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data science notes 1

The document provides an overview of Data Science, covering its fundamentals, including statistics, programming, data manipulation, machine learning, and data visualization. It outlines the data preprocessing steps necessary for accurate analysis and discusses various machine learning types and algorithms. Additionally, it highlights the role of Big Data and cloud computing in handling large datasets and their applications in predictive analytics and real-time processing.

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naziashar394
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4 views

data science notes 1

The document provides an overview of Data Science, covering its fundamentals, including statistics, programming, data manipulation, machine learning, and data visualization. It outlines the data preprocessing steps necessary for accurate analysis and discusses various machine learning types and algorithms. Additionally, it highlights the role of Big Data and cloud computing in handling large datasets and their applications in predictive analytics and real-time processing.

Uploaded by

naziashar394
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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1.

Fundamentals of Data Science

Data Science is an interdisciplinary field that extracts insights from structured and unstructured data
using scientific methods, algorithms, and systems. It combines statistics, mathematics, programming,
and domain expertise to analyze complex data.

Key Components:

 Statistics & Probability: Used for data analysis and hypothesis testing.

 Programming: Python and R are widely used languages.

 Data Manipulation & Cleaning: Handling missing values and outliers.

 Machine Learning: Algorithms that help in predictive modeling.

 Data Visualization: Graphs and dashboards for insights.

Applications:

 Business Analytics

 Healthcare Predictions

 Fraud Detection

 Recommendation Systems

 Autonomous Systems

2. Data Preprocessing & Cleaning

Before analysis, raw data needs to be cleaned and processed to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Steps in Data Preprocessing:

1. Data Collection: Gathering structured and unstructured data from various sources.

2. Data Cleaning: Handling missing values, duplicates, and errors.

3. Data Transformation: Scaling and normalizing features.

4. Feature Engineering: Creating new meaningful features from raw data.

5. Dimensionality Reduction: Techniques like PCA to remove redundant features.

Tools Used:

 Pandas, NumPy (Python)

 SQL for database queries

 OpenRefine for data cleaning


3. Machine Learning in Data Science

Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of AI that enables computers to learn patterns from data without
being explicitly programmed.

Types of Machine Learning:

1. Supervised Learning: Uses labeled data (e.g., Regression, Classification)

2. Unsupervised Learning: Finds hidden patterns in unlabeled data (e.g., Clustering, PCA)

3. Reinforcement Learning: Learns from feedback (e.g., Robotics, Game AI)

Common Algorithms:

 Regression: Linear, Logistic Regression

 Classification: SVM, Decision Trees, Random Forest

 Clustering: K-Means, DBSCAN

 Deep Learning: CNN, RNN, Transformers

Libraries & Frameworks:

 Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch

4. Data Visualization & Interpretation

Data visualization helps in understanding trends, patterns, and insights by using graphical
representations.

Types of Visualizations:

1. Bar Charts & Histograms: Comparison and distribution analysis.

2. Scatter Plots: Relationship between two variables.

3. Box Plots: Show data spread and outliers.

4. Heatmaps: Correlation between multiple variables.

5. Dashboards: Interactive reports using Power BI, Tableau, or Matplotlib.

Best Practices:

 Choose appropriate visualization for data type.

 Use color coding and labeling effectively.

 Avoid unnecessary complexity.


5. Big Data & Cloud Computing in Data Science

Big Data refers to extremely large datasets that require specialized tools for storage, processing, and
analysis.

Characteristics of Big Data:

1. Volume: Large scale of data.

2. Velocity: Fast data generation.

3. Variety: Structured and unstructured data.

4. Veracity: Data reliability and quality.

5. Value: Extracting meaningful insights.

Technologies Used:

 Hadoop & Spark: For distributed computing.

 Cloud Platforms: AWS, Azure, Google Cloud for scalable storage and processing.

 Databases: NoSQL (MongoDB, Cassandra) and SQL (MySQL, PostgreSQL)

Applications:

 Predictive Analytics

 Real-time Data Processing

 Personalized Marketing

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