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Lecture - 5 - Chemical Treatment

The document discusses various chemical treatment technologies for wastewater, focusing on processes such as coagulation, precipitation, disinfection, and oxidation. It highlights the role of chemical coagulants and flocculants in destabilizing colloidal particles to facilitate their removal. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of particles in wastewater and the factors influencing their stability and interactions.

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Raiyan Zaman Adrey
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12 views15 pages

Lecture - 5 - Chemical Treatment

The document discusses various chemical treatment technologies for wastewater, focusing on processes such as coagulation, precipitation, disinfection, and oxidation. It highlights the role of chemical coagulants and flocculants in destabilizing colloidal particles to facilitate their removal. Additionally, it covers the characteristics of particles in wastewater and the factors influencing their stability and interactions.

Uploaded by

Raiyan Zaman Adrey
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Chemical Treatment Technologies

Topic 3; Lecture:4

Dr. M. Khabir Uddin


Professor
Department of Environmental Sciences
Jahangirnagar University
Role of chemical unit processes
The principal chemical unit processes used for wastewater
treatment include:
I. Chemical coagulation
II. Chemical precipitation
III. Chemical disinfection
IV. Chemical oxidation
V. Advanced oxidation process
VI. Ion exchange
VII. Chemical neutralization, scale control, and stabilization
Application of chemical unit processes
Chemical processes, in conjunction with various physical
operations have been developed for the complete
secondary treatment of untreated wastewater, including
the removal of N or P or both.
Currently the most important applications of chemical
processes are as follows
The disinfection of wastewater
The precipitation of phosphorus
The coagulation of particulate matter.
Fundamentals of coagulation

Colloidal particles found in wastewater typically have a net


negative surface charge
The size of colloids (0.01 to 1µm) is such that the attractive
body forces between particles are considerably less than
the repelling forces of the electrical charge.
In stable condition, Brownian motion holds the particles in
suspension.
Coagulation is the process of destabilizing colloidal particles
so that particle growth can occur as a result of particles
collisions.
The theory of coagulation reactions is very complex.
Coagulation reactions are often incomplete, and numerous
side reactions with other substances in wastewater may
take place depending on the characteristics of the
wastewater which will vary throughout the day as well as
seasonally.
To understand chemical coagulation some topics should be
considered such as,
Basic definitions of coagulation and flocculation
The nature of particles in wastewater
The development and measurement of surface charge
Consideration of particle-particle interaction
Particle destabilization with potential determining ions
and electrolytes
Particle destabilization and aggregation with
polyelectrolyte
Particle destabilization and removal hydrolyzed metals
ions.
There topics are like the introduction to the nature of the
phenomena and process involved in the coagulation
process.
Definitions

The term ‘ chemical coagulation’ includes all of the


reactions and mechanisms involved in the chemical
destabilization of particles and in the formation of larger
particles through Perikinetic flocculation ( aggregation of
particles in the size range from 0.01 to 1µm.
Coagulant and flocculent are very related term in
coagulation process.
Coagulant is the chemicals added to destabilized the
colloidal particles such as Alum, Ferric sulfate, PAC. Etc.
Flocculant is chemical typically organic, responsible to
enhance flocculation process.
Nature of particles in wastewater
For practical purposes, the particles in wastewater may be
classified as Suspended and Colloidal.
Suspended particles are generally larger than 1.0µm and can
be removed by gravity separation/sedimentation.
In practice, the distinction between colloidal and suspended
particles is blurred because the particle removed by
gravity settling will depend on the design of the
sedimentation facilities.
Colloidal particles can not be removed by gravity settling in
a reasonable period, it must takes some help from
chemical methods to become separated from the liquid
phase.
Role of chemical coagulants
To understand the role of chemical coagulants and
flocculants aids play in bringing about the removal of
colloidal particles, it is important to understand the
characteristics of the colloidal particles found in
wastewater.
Important factors that contribute to the characteristics of
colloidal particles are
❖ Particle size and number
❖ Particle shape and flexibility
❖ Surface properties including electrical characteristics
❖ Particle-particle interactions, and
❖ Particle-solvent interactions
Development and measurement of surface charge
An important factor in the stability of colloids is the
presence of surface charge.
It is developed in different ways, depending on the chemical
composition of the wastewater and nature of the colloids.
It is developed most commonly through
✔ Isomorphous replacement
✔ Structural imperfections
✔ Preferential adsorption
✔ Ionization
✔ Isomorphous replacement:
Charge development through Isomorphous replacement occurs
in clay and other soil particles, in which ions in the lattice
structure are replaced with ions in solution
✔ Structural imperfections:
In clay and similar particles, charge development can occur
because of broken bonds on the crystal edge and
imperfections in the formation of the crystal
✔ Preferential adsorption:
When oil droplets, gas bubbles, or other chemically inert
substances are dispersed in water, they will acquire a negative
charge through the Preferential adsorption of anions
✔ Ionization:
In substance like proteins or microbes, surface charge developed
through ionization of carboxyl and amino groups
Reference
Book: Wastewater Engineering

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