
▪ Audit Report
▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Air Quality) Regulations 2009
Legal Obligation ▪ Environmental Management and Co-ordination (Noise & Excessive Vibration Pollution) (Control) Regulations, 2009
▪ The Factories & Other Places of Work (Noise Prevention and Control) Rules 2005

151 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
9.3.6 Traffic and Transport
Table 9-6 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Traffic and Transport

▪ Increased human and vehicular traffic/ Risk of traffic congestion within Tatu City
Potential Adverse ▪ Increased traffic activity and traffic interruptions along the Thika Super Highway, Northern and Eastern bypasses
Impact ▪ Increased vehicular traffic may lead to higher air and noise emissions adversely affecting the local air quality and ambient
noise levels.
Objective ▪ Ensure the smooth flow of pedestrian and vehicular traffic and minimize risks of accidents
▪ Provision of adequate facilities and infrastructure
Management strategy ▪ Separation of pedestrian and vehicular traffic
▪ Continually monitoring traffic incidences, establish their root cause and provide solutions
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party
▪ Ensure a good connection between spine roads and the Thika Super Highway,
Northern and Eastern bypasses
▪ Provision of adequate vehicular circulation space and parking areas
▪ Provision of pedestrian walkways along all roads within the development
▪ Cost of signage and
▪ Paving all pedestrian walk ways with robust, durable, and non-slippery materials
warnings in hazard prone
▪ Provision of all necessary street furniture along all roads within the development ▪ Tatu City
areas and other
to accommodate users (including the disabled, elderly, and children) and to Limited
infrastructure shall be
enhance security. ▪ Developer /
included in the project costs
▪ Provision of bollards in appropriate areas to prevent vehicles from encroaching Contractors During Plan
during construction
into the pedestrian domains. ▪ Implementi Implementation
▪ Provision of street lights to provide sufficient light for both pedestrian areas and ng agencies
▪ Additional safety measures
carriage ways. like KeNHA,
/ features to be procured at
▪ Provision of trees along pedestrian walkways for shading and that require KURA,
prevailing rates during
minimum maintenance; preferably indigenous for ecological and cultural
operations
advantages.
▪ Ensure Installation and maintenance of all construction signs, signals, markings,
and other devices used to regulate traffic, including posted speed limits,
warnings of sharp turns, or other special road conditions
▪ Traffic status
Performance Indicators
▪ Ease of access and circulation
Monitoring Requirements ▪ Regular monitoring of traffic flow
Reporting ▪ Incidence logging

152 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
▪ Traffic Management Plan
Legal Obligation ▪ Physical Planning handbook
▪ Traffic design and management guidelines

9.3.7 Greenhouse Gases Emissions

Table 9-7 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for Greenhouse Gases Emissions

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ Emission of greenhouse gases

Objective ▪ Minimize emission of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere
Management strategy ▪ Removal of agents of environmental pollution
Responsible
Recommended Mitigation Measures Time Frame Cost
Party
▪ Use of renewable sources of energy such as wind and solar energy
▪ Retention of green spaces/landscaped spaces as carbon sinks
▪ Recycling of solid/liquid wastes ▪ Tatu City
▪ Cost of EIAs and preparation of
▪ Adoption of clean production mechanism Limited
Throughout management plans to be
▪ Adoption of green buildings technology ▪ Developer
plan Implementation determined at prevailing rates
▪ Adoption of efficient transport system /
during plan implementation
▪ Continually seek avenues for energy conservation as international Contractors
best practices evolve
▪ Annual air quality monitoring
▪ Reduced atmospheric greenhouse gas concentration
▪ Reduced climate change related illnesses
Performance Indicators ▪ Sustainable energy consumption- increased use of renewable energy sources
▪ Increased tree cover and green areas
▪ Increased use of low carbo technologies
Monitoring Requirements ▪ Annual air quality monitoring
Reporting ▪ Environmental Audits and other statutory and non-statutory reports
▪ Climate Change Act, 2016
Legal Obligation
▪ International best practice

153 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
9.3.8 Occupational Health and Safety
Table 9-8 Management Plan for Occupational Health and Safety

▪ High number of incidents, accidents, dangerous occurrences , fatalities / deaths reported during construction, operational
Potential Adverse Impact
and decommissioning phases of specific project implementation
Objective ▪ To provide for the safety, health and welfare of workers and all persons at workplaces
Management strategy ▪ Ensure project specific sites are registered with DOSHS as work places
Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost
▪ All places intended to be used as a work place must be registered by DOSH
before they are occupied.
▪ Ensure that all building plans are approved by the Local Authority and the ▪ Tatu City Limited ▪ Cost of EIAs and preparation of
During Plan
County Occupational Health and Safety Office ▪ Developer/ management plans to be
Implementati
▪ All workplaces must have written procedures for hazard identification Contractors determined at prevailing rates
on
and risk assessments and Safe Work Method Statements (SWMS) for all ▪ DOSHS during plan implementation
activities intended to be done at site.
▪ EIAs to be undertaken for all development activities
▪ Number of incidents, accidents and dangerous occurrences reported
▪ Fatalities / Deaths reported during development, operationalization phases
Performance Indicators
▪ Number of fire service stations within the area
▪ Number Police Stations and Disaster Operations Centre
▪ Number of workplaces registered by DOSHS within Tatu City Extension Master Plan
▪ Premises insured as per statutory requirements (third party and workman’s compensation)
Monitoring Requirements
▪ Emergency preparedness and evacuation procedures
▪ Compensation Claims related to work injuries
▪ Health and Safety Audits and other statutory and non-statutory reports
Reporting ▪ Health and Safety Management Plan
▪ Emergency Response Plan
▪ Occupational Health And Safety Act (OSHA), 2007
Legal Obligation ▪ Subsidiary Legislations under OSHA 2007
▪ Public Health Act
9.3.9 Socio-Economic Concerns
Table 9-9 Management Plan for Socio-Economic concerns

Potential Adverse Impact ▪ Disruption and change of local livelihoods

154 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
▪ Unemployment -Loss of employment opportunities for people working in the coffee plantations
▪ Increased crime rates
▪ Urban poverty
▪ Rapid urbanization
▪ Informal settlements
▪ Housing scarcity
▪ Income disparity between the city and local communities
Objective ▪ Improve livelihoods of people within and around the Master Plan
Management strategy ▪ Sustain and accelerate economic growth of Kiambu County and serve as a catalyst for further urban development.
Recommended Mitigation Measures Responsible Party Time Frame Cost
▪ Maximize the recruitment of locals where possible
▪ Develop community awareness programmes to enhance cohesion
between project employees and the local community. ▪ Cost of EIAs and
▪ Consult with the public and the locals during implementation of preparation of
▪ Tatu City Limited Throughout
proposed developments management plans to be
▪ Developer / plan
▪ Sensitize the Kofinaf coffee workers about the proposed mixed use determined at prevailing
Contractors Implementation
development and allow for smooth transition rates during plan
▪ Undertake a livelihood restoration plan in order to compensate the implementation
affected appropriately
▪ Undertake EIA for all development activities
▪ Gauge impact of Master Plan implementation on livelihoods
Performance Indicators ▪ Land value trends
▪ Development of market centres
Monitoring Requirements ▪ Records of hired manpower and remuneration
Reporting ▪ Statutory and non-statutory reports

