Pamantasan ng Lungsod

ng Marikina
Rainbow St. cor. Russet St., SSS Village,
Concepcion Dos, Marikina City

Module 1

Law Enforcement
Administration (Inter-Agency
Approach)
Course Code: LEA-1

PRELIM PERIOD

Prepared by:

Mr. Jose Christobal E Ostria, RCrim, MS Crim

Faculty

August 2020

College of Criminology…………
Module 1
Police Organization and Administration

Overview:

This module will give learners an introduction about Police Organization and
Administration and the Historical Development of Policing in the Worldwide and Philippine
Setting. It will provide learners adequate knowledge on the different principles and
terminologies commonly used in Police Organization. This module, Learners must be able to
comprehend with the context of each lessons and must accomplished and submit the
assessment and activities included at the end of each module lessons.

Summary of Lesson Topics and Objectives

Lesson Objectives
Lesson
Description At the end of each lesson, learners must be
No.
able to:
Introduction to Police Organization Define the Key Terms and terminologies
and Administration (Terminologies commonly used in Police Organization and
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commonly used in Police broaden their knowledge on the importance of
Organization) Police Organization.
 Trace and summarize the historical
background of policing in the worldwide
Early Policing System in the setting;
2
Worldwide  Identify key events and significant
statutes in the development of policing
system in the worldwide setting
 Trace and summarize the historical
background of policing in the Philippine
Historical Development of Policing setting;
3
System in the Philippine Setting  Identify key events and significant
statutes in the development of policing
system in the Philippine setting
Theories, Philosophies and Concepts Appraise and explain the theories and
4
of Police Service concepts of police service.
Identify, analyze and apply the principles of
5 Principles of Police Organization
police organization.
2
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Lesson 1: Introduction to Police Organization and Administration (Terminologies commonly
used in Police Organization)

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module Criminology students must be able to;
 Define the key terms and terminologies commonly used in Police Organization
 Broaden their knowledge on the importance of Police Organization

Instructional Materials
 Hand Out and Power point lecture.

Discussion

In all modern societies, the enforcement of the law is vital-without some type of law
enforcement, a society would eventually cease to exist. The function called law enforcement is a
society’s formal attempt to obtain compliance with the established rules, regulations, and laws of
that society. Without law enforcement, society as we know it would probably succumb to social
disorder and chaos (Jones and Barletlett Learning, 2020).

POLICE
 refers to a body of civil authority, which is tasked to maintain peace and order, enforce
the law, protect lives and properties and ensure public safety.
 A public official with an extraordinary power to make an arrest and performing direct
police functions.
 The agency of a community or government that is responsible for enforcing the law,
maintaining public order, and preventing and detecting crimes (Banton, Brodeur, Kelling,
Whetstone, & Walsh, 2019)

ORGANIZATION
 A group of person working together for a common goal or objectives.
 A form of human association for the attainment of a goal or objective.

ADMINISTRATION
 Concerned with the implementation of objectives and plans and internal operating
efficiency

POLICE ADMINISTRATION
 The process involved in ensuring strict compliance, proper obedience of laws and
related statutes.
 An organizational process concerned with the implementation of the objectives and
plans, and internal operating efficiency of the police organization (Timpac, 2013).

POLICE ORGANIZATION
 A structured group of highly trained personnel dealt with achieving the following goals
and objectives (Padduyao, 2016)
 A group of trained personnel in the field of public safety administration engaged in the
achievement of goals and objectives that promotes the maintenance of peace and order,
protection of life and property, enforcement of the laws and the prevention of crimes.
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GOALS
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 Are broad statements of general and long term organizational purposes often used to
define the role of each member of the organization.
OBJECTIVES
 Are specific short-term statements consistent with an organization’s goal.

Goals of Police Organization

As mandated by the Constitution, other related laws and ordinances of the local
government units, the following are some of the goals of police organization:
1. To safeguard Constitutional Rights;
2. To protect the people and their property from harm and violence ;
3. To prevent crimes;
4. To identify criminals or law violators and apprehend them;
5. Provide public services especially on emergency basis

Objectives of Police Organization

1. To attain effectiveness in the enforcement of law and efficiency of law enforcers.
2. To attain a low crime volume and crime rate.
3. To attain a maximum degree of solution and criminal conviction of law violators.
4. To attain maximum degree in the protection of lives and properties;

POLICE TERMINOLOGIES
Organize
 To form a police unit for the purpose of accomplishing a common objective.
 To arrange systematically a group of police unit/s

Organizing
 The act of systematically arranging police Units in hierarchical order to perform specific
functions thus achieve desired objectives.

