CEERS REVIEW CENTER

Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City

Email address: [email protected]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

TEST YOURSELF!!! (1.5 HRS) (1-50)
1. The three-phase unbalanced delta load draws 100 A 4. Four identical alternators each rated for 20 MVA,
of line current from a balanced three-phase supply. 11 kV have a subtransient reactance of 16% are
An open circuit fault occurs on line C. The working in parallel. The short circuit level at
positive phase sequence component of the current the bus bar is
in line A is A. 500 MVA C. 400 MVA
A. -50-j28.86 C. 0 B. 125 MVA D. 80 MVA
B. 50-j28.86 D. 50+ j28.86 Solution:
SB
Solution: Sf =
ZTH
20 MVA
Sf = -1
0.16 +0.16-1 +0.16-1 +0.16-1
-1

Sf =500 MVA

5. A 3-phase, 11 kV, 10 MVA alternator has sequence

reactances of X0=0.05 pu, X1=0.15 pu and X2=0.15
pu. If the generator is on no load, find the ratio
Solve for positive sequence of phase A: of fault currents for L-G fault to that when all
1 3-phases are dead short circuited.
Ia1 = (Ia +aIb +a2 Ic )
3 A. 1.268 C. 1.286
1 B. 1.242 D. 1.224
Ia1 = [(100∠0°)+(1∠120°)(100∠180°)+0]
3 Solution:
Ia1 =50-j28.86 3E
ISLG pu Z1 +Z2 +Z0
2. In symmetrical components, evaluate the value of =
I3φ pu 1
(a² + ja). Z1
A.-1.366+j1.366 C. -1.366-j1.366 3(1)
ISLG pu 0.15+0.15+0.05
B. 1.366+j1.366 D. 1.366-j1.366 =
Solution: I3φ pu 1
0.15
Set calculator to COMPLEX MODE. ISLG pu
Input: =1.286
I3φ pu

6. The phase currents in a Y-connected unbalanced load

are Ia = 44-j33, lb = -32-j24 and Ic = -40+j25.
Find the negative sequence component current of
Press “CALC” phase a.
Let X=1∠120° A. 12.52-j13.48 C. 12.52-j10.652
Press “=” B. 10.25-j13.48 D. 10.25-j0.652
Solution:
1
Ia2 = (Ia +a2 Ib +aIc )
3
1
Ia2 = (44-j33)+(1∠240°)(-32-j24)+(1∠120°)(-40+j25)
3
Ia2 =12.52-j13.48
3. A 3-phase, 30-MVA, 33-KV alternator has internal
reactance of 4% and negligible resistance. Find 7. The reactance of a generator designated X is given
the external reactance per phase to be connected as 0.25 per unit based on the generator's nameplate
in series with the alternator so that steady rating of 18 kV, 500 MVA. The base for calculations
current on short circuit does not exceed 10 times is 20 kV, 100 MVA. Find X on the new base.
the full load current. A. 0.0505 pu C. 0.0550 pu
Α. 2.178 Ω C. 2.245 Ω B. 0.0405 pu D. 0.0450 pu
Β. 1.782 Ω D. 2.524 Ω Solution:
Solution: Snew Eold 2
Solve for 3-phase fault based on the given Zpu new =Zpu old
Sold Enew
condition:
100 18 2
I3φ actual =10Irated Zpu new =0.25
10S 500 20
I3φ actual = Zpu new =0.0405 pu
√3EL
10 30x106 8. Three-phase unbalanced currents are: Ia=10 cis (-
I3φ actual =
√3 33x103 30°); Ib = 0; Ic=10 cis 150°. What is the phase b
I3φ actual =5248.64 A positive sequence component?
Solve for per unit external series reactance: A. 8.66 C. 5.77
I3φ actual =I3φ pu *IB B. 5.77 cis 240° D. 8.66 cis 120°
1 SB Solution:
I3φ actual = * 1
ZTH √3EB Ia1 = (Ia +aIb +a2 Ic )
1 30x106 3
5248.64= * 1
0.04+Zseries √3 33x103 Ia1 = [(10∠-30°)+0+(1∠240°)(10∠150°)]
3
Zseries =0.06 Ia1 =5.77
Solve for actual neutral impedance: Solve for Ib1 (refer to positive sequence phasor
Zactual diagram):
Zpu =
Ebase 2 Ib1 =a2 Ia1
Sbase Ib1 =(1∠240°)(5.77)
Zactual Ib1 =5.77∠240°
0.06=
33,0002
30x106
Zactual =2.178 Ω