155 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

9.4 Environmental Monitoring Plan

An Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMP) is vital for any Strategic Environmental Assessment
Plan as it helps in assessing the effectiveness of proposed mitigation measures, in assessing
changes in environmental conditions and to provide warning of significant deterioration in
environmental quality for further preventive action.
Specific attention has been made to ensure that the monitoring plan conforms to the following
criteria, it is auditable in that it:
▪ Identifies sampling sites and variables to be measured
▪ Associates mitigation and monitoring tasks to specific impacts.
▪ Proposes frequency and timing of sampling sites
▪ Identifies specific quantifiable monitoring regimes
▪ Where practically possible identifies key indicator, which can be utilized for
environmental performance monitoring
▪ Conforms to all best practice principles by acknowledging the existence of both long term
and immediate impacts and the resulting mitigation measures necessary to deal with such
▪ Delineates key lines of accountability and responsible parties to implement the
monitoring plan
▪ Ensures flexibility to enable incorporation of additional monitoring and mitigation
techniques as deemed necessary throughout the life of the development
▪ Identifies key corporate commitments made by the proponent, with regard to its
environmental performance.
9.5 Monitoring Requirements
To ensure that the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is effective, environmental
monitoring is mandatory. Because of the complexity of cumulative effects problems at a strategic
level, there will be uncertainty about impact predictions. Monitoring is therefore important in
order to assess the accuracy of the predictions and to monitor the effectiveness of mitigation
measures.
The monitoring frequency and indicators have been recommended for each management action.
Regular monitoring using the recommended indicators will indicate the level of progress with
regard to ensuring environmental sustainability in the proposed Master Plan.
The parameters of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan that were
identified for monitoring include: water quality, air quality, biodiversity loss, Landscape changes,
solid and liquid waste generation, occupational health and safety risks and socio- economic
concerns. This is represented in the table below.

156 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 9-10 Environmental Monitoring Plan for Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan

Environmental Points / sources to be Parameters Key Issues Frequency of Responsibility

Aspects & monitored monitoring
socioeconomic
component
Water Quality ▪ Mukuyu River ▪ pH, Total Suspended Solids ▪ Water quality and quantity as ▪ Quarterly or at ▪ Tatu City
and Quantity ▪ Mchana River (TSS) and Total Dissolved a public health concern. least two times a Limited
▪ Galana/Ruiru River Solids(TDS), heavy metals, ▪ Residential, commercial and year to cover ▪ WRA
▪ Comte Earth Dam oils and grease industrial water standards seasonal ▪ RUJUWASCO
▪ Mchana Earth Dam ▪ Abstraction rates and ▪ Aquatic life ecosystem variations
▪ Surrounding streams drawdown for boreholes support.
▪ Ground water ▪ Waterborne diseases
resources Borehole prevalence
▪ County Council supply
▪ Runoff from buildings
▪ Water treatment plant
Solid and ▪ Residential, ▪ Amounts produced ▪ Water quality and quantity as ▪ Continuous ▪ Tatu City
Liquid Waste commercial and ▪ Nature or type of waste a public health concern. Limited
Generation industrial zones ▪ Storage means ▪ Aquatic life ecosystem ▪ NEMA
▪ Rivers, streams and ▪ Transportation support. ▪ Government
earth dams within and ▪ Treatment methods ▪ Waterborne diseases lead
around the proposed ▪ Waste composition such as prevalence Agencies
area slag, domestic refuse,
▪ Water treatment plant metallic scraps, sludge
▪ Runoff from buildings ▪ Waste reduction and
recovery at source
▪ pH, Total Suspended Solids
(TSS) and Total Dissolved
Solids(TDS), heavy metals,
oils and grease
Biodiversity ▪ Land area under coffee ▪ Ecological surveys and ▪ Ecological imbalance due to ▪ Continuous ▪ Tatu City
Loss plantation, forests and mammal counts destruction of natural habitats Limited
▪ Wildlife inventory for the local flora and fauna

157 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Environmental Points / sources to be Parameters Key Issues Frequency of Responsibility

Aspects & monitored monitoring
socioeconomic
component
bushlands cleared for ▪ Individual species count reducing biodiversity in the ▪ Developers
development (capture recapture) area /Contractor
▪ Rivers, streams and ▪ Biomass Index ▪ Loss of agricultural land
earth dams around the ▪ Loss and fragmentation of
site endangered flora & fauna and
▪ Wildlife habitats in bird species
proposed development
Environmental ▪ Project specific areas ▪ Topography ▪ Slope stability Annually ▪ Tatu City
and Landscape ▪ Excavated areas, ▪ Soil salinity and humus ▪ Soil erosion rates, Limited
Changes sloppy areas along the content ▪ Water, sediments load,
road ▪ Turbidity in storm water
▪ Water sources and other water sources
▪ Rainfall volume
▪ Temperature levels
Air Quality ▪ Commercial and ▪ Air particulate matter ▪ Air pollution and excessive ▪ Continuous ▪ Tatu City
and Noise industrial zones ▪ TSP, NOx, SO2, CO, Dust Noise and Vibrations ▪ Throughout Limited
▪ Water treatment plant particles, particulate Construction and ▪ Developers
▪ Construction sites matter operational /Contractor
Quarrying and Earth ▪ Noise levels, Phases ▪ NEMA
Borrowing sites, ▪ DOSHS
campsites
Occupational ▪ Industrial, residential ▪ Health and Safety audit ▪ Compliance to Occupational ▪ Annually ▪ Tatu City
Health and and commercial zones reports Safety and Health Act 2007 Limited
Safety risks ▪ Construction of ▪ Number and types of ▪ Developers
support trunk utilities accident and incident /Contractor
for Tatu city such as reports and records, ▪ DOSHS
air and road ▪ Accident locations
infrastructure, ▪ Field inspections and
power distribution information from lead
network, water and agencies

158 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Environmental Points / sources to be Parameters Key Issues Frequency of Responsibility

Aspects & monitored monitoring
socioeconomic
component
sewerage networks
waste water collection,
treatments and
recycling facilities,
telecommunication
facilities, firefighting
facilities
Socio- ▪ New tenants ▪ General population ▪ Impact of the development on ▪ Annually ▪ Tatu City
Economic ▪ Neighbouring information, the immediate and Limited
communities ▪ Demographic neighboring community ▪ Kiambu
characteristics County
▪ Economic activities Government
▪ Housing characteristics ▪ Project
▪ Land tenure and ownership committees
regimes,
▪ Energy source

159 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

9.6 Construction Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (CEMMP)

Implementation of specific projects within Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan will
be preceded by project-specific Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs).
Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMP) developed in these EIAs shall be in
line with the Strategic Environment Assessment EMMP developed for the proposed Master Plan.
The contractors who shall be appointed for construction of the various developments shall
develop their own EMMPs to ensure actions and mitigation necessary to protect the environment
are incorporated into all site procedures. At a minimum, the Construction Environmental
Management and Monitoring Plans must address the following issues identified as key in Tatu
City Extension Master Plan:
▪ Physical setting, flora and fauna;
▪ Solid and Liquid waste management;
▪ Storm-water, runoff and soil erosion;
▪ Air quality (Dust and Exhaust emissions);
▪ Water resources ;
▪ Energy resources;
▪ Noise and vibrations;
▪ Traffic Management; and
▪ Occupational Health and Safety;
The contractors who shall be appointed for construction of the various developments shall
develop their own Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans (EMMPs) to ensure actions
and mitigation necessary to protect the environment are incorporated into all site procedures. At
a minimum, a contractor’s EMP must address the following:
▪ Policy
▪ Planning
▪ Implementation and Operation
9.6.1 Policy
The contractor will develop an environmental policy that includes, as a minimum, the following:
A commitment to comply with applicable regulations and other requirements that the company
subscribes to;
▪ A commitment to provide a safe work environment;
▪ A commitment to provide the training and equipment necessary for employees to conduct
their work safely;
▪ A commitment to continuously improve performance and to pollution prevention;
▪ A commitment to communicate the policy to all persons working for and on behalf of the
company;
9.6.2 Implementation and Operation
Roles, responsibilities and authorities should be defined, documented and communicated to
ensure effective environmental and social management. A specific management representative
should be assigned that is responsible for ensuring that the EMP is established, implemented and
maintained and is responsible for reporting performance, reviewing the Plan and making
recommendations for improvement.
9.7 Institutional Arrangements
For effective implementation of the EMMP, it is a necessary to identify the relevant institutions,
agencies, authorities or persons and their respective roles in the SEA process. Thus, the following
identified entities ought to be involved in the implementation of the EMMP throughout the project
cycle or as deemed fit.
For environmental sustainability of the Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan there is
need for close and committed monitoring of all the activities. The study therefore proposes that

