The Modern Periodic Law is stated as, "the physical and chemical properties of elements are the periodic

functions of their
atomic number." By Henry Moseley.
Modern periodic table has 18 groups(Vertical columns) and 07 periods (Horizontal rows) does
Periodicity is observed due to similar electronic configuration.
Atomic Size  the dist b/w the centre of the nucleus of an atom and its outermost shell. Angstrom (Å) and Picometer (pm).
An atom is greater in size than a cation because cation is formed by the loss of electron(s). Thus,the number of proton(s) are
more than electron(s) in a cation. The effective positive charge in the nucleus is more, so electrons are strongly attracted by
the nucleus and are pulled inward. Hence, the size decreases.
An anion is greater in size than atom because anion is formed by the gain of electron(s). Thus, the number of electron(s) are
more than proton(s). The effective positive charge in the nucleus is less, so less inward pull is experienced. Hence, the size
increases.
Elements in the same group have the same valency not same period
The electronic configuration in atoms change in a period from L to R OR As we move across a period  the number of shells
remain same & number of valence electron increases by one.
The electronic configuration in atoms change in a group from top to bottom OR As we go from top to bottom in a group 
the number of shells increases one by one but the number of valence electron remain the same.
Periodicity of elements : The properties that reappear at regular intervals, or in which there is gradual variation (i.e. increase
or decrease) at regular intervals, are called 'periodic properties' and the phenomenon is known as the.
Typical elements : The third period elements. (Na), (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl) .
Third Period : The number of valence electron successively increases by one as we move from left to right in the third period.
(ii) Valency firstly increase from 1 to 4 from element sodium (Na) to silicon (Si) and then reduces to zero from element
phosphorus (P) till chlorine (Cl) as we move from left to right in the third period.
Orbits or shells : Electrons revolve around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths called orbits.
According to atomic structure, Number of valence electrons determines which element will be the first and which element will
be the last in a period.
Valency depends upon the number of valence electrons in an atom. Not number of shells in an atom.
Electron affinity (E.A) : The amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively
charged gaseous ion (anion) by the addition of electron. As the amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous
isolated atom into a negatively charged gaseous ion (anion) by the addition of electron is called Electron Affinity (E.A.).
Electron affinity is the amount of energy released when an atom in the gaseous state accepts an electron to form an anion.
Unit : electron volts per atom (eV/atom) or kJ mol-1. It is represented by negative sign.
Electron affinity values generally increases across the period left to right and decreases down the group top to bottom.
Electron affinity is defined as the change in energy (in kJ/mole) of a neutral atom (in the gaseous phase) when an electron is
added to the atom to form a negative ion.In other words, the neutral atom's likelihood of gaining an electron.
Electronegativity : The tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons towards itself is called its
electronegativity. Electronegativity is a dimensionless property since it is only a tendency. As such, it has no unit.
Ionisation Energy (I.E.) - amount of energy required to remove an electron from an isolated gaseous atom,
Metallic Character. - character of element which loses one or more electrons when supplied with energy,
Electronegativity. - tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract the shared pair of electrons.
Ionisation Potential (I.P.) or Ionisation Energy (I.E.) - The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral isolated
gaseous atom and convert it into a positively charged gaseous ion and represented in the form of Eq : M (g) + I.E.⟶ M+ (g) +
e- where, M is any element and its unit electronvolts per atom (eV/atom)
SI Unit : kilojoule per mole (kJ/mole).
Inert Gases : Main characteristics of the last element in each period of the PT are: valency equal to zero means their
outermost shell complete / stable gas electronic configuration. / React under very special condition otherwise they don't
react. / they have complete outer electron shells and were believed not to react with other elements or compounds.
Inert Gas or Noble Gas Elements – type of elements, which have their outermost shell complete
Reason : Inert gases do not form ion due to their stable electronic configuration; inert gases find it difficult to accept or lose
electrons hence they do not form ion.