1
“The KEY to MASTERY is REPITITION. CONSTANT PRACTICE makes you BETTER!”
 CEERS REVIEW CENTER
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City
Email address: [email protected]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

9. In an electric system, the available short circuit 13. The transformer to serve a customer is rated 5 MVA,
MVA is 750. What is the Thevenin's equivalent 13.8 kV/480 V and its impedance is 5%. The cable
reactance at 34.5 kV? connecting the breaker to the transformer has an
A. 21.74 ohms C. 2.561 ohms impedance of 0.032 ohm per phase. What is the fault
8. 1.587 ohms D. 0.64 ohm current if a three-phase fault occurs at the
Solution: breaker?
SB A. 8077 A C. 6290 A
Sf =
ZTH B. 5540 A D. 7240 A
SB Solution:
ZTH =
Sf
Zactual SB
=
Zbase Sf
Zbase SB
Zactual =
Sf
Ebase 2
Zactual =
Sf
34,5002
Zactual =
750x106
Zactual =1.587 Ω Let Sbase = 5 MVA and Ebase = 480 V.
Solve for per unit impedance of cable:
10. The positive, negative and zero sequence Zactual
reactances of a 20 MVA, 13.2 kV synchronous Zpu cable =
Ebase 2
generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu, and 0.1 pu Sbase
respectively. The generator is solidly grounded 0.032 Ω
and is not loaded. A line to ground fault occurs Zpu cable =
4802
on phase a. Solve the positive sequence component 5x106
current of line a. Zpu cable =0.6944 pu
A.-j5 pu C. -j2.87 pu Solve for per unit 3-phase fault:
B.-j1.67 pu D. -j3 pu Note: The cable is in series with the transformer.
Solution: I3φ actual =I3φ pu *IB
Solve for per unit single line to ground fault on 1 SB
line a: I3φ actual = *
ZTH √3EB
3E
ISLG pu = 1 5x106
Z1 +Z2 +Z0 I3φ actual = *
3(1) 0.05+0.6944 √3(480)
ISLG pu = I3φ actual =8,078.6 A
0.3+0.2+0.1
ISLG pu =5 pu
Solve for positive sequence of line a: 14. A generator rated 100 MVA, 20 kV has X1 = X2 = 20%
Let ISLG pu =Ia and X0 = 5%. Its neutral is grounded through a
1 reactor of 0.32 Ω. The generator is operating at
Ia1 = (Ia +aIb +a2 Ic ) rated voltage without load and is disconnected from
3
1 the system when a single line to ground fault
Ia1 = (5+0+0) occurs at its terminals. Find the subtransient
3
Ia1 =1.67 pu or-j1.67 pu current in the faulted phase
A. 12,550 A C. 19,520 A
11. The available fault current of a point in a certain B. 16,640 A D. 22,180 A
electrical system is 9 pu. Solve the short circuit Solution:
MVA using a base of 110 MVA. Solve for per unit of neutral impedance:
A. 1222.2 MVA C. 12.22 MVA Zactual
Zpu =
B. 9.9 MVA D. 990 MVA Ebase 2
Solution: Sbase
SB 0.32 Ω
Sf = Zpu =
ZTH 20,0002
100x106
Recall: Zpu =0.08 pu
1
If pu =
Solve for actual single line to ground fault:
ZTH ISLG actual =ISLG pu *IB
So, 3E SB
Sf =If pu *SB ISLG actual = *
Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn √3EB
Sf =(9)*(110 MVA)
Sf =990 MVA 3(1) 100x106
ISLG actual = *
0.2+0.2+0.05+3(0.08) √3 20x103
12. Find the symmetrical zero sequence component of ISLG actual=12,551 A or 12,550 A
phase a for the following set of unbalanced phase
voltages: Va=300∠-120°,Vb=200∠90° and Vc=100∠-30° 15. If the percentage reactance if the system up to
volts respectively. the fault point is 20% and the base kVA is 10,000,
A. 193.185∠-135° V C. 42.265∠-120° V then short circuit KVA is
B. 86.947∠-84.896° V D. 67.421∠-75° V A. 10,000 KVA C. 50,000 KVA
Solution: B. 500 KVA D. 30,000 KVA
1 Solution:
Va0 = [Va +Vb +Vc ] SB
3 Sf =
1 ZTH
Va0 = [(300∠-120°)+(200∠90°)+(100∠-30°)]
3 10,000
Va0 =42.265∠-120° V Sf =
0.20
Sf =50,000 kVA