160 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Tatu City Limited establishes an Environmental Management Unit (EMU) to take responsibility of
overseeing the implementation activities. The unit officers main responsibilities will be to
understand the environmental requirements of the Master Plan, ensure full implementation and
maintenance of the recommended actions, reviewing the Plan and make recommendations for
improvement where need be, monitor environmental parameters using the appropriate
indicators , reporting performance and ensure compliance by all agencies. The whole of these
responsibilities may also be contracted externally to a NEMA registered firm of experts.
The unit representative will be expected to understand all the environmental, health and safety
laws and by-laws relevant to implementation of the EMMP and all the equipment required to
monitor environmental parameters.
Secondly, the unit will be expected to liaise with the departments responsible for environmental
matters at the Kiambu County Office, National Government Agencies and the implementing
agencies to ensure effective implementation of the EMMP. Key implementing agencies include
County Government (s), local Water and Sewerage Company, Kenya Power, Kenya National
Highways Authority (KeNHA), Ministry of Lands and physical planning, local Non-Governmental
Organizations (NGOs), all government parastatals among others.
The National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) is the key institution of the
government overseeing implementation of environmental policy and laws in Kenya. The
authority will take responsibility for general supervision and coordination of all environmental
matters. In addition to reviewing environmental reports on the progress of proposed Master Plan,
the authority’s inspectors may visit any of the projects, during implementation and suggest
improvements to ensure compliance to the recommended quality standards.
The institutional arrangement for implementing the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) Master Plan is summarized in Table 10.11 below:

161 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

Table 9-11 Institutional Arrangements of Implementing Environmental Components of the Master Plan

S/No Institutions Key Responsibilities

1. Tatu City Limited ▪ Tatu City Limited to participate in the entire ESSMP process as the developer and oversee implementation
of the proposed Master Plan as conducted by contractors/investors during construction and operation
phases of specific project activities and reviewing and verifying the implementation of the ESSMP of Tatu
City Extension (Mchana Estate)

2. National Environment ▪ Review the draft SEA report and approve of the Final SEA
Management Authority (NEMA) ▪ Review Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) and Environmental Audit (EA) reports for the different
investors/projects
▪ Approve EIA and EA reports.
▪ Deal with cases of non-compliance

3. Kiambu County Government ▪ Provide oversight and advisory services during the Plan implementation
(All relevant departments and
ministries)
4. National Government Ministries ▪ Policy direction on implementation of the Master Plan
▪ Approval of Master Plan activities
▪ Training and mobilizing - Facilitate capacity building of young entrepreneurs.
▪ Facilitating technology development and transfer.

5. Governmental Parastatals / ▪ Provision of infrastructure utilities and services like road networks, Electricity power supply
Implementing Agencies ▪ Monitoring and Evaluation - quality control and product standards

6. Water Resources Management ▪ Monitoring of water abstraction rates.

Authority ( WRMA) ▪ Monitoring of water quality - pollution of water sources –Rivers and boreholes.

7. Ruiru- Juja Water and Sewerage ▪ Efficient and sustainable water supply management
Company (RUJUWASCO) ▪ Supply of clean water to Tatu City Extension
▪ Providing sewer services
▪ Regular monitoring of sewer quality before draining into the public sewer.

162 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

S/No Institutions Key Responsibilities

8. Tatu City Limited, Private ▪ Construct and invest according to the laid down development and environmental guidelines and
developers and Investors regulations
▪ Comply with County, national and international quality standards

9. Special Economic Zones Authority ▪ Liaise with Tatu City to establish and operationalize a ‘one-stop’ shop within the city to facilitate
processing and issuance of development construction permits and certificates of occupancy as envisaged
under the provisions of section 11 of the Special Economic Zones Act, No. 16 of 2015.
▪ Provide a framework for the physical development and management of the area and guide the
development control processes within Tatu City.

163 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

9.8 Institutional Strengthening/ Capacity Building

Tatu City will require an effective Environmental Management Unit (EMU) to ensure implementation
of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP. The institution will require
strengthening and capacity building. This should incorporate key aspects as follows:
▪ Equipment requirements – an indication of type of equipment and number of units needed
▪ Training/study tours - Information regarding type of training, number to be trained,
duration of the training, organization providing the training and cost.

Table 9-12 Equipment requirements

Type of Equipment Requirements Units Purpose

Duly Equipped water Registration and 1 ▪ Monitoring of water

testing laboratory approval by abstraction rates.
▪ electronic meters Water Resources ▪ Monitoring of water quality
will test water pH, Authority ▪ Monitoring pollution of water
turbidity and sources –Rivers and boreholes
electrical NEMA ▪ Water & effluent analysis
conductivity, accreditation ▪ Carbon dioxide analyzers will
▪ Microbiological /approval be uses for monitoring
testing, purposes and control of CO2.
▪ Heavy metals KEBs ▪ Monitor the concentration of
▪ Carbon Dioxide Accreditation particles and fine particles
Analyzer (CO2 Gas such as dust, smoke, pollen,
Analyzer) and other aerosols that are in
▪ Dust Monitor the air.
▪ Soil Testing Kit ▪ To monitor soil acidity or
(tests for: pH, alkalinity.
nitrogen, ▪ To monitor noise and
phosphorus and vibrations
potassium)
▪ Noise meters

Incinerator NEMA approval 1 ▪ Combustion of biomedical

waste.
▪ Biomedical KEBs
incinerator Accreditation
Fully equipped Waste NEMA approval 1 ▪ Waste sorting for recycling
Management Department purposes
/ Sustainable solid waste ▪ Waste segregation
management facility / ▪ will be set up which will
centre be responsible for
▪ collection and disposal of
▪ Equipped Waste solid waste. Tatu City will
Recycling / encourage
collection station best/sustainable
▪ Waste collection management practices
bins such as the 3Rs to ensure
▪ Street litre bins/ that the waste that ends

164 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
▪ Skips / up in dumping site is
▪ Waste / minimal.
transportation NEMA approval No. of ▪ Waste Collection
vehicles for Waste vehicles ▪ Waste transportation
transportation dependent
on waste
County production
Government of
Kiambu

Table 9-13 highlights some of the key trainings, professional curses / requirements, and studies
needed for effective capacity development on implementation of the SEA.