Representative Element - type of elements, which have their outermost shell incomplete
Transition Element - type of elements, which have their two outermost shell incompletes
Halogens - type of elements, which have their one electron short of octet(8)
Alkaline Earth Metals -type of elements, which have their two electrons in the outermost orbit.
Noble gases are placed at the extreme right of the periodic table not transition elemnts
Reason: Group 17 elements are strong non-metals, while group 1 elements are strong metals.
Metals lose electrons whereas non-metals gain electrons to attain stable electronic configuration. Group 1 elements
are placed on the left in the periodic table whereas Group 17 elements are towards right. Hence, the atomic size of
Group 1 elements is greater when compared to the corresponding Group 17 elements as atomic size decreases from
 left to right across a period due to increase in nuclear charge. Due to this Group 1 elements can easily lose electrons
making them strong metals. It is difficult for Group 17 elements to lose electrons due to stronger nuclear pull but it
helps in attracting electrons from other elements making them strong non-metals.
Reason : In the PT, alkali metals are placed in the group 1
The elements placed in group 1 of the periodic table are known as alkali metals (except hydrogen) as they form strong
alkalis with water.
Reason : Elements of group 1 and elements of group 17 both have valency 1. Explanation.
Valency is equal to the number of electrons an atom can donate or accept or share. Hence, it depends on the number of
electrons in the outermost shell (i.e. valence shell).
Group 1 (IA) elements have one electron in their outermost shell. So they donate this one electron to become stable hence
their valency is one. On the other hand, Group 17 (VIIA) elements have seven electrons in their outermost shell. So they accept
one electron to attain stable electronic configuration hence their valency is also one.
Reason: Halogens or Fluorine, Chlorine and Bromine are put in one group
On the basis of their 4 similar properties - same no of 7 valence electrons / non-metallic character./ all try to gain one electron
to obtain stable electronic configuration / All have same valency, which is equal to 1.
The elements of the halogen family - 7 electrons in their valence shell, highly reactive chemically, non-metallic in nature,
diatomic in their molecular form.
Reason — Cl, Br and I belong to the same group (group 17) and between the three, I is the bottom most. As atomic size
increases down the group hence, between Cl, Br and I, I has the largest atomic size. Between I and I -, atomic size of I- is larger
as anion is larger than the parent atom. Hence, I- has the largest atomic size in the given elements.
Reason : Reactivity increases in alkali metals but decreases in halogens.
Atomic number increases while going down the group in alkali metals and halogens. The tendency of losing electrons increases
down the group. Reactivity of metals depends on tendency to lose electrons, thus reactivity of alkali metals increases while
going down the group. Reactivity of non-metals depends on tendency to gain electrons, thus reactivity of halogens decreases
while going down the group.
On going down in the halogen group, number of shells increases, hence, ionic radius also increases. Reactivity,
electronegativity and ionisation potential decreases while going down in the halogen group.
Reason: The size of neon is bigger compared to fluorine because the outer shell of neon have a complete octet. They have
max no of electrons in their outermost orbit  electronic repulsions are maximum.  so the effect of nuclear pull over the
valence shell electrons is not observed. Hence, the size of neon is greater then fluorine.
Reason: The size of sodium is greater than magnesium  Mg is placed to the right of NA in period 3. As the atomic size
decreases on moving from L to R across the period, hence, atomic size of Sodium is greater than Magnesium.
a) The element below sodium in the same group would be expected to have a lower (lower/higher) electro-negativity than
sodium and the element above chlorine would be expected to have a higher (lower/higher) ionization potential than chlorine.
Reason: Fluorine has higher electron affinity (E.A.) than Neon because Neon being an inert gas has zero electron affinity or
positive values, due to their stable electronic configuration they find it difficult to accept electrons but Fluorine easily accepts
an electron to gain stable gas electronic configuration.
Reason: Potassium (K) has the maximum metallic character compared to NA and Li  as potassium belongs to the group 4
whereas sodium belongs to group 3 & lithium belongs to group 2, As atomic size increases, on moving down the group the
metallic character increases. Among Sodium (Na), Lithium (Li), and Potassium (K), Potassium (K) , the max metallic character.
Reason : Potassium (K) has largest atomic Radius among Na,Mg and Al : Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminium (Al)