2
“The KEY to MASTERY is REPITITION. CONSTANT PRACTICE makes you BETTER!”
 CEERS REVIEW CENTER
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City
Email address: [email protected]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

16. A 500 kVA, 13,000/240 V, 3-phase transformer with 1
ISLG pu =
an impedance of 4.2% is connected to an infinite Z1
bus and without load. If 3-phase fault occurs at 1
ISLG pu =
the secondary terminals, find the fault current. 0.20
A. 26,040 A C. 26,840 A ISLG pu =5 pu
B. 24,680 A D. 28,640 A Solve for per unit neutral impedance:
Solution: 3E
ISLG pu =
Note: Since the fault is at the secondary, then Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn
use the secondary voltage as base value. 3(1)
5=
I3φ actual =I3φ pu *IB 0.20+0.20+0.05+3Zn
1 SB Zn =0.05 pu
I3φ actual = *
ZTH √3EB Solve for actual neutral impedance:
1 500x103 Zactual
I3φ actual = * Zpu =
0.042 √3(240) Ebase 2
Sbase
I3φ actual ≅28,640 A
Zactual
0.05=
22,0002
17. A 3-phase generator rated 15 MVA, 13.2 kV has
100x106
solidly grounded neutral. Its positive, negative Zactual =0.242 Ω
and zero sequence reactance are 40%, 30% and 5%
respectively. Find the value of reactance to be 20. Given a three-phase, wye-connected system: Base
connected in the neutral circuit so that fault for MVA = 20; Base kV=13.2 What is the base current?
single line to ground fault (of zero fault A. 1515 C. 1700
impedance) does not exceed rated line current. B. 837 D. 875
A. 8.712 ohms C. 8.721 ohms Solution:
B. 7.812 ohms D. 7.821 ohms SB
Solution: IB =
√3EB
Solve for actual single line to ground fault based
20x106
on the given condition: IB =
ISLG actual =Irated √3 13.2x103
S IB =875 A
ISLG actual=
√3EL
15x106 21. A station has a short circuit impedance of at given
ISLG actual = 3 point of 0.21 pu based on 100 MVA. Determine the
√3 13.2x10 interrupting capacity of the circuit breaker
ISLG actual =656 A needed.
Solve for per unit neutral impedance: A. 21 MVA C. 476 MVA
ISLG actual =ISLG pu *IB B. 2267 MVA D. 121 MVA
3E SB Solution:
ISLG actual = *
Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn √3EB SB
Sf =
3(1) 15x106 ZTH
656= * 100
0.4+0.3+0.05+3Zn √3 13.2x103
Sf =
Zn =0.75 pu 0.21
Solve for actual neutral impedance: Sf =476 MVA
Zactual
Zpu = 22. A 30 MVA, 11 kV generator has X1 = X2 = 0.2 pu, X0
Ebase 2
Sbase = 0.05 pu. A line to ground fault occurs on the
Zactual generator terminals. Find the fault current.
0.75= Assume that the generator neutral is solidly
13,2002
grounded and that the generator is operating at no
15x106
Zactual =8.712 Ω load and at rated voltage at the occurrence of
fault.
18. The line currents in a three-phase system are: A. 10,500 A C. 10,400 A
Ia=(60+j40); Ib=(-80+j20) and Ic=(20-j60) amperes B. 10,300 A D. 10,600 A
respectively. Solve the negative sequence Solution:
component current of phase a. ISLG actual =ISLG pu *IB
A. (51.3+j41.5) A C. (53.1+j41.5) A 3E SB
ISLG actual= *
B. (53.1+j48.8) A D. (51.3+j48.8) A Z1 +Z2 +Z0 √3EB
Solution: 3(1) 30x106
1 ISLG actual = *
Ia2 = (Ia +a2 Ib +aIc ) 0.2+0.2+0.05 √3 11x103
3 ISLG actual=10,497 A or 10,500 A
1
Ia2 = (60+j40)+(1∠240°)(-80+j20)+(1∠120°)(20-j60)
3
Ia2 =53.1+j48.8 A 23. The line to neutral voltages in a 3-phase system
are Van = 200∠0°, Vbn= 600∠100°, and Vcn = 400∠270°
19. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 100 MVA, 22 kV volts respectively. Find the zero sequence
and solidly grounded operating at rated voltage at component of the phase a voltage.
no load. X1 = X2 = 0.20 p.u. and X0 = 0.05 p.u. A. 71.2∠63.3° volts C. 71.2∠67.8° volts
Determine the inductance reactance to be inserted B. 77.1∠63.3° volts D. 77.1∠67.8° volts
in the neutral of the generator to limit the Solution:
subtransient line current for a single line to 1
Va0 = [Va +Vb +Vc ]
ground fault to that for a 3-phase fault. 3
1
A. 0.333 ohm C. 0.242 ohm Va0 = [(200∠0°)+(600∠100°)+(400∠270°)]
3
B. 0.525 ohm D. 0.375 ohm
Va0 =71.2∠63.3° V
Solution:
Solve for per unit single line to ground fault
based on the given condition:
ISLG pu =I3φ pu
3
“The KEY to MASTERY is REPITITION. CONSTANT PRACTICE makes you BETTER!”
 CEERS REVIEW CENTER
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City
Email address: [email protected]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

24. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV.
It is Y- connected and is operating at rated
voltage at no load. It is disconnected from the
rest of the system. Its reactances are X1 = X2 =
0.15 and X0 = 0.05 per unit. Determine the inductive Press “CALC”
reactance in ohms to be inserted in the neutral to Let X=1∠120°
limit the subtransient line current for a single Press “=”
line to ground fault to that for a symmetrical
three-phase fault.
Α. 0.0323 Ω C. 0.0195 Ω
Β. 0.0456 Ω D. 0.0272 Ω
Solution:
Solve for per unit single line to ground fault 28. The per unit reactances of a synchronous generator
based on the given condition: are synchronous reactance = 1.1 pu; transient
ISLG pu =I3φ pu reactance = 0.24 pu and subtransient reactance 0.15
1 pu. The generator is operating without load at 5%
ISLG pu =
Z1 above rated voltage when a three- phase short
1 circuit occurs at its terminals. What is the per
ISLG pu =
0.15 unit subtransient fault current?
ISLG pu =6.667 pu A. 7 pu C. 0.95 pu
Solve for per unit neutral impedance: B. 6.35 pu D. 4.375 pu
3E Solution:
ISLG pu =
Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn Given:
3(1) Xd =1.1-steady state reactance
6.667=
0.15+0.15+0.05+3Zn Xd , =0.24-transient reactance
Zn =0.0333 pu ,,
Xd =0.15-subtransient reactance
Solve for actual neutral impedance: Solve for per unit subtransient fault current at
Zactual 5% above rated voltage:
Zpu =
Ebase 2 Epu
Sbase I3φ pu = ,,
Xd
Zactual 1.05
0.0333= I3φ pu =
22,0002 0.15
500x106 I3φ pu =7 pu
Zactual =0.0323 Ω
29. The per unit impedance of a 115 kV transmission
25. Given the following phase currents: Ia=(3.5+j3.5) line is (0.038+j0.151) at 100 MVA base. What is
Ib=-j3; and Ic=(-2.6+j1.5). Solve the negative its ohmic impedance?
sequence current for phase A. A. 1+j4, ohms C. 7.5+ j30, ohms
A. 0.301+j0.667 C. -0.301+j0.667 B. 5+j20, ohms D. 0.2+j0.38, ohms
B.-0.301-j0.667 D. 0.301-j0.667 Solution:
Solution: Zactual
1 Zpu =
Ia2 = (Ia +a2 Ib +aIc ) Ebase 2
3 Sbase
1 Zactual
Ia2 = (3.5+j3.5)+(1∠240°)(-j3)+(1∠120°)(-2.6+j1.5) 0.038+j0.151=
3 115,0002
Ia2 =0.301+j0.666 A
100x106
Zactual =5+j20 Ω
26. In an electric system the available short circuit
MVA is 600 MVA. What is the Thevenin's equivalent 30. A power system network with a capacity of 100 MVA
reactance at 34.5 kV? has a source impedance of 10% at a point. The fault
A. 1.984 ohms C 1.587 ohms level at that point is
B. 2.561 ohms D. 0.046 ohm A. 10 MVA C. 17.32 MVA
Solution: B. 1000 MVA D. 333.33 MVA
SB
Sf = Solution:
ZTH SB
SB Sf =
ZTH = ZTH
Sf 100
Zactual SB Sf =
= 0.10
Zbase Sf Sf =1,000 MVA
Zbase SB
Zactual =
Sf 31. A generator is rated 10 MVA, 33 kV. It is Y-
Ebase 2 connected and solidly grounded at its rated voltage
Zactual =
Sf at no load. Its reactances are X1 = X2 = 0.15 p.u.
34,5002 and X0 = 0.05 p.u. Determine the value of Inductive
Zactual = reactance in ohms to be inserted in the neutral to
600x106
Zactual =1.984 Ω limit the subtransient current for a single line
to ground fault equal to that for a 3-phase fault.
A. 5.75 Ω C. 3.63 Ω
27. Calculate the expression (a2+a+1) rectangular form. Β. 3.48 Ω D. 3.12 Ω
A. -1 C. -j1 Solution:
B. -1+j1 D. 1.158-j0.811 Solve for per unit single line to ground fault
Solution: based on the given condition:
Troubleshoot: use a2+a+j ISLG pu =I3φ pu
Set calculator to COMPLEX MODE. 1
Input: ISLG pu =
Z1
1
ISLG pu =
0.15

