BIOL 1507 – Anatomy and

Physiology

UNIT 4 = Body Membranes

and Integumentary System

Dr. Karyn Lumsden BSc(hons), DC.

[email protected]
L4 Objectives
 List the general functions of each membrane
type
 Compare and contrast the structure of
major membrane types
 Understand all of the important functions of
the integumentary system
 Recognize the following: epidermis, dermis,
hair follicle, sebaceous glands and sweat
gland
 Describe the various homeostatic
imbalances of skin
Recall = TYPES OF TISSUES.
Body Membranes.
 A thin, sheet-like structure that covers and protects
body surfaces
 Line cavities and anchor organs to each other
 Secrete fluids that lubricate and reduce friction between
organs of the body

 Two major categories of membranes exist in the body.

◦ 1. Epithelial membranes

◦ 2. Connective tissue membranes

Epithelial Membranes
 Covering or lining
 Layer of epithelium combined with
connective tissue under layer
◦ Cutaneous
◦ Mucous
◦ Serous
 Epithelial Membranes
EPITHELIUM LOCATION WET/DRY
CUTANEOUS Stratified Skin Dry
Squamous

MUCOUS Simple Columnar Respiratory Wet

System =
airways

SEROUS Simple Cuboidal Organs Wet

Epithelial Membranes
 Epithelial Membranes
Serous membranes are double layer membranes found covering around organs
One layer is “loose” = parietal
One layer is “tight” = visceral
Layers are separated by a cavity filled with fluid
Connective Tissue Membranes
 Soft areolar CT
 No epithelial cells
 Line joints
 Smooth, lubricated surface
◦ Synovial membranes
◦ Tendon sheaths
◦ Bursea
Connective Tissue Membranes
The Integumentary System
 A major organ system of the body
 Skin and Accessory organs
◦ Sweat and oil glands
◦ Hair
◦ Nails
 All serve as a protective function
 Physical barrier to prevent bacteria and
foreign substances into the body
The Integumentary System
 Functions:
◦ Protection = Physical barrier to prevent bacteria
and foreign substances into the body

◦ Temperature regulation = can contract/relax to

let heat escape or keep heat in body

◦ Excretion of sweat = via pores in skin

◦ Synthesis of Vitamin D = via enzymes in skin cells

The Integumentary System
Layers of the Skin
 Epidermis = epithelial tissue
 Dermis = connective tissue
 Hypodermis = connective tissue
 1. Epidermis
 Stratified
squamous
epithelium
 Hard outer
layer of
Keratin
(waterproof
barrier)
1. Epidermis
Cells of Epidermis
 Keratinocytes
◦ Mature cells of epidermis
◦ Produce hard waterproof protien

 Melanocytes
◦ Cells within the epidermis
◦ Produce the dark pigment melanin
◦ Functions to absorb light
2. Dermis
 Below the epidermis
 Fibrous connective tissue
◦ Loose areolar
2. Dermis
 Components of Dermis:
◦ Hair follicles
◦ Receptors
◦ Glands
◦ Muscle
2. Dermis
 Sensory receptors
◦ Largest sense organ
◦ Protective homeostatic mechanism
◦ Houses receptors for
 Touch
 Tickle
 Pain
 Temperature
 Pressure
Epidermis and Dermis
3. Hypodermis
 Subcutaneous tissues
◦ Adipose tissue
◦ Below the dermis
◦ Contains major blood supply
3. Hypodermis
Skin Colour
 Three Key Pigments:
◦ Carotene
◦ Melanin
◦ Hemoglobin

 Colour can be influenced internally:

◦ Embarrassment
◦ Stress/Anxiety
◦ Liver failure
 Albinism
= genetic disorder
= individuals are
born without ability
Albinism to produce melanin
pigment in their skin
 Vitiligo
= autoimmune
disorder

Vitiligo =patients immune

system starts to kill
melanocytes in skill
Appendages of skin
 1. Hair
◦ The majority of our skins surface is covered
with hair (about 5 million follicles!)
 Glaborous (non hairy skin)
 Non-Glaborous (hairy skin)