belong to period 3 whereas Potassium (K) belongs to period 4. As atomic size increases on moving down the group hence,
Potassium has the largest atomic radius of the given elements.
Reason : In group 2, out of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Barium forms ions more readily due to the largest atomic size and low
ionisation energy among the given elements.
Barium has the largest atomic size because as we move down the group atomic size increases. With increase in atomic size,
the distance between the valence electron and nucleus increases, the ionisation energy decreases to low  would most
readily form ions. This is because, as we go down the group, the atomic size increases.
Ba (At no 56) is a metal & more reactive than Ca, Val is 2. Ba smaller in size then Caesium.  Barium Phosphate Ba3(PO4)2.
The metals of Group 2 in the periodic table from top to bottom are — Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, and Ba.
Reason : Out of these Ba will form ions most readily  Ba - Elements at the bottom of a group are most metallic, have large
atomic size and lowest ionisation potential. So, the outer electrons are loosely held and will form ions from metals most
readily and thus are more reactive.
Relationship b/w Ca and Be and Mg Griip 2 Beryllium and Magnesium will show the similar chemical reactions as calcium.
Since these elements belong to the same group 2 and also have same number of valence electrons as calcium.
Also Be will have lower nuclear charge then Mg.
Reason : Not All groups contain metals and non-metals, A few groups contain metalloids and inert gases also.
Reason : Atoms of elements in the same Grp not have the same no of electron(s) , as we move down the Grp, the no of e
lectrons increases.
 The atoms of the elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons.
  For example: Li and Na belong to the same group 1. The electronic configurations of Li and Na are 2, 1 and 2, 8, 1
respectively. Both Li and Na have the same number of valence electrons, that is 1.
 As they have different electronic configuration so the number of electrons in two elements cannot be the same.
Reason : Non-metallic character NOT decreases but increases across a period with increase in atomic number.
Fe2+ is greater in size than Fe3+ because Fe2+ has one more electron than Fe3+So, nuclear pull is more in Fe3+ than Fe2+,
thereby bringing the outermost shell closer to the nucleus. Hence, size decreases.
Reason : Reactivity increases with atomic number in a group as well as in a period because Chemical reactivity in metals
increases on going down the group, but in non-metals decreases on going down the group.
Reason : Element has 2 electrons in its N shell - Val 2 /a metal/ Name assigned to this group is IIA so At.no 20, Grp2, Period4
Reason : In group I , X, Y and Z have ionic radii 1.33 Å, 0.95 Å and 0.60 Å resp, Z < Y < X - order of increasing At. no. in the Grp
Atomic size increases as we move down the group and also the atomic no. increases on moving down the group.
Reason : Group 17, it is likely to be non-metallic] in character,
while with one electron in its outermost energy level (shell), then it is likely to be metallic
Reason : The size of a Cl- ion is greater than the size of a Cl atom.
Cl- has one more electron then Cl atom. Anion is formed by the gain of electron(s). Thus, the number of electron(s) are more
than proton(s). The effective positive charge in the nucleus is less, so less inward pull is experienced. Hence, the size increases.
Reason : Argon atom is bigger than chlorine atom. Argon is an inert gas and its outermost shell is complete. They have
maximum number of electrons in their outermost orbit. Thus, the electronic repulsions are maximum. The effect of nuclear
pull over the valence electrons is not seen. Hence, the size of the argon is greater than chlorine.
Reason : Ionisation potential of the element increases across a period as we move from left to right, the atomic size
decreases due to an increase in the nuclear charge and thus more energy is required to remove the electron(s), hence,
Ionisation potential increases.
Reason : Ionisation Potential decreases with increase in atomic size.
Ionisation Potential values depends on atomic size The greater the atomic size the lesser the force of attraction. Since the
electrons of the outermost shell lie further away from the nucleus, it makes their removal easier. Thus, Ionisation Potential
decreases with increase in atomic size.
Reason : Ionisation Potential increases with increase in nuclear pull.
Ionisation Potential values depends on nuclear pull. The greater the nuclear charge, greater is the attraction for the electrons
of the outermost shell. Therefore, the electrons in the outermost shell are more firmly held because of which greater energy is
required to remove the electron(s). Thus, Ionisation Potential increases with increase in nuclear pull.
Reason : Helium has highest ionization potential because Ionization Potential increases from left to right across a period and
decreases down a group.
Reason : in Period 2, Lithium is the least Electronegative: Li is the left most and Fluorine is the right most. As