4
“The KEY to MASTERY is REPITITION. CONSTANT PRACTICE makes you BETTER!”
 CEERS REVIEW CENTER
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City
Email address: [email protected]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

ISLG pu =6.667 pu 3(1)
ISLG pu =
Solve for per unit neutral impedance: (j0.2577)+(j0.2085)+(j0.14)
3E ISLG pu =-j4.95 pu
ISLG pu =
Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn Solve for positive sequence of line a:
3(1) Let ISLG pu =Ia
6.667=
0.15+0.15+0.05+3Zn 1
Ia1 = (Ia +aIb +a2 Ic )
Zn =0.0333 pu 3
Solve for actual neutral impedance: 1
Ia1 = (-j4.95+0+0)
Zactual 3
Zpu = Ia1 =-j1.65 pu or 1.67 pu
Ebase 2
Sbase
Zactual 35. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and
0.0333= rated 50- MVA, 30 KV has positive, negative and
33,0002
10x106 zero sequence reactances of 0.25, 0.15 and 0.05
Zactual =3.63 Ω pu, respectively. What reactance must be placed in
the generator neutral to limit the fault current
32. One conductor of a three-phase line is open. The for a line to ground fault to that for a 3-phase
current flowing to the delta connected load through fault?
the line is 20 A. With the current in line A as Α. 0.825 Ω C. 2.75 Ω
reference and assuming that line C is open, what Β. 1.25 Ω D. 1.8 Ω
is the positive sequence current of phase C? Solution:
A. -10-j11.55 C. 10+j5.78 Solve for per unit single line to ground fault
B. 0+j5.78 D. 0+j11.55 based on the given condition:
Solution: ISLG pu =I3φ pu
1
ISLG pu =
Z1
1
ISLG pu =
0.25
ISLG pu =4 pu
Solve for per unit neutral impedance:
3E
ISLG pu =
Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn
Solve for positive sequence of phase A: 3(1)
4=
1 0.25+0.15+0.05+3Zn
Ia1 = (Ia +aIb +a2 Ic ) Zn =0.1 pu
3
1 Solve for actual neutral impedance:
Ia1 = [(20∠0°)+(1∠120°)(20∠180°)+0] Zactual
3
Ia1 =10-j5.77 Zpu =
Ebase 2
Solve for positive sequence of phase C (refer to Sbase
phasor diagram): Zactual
0.1=
Ic1 =aIa1 30,0002
Ic1 =(1∠120°)(10-j5.77) 50x106
Ic1 =j11.55 Zactual =1.8 Ω