Manage
 To direct or conduct the affairs or interests of various police units.
 To control the direction, operation, and business of a police unit or the police
organization as a whole

Police Management
 The art or manner of administering, controlling, or handling all the various aspects of the
police organization.
 The skilful use of means to accomplish the task, purpose or objective of a police unit or
organization.

Police Politics
 The study of public administration or affairs of the government in relation to police
matters.
 Maneuvering for power within the police organization.

Police Power
 The power of the government to impose what is considered reasonable restriction on the
liberties of its citizens for the maintenance of public order and safety.
 Legally speaking, it is the power of the government to enact laws or regulations relative
to persons and property that may promote public health, public morals, public safety and
the general welfare and convenience of the people.
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Police Accountability
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  The inherent responsibility of the police organization to be answerable for the
misconducts committed by its members.
 It is the legal responsibility of the police officers to face any consequence that may arise
while exercising their powers, duties, and functions.

Sworn Officers - all personnel of the police department who have oath and who posses the
power to arrest.
Superior Officer - one having supervisory responsibilities, either temporary or permanently,
over officers of lower rank.

Subordinate – is an officer belonging to the lower or inferior rank.

Commanding Officer – is an officer who is in command of the department, a bureau, a

division, an area, or a district.

Ranking Officer – the officer who has the more senior rank/higher rank in a team or group.

Police Commissioned Officer (PCO) - a police officer with a rank of Police Lieutenant (PLT)
and higher.

Police Non-Commissioned Officer (PCNO) - a police officer with a rank of Police Executive
Master Sergeant (PEMS) and lower.

Length of Service – the period of time that has elapsed since the oath of office was
administered. Previous active services may be included or added.

On Duty / Active Duty – the period when an officer is actively engaged in the performance of
his duty.

Off Duty – the nature of which the police officer is free from specific routine duty.

Special Duty – the police service, its nature, which requires that the officer be excused from the
performance of his active regular duty.

Leave of Absence – period, which an officer is excused from active duty by any
valid/acceptable reason, approved by higher authority.

Sick Leave – period which an officer is excused from active duty by reason of illness or injury.

Suspension – a consequence of an act which temporarily deprives an officer from the privilege
of performing his duties as result of violating directives or other department regulations.

Department Rules – rules established by department directors/supervisors to control the

conduct of the members of the police force.

Duty Manual – describes the procedures and defines the duties of officers assigned to
specified post or position.

Order – an instruction given by a ranking officer to a subordinate, either General Order, Special,
and Personal.

Report – usually a written communication unless otherwise specifies to be verbal reports;

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verbal reports should be confirmed by written communication.

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 Activity # 1
Enhancement Activity / Outcome
1. Based on the terminologies presented, what are the three (3) most
significant terminologies that you have learned?

______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
2. What Terminology/ies did you not understand?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

Learning Check

I. Based on the terminologies, explain this statement “All police officials are law enforcement
officials, but not all law enforcement officials are police officials” (10 points)
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________

II. Multiple Choice. Encircle the letter of your choice. (5 items; 2 points each)
1) Major General Jones Prieto was temporarily denied of his privilege because of his
commission of administrative offense in the PNP service. This is called as ______.
a. Dismissal c. Reprimand
b. Restriction d. Suspension
2) PLT Vertucio supervises the non-commissioned officers at Balanga Police Station.
Thus, he is considered as -
a. Sworn officer c. Superior Officer
b. Commanding Officer d. Ranking Officer
3) Justine Timberland successfully passed the screening process of the PNP recruitment
and took his oath at Institute Training Group. Therefore, he is already considered as
______.
a. Commanding Officer c. Ranking Officer
b. Sworn Officer d. Superior Officer
4) Jimmy, Pedro and Juan decided to establish a group with the purpose of protecting girls
from perverts which they call as ‘Helping Group’. This group can be classified as _____.
a. Organization c. Law enforcement organization
b. Gang d. Non-government organization
5) The standard operating procedure in responding to a crime scene or incident is an
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example-
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a. Rules and regulation c. department rules

b. Policy d. duty manual
Conclusion
A discussion of police organization is inter-related with the study of administration or
management. The act of organizing is indispensable to proper management. Without some form
of organizational structure, most police operation could not be carried out. If the organizational
structure is poor and if the organizational concepts are poorly understood or applied the
administrative efficiency of the department will be adversely affected.