Table 9-13 Training, Research and Studies

Training / Duration of Scope / purpose / Skills required Organizations /

Professionals the Institutions
Courses Required training providing the
training and cost.
Environmental Degree Integration of holistic planning and
Planning and Bachelor’s Management of land development
Management / 4 Years with consideration of natural
environment, social, political,
Environmental Master’s economic and governance with goal
studies (community 2 years to sustainable development
Development)
Energy auditor PhD. To preserve energy and reduce ▪ Kenyatta
4 Years energy usage by inspecting University
buildings to find and fix leaks to ▪ University of
help people use fewer resources. Nairobi
▪ Jomo Kenyatta
Environmental To use the principles of University
engineers engineering, soil science, biology, ▪ Dedan Kimathi
and chemistry and create solutions University
to environmental problems—like ▪ Pwani University
improvements to recycling, waste ▪ Egerton University
disposal, public health, and water ▪ Moi University
and air pollution control. ▪ Other approved
Universities and
Hydrologist Expertise of water quality and intuitions of higher
availability, learning

To collect samples, or reading ▪ Vocational

monitoring equipment, and analyze Technical Colleges
data and model their findings. (Amboseli Institute
Thika, Nairobi
Environment To police for the environment, Institute of
protection technician these technicians monitor the Business studies)
/ auditors environment and investigate
sources of pollution and

165 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
contamination, and work to ▪ Technical
prevent violations. institution
Wildlife biologist To study animals and their (Kiambu Institute
behaviour to see how they interact of Science and
with their natural habitats. Technologies;
Technical
Earth Sciences Encompasses University of Kenya
• Geology. etc).
• Meteorology and
Climatology. ▪ Tatu Vocational
Training Centre
Conservation Manage the overall land quality of
scientist and forester forests, parks, riparian zones and Costs are dependent on
other natural resources. Their the respective program
duties include protecting and rates by learning
enhancing habitats for animals, institutions
facilitating public recreation.

Environmental conducting environmental health

Health and safety investigations or inspections.
Specialists
Enduring occupational health and
safety during project construction,
operations and decommissioning.
Solar photovoltaic 2-3 years Often called PV installers, these
installers Diploma/ workers will assemble, install
Higher and/or maintain solar panel
Diplomas systems, which are great sources of
from renewable energy.
Technical
Plumbers Institutions To deal with plumbing issues
(repairs and maintenance) and
fixing leaks

Utilities record keeping

Electricians To deal with electrical wiring
(repairs and maintenance) etc

Utilities record keeping

Vocational training ▪ On job Other services including:
trainings • Refuse management
• Tree management
• Cleaning

166 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

10 SUMMARY OF THE POTENTIAL SIGNIFICANT IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED

MASTER PLAN
10.1 Introduction
This chapter gives a highlight of key potential and significant impacts of the proposed Master Plan.
The impacts have been analysed based on the SEA study including stakeholders’ consultations. It is
therefore imperative for Tatu City Limited to ensure the highlighted impacts and key concerns are
prioritized.
10.2 Rise to Grievances
In regard to the development scale, and displacement of people, rise to grievances among the affected
population over varying issues ranging from rates of compensation and eligibility criteria to the
location of resettlement sites and the quality of services at those sites to unknown fears will
inevitably lead to grievances. Timely redress of such grievances is vital to the satisfactory
implementation of resettlement and to completion of the development. Tatu Limited should develop
and ensure that procedures are in place to allow affected people to lodge a complaint or a claim
(including claims that derive from customary law and usage) without cost and with the assurance of
a timely and satisfactory resolution of that complaint or claim. In addition, the development should
make special accommodations for women and members of vulnerable groups to ensure that they
have equal access to grievance redress procedures. Such accommodation may include employment
of women or members of vulnerable groups to facilitate the grievance redress process or to ensure
those groups representing the interests of women and other vulnerable groups take part in the
process. Grievances are best redressed through project management, local civil administration, or
other channels of mediation acceptable to all parties. Such channels of mediation may involve
customary and traditional institutions of dispute resolution. Tatu Limited management should make
every effort to resolve grievances at the community level. Recourse to the legal system should be
avoided except as a last resort. Key measures for grievances redress from affected people or
organizations/ institutions should include;

▪ Institutional arrangements for grievance redress;

▪ The procedures for recording and processing grievances;
▪ The mechanisms for adjudicating grievances and appealing judgments; and
▪ A schedule with deadlines for all steps in the grievance redresses process.
10.3 Socio- Economic issues / Concerns
Taking into cognizant of the proposed Master Plan and scale of the development upon execution, it
will impact negatively to the local communities who derive their livelihoods from the coffee
plantations. The coffee workers earning a livelihood will lose their jobs once the coffee plantation is
cleared for development. This will have a localized impact on the neighbouring rural household
economy. Further, the workers. The SEA study also established approximately 40 houses with staff
who reside within Mchana Estate. It will be important to ensure the staff are compensated for a
smooth relocation. In brief the following mitigation measures are recommend;
• Maximize the recruitment of locals where possible
• Develop community awareness programmes to enhance cohesion between project
employees and the local community
• Consult with the public and the locals during implementation of proposed developments
• Sensitize coffee workers about the proposed mixed-use development and allow for smooth
transition

167 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
• Develop and implement a Livelihood Restoration Plan (LRP) for the coffee workers whose
career will be affected during implementation of the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) master plan.
10.4 Degradation of aquatic ecosystems
The storm water from Tatu City Extension (Mchana estate) will be directed to the existing dams.
Typically, storm water/surface run-off from urban environments is known to be of low quality due
to high level of sediment loads and pollutants. Entry of such waters into water bodies is likely to
degrade the quality of aquatic ecosystems. It is highly likely that the streams, rivers, wetlands and
dams in the proposed Master Plan area will be the recipient of surface run-off from the proposed
development. Creation of buffer zones and protection of the riparian zone around such catchment
areas will go a long way in cushioning the areas from spill-over effects of the proposed mixed use
development.
10.5 Traffic Impact
The envisioned development by the proposed Master Plan is likely to result into an increase on
current levels of human and vehicular traffic. This will be exacerbated by the ongoing linkage
developments such as Northland City, K.U, Ruiru and Juja Towns. It is therefore important to ensure
a traffic impact analysis is conducted based on KeNHA and KURA plans. Key insights should be on
how traffic in the Master Plan area will be managed including design standards for connections to
the existing national roads. Further, capacity of existing traffic and transport infrastructure to
support the traffic is required. Clear improvement/modifications need to be recommended including
the type and capacity of the access junction to be established, the peak hourly traffic volume along
the existing roads as well as from the development needs to be established. Further trip distribution
and route assignment of the development traffic needs to be established. The data requires to be
forecasted into the future planning horizon of each land use area / phase to establish the future
capacity of the roads.
Traffic Impact Analysis (TIA) will help to determine the possible effects of the development on the
transportation and traffic system. TIA should be used as one of the vital parts of several kinds of
information’s to judge the suitability of development from a transportation standpoint. Traffic
congestion results in several problems, including economic cost due to delayed travel times, stop and
go situation of traffic at both link and nodes in any traffic network and its concomitant air pollution
and of course road accidents. As one roadway becomes congested, drivers may use others not
necessarily intended for through traffic. Often TIA it is applied only to the direct impact area and
countermeasures for potential negative impacts are specific for the development. TIA will help to
assess the adequacy of the existing or future transportation infrastructure to accommodate
additional trips generated by a proposed development and land use rezoning.
10.6 Water Demand
The proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan has earmarked mega developments
such as industrial zones, recreation areas, residential, commercial and agricultural zones all of which
are water demanding. It is anticipated that there will be high water abstraction from Mukuyu,
Mchana, Galana/Ruiru Rivers, Comte Earth Dam and Mchana Earth Dam. Pollution of the
aforementioned water resources is also not guaranteed. This therefore necessitates the need to
conduct hydrological studies and account for the actual water demand for the city relative to
proposed land uses. Further the studies will help to establish the potential of ground water resources
in Tatu City and amounts of storm water that can be harvested for utilization. The supply potential
of Nairobi Water and Sewerage Company (NWSC), Ruiru-Juja Water and Sewerage Company
(RUJWASCO) and others need to be examined in respect to other upcoming development such as
Gulmarg - Sasini, KU Unicity and Northlands City.