33. In a power system with negligible resistance, the 36. A 60 Hz turbo generator is rated 500 MVA, 22 kV.
3-phase fault current at a point is 8 pu. The It is wye- connected and solidly grounded and is
series reactance to be inserted at the fault point operating at rated voltage at no load. It is
to limit the short circuit current to 5 pu is disconnected from the rest of the system. Its
A. 0.125 pu C. 0.075 pu reactances are X1 = X2 = 0.15 and X0=0.05 per unit.
B. 0.333 pu D. 0.20 pu Find the ratio of the subtransient current for a
Solution: single line to ground fault to the subtransient
Solve for per unit impedance if per unit 3-phase current for a symmetrical three-phase fault
fault is 8 pu: A. 1.333 C. 1.286
1 B. 1.125 D. 1.428
If pu =
ZTH Solution:
1 3E
8 pu= ISLG pu Z1 +Z2 +Z0
ZTH =
ZTH =0.125 pu I3φ pu 1
Z1
Solve for series reactance if per unit 3-phase
3(1)
fault is limited to 5 pu: ISLG pu 0.15+0.15+0.05
1 =
If pu = I3φ pu 1
ZTH +Zseries 0.15
1 ISLG pu
5= =1.286
0.125+Zseries I3φ pu
Zseries =0.075 pu
37. A 3-phase, 13.8 kV, 50 MVA alternator has positive,
34. Consider a system with impedance of Z1=j0.2577 pu. negative and zero sequence of 0.20, 0.20 and 0.05
Z2=j0.2085 pu and Z0=j0.14 pu. Find the fault pu. If the alternator is on no-load, determine the
current Ia1 for a single line to ground fault at A. fault current for a three-phase fault.
A. 2.15 pu C. 1.28 pu A. 12,200 A C. 15,200 A
B. 1.65 pu D. 4.95 pu B. 14,500 A D. 10,460 A
Solution: Solution:
Solve for per unit single line to ground fault on I3φ actual =I3φ pu *IB
line a: 1 SB
3E I3φ actual = *
ISLG pu = Z1 √3EB
Z1 +Z2 +Z0

5
“The KEY to MASTERY is REPITITION. CONSTANT PRACTICE makes you BETTER!”
 CEERS REVIEW CENTER
Doña Esperanza Village, Tisa, Cebu City
Email address: [email protected]

PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

1 50x106 to limit the fault current for a bolted single line
I3φ actual = * to ground fault to that for a bolted 3 phase fault
0.20 √3 13.8x103
I3φ A. 0.90 ohm C. 0.8 ohm
actual =10,460 A
B. 0.50 ohm D. 0.15 ohm
Solution:
38. The following are the symmetrical components of
Solve for per unit single line to ground fault
phase B current: Positive sequence component 10
based on the given condition:
cis 45°; Negative sequence component = 20 cis (-
ISLG pu =I3φ pu
30°); Zero sequence component = 0.5+j0.9. Solve
1
the positive sequence component of phase A. ISLG pu =
A. 20 cis (-195°) C. 10 cis 195° Z1
1
B. 10 cis (-195°) D. 10 cis (-30°) ISLG pu =
Solution: 0.20
ISLG pu =5 pu
Given:
Solve for per unit neutral impedance:
Ib1 =10∠45°
3E
Ib2 =20∠-30° ISLG pu =
Z1 +Z2 +Zg0 +3Zn
Ib0 =0.5+j0.9
3(1)
Recall: 5=
Ib1 =a2 Ia1 0.20+0.20+0.05+3Zn
10∠45°=(1∠240°)Ia1 Zn =0.05 pu
Ia1 =10∠165° or 10∠-195° Solve for actual neutral impedance:
Zactual
Zpu =
39. Two generators G1 and G2 are rated 15 MVA, 11 kV, Ebase 2
Z = 0.10 pu and 10 MVA, 11 kV, Z = 10 pu Sbase
Zactual
respectively. The generators are connected to a 0.05=
transformer of 15 MVA, 11/66 kV, Z = 0.06 pu. Solve 30,0002
the per unit fault current when a 3-phase fault 50x106
Zactual =0.90 Ω
occurs on the high voltage side of the transformer.
A. 8.33 pu C. 14.2 pu
42. The phase currents in a Y-connected unbalanced load
B. 12.5 pu D. 16.9 pu
are Ia= (44-j33), Ib= -(32 + j24), and Ic= (-40 +
Solution:
j25). Solve the positive sequence component
current of phase a.
A. 40.81 – j8.857 C. 40.81 – j6.127
B. 44.31 – j6.127 D. 44.31 – j8.857
Solution:
1
Ia1 = (Ia +aIb +a2 Ic )
3
1
Ia1 = [(44-j33)+(1∠120°)(-32-j24)+(1∠240°)(-40+j25)]
3
Ia1 =40.81-j8.857
Troubleshoot: use Z=0.10 pu for Gen 2
43. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and
Let Sbase = 15 MVA and Ebase = 11 kV. rate 5O-MVA, 30 kV has positive, negative and zero
Solve for new pu of Gen 2: sequence reactances of 25%, 15% and 5%
Snew Eold 2 respectively. What reactance must be placed in the
Zpu new =Zpu old
Sold Enew generator neutral to limit the fault current for a
15 11 2 bolted double line to ground fault to that for a
Zpu new =0.10 bolted three phase fault?
10 11
Zpu new =0.15 pu Α. 0.725 Ω C. 0.825 Ω
Solve for per unit 3-phase fault: Β. 0.625 Ω D. 0.525 Ω
Note: The two generators are in parallel and then Solution:
in series with the transformer. Solve for per unit double line to ground fault
1 based on the given condition:
I3φ pu =
ZTH IDLG pu =I3φ pu
1 1
I3φ pu = -1 IDLG pu =
Zgen1 -1 +Zgen2 -1 +Zxmer Z1
1 1
I3φ pu = IDLG pu =
-1 0.25
0.10 +0.15-1 +0.06
-1
IDLG pu =4 pu
I3φ =8.33 pu Solve for per unit neutral impedance:
3Z2 E
40. If the percentage reactance of the system up to ISLG pu =
Z1 Z2 +Z2 Zg0 +3Zn +Z1 Zg0 +3Zn
the fault point is 20% and the base KVA is 10,000, 3(0.15)(1)
then short circuit kVA is 4=
(0.25)(0.15)+(0.15)(0.05+3Zn )+(0.25)(0.05+3Zn )
A. 50,000 C. 10,000
Zn =0.04583 pu
B. 2,000 D. 12,000
Solve for actual neutral impedance:
Solution: Zactual
SB Zpu =
Sf = Ebase 2
ZTH Sbase
10,000 Zactual
Sf = 0.04583=
0.20 30,0002
Sf =50,000 kVA
50x106
Zactual =0.825 Ω
41. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and
rated 50 MVA, 30 kV has a positive, negative and
zero sequence reactances of 20%, 20% and 5%. What
reactance must be placed in the generator neutral

