Chemistry Video Notes

Chem Notes

Hydrocarbons

Class 11ᵗʰ
 HYDROCARBONS Didn’t understand? Watch
the video (Click here)

Hydrocarbons

Aliphatic Compounds Cyclic Compounds

Alkane Alicyclic Aromatic
Alkene CycloAlkane CycloAlkene CycloAlkyne

Alkyne

Cyclopentane Cyclopentene Cyclopentyne Benzene

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Primary, Secondary & Tertiary Carbon: the video (Click here)

Primary (1°)
Secondary (2°)
Tertiary (3°)
Quaternary (4°) Didn’t understand? Watch

Alkyl Group
the video (Click here)

They are derived from Alkanes by removal of one hydrogen atom.

Alkane Hydrogen Alkyl

Nomeculture: Didn’t understand? Watch

the video (Click here)
Write IUPAC names/ structural formulae of the following compounds
(CH₃)₃-C-CH₂C-(CH₃)₃ (CH₃)₂-C(C₂H₅)₂
Maza aa gya!!
CH₃
CH₂ CH₃ | 2 1
2| 4|
3
1 3 5 CH₃ -C-CH₂-CH₃
CH₃-C-CH₂-C-CH₃ |
| | 4 CH₂
CH₃ CH₃ |
5 CH₃

2,2,4,4 Tetramethyl pentane 3,3 Dimethyl Pentagon

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Alkanes Preparation the video (Click here)

From unsaturated hydrocarbons

From Alkyl halides
From carboxylic acids
 PREPARATION OF ALKANES FROM UNSATURATED HYDROCARBONS

H H H H Didn’t understand? Watch

the video (Click here)

C=C +H -H H C=C
H

H H H H

Ethene Ethane

H₂ gas is adds to alkenes and alkynes in the presence of finely divided catalysts like
platinum, palladium of Nickel to form Alkanes. This process is called Hydrogenation.
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PREPARATION OF ALKANES FROM ALKYL HALIDES the video (Click here)

1. By reduction of Halides
2. By Wurtz Reaction
By reduction of Alkyl Halides
+
Zn.H
1. CH₃-HCl+H₂ CH₄+HCl
+
Zn.H
2. C₃H₇-Cl+H₂ C₃H₈+HCl
+
Zn.H
3. CH₄+CH₃+CH₂+Cl+H₂ CH₃CH₂CH₃+HCl

Exception: Alkyl fluorides cannot be reduced to form Alkanes?

Reason: Carbon-fluorides bond is too strong. C F
By Wurtz Reaction
When an alkyl halide (usually bromide or iodide) is treated with
metallic sodium in dry ethereal solution, a symmetrical alkane
containing twice the number of carbon atoms present in the alkyl
group is obtained.

Used for the preparation of higher alkanes containing even number

of carbon atoms Charles Adolphe Wurtz
Dry Ether
CH₃Br + 2Na + CH₃Br CH₃-CH₃ + 2NaBr
Methyl bromide Ethane

CH₃CH₂I + 2Na + CH₃CH₂I Dry Ether CH₃CH₂CH₃₂CH₃ + 2NaBr

Ethyl Iodide Butane

Padhte rho!
 PREPARATION OF ALKANES FROM CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
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the video (Click here)

Decarboxylation Kolbe’s electrolytic method

Decarboxylation: When the sodium salt of carboxylic_acid. is heated strongly

with sodalime (NaOH + CaO), a molecule of carbon dioxide is split of as
carbonate and an alkane is formed. Notice that alkane produced contains one
carbon less then the original carboxylic acid.

R-COONa + NaOH R-H Na₂CO₃

Solium salt of Acid Alkane

CH₃-COONa + NaOH CH₄ Na₂CO₃

Solium Acetate Methane

Kolbe’s electrolytic method: This method involves the

electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium or potassium salt
of a carboxylic acid. During electrolysis an alkane is obtained
at the anode For example, on passing electric current through
an aqueous solution of sodium salt of ethanoic acid (CH
COONa) ethane is obtained at the anode. The process takes
place as follows.
- +
2CH₃COONa → CH₃COO + 2Na
- • -
At Anode: 2CH₃COO → 2CH₃COO + 2e
• •
2CH₃COO → 2CH₃ + 2CO₂
•
2CH₃ → CH₃-CH₃
Ethane
- -
At Cathode: 2H₂O + 2e → 2OH + H₂↑

The alkane obtained by this reaction always contains even number of carbon
atoms. Therefore, this reaction cannot be used for the preparation of alkanes
containing odd number of carbon atoms.

Ques- Why Methane can't be prepared by this method?

And- Methane having only one carbon atom, so it can't be prepared
through this method.