168 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

10.7 Waste Impacts

The proposed Master Plan will result to developments known to generate high amounts of solid and
effluent waste. This will mainly be output from residential, commercial and industrial areas. It is
therefore important to ensure the impact associated with waste are critically analysed. These should
entail an assessment of the existing and planned management infrastructure on site, Ruiru Sub-
County and Kiambu County at large. Scenarios should look into waste generated by the interlinking
Master Plans and the capacity to manage waste from Tatu City. The potential of alternative waste
management technologies such as on-site treatment for energy production, recycling or disposal
require to be studied.

10.8 Habitat Alteration / Loss of agricultural land

The SEA study notes that the execution of the proposed Master Plan will lead to habitat alteration
and eventual loss of agricultural land. Although the alternative of analysis clearly showed that
development of a city will have higher benefits, its ideal that the Master Plan ensure reduced
catchment disturbances. The vegetation cover along the rivers play critical environmental and
ecological roles as such maximum caution during planning to avoid land use changes that might
result into disturbances to the natural forest/vegetation. Some of the key mitigation measures are as
follows:
• Maintain the proposed green spaces as per the Master Plan
• Where clearance of natural vegetation is inevitable; ensure replacement with indigenous
species / tree planting program in landscaped sections and other green spaces
• Formulation and implementation of a wildlife management plan in collaboration with KWS
• Ensure protection of the riparian environment and establishment of a riparian reserve
management plan
• Formulation and implementation of a Biodiversity Management Plan
• Undertake ecological assessment including site specific invertebrate assessment during EIAs
• Ensure all projects comply with the Environmental Management and Co-ordination
(Conservation of Biological Diversity and Resources, and Access to Genetic Resources and
Benefits Sharing) Regulations, 2006.

169 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

From the foregoing, the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Master Plan) by Tatu City Limited is
a worthy investment by the proponent and will contribute significantly to the improvement of living
standards among the investors and by extension spur economic development to the population
within Kiambu County and Kenya at large.

The developments envisioned by the proposed Master Plan anchored on specific principles of a
mixed-use and vibrant urban environment, which embodies the notion of live, work, and play; public
transport and pedestrian friendliness; flexibility and accommodation of a variety of lifestyles; spatial
integration with the Tatu City Phase 1, immediate urban context and greater Nairobi as a whole; and
maximizing self-sufficiency will bring along numerous positive impacts ranging from creation of
employment, supply of the much-needed office, retail/commercial/industrial and residential spaces,
decongesting the nearby towns and cities, optimized land use among other benefits, all aimed at
attaining the vision 2030. The proposed Master Plan helps in realization of the two pillars of Vision
2030 by contributing in the economic and social pillars. Further, the Master Plans align well with the
Big Four Agenda on enhancing manufacturing sector, providing affordable housing and providing
universal health coverage. In summary, all the projects contained in the Tatu City Extension (Mchana
Estate) Master Plan contributes greatly towards achievement of the government’s Big Four Agenda.

The Kiambu CIDP’s objective of creating and transforming systems, structures and institutions within
the County is based on five key pillars of security, employment, education, health and urban planning
echoes well with the proposed Tatu City Extension Master Plan specifically growth of industries and
trade; and other sectors of the economy such as housing, education, agriculture, hospitality, natural
resources conservation amongst others. It is our recommendation that NEMA approves this SEA
report to allow for the execution of the Master Plan and realization of envisioned developments.
11.1 Recommendations
This sub-section gives a detailed description of recommended Master Plan changes. Further it has
elaborated on the recommended mitigation measures for the Master Plans based on analysed
impacts. The sub-section echoes various projects and developments that must undergo an EIA with
an aim at developing systems that shall be environmentally friendly, economically viable, socially
acceptable and sustainable for the developments. Towards the end, the sub-section has identified key
tasks that should serve as the minimum components for subsequent EIAs.
11.1.1 Recommended Master Plan Changes
Tatu city Limited will continue to modify and update the zoning and subdivision ordinances to
promote a more thoughtful and holistic approach that is compatible with and compliments the
character of its surroundings to ensure optimal land use of the proposed development. A well-defined
mandatory design review process shall be established to ensure the zoning designs are appropriate
and consistent with the long-term objectives of the Land-Use Plan.
All preferred land uses deemed necessary to accommodate present and future needs of the city for a
sustained long-term growth will be adopted to maintain a favourable land use map that incorporates
all areas within the boundaries of the city. Ample areas will be identified and designated within the
land use map to cover for the missing gaps identified such as cemeteries / crematoriums and
dumpsites in order to satisfy anticipated demands for a wide-range of residential development
For the proposed development to achieve its intended strategic objectives and be compatible with
sustainable environmental planning and management, the following recommendations should be
incorporated in the design.

170 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
11.1.1.1 Establishment of a Cemetery/crematorium

The Master Plan has not provided for a cemetery/crematorium for its population since death is
inevitable. There needs for a facility to provide for safe and organized disposal of dead bodies. The
Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan accommodates for provision of these facilities in order
to promote general public health and sanitation. In these regards, it is critical for Tatu City Limited
to provide adequate land for cemetery purposes. If unviable for phase 2 - Mchana Estate Master Plan,
the consideration should be prioritised in phase 3 of the earmarked Tatu City extension.

11.1.1.2 Designation of a Solid waste management facility

The master Plan has not provided for a dumpsite for solid waste disposal. The Kiambu County
Integrated Development Plan identifies poor urban area solid waste management as a problem in the
County and proposes the acquisition of suitable land for dumpsites. A sustainable solid waste
management facility / centre therefore is crucial to enhance hygiene of the city. It is therefore
recommended that a suitable site be identified for waste management which should be anchored on
an integrated solid waste management system for the city.

11.1.1.3 Wastewater Treatment facility

Tatu City Limited has estimated that 12,474 cubic metres of waste water will be generated daily by
the low, medium and high residential developments, industrial, commercial, educational and
recreational developments, public utilities, tourism and social facilities with the industrial zone
producing the highest volume of waste water (2,040 M3/Day). Tatu City Limited should consider
adopting an Industrial Ecology Approach for the Industrial Park. Industrial Ecology is a paradigm
based on the idea of making industrial systems to emulate a more efficient and sustainable natural
systems to reduce the industrial systems’ environmental impacts. One of its key components is to
change from linear (open) processes to cyclical (closed) processes, so that the waste from one
industry is used as an input for another, in an effort to mirror an ecosystem. Land should therefore
be allocated for Wastewater Treatment facility with emphasis on an industrial waste treatment plant
from the industrial park. Every industry should have its own treatment plant for effluent waste
before being discharged into the main sewer line or to the industrial waste treatment facility.

11.1.1.4 Location of Industrial uses away from residential uses

Both light and heavy industrial forms are classified as undesirable neighbours of residential land
uses, especially low-density residential developments. Following the anticipated negative impacts
from some of the components of the Master Plan (more especially heavy industries/commercial
areas), there is need to consider the proximity distances and establish a control system so as not to
negatively affect the residential areas; hence it will be prudent for the proponent to ensure the
minimum distances are observed.

11.1.1.5 Establishment of storm water treatment / filtration systems

Tatu City should develop a local storm water management plan that includes design strategies to
protect sensitive open space areas, minimizing site disturbances, and using the land’s natural
treatment functions. An option of providing a space for storm water ponds can also be incorporated
in an effort to recharge underground water.
11.1.2 Recommended Mitigation Measures
The Master Plan is intended to provide the direction for development within the proposed Tatu City
Extension (Mchana Estate). It must balance the capacity for supporting new development within the

171 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
ability and desire of the City to best manage growth. In order to be effective as a decision-making tool
for design, construction and management, it should also serve as the foundation for the zoning
ordinance text and map. Generally, this foundation is to link the density or intensity of development
within the plan with the appropriate use and parcel requirements within the ordinance.