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PRACTICE PROBLEMS & TERMS IN FAULT ANALYSIS

44. A system operates at 220 kVA and 11 kV. Using these 48. Three generators connected in a single bus. Gen A:
quantities as base values, find the base impedance 50 MVA, 13.8 kV, 0.2 pu; Gen B: 20 MVA, 13.2 kV,
for the system. 0.24 pu; Gen C: 80 MVA, 13.8 KV, 0.12 pu. Find the
Α. 20 Ω C. 550 Ω total reactance at the bus when the base is 100
Β. 100 Ω D. 34.64 Ω MVA and 13.8 kV.
Solution: A. 0.56 pu C 0.10 pu
EB 2 B. 0.0992 pu D. 0.1125 pu
ZB = Solution:
SB
11,0002 Solve for new pu of Gen A, Gen B, and Gen C:
ZB = For Gen A:
220,000
ZB =550 Ω Snew Eold 2
Zpu new =Zpu old
Sold Enew
45. Given the following phase currents: Ia=(3.5+j3.5); 100 13.8 2
Zpu new =0.2
Ib=-j3; and Ic=(-2.6+j1.5). Solve the zero 50 13.8
sequence current for phase A. Zpu new =0.4 pu
A. 0.3+j0.667 C. -0.3+j0.667 For Gen B:
B. -0.3-j0.667 D. 0.3-j0.667 Snew Eold 2
Solution: Zpu new =Zpu old
Sold Enew
1 100 13.2 2
Ia0 = [Ia +Ib +Ic ] Zpu new =0.24
3 20 13.8
1
Ia0 = [(3.5+j3.5)+(-j3)+(-2.6+j1.5)] Zpu new =1.098 pu
3
Ia0 =0.3+j0.667 For Gen C:
Snew Eold 2
Zpu new =Zpu old
46. A 20 MVA, 13.8 kV generator has subtransient Sold Enew
reactance of 0.25 p.u. The negative and zero 100 13.8 2
Zpu new =0.12
sequence reactances are respectively 0.35 and 0.10 80 13.8
p.u. The neutral of the generator is solidly Zpu new =0.15 pu
grounded. Determine the fault current when a double Solve for total reactance:
line to ground fault occurs at the terminals of Note: Generators are connected in parallel:
the generator operated without load. -1
Ztotal = 0.4-1 +1.098-1 +0.15-1
A. 5956 A C. 4872 A Ztotal =0.0992 pu
B. 6253 A D. 4017 A
Solution: 49. Find the Thevenin's equivalent reactance of a
IDLG actual =IDLG pu *IB certain electric system rated 20 MVA at 34.5 kV if
3Z2 E SB the available short circuit MVA is 950 MVA?
IDLG actual = *
Z1 Z2 +Z2 Z0 +Z1 Z0 √3EB A. 1.24% C. 2.62%
3(0.35)(1) B. 2.10% D. 1.32%
IDLG actual = *
(0.25)(0.35)+(0.35)(0.10)+(0.25)(0.10) Solution:
20x106 SB
Sf =
√3 13.8x103 ZTH
20
IDLG actual =5956 A 950=
ZTH
47. A 345-kV transmission line has a series impedance ZTH =0.021 or 2.10%
of (4+j60) ohms and a shunt admittance of j0.002
S. Using 100 MVA and the line voltage as base 50. A 15-MVA, 6.9 KV, Y-connected generator has X1 = X2
values, calculate the per unit admittance of the = 0.15 pu and X0=0.05 pu. The neutral of the
line. generator is grounded through a reactor of 0.04 pu
A. 2.38 pu C 3.36 pu reactance based on generator rating. The generator
B. 1.72 pu D. 4.91 pu is operating at rated voltage without load. The
Solution: fault current in the line for a line-to-line fault
Zactual is amperes.
Zpu = A. 7245 C. 8031
Ebase 2
Sbase B. 7628 D. 7890
Recall: Solution:
1 ILL actual =ILL pu *IB
Y=
Z √3E SB
So: ILL actual = *
Z1 +Z2 √3EB
1
1 Yactual √3(1) 15x106
= ILL actual = *
Ypu Ebase 2 (0.15)+(0.15) √3 6.9x103
Sbase ILL actual =7246 A
1
1 j0.002
=
Ypu 345,0002 SCORES:
100x106 46 – 50 EXCELLENT JOB FUTURE TOPNOTCHER!!!
Ypu =j2.38 pu 36 – 45 VERY GOOD JOB FUTURE ENGINEER!!!
25 – 35 GOOD JOB FUTURE ENGINEER!!!
25 BELOW KEEP PRACTICING FUTURE ENGINEER!!!

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“The KEY to MASTERY is REPITITION. CONSTANT PRACTICE makes you BETTER!”