electronegativity increases from left to right in a period, hence, Lithium is the least Electronegative.
In the first three period in increasing order of their ionisation energy: Na - lowest I.E and Helium has the highest I.E. and
Second Period in increasing order of their ionisation energy - Li < Be < B < C < N < O < F < Ne. and
Second Period in increasing order of their electron affinity : Li < B < C < O < F not follow trend Ne, N , Be
Third Period in increasing order of their ionisation energy - Na < Mg < Al < Si < P < S < Cl < Ar.
Reason in Period 3, Chlorine is the most Electronegative. Chlorine is the right most. As electronegativity increases from left to
right in a period, hence, Chlorine is the most Electronegative.
Reason : Metallic character of elements decreases from left to right in a period while it increases in moving down a group.
On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear pull increases due to the increase in atomic number and thus
the atomic size decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, the metallic character decreases
across a period.
On moving down the group, the atomic size increases and the nuclear charge also increases. The effect of an
increased atomic size is greater as compared to the increased nuclear charge. Therefore, tendency to lose electron
increases and elements can lose electrons easily. Thus, metallic character of elements increases in moving down a
group. As m.p. decrease on going down the group, and metallic character increases on going down the group.
Reason : Halogens have a high electron affinity.
The atomic size of halogens is very small. The smaller the atomic size, the greater the electron affinity, because the
effective attractive force between the nucleus and the valence electrons is greater in smaller atoms, and so the
electrons are strongly held with the atom.
Reason : The reducing power of an element increases down in the group while decreases in a period.
Greater the tendency to lose electrons, stronger is the reducing power. On moving down, the group, the atomic size
and nuclear charge increases but the effect of increased atomic size is greater. Therefore, the tendency to lose
electrons increases which increases the reducing power of elements on moving down in a group.
On moving across the period, nuclear pull increases due to increase in atomic number and thus the atomic size
decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, reducing power of elements decreases on moving
across a period from left to right.
Reason : Size of atoms progressively becomes smaller when we move from (Na) to Chlorine (Cl) in the third period
 Size of atoms progressively becomes smaller when we move from Sodium (Na) to Chlorine (Cl) in the third period of
the periodic table because on moving from left to right in a period nuclear pull increases because of increase in atomic
number and so the atomic size decreases.
Reason : Ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.
On moving from left to right across a period, OR
Reason : The ionisation potential of element increases across a period because the atomic size decreases due to an increase
in nuclear charge and electrons in the outermost shell are more strongly held because of which greater/more energy is
required to remove the electrons
(i) The ionization potential of potassium is < (less than) that of Sodium.
(ii) The electronegativity of iodine is < (less than) that of chlorine.
Reason : The oxidising power of elements increases from left to right along a period because electro-negativity and the non
metallic character increases from left to right. As oxidising power depends on tendency to gain electrons and non-metals are
good oxidising agents hence oxidising power of elements increases across a period.
Reason : Alkali metals are good reducing agents.
Alkali metals have one electron in their valence shell. In order to be stable, they easily lose this electron and get oxidised.
Hence, they are good reducing agents.
Reason : An element A belonging to period 3 and group II will have 3 shells and 2 valence electrons
The number of shells present in an atom determines its period and valence electrons determine its group.
Reason : Atomic number 19 will most likely combine chemically with the elements whose atomic number is 17
Element with atomic number 19 has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 8, 1. It is a metal with one valence electron. Element
with atomic number 17 has an electronic configuration of 2, 8, 7. It is a non-metal. Hence, element with atomic number 19 will
donate its one valence electron to element with atomic number 17. Both will achieve stable octet. Hence, these two elements
are most likely to combine chemically.
Rare gases - elements possess zero electron affinity and zero electronegativity values
Reason : Electron affinity is the energy released when an electron is added to an isolated atom in the gaseous state.
The amount of energy released while converting a neutral gaseous isolated atom into a negatively charged gaseous ion (anion)
by the addition of electron