Lesson Reflection:
Write a brief statement on what you have learned from this lesson. Cite some real-life
application of this lesson that could benefit you in the future.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 2: Early Policing System in the Worldwide and Philippine Setting

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module Criminology students must be able to;
 Trace and summarize the historical background of policing in the worldwide setting;
 Identify key events and significant statutes in the development of policing system in the
worldwide setting

Instructional Materials
 Hand Out and Power point lecture.

Discussion

The term ‘POLICE’ was derived from the following:

 “POLITEIA” (Greek word) which means Greek word and used to describe the group of
civil officers governing the city and not necessarily the armed men guarding or policing
the city.
 “POLITIA” (Romans) which means civil administration.
 “POLICE” (French) used it to those authorized people who enforce the law.
 “PULIS” - Filipinos further translated the term police in a way for it to be compatible in
the manner they pronounce and spell words (Timpac, 2013).

Early Policing System in the International Setting

The Early Beginning:
Law Enforcer – originated in Rome during the Roman Empire.
Centurions – Roman soldiers carefully selected by the commander of the city garrison under
the authority of “Ceasar” from the Roman legions, whose man task is to maintain internal peace
and order, to arrest all violators of law and protect the city of Rome.

Almost all nations throughout the world adopted this effective method of maintaining
peace and order in a given community by designating law enforcers, who they initially called
“peace officers”, now commonly known as “police officers”.

A. Anglo-Saxon Period (600-1066 A.D.) - With the fall of Rome about 300 AD. and
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the over-running of Europe by the Germanic hordes from the east, the Anglo-
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Saxon tribes of Europe migrated, first to Normandy.,and then to the island of

 Britain.
POLICING FORERUNNER / PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
SYSTEM
 A type of internal police force
where landowners throughout
Thanes King Alfred the Great the kingdom were responsible to
Policing police their own territory
System
 Land owners were empowered
to :
- Arrest offenders and deliver
them to the King.
- Settle civil litigation.
Frankpledge ‘TYTHINGMEN’ - Every male  This policing system was carried
Policing over twelve (12) years old out under a system of mutual
System joined nine (9) of his neighbors pledge.
to form.  Policing responsibility lies on
TYTHINGMEN. - They
the hands of the citizens.
performed police works and
anyone who failed to join and
perform this duty was severely
fined.
Tun Policing  This policing system required all
System male residents to guard the town
to preserve peace and order,
protect the life and property of
the people and suppress other
factors affecting peace and
order.
 ● Tun was the forerunner of the
word “town”. Hue and Cry
Policing System
Hue and Cry  Complainant or victim will go to
Policing the middle of the community and
System shout to call all male residents to
assemble. Once heard, male
residents will automatically
assemble to go after the criminal
and apprehend him.
Trial by Ordeal  A judicial practice where in the
guilt or innocence of the
accused is determined by
subjecting him to an unpleasant,
usually dangerous experience.
 The word ORDEAL was derived
from the Medieval Latin word
“Dei Indicum” which means “A
miraculous decision
Royal Judge Royal Judge - conducts criminal  It started the identification of
System investigation and gives criminals.
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appropriate punishment for the

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crime committed.
 B. Norman Period of Policing (1066-1285 A.D) - This period saw a revolution in
law enforcement ideas and methods. When Norman William (William the
conqueror), King of France invaded and conquered England, a military regime of
conqueror and dictator began. He changed the concept of crime being committed
against the state.
POLICING FORERUNNER/ PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
SYSTEM
Shire-Rieve King William Norman  King Norman divided the kingdom
System into 55 military districts known as
Shire-reeves.
 Shire – used to refer to a district.
 Rieve – (the head-man) used to
refer to the ruler of the district who
made laws, rendered judgment, and
imposed penalties.
 Two “CONSTABULI” or “ THE
KEEPER OF THE HORSE” were
appointed to each village to aid the
RIEVE in his duties. It became the
source of the word “CONSTABLE”
 Shire-Rieve – it is from the word
Sheriff derived. A person which has
absolute powers that no one could
questions his or her actions.
Court of the From the Court, 12  It settles a range of cases, more
Tourn ‘TYTHINGMEN’ were selected to often dealing with petty offenses
hear serious cases. and civil matters
Court Leet -‘Master of the House’ - The  The Normans established the
head of the court which was Court Leet which looked after
appointed by the King. matters of purely local interest
-‘Comes Stable’ - also appointed and petty village nuisances.
by the King to be responsible in
keeping peace and order in a
specific area. - under the
responsibility of local officials
who could petition to remove him
if he did not perform his job
properly.
- Comes Stable became
Constable which is used to day
to refer to members of the police
force.
Legis Henrie King Henry I Imposed the following features:
 Law violations were classified as
offenses against the King.
 policemen were considered as
public officials.
 The police and the citizens were
given the power to conduct
arrest.
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 It introduced the system called