Hence Kolbe's electrolytic method is useful for the preparation of ethane and
higher members.
 Didn’t understand? Watch
the video (Click here)
ALKANES: PHYSICAL STATE
Colourless
Odourless
Almost non-polar molecules
Weak Vander waals forces (starting alkanes behaves as gases)
Higher alkanes behaves as solids.
Molecular Mass is directly proportional to Boiling Point
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BOILING POINT the video (Click here)

More branched Chains

↓
Surface Area of Contact decreases
↓
Weak vandarwaals forces
↓
Boiling point decreases
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MELTING POINT the video (Click here)

They don’t show smooth increase with increase in molecular mass. -1

Depends on molecular mass & how the molecules are packed in
its Lattice structure

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SOLUBILITY the video (Click here)

Alkanes are non polar covalent compounds hence they dissolve in non
polar covalent compounds only.

Molecular Mass ↑ Density↑

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DENSITY the video (Click here)

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CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ALKANES the video (Click here)

Substitution reactions
Combustion reactions
Isomerisation, Aromatization
Reaction with steam
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ALKANES: CHEMICAL PROPERTIES: HALOGENATION the video (Click here)

Hydrogen atom of alkane is replaced by chloro group (-Cl)
CH₄ + Cl₂ → CH₃Cl + HCl
hv

CH₃Cl + Cl₂ → CH₂Cl₂ + HCl

hv

hv
CH₂Cl₂ + Cl₂ → CHCl₃ + HCl
CHCl₃ + Cl₂ → CCl₄ + HCl
hv

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CHLORINATION: IN PRESENCE OF SUNLIGHT/ UV RAYS the video (Click here)

Hydrogen atom of alkane is replaced by chloro group (-Cl)

Bromination: slow Reaction
Iodination: Iodination is very slow and a reversible reaction.
Fluorination is too violent to be controlled.
Rate of reaction of alkanes with halagens is F₂>Cl₂>Br₂>I₂
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HALOGENATION the video (Click here)

Rate of replacement of hydrogens of alkanes is 3º>2º>1º. FOCUS!!

The rate of replacement is highest for the 3°alkanes due to formation of
more stable free radical intermediate.

Methyl Radical Primary Radical Secondary Radical Tertiary Radical

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COMPLETE COMBUSTION OF ALKANES the video (Click here)

Alkanes on heating in the presence of air or dioxygen are completely oxidized

to carbon dioxide and water with the evolution of large amount of heat.
-1
CH₄(g)+20₂(g) → CO₂(g)+2H₂O(I); H°= -890 kJ mol
-1
C₄H₁₀(g)+13/2 O₂(g) → 4C0₂(g)+5H₂O(I); H°= -2875.84 kJ mol
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INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OF ALKANES the video (Click here)

In case of incomplete combustion of alkanes with insufficient amount

of air dioxygen, black carbon is formed. This is further used in the
manufacture or ink.

CH₄(g) + O₂(g) incomplete

combustion
C(s) + H₂O(I)
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the video (Click here)
CONTROLLED OXIDATION OF ALKANES
Alkanes on heating with a regulated supply of dioxygen or air at high pressure
and in the presence of suitable catalysts give alcohols, aldehydes or acids.

2CH₄ + O₂ Cu/523K/100atm 2CH₃OH

CH₄ + O₂ HCHO + H₂O
2CH₃CH₃ + 3O₂ (CH₃COO)₂Mn
2CH₃COOH + 2H₂O
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ISOMERISATION the video (Click here)

Isomerization is a chemical process that transforms a molecule into another

molecule with the same atoms but a different arrangement,
e.g. A-B-C→B-A-C.
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ISOMERISATION OF ALKALINE the video (Click here)

n-Alkanes on heating in the presence of anhydrous aluminium chloride and

hydrogen chloride gas isomerise to branched chain alkanes.

Anhy. AlCl₃/HCl
CH₃(CH₂)₄CH₃ CH₃CH-(CH₂)₂-CH₃+CH₃CH₂-CH-CH₂-CH₃
| |
CH₃ CH₃
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AROMATIZATION OF ALKANES the video (Click here)
The Process of converting aliphatic & Alicyclic hydrocarbon to aromatic
hydrocarbons in presence of suitable catalyst at high pressure & temperature is
called as aromatisation.

Dehydrogenation &
Cyclisation takes place

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REACTION WITH STEAM the video (Click here)
Methane reacts with steam at 1273 K in the presence of nickel catalyst to form
carbon monoxide and dihydrogen. This method is used for industrial preparation of
dihydrogen gas.
CH₄ + H₂O → Ni
CO + 3H₂
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PYROLYSIS the video (Click here)

Pyrolysis is defined as the conversion of a compound into smaller fragments in

the absence of air through the application of heat.

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CONFORMATIONS the video (Click here)

The spatial arrangements of atoms that can be modified into one another
by rotation around a C-C single bond are called conformations.
Alkanes can therefore have an infinite number of conformations by rotating
around C-C single bonds.
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CONFORMATIONS OF ETHANE the video (Click here)

If Hydrogen atoms are as closed together as possible is called Eclipsed

conformation.
If Hydrogens are as far apart as possible is known as the Staggered
conformation.
Any other intermediate conformation is called a Skew conformation No
change in Bond length, Bond angle.

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REPRESENTATION OF CONFORMATIONS the video (Click here)

Sawhorse Projection Newman’s Projection

i)Eclipsed ii)Staggered i)Eclipsed ii)Staggered