11.1.2.1 Protection of riparian land / zones / wetlands

For the preservation, protection and management of riparian areas which are endowed with a
number of natural resources that need to be protected through a better and effective system of
management, Tatu City Limited should ensure no development activity is undertaken within the full
width of a River or stream to a minimum of six (6) metres and a maximum of 30 metres on either
sides based on the highest recorded flow levels. This is according to Environmental Management and
Coordination (Water Quality Regulations), 2006, Part II section 6 (b) and (c) that provides
regulations on protection of Lakes, Rivers, Streams, Springs, Wells and other water sources.
The constitution of Kenya (GOK, 2010) Chapter 5 - Land and Environment - in article 62 1 (l) states
that public land is ‘all land between the high and low water marks’ which translates to all riparian
zones being public land and therefore Tatu Limited should therefore ensure no development
activities encroach on riparian zones.

Other key legislations on riparian land protection include; Water Resources Management Rules,
2007, Agricultural Act (Cap318), Forest Conservation and Management Act, 2016, the Land Act 2012,
the Water Act, 2016 and the Wildlife (Conservation and Management) Act 2013.

Conservation and protection of wetland resources should form part of the Master Plan activities.
Wetlands within the Master Plan area should be mapped and protected in order to reap ecological
and other benefits associated with these areas. Local communities should be actively involved in the
development activities and be made part of the decision-making process on matters linked to the
Master Plan. Catchment destruction should be controlled, and the areas conserved by involving local
stakeholders in environmental conservation process.

11.1.2.2 Protection of upstream River basins

The evolution and growth of cities and towns are primarily dependent on three important factors-
Its geographic location, physical environment and its socio-economic environment. The presence of
water in various forms in its natural setting plays an important role in enhancing the quality of
physical environment and the socio-economic environment. Tatu City is endowed with water bodies
whose sources are from the highland areas located outside Master Plan boundaries.
The implementation of the various components of the Master Plan will be a catalyst for growth and
development within the neighbourhood, thus rapid urbanization and unplanned growth is expected
on upstream River basins leading to deterioration of the upstream water bodies which flow into Tatu
City. This results in land transformation which in turn affects the water bodies either by pollution,
disappearance or making it completely useless. This will be increased water demand within the
mushroomed developments, obstruction and diversion of water channel and pollution of the water
bodies is inevitable as they become dumping sites for untreated domestic sewage and solid waste
thus compromising the quality of water in the Rivers.
It is therefore prudent for Tatu city to work in collaborative partnership with the department of
Water, Environment, Energy & Natural Resources of Kiambu County and raise environmental
awareness on the preservation, conservation and rejuvenation of water bodies as major factors that
contribute to the sustainable development of Kiambu County. Through public participation
programmes, communities should be enlightened on water pollution abatement since water bodies
improve the social and recreational value thus increasing the liveability of the residents and land
value many folds. It should also be noted that the presence of water bodies gives added social,

172 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
psychological and environmental value as it enhances the aesthetic quality and place quality, thereby
contributing to the image of the city or town.
The proposed Tatu City extension will promote a pattern of zoning and development along the river
reserves in a manner that is sensitive to and compatible with the natural habitat and character of this
area. The City development will also encourage recreational development and commercial
opportunities in areas adjacent to the rivers including provisions of facilities for walking, hiking,
cycling, fishing, picnicking, wildlife and natural habitat observation, as well as a variety of active
recreational facilities where appropriate.

11.1.2.3 Habitat and Wildlife management

The Tatu City Management in consultation with KWS should prepare an Integrated Wildlife
Management Plan (WMP) and provide an inventory of the wildlife species within the Master Plan for
adequate management of the species. Where feasible the plan should allow migration of the small
wild game to neighbourhood undisturbed sites during implementation of the Master Plan.
Alternatively, Tatu City Limited may consider putting up a small orphanage/park and introduce
native wild game.

11.1.2.4 Leverage for controlled urban planning on the Master Plan boundary
Effective planning regulations and enforcement will help Tatu City deal with the growth of informal
settlements and provide a map for how the city will grow and develop, while promoting economic
growth. Tatu city Limited should work in collaborative partnerships with the planning department
of Kiambu County in supporting the developments compatibility with the neighbourhood scale and
character. Low-density residential subdivisions and development shall be discouraged from
developing immediately adjacent to arterial roadways which are anticipated for long-range widening
and improvements, unless appropriate transitional zoning or buffering is provided.

11.1.2.5 Harnessing power from renewable energy sources to supplement supply from the
National Grid
The design of sustainable cities plays a natural catalytic role for change and improvement of the
environment quality. Sustainable development strategies and methodological principles of
sustainable architecture in particular, serve as a basis to define a set of core principles of establishing
architectural solutions of energy-efficient buildings such as urban, architectural and planning, design
concepts as well as the principles of the use of renewable energy. The proposed development will
result in a higher demand on energy resources both during construction and operation phases of the
development. Tatu City should encourage developers within the Master Plan to explore options for
establishing sustainable energy systems by reducing energy consumption, particularly in the
buildings. Solar energy can be harnessed by incorporating solar infrastructure within the roofs of all
residential buildings.

11.1.2.6 Incorporating Green Building Techniques in construction of individual projects

Green building (also known as green construction or sustainable building) refers to both a structure
and the application of processes that are environmentally responsible and resource-efficient
throughout a building's life-cycle: from planning to design, construction, operation, maintenance,
renovation, and demolition. This requires close cooperation of the contractor, the architects, the
engineers, and the client at all project stages. The Green Building practice expands and complements
the classical building design concerns of economy, utility, durability, and comfort at the same time
rendering the building more efficient in utilization of renewable resources thereby reducing
pollution. There is need for Tatu City Management to consider incorporating the green building
techniques in the individual projects during project design, construction and operation phases.

173 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
11.1.3 Need for Subsequent ESIAs
This SEA is for the proposed Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Master Plan; the developments and
projects envisioned by the Master Plan will require to undergo individual integrated environmental
and social impact assessment as per EMCA (Cap 387), and Environmental Impact Assessment
(Assessment and Auditing) Regulations of the year 2003. The second schedule of EMCA (Cap 387),
provides details on projects that require Environmental Impact Assessment study be undertaken to
provide baseline information upon which subsequent environmental audits shall be based. The
Environmental Impact Assessment (Assessment and Auditing) Regulations of the year 2003, which
is given under legal notice no. 101 stipulate the ways in which environment impact assessment and
audits should be conducted.

11.1.3.1 Projects to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment

The second schedule of EMCA Cap 387 has categorised respective projects to undergo Environmental
Impact Assessment according to risks. These include;

(i) Low risk projects

(ii) Medium risk projects
(iii) High risk projects

All low risk and medium risk projects are required to undergo Environmental Impact Assessment
whereas high risk projects require submission of environmental impact assessment study reports
under section 58(2) of the Act. For all Low Risk and Medium Risk Projects, NEMA needs a summary
ESIA project report of the likely environmental effect of the project. If the impacts are minimal, the
report shall be approved within 5 days or recommended for a comprehensive project report if the
impacts are significant.

High Risk Projects shall require development of detailed Terms of Reference forcomprehensive/ full
study. As per the 2nd schedule of EMCA (Cap 387) high risk projects in general include; an activity out
of character with its surrounding; and any structure of a scale not in keeping with its surrounding.
Further, as anticipated in the proposed Master Plan, major changes in land use; urban development
including designation of new townships; transportation and related infrastructure projects including
all new major roads such airports and airfields; must undergo an environmental impact assessment
study.