“citizen’s arrest”.
  A system which made inquisition
onto the facts of a crime and
eliminate the “ANGLO-SAXON
or TRIAL BY ORDEAL
SYSTEM”.
 Grand Jury was created to
inquire on the facts of the law.
Keepers of King Richard of England (1195).  It requires the appointment of
the Peace knights to keep the King’s peace.
 The knights were posted on
bridges and gates to check the
people entering and leaving the
town or cities.
Magna Carta King John of England on June  became a law upon the demand
(Great 15, 1215 of the Knights of the Round
Charter) Table. It declared the following:
 No freemen shall be taken or
imprisoned, disposed, outlawed,
or bowed except by legal
judgment of his peers. No
person should be tried for
murder unless there is proof of
the body of the victim.
 There should be national and
local government as well as the
national and local legislation

C. Westminster Period of Policing (1285-1500 A.D) -.

POLICING FORERUNNER/ CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
SYSTEM PERSONALITIES
Statute of The basis for  It was enacted for law and order.
Winchester the modern  Introduces the Watch and Ward System
(1285) American police  The watch was the night guard, and the ward was
system. the day guard
Statute of 1295  It began the closing of the gates of London
during sunset.
 This started the observation of the curfew
hours.
Justice of the  3 or 4 men who were learned in the law of the
Peace land were given authority to pursue, arrest,
chastise and imprisonment violators of law
Star Chamber  a special court that tried offenders against the
Court state. Later on, it became both a court of law
to determine civil rights and a court of
revenue to enrich treasury.
The Merchant  Was at about this time that merchants began
Police (1500). to employ persons to protect their property
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Banks began to employ guards

The Parochial  The people of the cities were divided into
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Police religious areas or parishes and they would

 bond together and employ their own police to
protect them and their property

D. Modern Period
POLICING FORERUNNER/ CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
SYSTEM PERSONALITIES
Night Watchmen King Charles in  They were employed to be on duty from sunset to
or Bellmen 1663 sunrise.
Bow Street Henry Fielding  Thief Catchers
Runners (1748) - Chief  later on, he formed the Bow Street Horse
Magistrate of Patrol whose duty was to patrol the main
Bow Street in roads thus secure the travelers from highway
London.
bandits.
 Henry was replaced by his blind brother John
Fielding
London Sir Robert Peel  the world’s first modern organized police
Metropolitan (1829) force.
Police - Father of  The largest of the police services that operate
Modern Policing in greater London. Finest police force around
the world.
 The new police gained the nicknames of
Peelers and Bobbies - Wore civilian top hat ,
blue tail coats, truncheon and a rattle to raise
an alarm to call for help
 The headquarters of the Metropolitan Police
Service is the “SCOTLAND YARD” now
known as the “NEW SCOTLAND YARD”.
 “TOTAL POLICING” motto of London
Metropolitan Police

E. French Police System

FORERUNNER/ PERSONALITIES CONTRIBUTION/DESCRIPTION
King Louis XIV (17 th Century)  He maintained a small central police organization
consisting of some 40 inspectors who, with the
help of numerous paid informants, supplied the
government with details about the conduct of
private individuals.

Officers de Paix (1791)  It was the origin of the term peace officers.
Sergent de Ville (Servant of the  These were called the first uniformed police
City) officers.
Other contributions:  Conceiving street signs
 Assigning house numbers
 Installing street lighting
 Creating emergency and rescue services
 Use of police ambulances
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 Use of warrant card and ID signifying authority

to arrest.
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F. American Police System