◦ Functions: protection, regulation of body

temperature, and facilitation of evaporation of
perspiration; also act as sense organs
Appendages of Skin
 “Goosebumps”
◦ Each hair follicle is
associated with a
small muscle
◦ When body
temperature drops,
muscle contracts to
conserve body heat
and puckers the
skin around the hair
Appendages of skin
 2. Nails
◦ Made up of heavily keratinized epidermal cells.
◦ Key indicator of overall health
◦ Protective function
Appendages of skin
 3. Cutaneous Glands
◦ Exocrine glands = secrete their product onto skin
A: Sebaceous
B: Sweat
Exocrine Glands
 A. Sebaceous glands
◦ Associated with hair follicles
◦ Secretes Sebum
 Oily material
 Secreted through small ducts associated with hair
follicles
 Keeps skin and hair pliable and waterproof
Exocrine Glands
 B. Sweat glands
◦ Nearly in every region of the skin
◦ 2.5 million per person
◦ Two types
 Eccrine
 Apocrine
Sweat Glands
1. Eccrine
◦ Clear perspiration
 Water, salts, wastes
◦ Function throughout life
◦ Located forehead, neck and back
◦ Respond to environmental changes
 Temperature
 Exercise
 Maintains homeostasis
Sweat Glands
2. Apocrine
◦ Responds to emotional stress
◦ Location
 Axilla
 Genital areas
◦ Function at puberty
 Under influence of hormones
Injections into the Layers of the
Skin
Injections into the Layers of the
Skin
 Intradermal = between dermis and
epidermis
 Use = allergy testing
Injections into the Layers of the
Skin
 Intraveneous= between dermis and
hypodermis
 Use = delivery of drugs into blood system
Injections into the Layers of the
Skin
 Subcutanous = within hypodermis
 Use = quick acting drugs
◦ Insulin
◦ Epinephrine
Injections into the Layers of the
Skin
 Intramuscular = below hypodermis
 Use = long lasting effect
◦ Vaccines
◦ Flue shot
Skin Injuries
 Skin is the largest organ in the body
 Injuries to skin have devastating
consequences
 Most common disorders include:
◦ Infections
◦ Burns
Skin Injuries
 Burns:
◦ Tissue damage resulting in cell death
◦ Loss of fluid, dehydration is rapid
◦ Loss of barrier makes infection highly possible
◦ Heat, Electricity, UV ray, Chemical Burn
◦ Rule of 9’s
Skin Injuries
 Estimating burns using the rule of ‘9s’
allows you to calculate how much surface
area has been affected by burn which
helps to estimate fluid replacement
•First degree burns are superficial injuries
that involve only the epidermis or outer layer
of skin.

•Second degree burns occur when the first

layer of skin is burned through and the second
layer, the dermal layer, is damaged but the burn
does not pass through to underlying tissues.

•Third degree burns involve all the layers of

the skin. They are referred to as full thickness
burns and are the most serious of all burns.
These are usually charred black and include
areas that are dry and white. While a third-
degree burn may be very painful, some patients
feel little or no pain because the nerve endings
have been destroyed. This type of burn may
require skin grafting.
Skin Injuries
Diseases and Disorders of Skin
 Eczema is an allergic reaction that
manifests as dry, itchy patches of skin that
resemble rashes
 It may be accompanied by swelling of the
skin, flaking, and in severe cases, bleeding.
Diseases and Disorders of Skin
 Acne is a skin disturbance
that typically occurs on
areas of the skin that are
rich in sebaceous glands
(face and back).
 most common along with
the onset of puberty due
to associated hormonal
changes
 Due to overproduction
and accumulation of sebum
along with keratin can
block hair follicles.
Diseases and Disorders of Skin
 Contact Dermatitis “allergic reaction”
◦ When a substance touches your skin and
causes an allergic reaction or irritation. These
reactions can develop further into rashes that
burn, sting, itch, or blister.
Skin Cancer
 Follow the “ABCDE” rule
◦ Asymmetry – the two sides are not
symmetrical
◦ Borders – the edges are irregular in shape
◦ Color – the color is varied shades of brown
or black
◦ Diameter – it is larger than 6 mm (0.24 in)
◦ Evolving – its shape has changed
Reminders:
 Quiz 2 testing lectures 3 and 4 is due BY
OCTOBER 4th
 Midterm 1 IN CLASS NEXT WEEK
◦ Lectures 1 – 4
◦ Helpful resources on DC connect:
 Midterm 1 review notes
 Midterm 1 review questions