Common feature in their electronic configuration in grp 2 : two electrons in their valence shell & lose two electrons to gain
stable gas electronic configuration.
Common feature of the electronic configuration of the elements at the end of Period 2 and Period 3 are:
They have complete octet (8 electrons in valence shell) and are stable so they don't react.
EC of T is 2, 8, 8, 1.  GrpNo is 1,Period 4, Metal, Valency of T is 1 and has 1 valence electron present in atom T.
32
16 S  EC of S- 2, 8, 6 with Valency = 8-6 = 2 & 16th Grp, 3rd period & Non-metal /an oxidising agent/ Formula with H = H 2S
Fluorine  An alkali metal in period 3 and halogen in period 2 and Electron affinity increases from left to right in a period.
Note: Lithium, Carbon and Fluorine are period 2 elements  Fluorine has the highest electron affinity among Period2 elemen
Chlorine (Cl) Halogen family Element belongs to 3rd Period & 17th Grp with 7 valence electrons AlCl3 (Aluminium Chloride)
Argon (Ar)  The noble gas with 3 shells & also in period 3 which does not form oxide.
Argon has ns2p6 configuration, an octet is complete so it does not have any tendency to gain an electron and they have zero
electron affinity.
Silicon (Si) - The element of period 3 with valency 4.
The non-metals in period 2  Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne) are non-metals in period 2.
The metals in period 3  Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Aluminium (Al)
Aluminium(metal) forms an oxide having the formula Al2O3 and belongs in third period means Atomic No 13,Valency 3.
Valency of O is 2 so valency of Al is 3  belongs to 13th group. Q given that Al belongs to 3rd period  has atomic number 13.
Group 17, it is likely to be non-metallic] in character, while with one electron in its outermost energy level (shell), then it is
likely to be metallic
In Period 3, the most metallic element is sodium
1. Ex of elements for Alkali metals –Lithium (Li) and Sodium (Na).
2. Ex of elements for Alkaline earth metals - Beryllium (Be) and Magnesium (Mg).
3. Ex of elements for Halogens - Fluorine (F) and Chlorine (Cl).
4. Ex of elements for Inert Gas - Helium (He) and Neon (Ne).
5. Ex of All First 20 Metals —(Li), Beryllium (Be), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca).
6. Ex of All First 20 Metalloids — Boron (B), Silicon (Si).
7. Ex of All First 20 Non-Metals — (H), (He), (C), (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon (Ne), (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), (Ar).
Hydrogen (H) , Helium (He) are the two elements in Period 1
Lithium (Li), Beryllium (Be), Boron (B), Carbon (C), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Neon(Ne) – 8 elements in Period 2
Sodium (Na), (Mg), Aluminium (Al), Silicon (Si), Phosphorus (P), Sulphur (S), Chlorine (Cl), Argon (Ar)- – 8 elements in Peri3