  Rattlewatch - It was organized in New York, Philadephia, and Boston which was similar
to the night watchmen in London created during the reign of King Charles II. ● They
carried rattles while on duty to inform the public of their watchful presence.
 Municipal Police Force
 Night watch (1638) – Boston, Massachusetts
 Rattlewatch (1658) – New York
 Night watch (1700) – Philadelphia
 Introduction of police regulation that “No watchman has the liberty to sleep”
(1722) – New Haven, Connecticut
 It became a government policy that able-bodied males over 16 years old wre
required to serve without pay (1800).
 Daytime police with pay (1833)
 Full police New York City
 State Police Force
 Texas Rangers (1835)
 State Constables (1865) – Massachusetts
 Pennsylvania State Police (1905)
 Federal Police Force
 Post Office Inspection System (1829)
 Investigation on crimes against the government (1861)
 Detective forces (1868) were formed to investigate problems on revenue
services, immigration and smuggling.
 In 1934, Federal government attention focused on lotteries, drug regulations,
and transportation guidelines.
 Enactment of the Anti-White Slavery Act and Motor Vehicle Act (1910)
 In 1934, National Kidnapping Act, Banking Act, and Racketeering Act were
passed by the United States Congress.
US Modern Policing
 New York Police Department - Recognized as the first modern style police department
in the U. S. The largest police force in the world modeled after the Metropolitan Police
Service in London
 Boston Police Department - The oldest police department in the US. The first night
watch was established in Boston in 1631. Formally founded in May, 1838.
 AUGUST VOLLMER - Recognized as the father of Modern Law Enforcement for his
contributions in the development of the field of criminal justice in the US. Author of the
book, Police Administration which served as the basic guide of the police organization
in US. He was also the Chief of Berkelley, California.

Activity #2
Enhancement Activity / Outcome

1. Identify at least five (5) historical concepts of policing and provide its counterpart at present.
(10 points)
HISTORICAL CONCEPT COUNTERPART
Example: Tythingmen Squad system in the PNP
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Conclusion
These developments of historical concepts worldwide were said to be the origin of
today’s policing system. That marked and affect the evolution of Policing system in the
Philippines.

Lesson Reflection:
Write a brief statement on what you have learned from this lesson. Cite some real-life
application of this lesson that could benefit you in the future.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 3: Historical Development of Policing System in the Philippine Setting

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module Criminology students must be able to;
 Trace and summarize the historical background of policing in the Philippine setting;
 Identify key events and significant statutes in the development of policing system in
the Philippine setting
Instructional Materials
 Hand Out and Power point presentation.

Discussion
EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEM IN THE PHILIPPINE SETTING

Organized policing started in 1500s when nightmen or bantayans patrolled the streets of
Manila. The nightmen were under the direction of the alguacil mayor who provided them with
muskets as weapons and alarm bells as their means of communication.
The forerunner of the contemporary police system was the practice of barangay chieftain
to select-abled bodied young men to protect their barangay during the night.
A. Spanish Period
 Carabineros de Seguridad Publica – organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying
the regulations of the Department of State; this was armed with carbines and
considered as the mounted police.
 Guardrilleros/Cuadrillo – organized by virtue of Royal Decree in January 18, 1836
it is a rural police force and its function is to enforce peace in the countryside.
 Cuerpo de Cababineros de Seguridad Publica - By the Royal decree of December
29, 1842, the Carabineros de Seguridad Publica was re-organized and renamed
Cuerpo de Cababineros de Seguridad Publica (Corps of Carbineer’s for Public
Safety)
 Guardia Civil - was created by a Royal Decree issued by the Crown on February 12,
1852, to particularly relieve the Spanish Peninsular troops of their work in policing the
towns.
B. American Period
 Americans established the United States Philippine Commission headed by General
Howard Taft as its first Governor General.
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 ACT NO. 70 – the Metropolitan Police Force of Manila was organized under the Taft
commission on January 09, 1901. This has become the basis for the celebration of
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the Anniversary of the Manila’s Finest every January 09th