The proponent for all respective developments and projects which fall under the Second Schedule of
EMCA Cap 387, as anticipated in the execution of Tatu City Extension Master Plan will require to
consult NEMA licenced environmental consultants/firms to ensure an EIA is undertaken for licensing
purposes before works commence.

11.1.3.2 Key components for the EIAs

The respective EIAs will mainly aim at developing systems that shall be environmentally friendly,
economically viable, socially acceptable and sustainable for the developments. To achieve these
components, the EIAs will be undertaken as per legal notice no. 101. The following tasks should serve
the minimum components for subsequent EIAs:

Task 1: ESIA Screening and Scoping

To undertake a consultative ESIA screening and scoping through desktop studies, literature review,
development and administration of checklists, identification and preliminary consultations with key
stakeholders, reconnaissance trip to the project area and identification of key issues. The key issues
that will emerge during the screening stage will be included in the EIA Report and TORs that will be
174 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
developed for approval by NEMA. The TORs for NEMA approval as required by EMCA Cap 387 will
outline the main outputs of this task that will be carried out in the first week of the EIA study. It will
give provision for scoping the key issues identified and to be addressed in the report.
Task 2: Description of the Proposed Project
The Consultant will provide a good description of the relevant components of the project based on
the existing baseline surveys and existing maps (at appropriate scale) where necessary and including
the following information: location; general layout of activities/ components, approaches,
operations, required off-site investments; and life span. The final project objectives should be
outlined. This information will be collected from existing project documents and interviews of the
project proponents/ developers.
Task 3: Description of the Environment/ Baseline Surveys
The Consultant will assemble, evaluate and present baseline data on the relevant environmental
characteristics of the study area. This task refers to all baseline surveys outlined below:
▪ The climate, habitat and vegetation, ecological assessment including site specific invertebrate
assessment, soils, geology, demographic and settlement characteristics; the physical
environment; historical archeological monuments and cultural heritage etc.
▪ The socio-economic profile of the area in terms of existing population trends, road and
communication networks, key economic activities, etc.
This data will be generated using the methodology described above and field surveys using
questionnaires. Secondary data sources like government institutions will be a supplement for this
component.
Task 4: Analysis of the Legislative and Regulatory Considerations
Describe the pertinent international, regional and national (NEMA) regulations and standards
governing environmental quality, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of
endangered species, sitting, land use control, etc., at international, national, regional and local levels.
This will set the environmental legal and institutional framework for future by the management of
the proposed project. The focus will be on EMCA CAP 387, Water Act 2016, Public Health Act,
Occupational Safety and Health Act 2007, Vision 2030, County laws, and International Multilateral
Environmental Agreements etc.
Task 5: Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project
The consultant will analyze and distinguish between significant positive and negative impacts, direct
and indirect impacts, and immediate and long-term impacts. Impacts which are unavoidable or
irreversible will be identified. Wherever possible, description of impacts quantitatively, in terms of
environmental costs and benefits will be undertaken and assign economic values when and where
feasible. The extent and quality of available data will be characterized, explaining significant
information deficiencies and any uncertainties associated with predictions of impact. When
describing the impacts, the consultant will indicate those that are irreversible or unavoidable and
which can be mitigated. The consultant will also identify the types of special studies likely to be
needed for this project in future.
Task 6: Analysis of the Alternatives to the Proposed Project
The consultant will describe alternatives that will be examined during developing the proposed
project and identify other alternatives which would achieve the same objectives. The concept of
alternatives will extend to sitting, design, technology selection, implementation and phasing, and
operating and maintenance procedures. Comparison of alternatives in terms of potential

175 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
environmental impacts; capital and operating costs; suitability under local conditions; and
instructional, training, and monitoring requirements will be done. To the extent possible, the costs
and benefits of each alternative will be quantified incorporating the estimated costs of any associated
mitigating measures. The consultant will include the alternative of not implementing the project, in
order to demonstrate the environmental conditions without it.
Task 7: Development of Environmental and Social Management Plan to Mitigate Negative
Impacts
The consultant will recommend feasible and cost-effective measures to prevent or reduce significant
negative impacts to acceptable levels. The impact and costs of those measures and of the institutional
and training requirements to implement them will be estimated using current and project market
prices of materials and services. Compensation to the affected parties (if any) for impacts which
cannot be mitigated will be considered where need arises. A comprehensive environmental and
social management plan including proposed work programs, budget estimates, schedules, staffing
and training requirements, and other necessary support services to implement the mitigating
measure will be prepared.
Task 8: Development of Environmental Monitoring Plan
The consultant will prepare a detailed plan to monitor the implementation of mitigating measures
and the impacts of the project during the whole cycle. Key parameters to be monitored and
procedures will be identified clearly. An estimate of capital of operating costs and a description of
other inputs (such as training and instructional strengthening) needed to carry out the monitoring
will be included in the plan.
Task 9: Public Consultations and Inter-Agency Coordination
The consultant will assist in coordinating the environmental assessment with other government
agencies, in obtaining the views of local people/ businesses, affected groups, and in keeping records
of meetings and other activities, communications, and comments and their dispositions. Such
activities will include: focus group meetings, environmental briefings for project staff and
interagency committees, support to environmental advisory panels and public forums as need will
arise.
Task 10: ESIA Project Report Compilation
This will be a continuous exercise throughout the process until final submission. The environmental
assessment report will be concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text will
focus on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data
collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. Detailed or un-interpreted
data will not be appropriate in the main text and will be presented in a separate volume. The final
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Report will be outlined as below.
i. Cover Page
ii. Declaration by NEMA ESIA Lead experts and the proponent
iii. Executive Summary
iv. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
v. Description of the Proposed Project
vi. Description of the Environment/ Baseline Survey
vii. Public Consultation and Participation
viii. Significant Environmental Impacts
ix. Analysis of Alternatives
x. Environmental Mitigation Management Plan
xi. Environmental Monitoring Plan

176 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
xii. List of References
xiii. Appendices

Care should be taken to describe the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment process as clearly
as possible. However, should any additional information become available or additional information
be required, the process should be adapted accordingly. An Integrated Environmental Assessment
approach is recommended to all future project-specific ESIAs. The ESIA shall in include:
Environmental Impact Assessment, Archeological Assessment, Social impact assessment, Health
Impact Assessment, Cumulative Impact Assessment, Visual Impact Assessment and Cultural Impact
Assessment.

11.2 Recommended Way Forward

We recommend for approval of this Final SEA Report due to the huge socio-economic benefits that
will emerge from its implementation subject to implementation of the recommendations herein and
those that the Authority may recommend to the proponent.