8. Copper and Zinc are transition elements not representative elements.

Sr, Ca, Mg, Be -Ionisation energy decreases on moving down the group.

Already Matched the following

(i) A metal of valency one — Atomic number 19 (Potassium).
(ii) A solid non-metal of period 3 — Atomic number 15 (Phosphorus).
(iii) A rare gas — Atomic number 2 (Helium).
(iv) A gaseous element with valency 2 — Atomic number 8 (Oxygen).
(v) An element of group 2 — Atomic number 4 (Beryllium).
(i) Neon (Ne) - Two shells, both of which are completely filled with electrons
(ii) Aluminium (Al) - The electronic configuration 2, 8, 3 repeated Q
(iii) Phosphorus (P) - A total of three shells with five electrons in its valence shell
(iv) Calcium (Ca) - A total of four shells with two electrons in its valence shell
(v) Carbon (C) - Twice as many electrons in its second shell as in its first shell
Liquid -halogen Family is bromine

If the element are placed as B and then A in the 3rd period of the periodic table then
(i) The element B would have higher metallic character than A as metallic character decreases across a period.
(ii) The element A would probably have higher electron affinity than B as electron affinity increases across a period.
(iii) The element A would have smaller atomic size than B as atomic size decreases across a period.

Increasing order of their atomic size (excluding noble gases) in 2 period - F < O < N < C < B < Be < Li.
Increasing metallic character
Increasing order of their atomic size (excluding noble gases) in 3 period - Cl < S < P < Si < Al < Mg < Na.
Decreasing non-metallic character
The chemical reactivity of elements :-
On moving from L to R in a period,  the chemical reactivity of elements first decreases and then increases.
On moving from left to right across a period,  the atomic radius decreases due to increase in the nuclear charge, and thus,
more energy is required to remove the electrons. Hence, ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.
On moving left to right across a period,  the ionisation energy tends to increase as the atomic size decreases
On moving from left to right across a period, the atomic radius decreases due to increase in the nuclear charge, and thus,
more energy is required to remove the electrons. Hence, ionization potential increases from left to right across a period.
On moving from left to right in a given period, the number of shells remains the same (remains the same/ increases
decreases).
On going down the group, in metals  the chemical reactivity in metals increases on going down the group,
but in non-metals  the chemical reactivity in non-metals decreases on going down the group.
On moving down, the group the atomic size of an atom increases as the number of valence shell increases.
On moving down, a group  the ionisation energy decrease as the atomic size increases.
On moving down a group, the number of valence electrons remains the same (remains the same/increases/ decreases).

On moving across the period, the atomic size of an atom decreases from L to R because the nuclear charge,
the atomic number increases from left to right in the same period, thereby bringing the
outermost shell closer to the nucleus.
On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear pull increases due to increase in atomic number and thus atomic size
decreases. Hence, elements cannot lose electrons easily. Therefore, non-metallic character increases.
On moving across a period from left to right, nuclear charge increases due to an increase in atomic number. Hence,
electronegativity increases from left to right in a period.
On moving across a period from left to right (i.e., moving from group 1 to 7), atomic size decreases and the nuclear charge
increases so the electron affinity increases.
On going down in the halogen group, number of shells increases, hence, ionic radius also increases. Reactivity,
electronegativity and ionisation potential decreases while going down in the halogen group.

(i) The properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic number.
(ii) Moving across a Period of the PT, the elements show increasing non-metallic character
(iii) The elements at the bottom of a Grp would be expected to show more metallic character than the element at the top
(iv) The similarities in the properties of a group of elements are because they have the number of outer electrons

Elements with same no of electrons in its valence shell ( A of M.P 63 ) (B of 180) (C of 97)  I infer from the data
That They belong to the same group as they have same number of electrons in their valence shell.
As m.p. decrease on going down the group, and metallic character increases on going down the group B < C < A.
Write the number of protons, neutrons and electronic configuration of 1939K1939K , 1531P1531P . Also state their position in
the periodic table.
Answer
For 1939K1939K:
No. of Protons = 19
No. of Neutrons = 39 - 19 = 20
Electronic Configuration = 2, 8, 8, 1
Position in periodic table = 4th period (as it has 4 shells) & 1st group (as it has one valence electron).
For 1531P1531P:
No. of Protons = 15
No. of Neutrons = 31 - 15 = 16
Electronic Configuration = 2, 8, 5
Position in periodic table = 3rd period (as it has 3 shells) & 15th group (as it has five valence electrons).