  Insular Constabulary - Was created on July 18, 1901 by virtue of Act No. 175 titled
as “An Act Providing for the Organization and Government of an Insular
Constabulary.
 ACT No. 183 - created the Manila Police Department enacted on July 31, 1901.
 CAPT. GEORGE CURRY - the 1st chief of police of the Manila Police Department
1901. a US Army officer appointed by the Taft Commission on August 7, 1901.
 CAPT. COLUMBUS PIATT – the last American COP of MPD before WW II broke
out.
 Col. Antonio C. Torres – first Filipino COP when MPD became an all Filipino police
organization; declared Manila as an open city when World War II broke out in 1941;
during the World War II, MPD was placed again under the American control.
 Col. Marcus Ellis Jones – a U.S. Provost Marshall who was named as MPD COP
just after the Manila Liberation.
 ACT NO 255 – the act that renamed the Insular Constabulary into Philippine
Constabulary, enacted on October 3, 1901
 CAPT. HENRY T. ALLEN was the 1st Chief of Philippine Constabulary. He was the
PC Chief from 1901 to 1907 such that he was called as the “father of Constabulary
in the Philippines
 E.O. 389 – ordered that the Philippine Constabulary be one of the four services of
the Armed Forces of the Philippines, enacted on December 23, 1940
C. The Commonwealth Period
Commonwealth Act No. 1 created the Philippine Army and ended the 35 years of the
Philippine Constabulary as an insular police. The creation of municipal and city governments
in the localities was also established its own police forces designed after the American model
of policing which was local in nature but built along military lines. Chartered cities also
created their own police forces whose members were appointed by the City Mayor and
whose appointments were to be confirmed by the Civil Service Commission
D. World War II Period
The Philippine Constabulary was absorbed by the United States of Armed Forces in the Far
East (USAFE) as a fighting unit and joined the Philippine Scout in fighting the Japanese.
E. Japanese Occupation Period
 Japanese Military Police, known as “KEMPETAI” were held responsible in maintaining
peace and order in Manila and adjacent urban areas.
 “Kempetai” ruled the urban areas until Gen. Douglas McArthur returned on February 7,
1945.
 The Manila Police Department, which was created during the first American occupation,
was renamed into “Metropolitan Constabulary” under the Bureau of Constabulary.

F. Post-American Period
 RA 4864 - otherwise known as the “Police Professionalization Act of 1966”, enacted
on September 8, 1966; created the Police Commission (POLCOM) as a supervisory
agency to oversee the training and professionalization of the local police forces
under the office of the president; later POLCOM was renamed into National Police
Commission (NAPOLCOM)

G. Martial Law Period

 PD 421 - unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila
 PD 765 – enacted on August 8, 1975 establishing the Integrated National Police
with the Philippine Constabulary (PC-INP) as the nucleus and all police officers as
components. They were all placed under the supervision of the Ministry of National
Defense.
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H. Post Martial Law Regime

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  EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1012 - Transferred to the city and municipal government
the operational supervision and direction over all INP units assigned within their
locality; issued on July 10, 1985
 EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 1040 - transferred the administrative control and
supervision of the INP from the Ministry of National Defense on the National Police
Commission
 RA 6975 - Otherwise known as the “Department of the Interior and Local
Government Act of 1990”, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG
and established the PNP, BFP, BJMP and PPSC.
 On January 29, 1991, at Camp Crame, Quezon City, the Philippine Constabulary and
the Integrated National Police were retired officially and the Philippine National Police
was born.
 RA 8551 - otherwise known as the “PNP Reform and Reorganization Act of 1998”,
enacted on February 25, 1998; this law amended certain provision of RA 6975.
 RA 9708 - law amending the provision of RA 6975 and RA 8551 on the minimum
educational qualification for appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion
system; approved on August 12, 2009.“An act extending for five years the
reglimentary period for complying with the minimum educational qualification for
appointment to the PNP and adjusting the promotion system thereof, amending for
the purpose pertinent provisions of RA No. 6975 and R.A. Non. 8551 and for other
purposes.

PROMINENT FILIPINO LAW ENFORCEMENT PERSONALITIES IN HISTORY

 Brig. Gen. RAFAEL CRAME - was the first Filipino Chief of the Philippine Constabulary
(when the Constabulary, after 16 years of existence, was placed under the Filipino
leadership).
 COL. ANTONIO TORRES - first Filipino chief of police of the Manila police department
after the Philippine Independence from the USA in 1946.
 P/DIR GEN CESAR NAZARENO - first Chief of Philippine National Police
 BGEN MA. LUISA F. DIMAYUGA - Was the very 1st lady general in the uniformed
service, particularly in the defunct Philippine Constabulary – Integrated National Police
(PC-INP) – 1991
 PCSUPT YOLANDA G. TANIGUE - Was the 1st lady general in the Philippine National
Police (PNP) -2006
 PDIR LINA C SARMIENTO - Was the 1st PNP lady general who reach 2 star rank - 2012

Activity #3
Enhancement Activity / Outcome

I. Which of the following period do you think has the best policing system in the
Philippines? Why?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
II. Effective policing promotes public safety. Based on the historical development of
policing, identify, and discuss at least three (3) major changes in policing systems
throughout the history. (15 points)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
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III. Identification. Identify the following terms.