177 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

LIST OF REFERENCES
Athena Properties Ltd (2012). The Two Rivers Development Masterplan. Athena Properties Ltd,
Nairobi.
International Project Planning and Management Consultants Limited (2019) Tatu City Local Physical
Development Plan (LPDP) 2019-2029. IPPM, Kiambu, Kenya
Cheboiwo, J. Langat, K. (2006). Smallholder tree growers’ income opportunities from farm forestry
products in western Kenya. In: Muchiri, M., Kamondo, B., Ochieng, D., Tuwei, P., Wanjiku, J (Eds.)
Proceedings of the 3rd KEFRI Scientific Conference on Forestry Research in Environmental
Conservation, Improved Livelihoods and Economic Development, 6-9 November 2006, KEFRI
Headquarters, Muguga, Nairobi.
DLR Group. (2014). Kenyatta University Masterplan. Kenyatta University, Kenya.
Dynamics and their Implications for the Conservation of the Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Biodiversity
and Conservation 00: 1-0, 2003
Fashing, P.J. (2004) Mortality Trends in the African Cherry (Prunus Africana) and the Implications
for Colobus Monkeys (Colobus Guereza) in Kakamega Forest, Kenya. Biological Conservation
120 (2004) 449-459
Fashing, P.J., Forrestel, A., Scully, C. & Cords, M. (2003) Long-Term Tree Population
Fashing, P. J. (1999) The Behavioral Ecology of an African Colobine Monkey: Diet, Range Use, and
Patterns of Intergroup Aggression in Eastern Black and White Colobus Monkeys (Colobus
Guereza). Phd Thesis, Columbia University
Government of Kenya (2000): Kenya gazette supplement Acts, Environmental Management and
Coordination Act Number 8 of 1999 and 2015 Amendments (Cap 387). Government printer,
Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2002): Kenya gazette supplement Acts Water Act, Government Printers,
Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2003): Kenya gazette supplement number 56. Environmental Impact
Assessment and Audit Regulations, Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2005): Noise Prevention and Control Rules, Legal Notice no. 24, Government
Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2006): Kenya gazette supplement number 68, Environmental Management
and Coordination (Water Quality) Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi
Government of Kenya (2006): Kenya gazette supplement number 69, Environmental Management
and Coordination (Waste management) Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2007): Kenya gazette supplement number 57, Environmental Management
and Coordination (Controlled Substances) Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2007): The Occupational Safety and Health Act, Government Printers, Nairobi,
Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2010): Constitution of Kenya, Government Printers, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2012): The Land Act, Government Printer, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2012): The Land Registration Act, Government Printer, Nairobi
Government of Kenya (2012): The National Land Commission Act, Government Printer, Nairobi,
Kenya.
178 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
Government of Kenya (2014): Environmental Management and Coordination (Air Quality)
Regulations, Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.
Government of Kenya (2018) Kiambu County Integrated Development Plan 2018-2022. Nairobi.
Government of Kenya, (2012) Kenya gazette supplement Acts Public Health Act (Cap. 242)
Government printer, Nairobi, Kenya.
Howard Humphreys (East Africa) Limited. (2015). Strategic Environmental Assessment of the
International Finance Corporation/World Bank Group (2007): Environmental, Health, and Safety
(EHS) Guidelines.99
Kiambu County Government. (2018). County Integrated Development Pan 2018-2022
Langer, W.H. 2003. “A general overview of the technology of In-stream mining of sand and gravel
resources, potential environmental impacts, and methods to control potential impacts,” USGS
Open-File associated Report OF-02-153.
Mackey, R. and D. Currie, 2001. The diversity disturbance relationship: Is it generally strong and
peaked? Ecol., 82(12): 3479-3492.
Mackey, R., Currie, D. 2001. The Diversity-Disturbance Relationship: Is it Generally Strong and
Peaked? Ecology 82:12, 3479-3492.
Mutiso, F., Tarus, G., Chemitei, G., Simiyu, B., Sang, F (2008) Prevalence and Causes of Monkey
Debarking Across Age Cohorts of Cuppressus Lusitanica in the Mt Kenya Ecosystem. In: Imo,
M., Ipara, H., Etiegni, L., Mulewa, C., Muisu, F., Njiru., J and Balozi, B (Eds): Resource Utilization
for Sustainable Growth and Development in the 21st Century: Proceedings of Moi University
4th Annual International Conference, 29th July – 1st August 2008, Eldoret, Kenya.
NEMA, 2012, National Guidelines for Strategic Environmental Assessment, NEMA, Nairobi.
National Environment Management Authority, Kenya (2014), The National solid waste management
strategy, NEMA, Nairobi
Newell R, Jaffe A, Stavins R. 1999. The Induced Innovation Hypothesis and Energy-Saving
Technological Change. Quarterly Journal of Economics 114: 941–75
Roda, J.A (2008). Damage In Biodiversity And Human Accountability.
http://ezinearticles.com/?Damage-In-Biodiversity-And-Human-Accountability &
id=1781502.
SfA. (2018, September 26). MITIGATION AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE. Retrieved from
Active Sustainability: https://www.activesustainability.com/climate-change/mitigation-
adaptation-climate-change/
Sapkota, I., Tigabu, M., Oden, P., 2010, Changes in tree species diversity and dominance across
disturbance gradient in Napelese Sal (Shorea robusta Gaertn. f.) forests, Journal of Forestry
Research 21(1): 25-32.
Svensson, R., M. Lindergarth and H. Pavia, 2009. Equal rates of disturbance cause different patterns
of diversity. Ecol., 90(2): 496-505.
Tatu City. (2019, June 26). Tatu City Extension (Mchana). Mchana. Nairobi, Kenya: Tatu City.
Tatu City. (2019, June 26 ). Tatu City Plans. Retrieved from Plans: https://www.tatucity.com/project-
details/plans/
World Bank. (2018). Master Planning. Retrieved from urban-regeneration: https://urban-
regeneration.worldbank.org/node/51
179 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN habitat) (2011). Cities and Climate Change -
Global Report on Human Settlements. Earth-scan Ltd, Dunstan House, 14a St Cross Street,
London EC1N 8XA, UK
UNEP. (2018, 09 26). Dimensions of Pollution. Retrieved from Air pollution:
http://web.unep.org/environmentassembly/air

180 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020
 Tatu City Extension (Mchana Estate) Final SEA Report

APPENDICES

APPENDIX 1 - LIST OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS INVITED FOR STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION

MEETING FOR STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT (SEA) AND PHYSICAL
PLANNING FOR PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER
PLAN IN KIAMBU COUNTY
APPENDIX 2 (A) - SAMPLE INVITATION LETTER SENT TO KEY STAKEHOLDERS
APPENDIX 2 (B) - PROGRAMME OF THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION MEETING
APPENDIX 3 (A) - ATTENDANTS LIST KEY STAKEHOLDERS MEETING
APPENDIX 3 (B) - MINUTES OF THE KEY STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATIVE MEETING
APPENDIX 4 NEWSPAPER ADVERTS (Daily Nation and Kenya Gazette)
APPENDIX 5 -A LIST OF ATTENDANTS FOR THE VALIDATION MEETING
APPENDIX 5 -B MINUTES OF THE VALIDATION MEETING
APPENDIX 5 -C APPROVAL OF THE VALIDATION MEETING BY NEMA
APPENDIX 6 - TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA ESTATE) MASTER PLAN
APPENDIX 7 - TATU CITY LOCAL PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN
APPENDIX 8 - APPROVED MASTER PLAN BY COUNTY GOVERNMENT OF KIAMBU
APPENDIX 9 - COPY OF LAND OWNERSHIP DOCUMENTS/TITLE DEEDS/LEASE DOCUMENTS
APPENDIX 10 - TATU CITY LIMITED CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
APPENDIX 11 - TATU CITY LIMITED KRA PIN CERTIFICATE
APPENDIX 12 (A) - TATU CITY TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
APPENDIX 12 (B) - TRAFFIC DESIGN MODELS
APPENDIX 13 (A) - NEMA SCOPING REPORT APPROVAL LETTER
APPENDIX 13(B) - SCOPING REPORT FOR THE PROPOSED TATU CITY EXTENSION (MCHANA
ESTATE) MASTER PLAN

APPENDIX 14 (A) NEMA DRAFT REPORT ACKNOWLEDGEMENT LETTER

APPENDIX 15 (A) - AWEMAC PRACTICING LICENSE - 2020
APPENDIX 15 (B) - LEAD SEA EXPERT PRACTICING LICENSE - 2020

181 | P a g e
© AWEMAC 2020