This question refers to the elements of the Periodic Table with atomic numbers from 3 to 18. Some of the elements are shown
by letters, but the letters are not the usual symbols of the elements.
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

A B C D E F G H

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

I J K L M N O P
(a) The most electronegative elements are G(9) & O(17).
(b) G(9) & O(17) are halogens.
(c) A(3) & I(11) are alkali metals.
(d) D(6) & L(14) are elements with valency 4.
(e) I(11) have least Ionisation Energy.
(f) O(17) have least atomic size in period 3.

(e) Across a period, the ionization potential increases [increases, decreases, remains same]
(f) Down the group, electron affinity decreases [increases, decreases, remains same].
(g) Electronegativity across the period increases [increases/ decreases].
(h) Non-metallic character down the group decreases [increases/ decreases].
(i) In a period, increase in electron affinity increases reduction (oxidation/reduction).
(j) On descending a group, decrease (increase/decrease) in ionisation potential as well as electron
affinity decreases (increases/decreases) oxidising capacity.
(k) Metals are good reducing agent (oxidising/reducing agent) because they are electron donor (acceptor/donor).
(l) If an element has a low ionization energy then it is likely to be metallic (metallic/non metallic).
(m) If an element has seven electrons in its outermost shell then it is likely to have the smallest (largest/smallest) atomic size
among all the elements in the same period.
A would have (greater/smaller) atomic size than B.

There are three elements E, F and G with atomic numbers 19, 8 and 17, respectively.
The electronic configuration E = 19 = 2, 8, 8, 1 and F = 8 = 2, 6 and G = 17 = 2, 8, 7
E has 1 electron in the outer most shell, hence it will try to lose it's electron and attain a stable state. Therefore, it is a metal.
F and G will try to gain 2 and 1 electron respectively in order to attain a stable state. Hence, they are non-metals.

(a) Na > Mg > Si > S > Cl. (decreasing order of atomic size)
(b) Li < Na < K < Rb < Cs. (increasing metallic character)
(c) K < Na < Si < S < Cl. (increasing ionisation potential)
(d) I < Br < F* < Cl. Flourine (F) in group 17 is an exception. It has lower electron affinity than Chlorine (Cl). (increasing e_inity)
(e) Li > Na > K > Rb > Cs. (decreasing electronegativity)
(f) Pb < Zn < Ca < K (increasing reactivity)
(g) H > Li > Na > K. (decreasing order of their potential ionisation)

The electronegativities (according to Pauling) of the elements in Period 3 of the Periodic Table are as follows with the elements
arranged in alphabetical order :
 Al Cl Mg Na P S Si

1.5 3.0 1.2 0.9 2.1 2.5 1.8

Arrange the elements in the order in which they occur in the Periodic Table from left to right.
(The group 1 element first, followed by the group 2 element and so on, up to group 7).
Answer
We know that electronegativity increases from left to right in a period. Hence, the order of the elements in the periodic table
is:Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl.
Sodium is a metal present in period 3 and group 1 of the periodic table.
The formula of an ion of an element A is A2+. Element A probably belongs to 2nd Group.
Reason — Since A loses 2 electrons to form an anion, A2+ so its valency is 2. Hence, it belongs to the 2nd group.
The element having three shells with three electrons in the valence shell is in group 13 [III A] and period 3.

order of increasing radii is Cl < Cl-  Anion is greater in size than its parent atom.
order of increasing radii is Mg2+ < Mg+ < Mg  Cation is smaller in size than its parent atom.
O < N < P. B/w Oxygen (O) and Nitrogen (N), atomic size of Nitrogen (N) is more as it is to the left of Oxygen (O) in period 2.
Between Nitrogen (N) and Phosphorus (P), Phosphorus (P) has larger atomic size as it comes after Nitrogen (N) in group 5A.
(ii) In order of increasing ionisation energy: Na < P < Cl  Ionisation energy increases when moving across a period from L to R
(b) O < F < Ne  Ionisation energy increases when moving across a period from left to right.
(c) Ar < Ne < He  Ionisation energy decreases when moving down the group.