______ 1. This was also known as DILG Act of 1990 and other purposes.
______ 2. Body of rural police and was established by Royal decree of 1836.
______ 3. It was organized in 1712 for the purpose of carrying outlaws of the Spanish
government.
______ 4. An Act Providing for the organization and Government of an Insular Constabulary
______ 5. This law was created in unifying all the police, fire and jail services in Metro Manila
______ 6. It composed mainly of Filipinos and created by virtue of Royal decree of Feb.12,
1852
______ 7. The First Chief of Insular Constabulary
______ 8. The First Chief PNP
______ 9. The First Filipino Chief of Philippine Constabulary
______ 10. Law Creating creating PC-INP

Conclusion
From a constabulary beginning, the Philippine National Police has been the state’s
warning of defiance to the forces of evil that threatened to undermine the structure of public
safety “a police organization composed of men who live in service, and die in line of duty”.

Lesson Reflection:
Write a brief statement on what you have learned from this lesson. Cite some real-life
application of this lesson that could benefit you in the future.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Lesson 4: Theories, Philosophies and Concepts of Police Service

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of this module Criminology students must be able to;
 Appraise and explain the theories and concepts of police service.

Instructional Materials
 Hand Out and Power point presentation.

Discussion
THEORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF POLICE SERVICE
Theories of Police Service
1. Home Rule Theory
● Police are considered servants of the community.
● This is applied in countries that have decentralized government structure.
2. Continental Theory
● Policemen are considered servants of a higher authority.
● This theory is applied in countries that have centralized government.

Fundamental Concepts of Police Service

1. Old Concept
● Police is looked upon as a repressive machinery of the government. states that the
yardstick of efficiency relies on the number of arrest made
2. Modern Concept
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● Police is an instrument for crime prevention.

● The yardstick of police efficiency is the absence of crime.
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Basic Police Mission
The basic police mission is preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws. This
was the same in ancient societies as it is today in sophisticated urban communities.

POLICE ORGANIZATION UNITS

A. Functional Units - Functional divisions of the department are described in the following
terms:

 Bureau – the largest organic functional unit within a large department. It comprises of
numbers of divisions.
 Division – a primary subdivision of a bureau.
 Section – functional unit within a division that is necessary for specialization.
 Unit – functional group within a section; or the smallest functional group with in an
organization.

B. Territorial/ Geographical units

 Post – a fixed point or location to which an officer is assigned for duty, such as a
designated desk or office or an intersection or cross walk from traffic duty. It is a spot
location for general guard duty.
 Route – a length of streets designated for patrol purposes. It is also called LINE BEAT.
 Beat – An area assigned for patrol purposes, whether foot or motorized.
 Sector – An area containing two or more beats, routes, or posts.
 District – a geographical subdivision of a city for patrol purposes, usually with its own
station.
 Area – a section or territorial division of a large city each compromised of designated
districts.

Organizational Structure
An organizational structure is a mechanical means of depicting, by an arrangement of
symbols, the relationship which exists between individuals, groups, and functions within the
organization

TYPES OF ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE

 Line – defined by its simplest and clear chain of command from the highest to the
lowest and vice versa.
 Functional – responsibilities are divided among authorities who are all accountable
to the authority above it also divides responsibility and authority between several
specialist.
 Line and Staff – combination of line and functional structure. Channels of
responsibility is to "think and provide expertise" for the line units which are
responsible for "doing
 Matrix - The essence of matrix structure is in the assignment of members of
functional areas (e.g. patrol, detective, and support services) to specific projects (e.g.
taskforce and crime specific programs). It is used for relatively short periods of time
when specific programs are conducted. After the assignment is completed, individuals
return to their respective units

POLICE FUNCTIONS
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Duties and responsibilities explicitly carried out by police agencies to meet the demands
concerning public order and public safety
Page
Types of Police Functions
1. Line Functions - these are designed to meet the basic police mission like patrol,
traffic enforcement, or criminal investigation.
2. Staff Functions - those that exist to support line functions, either directly or indirectly
like planning and research unit.
 Auxiliary Support Services - Those charged with the responsibility of
giving immediate assistance to the operations of line elements like
communications and crime laboratory services.
 Administrative Services - Those that provide services that are of less
immediate assistance and are supportive of the entire police department
like personnel and training.

Activity #4
Enhancement Activity / Outcome

I. Read the article “what you need to know about Oplan Tokhang” in
https://www.sunstar.com.ph/article/416123 and identify the concept of police service that
was employed? Justify your answer. (15 points)
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

II. What type of organizational structure is being used by the PNP? Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

III. Explain briefly the difference between Home Rule Theory and Continental Theory.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

IV. What is the Effective concept of Police Service, the Old Concept or the Modern
Concept? Explain your answer.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

Lesson Reflection:
Write a brief statement on what you have learned from this lesson. Cite some real-life
application of this lesson that could benefit you in the future.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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Lesson 5: Principles of Police Organization

Page

Lesson Objectives:
 At the end of this module Criminology students must be able to;
 Identify, analyze and apply the principles of police organization..

Instructional Materials
 Hand Out and Power point presentation.

Discussion

Principles of Police Organization

 Principles of Unity of Service – organization is effective if it enables individuals to
contribute to the organization objective.
 Scalar principle – Prescribes the vertical hierarchy of organizations. It defines an
unbroken chain or scale of units from top to bottom describing explicitly the flow of
authority. This principle demands the following conditions to achieve effective
coordination:
a) Unity of Command – it states that a group of police officers should only be
under the control of one superior or ranking police officer..
b) Span of Control - Ability of one man to direct, coordinate, and control immediate
subordinates. It states that a senior police officer should be provided with men
not more than what he can effectively direct
c) Delegation of authority - is the division of the tasks of command among the
officers of the various units. A superior officer must designate some of his
immediate subordinates to exercise a part of his administrative power. However,
the power passed on by the superior officer carries an appropriate responsibility
 Principle of Delegation – Authority delegated to all individual managers should be
adequate
 Functional Principle – Breaking up of work units to achieve specialization.
 Line and Staff Principle – Provide an orderly arrangement of functions so that objectives
can be accomplished effectively.
 Principle of Balance – principles or techniques must be balance.
 Principle of Absolute Responsibility – responsibility of subordinates to their superiors for
performance is absolute, and superiors are accountable for their subordinates activities.
 Principle of Parity of Authority and Responsibility – responsibility for actions cannot be
greater than that implied by the authority delegated, nor should it be less.
 Principle of Flexibility - It states that there is higher tendency that the PNP can fulfill its
purpose if the organization receives more provisions for flexibility (adaptability).
 Authority Level Principle – maintenance of intended delegation requires that decisions
within the authority of individual commander should be made by them and not be
referred upward in the organizational structure.

Activity #5
Enhancement Activity / Outcome

I. Research one (1) news article showing an outright violation of the above-mentioned
principles of organization. It must contain the following: (30 points) Use another sheet if
needed.
 Summary of the news article.
 Principle that was violated or not followed.
 Impact to the organization.
 References
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_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
Page

_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
 _________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________

Conclusion:
PRINCIPLES OF POLICE ORGANIZATION
a.) Tasks, similar or related in purpose, process, method, or clientele should be grouped
together in one or more units the control of one person. Whenever practicable, every function of
the police force shall be assigned to a unit.
b.) Specialized units should be created only when overall departmental capability is thus
significantly increased.
c.) Lines of Authority and Chain of Command should be clearly established demarcated
and well defined.
d.) Each individual unit or situation, shall be under the immediate control of only one
superior.
e.) The span of control of a supervisor every personnel or units shall not be more than
what he can effectively direct and coordinate. Relatedly, levels of authority shall be kept to a
minimum.
f.) The responsibility for a function shall carry with commensurate authority and the
person to whom the authority is delegated shall be held accountable therefore.

Lesson Reflection:
Write a brief statement on what you have learned from this lesson. Cite some real-life
application of this lesson that could benefit you in the future.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________

References:
 Cordner, G.W. and Scarborough, K.E. (2010). Police administration. (7 th ed.) New
Providence, N.J.: LexisNexis
 Dempsey, J.S. and Forst, L.S. (2012). An introduction to policing. (6 th ed., Int’l ed.).
Clifton Park, N.Y.: Delmar, Cengage Learning
 Soriano, O.G. (2011). Police organization and administration: with police planning and
R.A. 6975 and R.A. 8551. Quezon City: Great Books Publishing
 University of Cordillera CCJ.

Upcoming Activities:

 Long Test
 Completion of Prelims Requirement
Case Studies
 Prelims Examination
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