Electronic configuration of the given elements are:

Atomic numbers 7,8,9 so (8) = (2, 6 ) forms anion. & (7) = (2, 5 )& (9) = (2, 7 )  forms anion.
Atomic numbers 11,12,13 so (11) = (2, 8, 1) & (12) = (2, 8, 2) & (13) = (2, 8, 3)  forms cation.

Chlorine in the Periodic Table is surrounded by the elements with atomic number 9, 16, 18, and 35.
(a) The elements with atomic number 9 (fluorine) & 35 (bromine) have physical properties and Chemical properties resembling
chlorine because they belong to the same group.
(b) The element with atomic number 9 (fluorine) is more electronegative than chlorine because on moving down the group
electronegativity decreases.

First ionisation enthalpy of two elements X and Y are 500 kJ mol-1 and 375 kJ mol-1 resp. Comment about their relative position
in a group as well as in a period.
Their relative position in a group is X & Y as ionisation enthalpy decreases on moving down the group.
Their relative position in a period is Y & X as ionisation enthalpy increases on moving across a period.

The elements of one short period of the Periodic Table are given below in order from left to right :
Li Be B C O F Ne missing element is Nitrogen, to the Group 15 and should be placed Li Be B C N O F
All elements belong to the 2nd period. Be < N < Fl  order of increasing electronegativity.
Fluorine - one of the above elements belongs to the halogen series ?

The atomic number of an element Z is 16.

The element belongs to 3rd period.-->The element Z has atomic number 16 and so the electronic configuration will be 2, 8, 6.
The number of shells present in an atom determines it's period. Hence, Z will belong to 3 rd period as it has three shells.
(b) 6 [∵ electronic configuration is 2, 8, 6] -valency and
(c) Z is a non metal.
(d) H2Z

In the activity series of metals — M is a metal above hydrogen in the activity series and it's oxide has the formula M 2O. M2O
when dissolved in water forms the corresponding hydroxide which is a good conductor of electricity. In the above context,
Given, M is a metal
(i) Electrovalent bond exits between M and O because the bond is formed between a metal and non-metal due to oppositely
charged ions.
(ii) Number of electrons in the outer most shell of M is 1. It is so because the valency of O is -2 and as 2 atoms of M combine
with O to form M2O, hence we can say that M has 1 valence electron.
(iii) M belongs to group 1 [1A] because there is 1 electron in the outer most shell.
common feature in the electronic configuration of all these given elements As the elements belong to group 2 thus they all
have 2 electrons in the valence shell. Study the extract of the Periodic Table given below and answer the questions. Give the
alphabet corresponding to the element in question. Do not repeat an element.
A

C D E

B G F

(i) B forms an electrovalent compound with G.

(ii) A has positive ions which migrate towards cathode.
(iii) E is non-metallic and has a valency of 2 as it belongs to group 16.
(iv) F is an inert gas as it belongs to the zero group.

1A IIA IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA O

1 2 13 14 15 16 17 18

noble gas of the fourth period. highest ionization potential.

D O the most electronegative element.

element from period 3 with smallest atomic size.

ionic bond is formed betwe n A and H.^ M g E S i ionic bond is formed betwe n A and H.^

most reactive element of group IA or 1. element from group 2 which has least
ionization energy. F 5 valence electrons present L

2A + H ⟶ A2H
The molecular formula is :

Electron dot structure for the compound formed between C and K is shown below: